Treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children. Children's dysbacteriosis: symptoms, causes, treatment

In the human gastrointestinal tract, there is a microflora that plays an important role in the functioning of the body. It is formed from the moment of birth. They are Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria. They participate in the assimilation of food, synthesize enzymes to improve digestion, help the absorption of trace elements, protect the child's body from various pathogenic microbes and block the reproduction of pathogenic flora. Up to 500 types of beneficial microorganisms live in a healthy intestine.

The balance in their ratio is vital. In a normal state, they protect the body from allergic reactions and support the immune system. With a balance of microorganisms, all processes are balanced.

Changing the ratio of these microorganisms causes dysbacteriosis in children. Partial or complete death of beneficial microflora leads to imbalance.

Reproduction in the body of pathogenic bacteria causes inflammatory reactions. The body of the child is weakened and becomes vulnerable to infections.

Almost always, this violation is the result of any phenomena in the body. At the initial stage, the disease is easily treated with proper nutrition, but in the future it can lead to complications.

For kids infancy this condition is especially dangerous. The consequences are unpredictable, can lead to various serious diseases. You should immediately contact a medical facility.

The main symptoms of dysbacteriosis in children

Children's dysbacteriosis presents with many symptoms. Signs of dysbacteriosis may be as follows:

1. Lack of appetite, pain and heaviness in the abdomen, flatulence, stool disorder. Moreover, both diarrhea and is possible.
2. Regurgitation, vomiting, unpleasant odors from the oral cavity.
3. There are undigested food and mucus in the stool.
4. Rashes may appear on the skin.
5. The baby has a constant urge to defecate.

The reasons

The cause of dysbacteriosis in a child is an imbalance of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract. Improper nutrition of a nursing mother and child, replacement of breast milk with artificial, feeding the baby with food that is not appropriate for age can cause this disease.

Often. The cause of this disease can also be intestinal or cold infections, the ingress of allergens into the body, poor environmental conditions, prolonged use of hormonal drugs and various surgical interventions. Radiation therapy and the use of immunosuppressants, chronic diseases of the colon can lead to an imbalance in the intestines.

Symptoms

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis in children, allowing to determine this disease:

• stool disorder: diarrhea, constipation (alternation of these disorders);
• cramping pain and bloating in the abdomen, flatulence;
• lack of appetite;
• frequent urge to defecate;
• change in the nature of the stool (admixture of mucus, foam, pungent odor, undigested pieces of food);
• belching, vomiting, bad breath (in young children - regurgitation after each feeding, colic);
• lethargy, weakness, tearfulness;
• growth retardation, weight loss, symptoms of dehydration;
• allergic reactions: dermatitis, skin peeling, rashes;
• signs of hypovitaminosis (bleeding gums, brittle nails and hair);
• plaque on the tongue;
• pallor of mucous membranes;
• irritability, sleep disturbance;
• metallic taste in the mouth.

In its symptoms, it is similar to other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Not always such symptoms indicate dysbacteriosis. The final diagnosis is made by a specialist based on laboratory research.

Degrees

There are 4 degrees of dysbacteriosis in a child.

1. The first degree is characterized by a decrease in appetite, a delay in gaining, and sometimes weight loss in children, flatulence, constipation, uneven coloring of feces. Anaerobic microflora predominates; bifidobacteria over 107-108; harmful microorganisms no more than two types, 102-104 CFU per 1 g of feces.
2. The second degree is manifested by pain associated with eating, belching, nausea and heartburn, decreased appetite and insufficient motility in the intestines, and bloating. There are constipation, pain in the epigastric region. The number of aerobic and anaerobic flora is equal, harmful microorganisms 106-107 CFU per 1 g of feces; useful Escherichia coli is replaced by hemolyzing and lactose-negative.
3. At the third degree appear fever body, chills, headaches, gastrointestinal dyspepsia syndrome. The appearance of bacteria in the urine, bile is characteristic, the formation of foci of infection during internal organs. The predominance of aerobic flora is characteristic, up to the suppression of bifido- and lactobacilli; excessive number of pathogenic microorganisms.
4. The fourth degree is characterized by the appearance of symptoms of intoxication, stool disorders, weight loss, signs of beriberi. The complete predominance of pathogenic microflora resistant to antibiotics is recorded.

With dysbacteriosis of the first and second degree, treatment started on time will save the child from problems in a short time.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children is based on the data of a whole range of laboratory studies:

1. Bacteriological examination of feces on a special nutrient medium. Sowing of the material is carried out to detect pathogenic flora, to diagnose a decrease in the number of normal symbionts, to identify the sensitivity of bacteria to drugs.
2. Coprogram to determine the degree of digestion of food components by the intestines of the child and to identify signs of inflammation.
3. Hydrogen breath test: determination of the concentration of hydrogen in the air exhaled by the child. The advantage of this method is to reduce the time spent on diagnosing the disease.
4. Gas-liquid chromatography is prescribed to establish the species of anaerobic strains found in the analysis

Treatment

Treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children must be carried out in a complex manner. It depends on the severity and causes of the disease and on changes that have occurred with the intestinal microflora. It is important to identify the underlying causes of this condition and rule them out in the future. A set of measures, depending on the type of pathology detected, can be dealt with by both a pediatrician and a gastroenterologist, an allergist or an infectious disease specialist.

The scheme of treatment of dysbacteriosis in children:

1. Diet therapy.
2. Medical.
3. Symptomatic.

The basis of recovery is proper nutrition. Children need to include in the diet lactic acid products containing bifido- and lactobacilli. These are natural probiotics and a good addition to medical treatment. This has a general strengthening effect on the child's body, increases resistance to infections.

diet therapy

The diet should contain useful material and have a high energy value. It is necessary to include in the menu products that stimulate microflora: zucchini, cabbage, carrots, pumpkin, beets, nuts, rye products, buckwheat and corn.

It is recommended to cook kissels and compotes (from dried fruits and fruit and berries), preferably unsweetened. Meat and fish are lean, not too fatty. Water is only non-carbonated. Use porridge in a pureed form, oatmeal, rice, millet and barley porridge.

Yoghurts and bio-products with a long shelf life are practically useless: bacteria die on the first day after the production of these products. You can cook them yourself from the sourdough purchased at the pharmacy.

Milk should be excluded from the child's diet. Starchy vegetables are best avoided. No fast food or convenience foods.

Medical treatment

Medical treatment consists of two stages.

• At the first stage, harmful flora is eliminated from the intestines. For this, antibiotics are prescribed or antibacterial drugs, bacteriophages and probiotics. Drugs are prescribed in such a way as to provide a greater effect on pathogenic microorganisms.
• At the second stage, substitution therapy is carried out. Useful microflora is restored with the help of probiotics. How to treat dysbacteriosis in a child with drugs, only the attending physician decides.

Symptomatic therapy

For symptomatic therapy, drugs that improve digestion, vitamin complexes are prescribed. It is necessary to exclude overwork and stress. It is recommended to observe the daily routine and take regular walks. These activities help in the fight against the disease, strengthen the immune system.

It would be useful to use methods traditional medicine but only after consultation with your doctor.

Dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis) is a secondary symptom and a signal of malfunctions in the body. The main changes in this condition occur at the level of microflora. There is an increase in the number of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms against the background of a decrease in the number of beneficial ones. At the same time, the former take the place of the latter and gradually displace them.

Such an imbalance leads to disorders of the digestive process, a deficiency of essential trace elements, vitamins, and a decrease in immunity. In some cases, a violation of the microflora is a symptom serious illnesses, so parents should know what dysbacteriosis is in children in order to prevent possible complications in time.

According to statistics, about 95% of babies suffer from violations of the composition of the microflora. The intestines of newborns are practically sterile, so the correct formation of microflora should begin from the first minutes of life. Breastfeeding plays an important role in this process.

Adequate treatment is impossible without determining the exact cause of dysbacteriosis in a child. As a rule, therapy consists not only in the appointment bacterial preparations, the main place in the process of recovery is given to the correction of the diet.

THE REASONS

In children up to a year, signs of dysbacteriosis have slightly different causes than in older adults. Most often, deviations in the state of microflora are associated with immaturity. digestive system.

There are several classifications of dysbacteriosis.

Etiological classification:

• primary;
• age;
• food;
• seasonal;
• professional;
• secondary;
• caused by radiation;
• mixed.

Doctors in their practice actively use the clinical classification, which helps to choose the optimal strategy of action to cure dysbacteriosis in children. This systematization includes identifying the degree of deviation, the main pathogen and clinical forms.

Clinical forms of dysbacteriosis according to the degree of compensation:

• compensated (latent form) - without any clinical manifestations;
• subcompensated - manifests itself in violation of the diet in the form of local foci of inflammation;
• decompensated - the body can not cope on its own, the treatment of the generalized form is difficult.

Types of dysbacteriosis depending on the pathogen:

• staphylococcal;
• klebsiella;
• clostridious;
• candidiasis;
• protein;
• bacteroid;
• associated.

The degree of violation of the composition of the microflora:

• I degree - there is a decrease in the number of lactobacilli, E. coli and bifidobacteria by more than 10 times, this phase proceeds secretly.
• II degree - against the background of a normal number of lactobacilli, the number of bifidobacteria is significantly reduced, they are replaced by pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microbes, there are dyspeptic phenomena;
• III degree - aerobic microflora is aggressive, its numbers reach high titers. In addition to indigestion, the child has lethargy and capriciousness.
• IV degree - a deep imbalance of microflora and the accumulation of toxic decay products, there are functional disorders in the digestive system.

SYMPTOMS

In children, the symptoms of dysbacteriosis appear at the moment when the compensatory capabilities of their body cannot cope with the violation of metabolic processes. The initial stages of the disease are asymptomatic, but pronounced microbiological changes signal external clinical manifestations.

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis:

• Dyspeptic syndrome is manifested by frequent diarrhea, the consequence of which is pain in the area anus, itching, burning and cracks. The presence of pathogenic microflora in the feces may be indicated by a putrid odor and a foamy consistency. Sometimes diarrhea alternates with constipation, or there is a tendency to prolonged constipation. Often in patients with dysbacteriosis, bloating appears and the rate of weight gain decreases.
• Pain syndrome - pain in the abdomen of a different nature, localization, intensity may decrease or disappear after passing gases or defecation. As a rule, it is paroxysmal and appears 1.5-2 hours after eating.
• Allergic reactions are detected in more than 95% of children with impaired microflora. They manifest themselves in intolerance to certain foods, the appearance of skin rashes, itching, swelling and bronchospasm.
• Signs of malabsorption appear as a result of a violation of absorption processes in the intestine, against which there is a shortage of essential substances and fluids. This condition is accompanied by hypovitaminosis, anemia, hypocalcemia, neurotic disorders, dry skin, changes in the nail plates, bleeding gums and pale skin are also possible.
• Intoxication - loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, headaches, subfebrile temperature body, malaise, violation of the physical development of the child.
• Decreased immunity. In a child, a symptom of dysbacteriosis may be a tendency to infections of the upper respiratory tract development of viral and fungal infections.

DIAGNOSTICS

Specialists who study the symptoms and treatment of dysbacteriosis in children are gastroenterologists. It is to the doctors of this profile that you should seek help with bowel problems.

Differential diagnosis is carried out in order to exclude or confirm the syndrome of malabsorption, nonspecific ulcerative colitis and acute intestinal infections.

TREATMENT

Treatment methods for dysbacteriosis:

• Diet therapy. Experts insist that the treatment of dysbacteriosis in children should begin with a diet correction. Diet therapy is individual and depends on the type of feeding of the child. With mixed feeding, it is recommended to diversify the diet with healthy fermented milk products. In the menu of older children, it is advised to limit animal proteins and fast carbohydrates. To normalize digestion, vegetable fibers and food enriched with biocultures of beneficial microorganisms should be supplied in sufficient quantities.
• Probiotics are products that contain beneficial bacteria.
• Prebiotics - drugs that promote growth normal microflora
• Symbiotics - combined (probiotic + prebiotic).
• Bacteriophages - to suppress pathogenic microflora.
• Enzymes - to regulate digestion.
• Antifungal drugs in the diagnosis of active reproduction of fungal microflora characteristic of candidiasis.
• Antibiotics from the group of cephalosporins and macrolides with low activity of antifungal agents.
• Sorbents reduce the severity of symptoms of intoxication.

Many children of the first year of life have symptoms of microflora disturbance. For most of them, the problem disappears on its own or after nutritional correction. Unfortunately, cases of treatment of dysbacteriosis in a child older than 3 years with such symptoms are not uncommon. A huge role in this process is played by the attention of parents and the correct complex therapy.

COMPLICATIONS

Intestinal dysbacteriosis in children can lead to the development of serious pathologies.

Possible complications:

• decreased immunity;
• lag in physical development;
• dermatitis;
• neurodermatitis;
• Iron-deficiency anemia;
• bronchial asthma;
• rickets;
• proctosigmoiditis;
• violation of hematopoietic processes;
• urinary tract infection;
• dyskinesia of the intestine and biliary tract.

PREVENTION

Prevention measures:

• pregnancy planning;
• balanced nutrition of the expectant mother;
• treatment of genital tract infections before delivery;
• elimination of stress and compliance with the regime;
• early attachment of the baby to the breast;
• prolonged breastfeeding;
• gradual introduction of complementary foods at the recommended time;
• timely treatment of diseases of the digestive system;
• prevention of intestinal infections.

PROGNOSIS FOR RECOVERY

Children's dysbacteriosis is treated comprehensively. The result of therapy depends on the timeliness and correctness of the chosen treatment tactics and the severity of the pathological process. In most cases, the prognosis is favorable, but long-term maintenance treatment and constant monitoring of the child's nutrition are required.

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When the baby is in the womb, he lives in sterile conditions, but in the process of labor, the gastrointestinal tract, mucous membranes are populated with numerous bacteria that create microflora. Healthy intestinal microflora is directly involved in the formation of a strong and stable immune system, breaks down fats, carbohydrates and proteins, helps normalize digestion, and also protects the child's body from pathogenic microbes. When there is an imbalance in the ratio of harmful and beneficial bacteria, dysbacteriosis develops. Every parent should know what to do in this situation.

The specificity of the intestinal flora

There are 4 main forms of microflora:

• obligate;
• pathogenic;
• optional;
• transient.

The obligate variety includes bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, escherichia (rod), enterococci, bacteroids, and peptostreptococci. The bacteria in this group occupy about 95% of the entire intestinal microflora of a healthy baby. They normalize healthy digestion and motility, protect the mucous membrane, and prevent the process of reproduction of harmful microorganisms. This form is involved in the production of folic acid, enzymes, amino acids, vitamins B. These microorganisms also destroy cancer cells, break down undigested food products that have entered the intestines.

The facultative type consists of clostridia, enterobacteria, staphylococci, yeast-like fungi, and Klebsiella. These microorganisms must exist in the body in small quantities. With a stronger immune system, the presence of these bacteria does not provoke the development of diseases. They take part in intestinal motility, the breakdown of animal proteins. If their number increases rapidly, dysbacteriosis develops. This ailment is accompanied by the following symptoms in children: rumbling, bursting and pressure in the abdomen, belching and increased gas formation, a violation of a healthy stool.

Transient and pathogenic species of flora consist of dangerous bacteria, which should not populate the intestines. They provoke the appearance of various ailments of an infectious nature. The presence of these microbes can be detected by performing a stool test.

Features of the disease in children

Dysbacteriosis is an imbalance in the intestinal microflora, manifested by a large number of pathogenic microorganisms and a decrease in beneficial bacteria. It is possible to understand that a child has dysbacteriosis on the basis of a coprogram - an analysis of feces. With the help of microbiological research, it is possible to determine all the inhabitants of the microflora. The coprogram determines what pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract occur in the child's body.

Since the initial stage of the disease is easier to treat, you need to be attentive to the condition of your child. In the presence of the slightest signs, it is recommended to consult a doctor and undergo an examination.

You should not choose drugs and start treatment on your own, since many gastrointestinal ailments have similar symptoms. A qualified doctor should determine the diagnosis and prescribe a course of therapy. Self-medication can lead to complications.

With intestinal dysbacteriosis in children, there are certain clinical manifestations. As for babies up to a year old, they are lagging behind in weight, spit up and sleep poorly, are naughty, loose stools predominate. Characteristics of feces: there is a sour and putrid smell, foam. At the age of one year, the symptoms are similar. There may also be cramping abdominal pain observed after feeding. A painful attack ends with diarrhea, rumbling and increased gas formation. In children under the age of three, belching, colic, flatulence, unstable stools, decreased appetite, and abdominal distention are noted.

It is important to start treatment of dysbacteriosis in children on time, as incubation period accompanied by intoxication, infectious toxicosis and reduced body resistance. Symptoms: weakness, lack of appetite, sweating and subfebrile temperature. Lack of treatment can lead to the following complications: hypovitaminosis, lack of bile acids and enzymes, anemia (anemia), reduced immunity, vitamin D and calcium deficiency, gastrointestinal bleeding.

There are 4 degrees of dysbacteriosis. During the first degree, there are such signs: constipation, lack of appetite and weight loss, bloating. The bowel movements have an uneven color.

Dysbacteriosis of the 2nd degree is manifested by nausea, vomiting, belching, heartburn, epigastric pain, impaired motor skills, lack of appetite, constipation. Dysbacteriosis of the 2nd degree can occur against the background of gastroenteritis. In addition, the disease can accompany enteritis, when there are signs such as plaque on the tongue, diarrhea, bloating, spasms, hypovitaminosis and anemia. In this form, allergies can occur in children.

Grade 3 is characterized by transient bacteremia, as well as headaches, chills, high body temperature, and intoxication. Pathogenic bacteria are present in bile and urine. The color of the feces is green. shape.

As for the 4th degree, it has the following symptoms: poor appetite, nausea, headaches, high fever and loose stools that have a putrid odor. There is a CNS disorder.

At mild form It is enough to adhere to a strict diet to eliminate the symptoms. In more severe cases, you will need drug therapy. Antibiotics may be prescribed to restore the microflora.

The etiology of the pathology of the digestive system

In order for the treatment and prevention of dysbacteriosis to give good results, it is important to find out the causes of this syndrome. The causes of pathology at the age of up to a year can be the following:

• malnutrition nursing mother;
• taking antibiotics;
• food allergy;
• stress;
• weakened immunity;
• artificial feeding, sudden weaning;
• the presence of infectious diseases - dysentery, staphylococcus aureus, salmonellosis.

As for the disease that occurs after a year, then, most often, the causative agents are worms, poor nutrition, colds, and so on. Hormonal drugs have a detrimental effect. Preschoolers and schoolchildren may experience similar symptoms against the background of frequent stressful situations and puberty, operations on the gastrointestinal tract, and vegetative-vascular dystonia.

Medical therapy

The treatment regimen for dysbacteriosis in children is determined by the attending physician. In addition to medications, nutrition plays a decisive role. It is important that treatment is comprehensive.

Preparations for dysbacteriosis for children:

• Lineks - helps to restore the epithelial layer of the intestine, improves the natural absorption of electrolytes. The course of treatment is at least five days. Dosage: children under the age of two years - 1 capsule, from two years old - 2 capsules;
• Acipol - can be given even to infants, has a wide range of effects, helps restore intestinal immunity. The dosage for newborns is five doses per day, for children from six months of age - about 15 doses, which must be divided into 3 doses before meals;
• Bifiform Malysh - contains lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, vitamins of group B.

To replenish the intestinal flora, non-drug preparations will also be needed. Live bacteria are present in such food products: Aktimel, Bifidok, Activia, Biolact. To prepare a drink, it is better to buy sourdough in a pharmacy in order to make healthy, tasty yoghurts for a child on your own.

It is necessary to adjust the diet, enrich the diet of the baby vegetable fibers and lactic acid bacteria, which are found in cottage cheese, kefir and milk. You can increase the consumption of yogurt, vegetables and fruits, millet, oatmeal and buckwheat. Breastfeeding is shown to children under one year old, so the mother is obliged to preserve lactation. This is due to the fact that in breast milk there are a lot of beneficial microorganisms, bacteria. Milk contains lactose, which promotes the growth of healthy bacteria.

Imbalance of microflora in children is a common phenomenon that requires timely treatment. Therapy should be comprehensive, include taking certain medicines, diet and regimen correction.

Dysbacteriosis is a very common phenomenon for childhood, this is not a disease, but rather a condition of the body that reflects recent events - taking antibiotics, intestinal infection, prolonged malnutrition, stress, as a result of which the number of beneficial lactobacteria and bifidobacteria in the intestines decreased and the reproduction of harmful, pathogenic ones increased. All this leads to an unpleasant clinic, a lack of vitamins, in particular, a deterioration in the condition of the skin, hair and nails. How less baby, the more often he has dysbacteriosis.

Neonatal period. More often with bacteriosis, infants born by the method caesarean section(because in the first days of life they receive a mixture, antibiotics), and children who are on.

The manifestations of dysbacteriosis in them are:

• Anxiety and screams.
• Bloating, which is accompanied by.
• Heterogeneous stool, often liquid, with mucus, greens. The stool can be unstable in consistency - there are alternations of normal and liquid, there may be.

In children of preschool and primary school age the clinic of dysbacteriosis usually occurs in the second half of the day and is manifested by the following symptoms:

• A rumbling that can be easily heard by an outsider at a distance.
• Spasmodic pains over the entire surface of the abdomen, the child cannot point to a specific area of ​​pain.
• Dyspeptic phenomena: loss of appetite, belching.
• From common symptoms: the temperature may rise intermittently to low numbers (37.0–37.2), irritability, drowsiness and insomnia, children, there may be a tendency to anemia.
• Changes in the stool to liquid, the appearance of mucus, the alternation of normal and liquid stools are manifestations of more severe forms of dysbacteriosis.

In children adolescence all the same symptoms are noted, but less pronounced, they usually seek help because of the instability of the stool and general fatigue.

If untreated dysbacteriosis drags on, then symptoms of vitamin deficiency appear: red tongue, increased saliva, dry skin and visible mucous membranes. Children become lethargic and tired. May appear.

On a note! Fecal analysis may not confirm the condition of the intestine - dysbacteriosis, since feces must be examined in a warm fresh. But even when correct technique collection of analysis is a false negative result, because more often feces reflect the state of the intestinal flora in the lumen, but are not able to fully reflect the state in the intestinal wall.

Diet for dysbacteriosis

The most suitable food for an infant suffering from dysbacteriosis is mother's milk.

Infants should be strictly breastfed, if the mother has already completely interrupted breastfeeding, then the mixture should be chosen adapted. The most favorable for the intestinal microflora are Nutrilon Omneo, Frisovoy, Laktofidus, NAN with bifidobacteria, Humana, Acidophilic Baby and other mixtures with the addition of probiotics; the nucleotides added to the mixture positively affect the intestinal flora.

For children older than six months, it is necessary to use subsequent mixtures with pre-, probiotics, from 8 months - fermented milk products based on adapted milk mixtures. Cooking, introducing into complementary foods, juices.

Children who eat from the common table do not need any restrictive and rigid diet, they are recommended:

• Reduce consumption, spicy and.
• Prepare vegetable salads daily with the addition, be sure to eat fruits, except for grapes and pears.
• It is recommended to use dietary bread and cookies with the addition of wheat. You can give crackers for tea. from bran is a substrate for the nutrition of a healthy intestinal flora.
• A mandatory attribute is becoming - at least 0.5 liters per day, or it is worth doubling the amount familiar to the child. From 10 months, children can be given "live" yoghurts. For children from 1 to 1.5 years old, fermented milk products from whole milk should be used - bicillin, baby kefir, whey-based drinks. Children over 1.5 years old can additionally be offered fermented milk products with prebiotics (lactulose) and probiotics - kefir, curdled milk, yogurt.
• Breakfast should consist of easily digestible. Fiber can be added to cereals and muesli. Whole grain cereals should be used and cooked with water. Oatmeal has a good enveloping effect.
• You should not force the child to eat during this period - it enhances putrefactive processes, and this should not be allowed during treatment.
• Preferred cooking methods are steaming, boiling, baking, you can cook healthy food in a slow cooker.

On a note! Plants that reduce the manifestations of dysbacteriosis and promote the growth of normal intestinal flora:

• , lingonberries, strawberries, raspberries, currants, barberries - you can eat fresh, cook compotes, eat dried.
• apricot, apple,
• Horseradish, onion, radish, dill, cumin, pepper, cinnamon.

Interesting to know! In Omsk, in 15 kindergartens, children are given ice cream with the addition of lacto- and bifidobacteria, which was created by the doctors of Tomsk medical university. Ice cream is included in the diet in courses of 30 days, the main goal of the experiment is the prevention of dysbacteriosis. The study showed positive results. This bio-ice cream won first place in an international innovation competition.

Supplements for dysbacteriosis

Regardless of the degree of dysbacteriosis, all children, especially newborns, are prescribed probiotics (preparations containing live bacteria): Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin, Acylact, Linex, Bifiform, Bifiliz, Acipol. Acipol is allowed for children older than three months, all others are allowed from birth, the course of taking any of these probiotics is 2 weeks. Also at severe forms dysbiosis, you can consult with a pediatrician about the need to use bacterial preparations Hilak forte, lactulose, which restore intestinal cells. After taking a course of one of the drugs, it is advisable to take a stool test, check with a pediatrician to determine further actions.

The use of Smecta is fully justified.

The intestinal flora is especially well seeded when the child is given infusions. medicinal plants with effects on the gastrointestinal tract and gastroenterological herbal teas. They can be used no earlier than the age of six. Basically, the course is from 2 weeks to two months, and longer use with interruptions is possible.

And finally: in order for the treatment of dysbacteriosis to give quick and high-quality results, it is necessary to eliminate the cause of its occurrence.

The program "School of Dr. Komarovsky" tells about the treatment of dysbacteriosis in children:

Dysbacteriosis (the second name is intestinal dysbiosis) is one of the most common intestinal pathologies in childhood. Dysbacteriosis is not an independent disease. This state It is characterized by an imbalance in the microbial balance in the intestine and occurs as a result of certain diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, non-compliance with personal and intimate hygiene, and some other factors that can affect the composition of the intestinal microflora. Officially, dysbacteriosis is considered a clinical and laboratory syndrome, which is determined by a change in the quantitative or qualitative composition of the beneficial and pathogenic intestinal flora.

In children, pathology can occur at any age, but children from 3 to 7 years old and adolescents over 12 years old are most susceptible to it. In children of the first year of life who are breastfed, dysbacteriosis practically does not occur, since the child receives all the necessary bacteria and antibodies from mother's milk. To diagnose dysbacteriosis, it is necessary to study feces, as well as the use of molecular biology methods (for example, polymer chain reaction). If the diagnosis is confirmed and the child has dysbacteriosis, the doctor will prescribe the necessary treatment, which will depend on the age of the patient.

How to treat dysbacteriosis in a child

Until recently, it was believed that a child is born with a sterile stomach and intestines, and colonization by microorganisms occurs already in the neonatal period, which lasts from birth to the twenty-eighth day of life. Recent studies by scientists from the UK disproved this statement: they managed to find traces coli and some strains of lactobacilli that produce lactic acid. This discovery led to the conclusion that the formation of intestinal microflora and immunity occurs even during the period of intrauterine growth.

In total, the intestinal microflora of a child has more than 500 species of microorganisms. Bacteria live on the mucous membranes of the intestines, stomach, esophagus and other parts of the digestive tract. Beneficial bacteria are involved not only in maintaining sufficient activity immune cells, but also in the digestive processes, so when their number decreases, a person begins to experience pain and discomfort in the abdomen, bloating. Some children with chronic microbial imbalances have stool disorders that can present with both diarrhea and constipation.

Functions of the intestinal microflora

The microflora of a child and an adult is represented by three groups of bacteria, which are listed in the table below.

The composition of the intestinal microflora in humans

What is intestinal dysbiosis

Important! If the number of beneficial microorganisms in the intestine decreases, they cannot cope with the activity of the opportunistic flora, which begins to grow and multiply rapidly. This condition is called dysbacteriosis and can cause serious illness: intestinal and catarrhal infections, inflammatory processes in the stomach, organs respiratory system, mucous membranes of the genital organs.

The role of nutrition in the development of dysbacteriosis

The child's diet has great importance for the prevention and treatment of dysbacteriosis. There are food groups that are natural sources of prebiotics that need to be regularly included in the menu to maintain a normal balance of microorganisms. If the child receives a balanced, healthy eating daily, it is possible to adjust the composition of the intestinal microflora without the use of drugs.

Dairy products with sourdough

The most useful product for children with impaired intestinal microflora is kefir. Kefir mushroom contains several strains of beneficial lacto- and bifidobacteria and has a whole list of useful properties, for example:

• promotes the growth of its own beneficial intestinal microflora;
• normalizes stool (eliminates constipation);
• reduces the formation of gases in the intestines, helps fight flatulence and bloating;
• strengthens immune system;
• removes toxins and allergens from the body.

The value of the intestinal microflora

You can introduce kefir into the diet of a child from 7-8 months. To feed children early age it is better to use special children's kefir, sold in departments baby food. The norm for children from 8 months to 3 years is 100-120 ml per day. After 3 years, the child can be given 150-180 ml of kefir at bedtime daily.

If the child refuses to drink kefir, you can replace it with natural yogurt, which does not contain flavoring and coloring additives. The shelf life of such a product should not exceed 7-10 days.

Important! Dairy products should be temporarily excluded from the children's diet if there is a suspicion of candidiasis (thrush) of any localization.

Fresh and vegetables fruits

Fruits and vegetables should be on the menu of children of any age. They not only contain natural prebiotic cultures, but are also a valuable source of vegetable fiber, which removes all toxins and allergens from the intestines and creates optimal conditions for the growth of its own beneficial flora. In addition, fruits are leaders in the content of vitamins necessary to maintain healthy bowel function and the formation of children's immunity.

natural probiotics

The largest amount of prebiotic fibers is found in the following fruits:

• oranges;
• lemons;
• a pineapple;
• bananas;
• tomatoes;
• avocado.

Infants need to add vegetables and fruits to the menu from 4-6 months. Up to a year they are given in the form of a homogenized (homogeneous) puree. The need for vegetables and fruits for older children is about 500 g per day.

Causes of an imbalance in the intestinal microflora

Cereals

A large amount of prebiotics is found in some cereals: barley, rye, wheat, oats. Only whole grains are useful for feeding children of any age: ready-made breakfast cereals, cereals fast food practically do not contain dietary fiber and beneficial bacteria, and have no nutritional value for the child's body.

An ideal option for preparing cereals are milk porridges with the addition of pieces of fruit or honey.

Non-drug treatment of dysbacteriosis

bee products

Honey, perga, propolis, royal jelly - all these products are a real natural cure for intestinal dysbacteriosis. To restore bowel function, it is enough to eat 1 teaspoon of honey per day (for children from 3 to 5 years old, this rate is half a spoon per day). Regular use of honey eliminates intestinal spasms, normalizes the motility of the stomach and intestines, inhibits the growth of pathogenic flora in the lumen of the large and small intestines.

Diet for intestinal dysbacteriosis

In order for the consumption of honey to bring only benefits to the body, it is important to follow certain rules:

• do not exceed the recommended daily dosage, since honey contains a lot of sugar and has a high calorie content;
• It is forbidden to give honey to children with diabetes and increased body weight;
• honey should be consumed fresh, washed down with tea, but not stirred in the drink - high temperatures destroy vitamins and prebiotic fibers contained in the product.

note! Giving honey and other bee products to children under 3 years of age is not recommended due to the high risk of allergies.

Video - Why does dysbacteriosis occur and how to treat it?

Treatment with drugs

If the doctor believes that the child has severe dysbacteriosis, he may prescribe medication. Their choice depends on the age of the child, the degree of activity of the opportunistic flora and other factors. Probiotics and prebiotics can also be used to prevent intestinal dysbiosis when taking antibiotics, changing climatic conditions, poor nutrition, or frequent stress, which can cause irritable bowel syndrome. Bifidopreparations are also used to stimulate immunity in weakened and often ill children.

"Normobact"

"Normobact" is considered one of the most effective drugs of this group for the treatment of dysbacteriosis of any degree in children, starting from 3 years. The drug is produced in a special children's form ("Normobact Junior") in the form of chewing figures with a taste of white chocolate. It is necessary to take "Normobact Junior" 1 tablet 1-2 times a day for 10 days.

Normobact is considered one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of dysbacteriosis in children.

The cost of a package of 20 tablets is 366 rubles.

"Linex for children"

The product is available in the form of oral drops and powder and contains bifidobacteria from the probiotic group - B.animalis subsp. You can take Linex for Children from the first days of life, following the recommended dosing regimen. Newborns, infants of the first year of life and children under 7 years of age, the drug is given at a dosage of 1 sachet per day. Older children and adolescents need 2 doses per day.

You can take "Linex for children" from the first days of life

"Linex" can be mixed with baby food, cereals, juices, milk formula and drinks, but their temperature should not exceed 35 °. The interval between taking the drug and taking antibacterial drugs must be at least three hours. The duration of therapy is 1 month.

The average cost of the drug is 520 rubles.

"Biovestin"

Bifidopreparation in the form of a beige milk emulsion. The drug helps to quickly normalize the intestinal microflora, get rid of dyspeptic disorders, reduce bloating and intestinal colic, but in some cases it may take a long time - up to 4 weeks. The dosage depends on the age of the child.

Biovestin helps to quickly normalize the intestinal microflora

Dosing regimen "Biovestin" for the treatment of dysbacteriosis in children

Important!"Biovestin" is contraindicated in case of milk intolerance or lactase deficiency.

"Bion 3"

One of the best drugs to eliminate the symptoms of dysbacteriosis, but it can only be used to treat adolescents over 14 years of age, since the drug is available in the form of tablets and contains dosages active ingredients adapted for adults.

Bion 3 is one of the best drugs to eliminate the symptoms of dysbacteriosis

"Bion 3" is not just a prebiotic, but a multivitamin, combined complex containing 12 vitamins, 9 minerals and 3 types of probiotic cultures. The drug helps to restore the intestinal microflora, eliminate the consequences of irregular and malnutrition, stress, and prevent hypovitaminosis. "Bion 3" has a positive effect on the child's immune system and can be used as part of complex treatment chronic diseases gastrointestinal tract.

It is necessary to take tablets 1 piece 1 time per day for 30 days.

The cost of 1 pack of 30 tablets is 718 rubles.

"Bifidum" (concentrate)

Liquid concentrate "Bifidum" contains prebiotics and probiotic cultures and is used for the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis, as well as the correction of immunodeficiency states. The tool can be used for internal use, and for local use in the form of microclysters (for diseases of the large intestine), applications, oral baths.

Bifidum liquid concentrate contains prebiotics and probiotic cultures and is used to treat intestinal dysbiosis

Inside, the product must be taken in its pure form (dilution with a small amount of water is allowed). The dosing regimen for uncomplicated dysbiosis is as follows:

• up to 1 year - 20 drops per day;
• from 1 to 3 years - up to 40 drops per day;
• from 3 to 7 years - up to 60 drops per day.

For children over 7 years old, the remedy is given in an adult dosage - 60-100 drops per day (it must be divided into several doses). The duration of treatment can be from 1 to 3 months. It is not recommended to apply the product topically for longer than 10-12 days.

Video - How to treat dysbacteriosis

Folk remedies

Intestinal dysbacteriosis is not considered a dangerous pathology and does not require emergency medical care, so you can try to cope with this condition at home with the help of improvised means.

Kefir drink with dried fruits

This is very effective remedy for home treatment of dysbiosis, which can be used to treat children from 1 year old. Kefir drink with dried fruits is great not only for normalizing bowel function, but also for increasing the overall resistance of the body to viral and bacterial infections.

Kefir drink with dried fruits is an effective remedy for home treatment of dysbacteriosis

To prepare a medicine from kefir, you must:

• pour 1-2 pieces of figs, dried apricots and prunes with hot water, cover and leave for 1 hour so that the dried fruits swell;
• finely chop the fruits and pour them with kefir;
• to stir thoroughly.

If the child is still small and does not chew pieces well, you can grind dried fruits in a blender or meat grinder. The drink should be given once a day, 1 glass for two weeks (in the morning).

Decoction of elderberry and rosehip

Rosehip contains a large number of prebiotic fibers and ascorbic acid, which is involved in the processes of hematopoiesis and the formation of immunity. Elderberries have an astringent effect and protect the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract from the effects of opportunistic flora, the number of which can increase against the background of microbial imbalance.

Rose hips are rich in prebiotic fibers and ascorbic acid.

Preparing a decoction is very simple:

• Rinse 200 g of dried berry mixture and put in a container;
• pour 600 ml of boiling water and put on a slow fire for 20 minutes;
• strain the decoction.

It is necessary to take the remedy for half a glass 3 times a day 3 minutes before meals. The duration of therapy is three weeks. The recipe is suitable for treating children over 4 years old.

Honey banana porridge

Combining honey with bananas is an excellent natural remedy for restoring the optimal balance of intestinal microflora. The course of treatment with this method also has a positive effect on the work of the digestive tract, the condition nervous system child, the protective functions of the body. Honey strengthens blood vessels and helps to improve the rheological properties of blood, so this remedy can be used by children at risk for the development of cardiovascular pathologies.

The combination of honey and bananas is an excellent natural remedy for restoring the optimal balance of intestinal microflora

To prepare homemade medicine, you need to mash half a peeled banana with a fork and mix with a teaspoon of honey. It is best to give such a gruel for breakfast. With good tolerance, treatment can be continued up to 4 weeks.

Intestinal dysbacteriosis is a condition that requires an integrated approach and treatment. If the pathology is diagnosed in a child, treatment can begin with the correction of the diet and the use of home remedies. With the ineffectiveness of these methods, medication is indicated.

Immediately after birth, a variety of microorganisms begin to form in the intestines of the baby. The balance between positive, negative and neutral bacteria affects the proper functioning of the digestive system. In some situations, the microflora begins to change, the quantitative or qualitative ratio tends towards pathogens (salmonellosis, dysentery or staphylococcus viruses), which leads to the suppression of bifidus and lactobacilli. An unfavorable background appears, in which inflammatory processes and allergic reactions develop. Only mother's milk provides normal microflora. With breastfeeding, intestinal dysbacteriosis occurs much less frequently.

1. Why is the microflora disturbed?
2. Symptoms of dysbacteriosis
3. Diagnostic methods
4. Features of treatment
5. Diet
6. Preventive measures

Causes

The formation of a favorable environment of the stomach and intestines is influenced by the intake of the first portion of microorganisms obtained during childbirth. Violation of the flora may depend on indicators that manifest themselves differently at each age:

1. The cause of dysbacteriosis in infants is often the condition of the mother during pregnancy. All kinds of diseases, toxicosis and treatment hormonal drugs factors that affect health.

2. Illiterate introduction of complementary foods, as a result of abrupt weaning.

3. Unbalanced diet of a nursing mother.

5. Taking drugs that reduce the production of enzymes. These are sedatives and antispasmodics.

6. Congenital pathologies and organ dysfunctions leading to disruption of the process of digestion of food and changes in the flora.

7. Frequent stress in the expectant mother and an unhealthy environment in the family where the child is growing.

Symptoms of the disease

Since the formation of immunity directly depends on proper digestion, the disease leads to vulnerability to various infections. Children exposed to constant viral exposure appear weak and lethargic. The main signs of intestinal dysbacteriosis are also considered pain and colic in the abdomen.

Useful minerals and vitamins are not able to be absorbed in full, which leads to dermatitis, pallor of the mucous membrane and bleeding gums. In advanced cases, you can see the symptoms of rickets. Primary signs are similar to other disorders in the digestive system. Depending on age, babies show different clinical picture ailment.

1. Signs of dysbacteriosis in children under 3 years of age:

• Decreased appetite resulting in reduced body weight gain.
• Flatulence with increased number of bowel movements and stained stools. In a healthy child, the stool is odorless, looks like a thin mass of yellowish color. Children suffer from liquid stool mixed with greens. Constipation is replaced by diarrhea, frequent regurgitation and vomiting appear.
• Increased body temperature and pallor of the skin.
• The manifestation of allergic reactions in the form of rashes and diathesis.

2. Symptoms of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children from 4 to 6 years old:

• Each meal is accompanied by the urge to defecate, the food is not digested correctly. The stool contains pieces of undigested food, which are toxins and serve as a sign of poisoning in the body.
• Alternating diarrhea and constipation.
• The child becomes lethargic, does not want to play, often cries.
• Hair and nails look dry, the skin becomes pale and flaky.
• Temperature rise.
• In more severe stages, blood clots may appear in the stool.

Diagnostics

Depending on how dysbacteriosis manifests itself, the pediatrician prescribes an examination. The doctor recommends taking the baby's feces for study in the laboratory.

1. Specialists find out the number of lactobacilli and the behavior of rods, fungi, and cocci. The analysis shows how well the food is digested, and which part of the system refuses to function.

2. You can judge by the child's stool inflammatory processes, infections and the presence of enzymes.

4. With frequent diarrhea and bloating, look for an increase in the level of carbohydrates, which indicates a lack of lactose.

5. Find signs of difference between dysbacteriosis and infections such as staphylococcus aureus, dysentery, salmonellosis.

6. To determine the number of pathogenic microbes, sowing is done.

In no case should you try to cope with the problem without the participation of professionals. The doctor also will not indicate the degree of the disease only by the symptoms. Complete clinical and laboratory examination will help determine the degree of dysbiosis and the level of pathogens. Traditional diagnostics does not always help to identify all risk factors, since this study evaluates the microflora located in the intestinal lumen. In addition, some of the microorganisms die during exit and transportation. Therefore, the standard method should be obtained Additional Information, explaining which tests to pass in order to thoroughly study the problem. Such data includes the following surveys:

• Bacteriological review of bile and intestinal contents.
• Gastroscopy to examine the internal organs.
• Scraping from the colon and small intestine during a colonoscopy.

Note!

The presence of symptoms such as:

1. bitterness in the mouth, putrid smell;

2. frequent disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, alternating constipation with diarrhea;

3. fatigue, general lethargy;

Treatment should start now

Since helminths that live in the digestive tract or respiratory system ...

According to doctors…

Therapy Methods

If the child has normal and regular stools, he does not complain of abdominal pain, the doctor will not consider the possibility of prebiotics. In the case when the analysis of feces for intestinal dysbacteriosis showed a large number of harmful microbes, they find out the cause that served as an imbalance, after which they make up a course of treatment. The patient is treated by a pediatrician, an allergist, a gastroenterologist and an infectious disease specialist. Correction of the disease lies in the factors that influenced its manifestation:

1. Breastfed babies do not need additional drugs. In this case, the cause of the disease is identified in the mother.

2. A child receiving artificial nutrition is most often transferred to a medical mixture.

4. Probiotics - preparations containing live microorganisms to restore microflora. These are poly- and monocomponent, recombinant, combined drugs and symbiotics.

5. In the case of a certain type of infection, viruses (Bacteriophages) are prescribed that act on one type of pathogen.

6. The suppression of pathogenic flora is ensured by the use of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs, if sparing methods fail. But this method is never applied to infants.

In parallel with taking medication, an adjustment in the nutrition of a child or a nursing mother is prescribed. The most important treatment for intestinal dysbacteriosis can be called the inclusion of sour milk products in the baby's diet: baby kefir, acidophilus. Proper nutrition- the most important component for the recovery of young patients. The best prebiotic for breastfed babies is mother's milk, which contains all the healthy fibers.

Diet for children

A balanced diet is also the best disease prevention. In the early days, you can limit food and focus on fluid intake to prevent dehydration. Further diet is as follows:

1. With such a symptom of dysbacteriosis in children as a changed color of feces, the child is given protein products: cottage cheese, boiled poultry and fish.

2. If diarrhea is a manifestation of an illness, steam vegetable purees are prepared from zucchini, cauliflower and pumpkin, as well as berry compotes, kefir.

3. Porridge from all finely ground cereals.

4. Mucous soups based on oatmeal, buckwheat and rice.

5. From berries and fruits, lingonberries, baked apples, apricots are chosen.

6. Kissels from rose hips and mountain ash do not need to be made sweet.

Each stage of the treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis with the help of a diet must be accompanied by certain rules. In the first couple of days, the child receives lean decoctions, biokefir and baked vegetables. At the next stage, fish or poultry cooked in a steam bath, fat-free cottage cheese, starch-free cereals, broccoli and beets are added. It is better to leave such food for a long time, not including new products, and adhering to the regimen. Food should be taken every 2 hours in small portions.

The recovery period will be better if you add herbal decoctions to the treatment. Folk remedies should be used only after an analysis for intestinal dysbiosis has been carried out, and the permission of the doctor has been previously obtained. An infusion of cinquefoil or oak bark copes well with pathogenic microbes. Decoction onion recommended for use before each meal for a week. Chamomile, which is the best antioxidant, quickly removes toxins. Tea from this herb is given to the patient to drink in unlimited quantities. Enemas from warm kefir form an alkaline environment, which has a detrimental effect on viruses.

Prevention of dysbacteriosis

1. The most important factor in preventing the disease is a complete ban on fast food, packaged juices and carbonated sweet water.

2. The less harmful "adult foods" the child receives, the greater the chance of avoiding the disease.

3. Prevention should be given attention during pregnancy planning and during the period of gestation.

4. The expectant mother is obliged to undergo regular examinations and examinations in order to identify negative symptoms in time and successfully eliminate them.

5. For a newborn, attachment to the breast in the first minutes of life is of great importance. The longest period of such feeding is the best prevention of the disease, thanks to mother's milk.

6. Properly introduced complementary foods will also help to avoid the unpleasant consequences of intestinal disorders.

7. Stress should be avoided during pregnancy and such situations should not be allowed in families where the baby is growing.

8. At the slightest suspicion and the appearance of the first symptoms, it is necessary to immediately undergo an examination and a full course of treatment.

To avoid dysbiosis and possible complications, strict rules are required, including: long-term breastfeeding, properly introduced complementary foods and balanced nutrition. The child needs to create the best conditions for physical and mental development.

Dysbacteriosis in children - the main symptoms:

• Abdominal pain
• Mucus in stool
• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
• Cramps in the abdomen
• Bad breath
• Constipation
• Flatulence
• Unstable chair
• Uncharacteristic stool color

Intestinal dysbacteriosis in children is a pathological process in which there is a violation of the composition of the intestinal microflora. The total number of opportunistic microorganisms increases and, at the same time, beneficial bacteria gradually die. The imbalance provokes the appearance of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, a decrease in the reactivity of the body, the progression of anemia, as well as other serious pathological conditions. In the medical literature, this disease is also referred to as intestinal dysbiosis.

Quite often, signs of dysbiosis can be detected in a child of early childhood, often even in an infant. Prevention of illness in a child affects not only the impact on his health, but also on the health of the mother.

The reasons

Disorder of the intestinal microflora can occur for the following reasons:

• late attachment of the baby to the breast. The fact is that colostrum contains protective elements necessary for the baby's intestines, including immunoglobulin, which is the cause of the growth in the number of beneficial bacteria;
• abrupt or too early transition of an infant to artificial feeding. This gives rise to useful intestinal bacteria"with delay";
• unbalanced and varied diet. Both fashionable diets and the use of refined foods with a minimum content of fiber, which “feed” beneficial intestinal bacteria, can contribute to problems with the intestines;
• diarrhea, constipation and other gastrointestinal problems;
• diseases associated with impaired absorption of substances in the intestinal environment;
• chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (ulcer, colitis, gastroduodenitis);
• food allergy;
• acute illnesses caused by infections;
• radiation exposure;
• transferred operations;
• uncontrolled use of antibiotics.

Symptoms

The main symptoms of dysbiosis are:

• instability of the stool - diarrhea alternates with constipation. At the same time, mucus may be present in the child's feces, and the feces themselves may be colored in an uncharacteristic color;
• flatulence;
• periodic cramps and pain in the abdomen;
• loss of appetite;
• bad breath.

It is worth knowing that the above signs of dysbacteriosis in children may also indicate other, more serious diseases associated with poor functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, therefore, before starting treatment, it is necessary to make an appointment with a doctor.

Symptoms of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children

Degrees

Intestinal dysbiosis is conditionally divided into 4 degrees:

• first degree characterized by a slight predominance of anaerobic flora over aerobic. At the same time, the baby feels good, there are no signs of the disease, and treatment is not carried out;
• second degree The disease is characterized by inhibition of anaerobic type bacteria in the intestine to approximately the same number as aerobic ones. At this degree, the reproduction of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and the appearance of atypical form coli. Symptoms of this degree of the disease are diarrhea, pain in the abdomen. In infants, this stage of the disease can even cause growth retardation;
• third degree characterized by an increase in the amount of aerobic flora with an increase in the number of fungus of the genus Candida, staphylococcus and other bacteria. The process of inflammation of the intestine begins, which prevents the normal digestion of food. As a result, undigested food can be found in the stool. With this degree of illness, treatment is prescribed, which lasts up to several months;
• fourth degree characterized by a clear predominance of pathogenic flora, which causes deterioration in children, weight loss, lack of vitamins and even intoxication. It is the last stage of dysbacteriosis, requiring a long-term restoration of microflora.

Diagnostics

Often, the symptoms of dysbacteriosis in children indicate that dysbiosis is just a secondary disease, and another gastrointestinal disease is the primary one. Correct diagnosis of symptoms by a doctor is possible only on the basis of data obtained as a result of research in the laboratory. Today for these purposes are used:

• scatological analyses;
• biochemical research;
• bile tests;
• determination of the composition of bacteria in the intestine using specific tests;
• scraping, which is taken from the mucous membrane of the small intestine or duodenum;
• scraping taken from the colon, as well as the rectum.

It is the last two studies that make it possible to obtain the most objective data, since they examine the parietal microflora, which is not contained in the analysis of feces. Complex examinations of the intestine, however, are performed only on the preliminary indication of a doctor.

Treatment

Ordinary feces taken from a child can only indirectly suggest what kind of microflora he has in the intestines. So if a nursing infant or older child has tests with slight deviations from the norm, while they do not have problems with stool, do not worry about abdominal pain, and do not observe other symptoms of dysbiosis, you should not give him medicine with bacteria. If dysbacteriosis in children up to a year or more manifested itself, then it is required to clarify its true causes. When the root cause is found, the correction of the composition of the intestinal microflora begins. Treatment of the disease is carried out by a gastroenterologist, pediatrician, infectious disease specialist or an allergist, depending on the underlying cause of the disease.

In addition, when the doctor begins to treat the underlying disease, the secondary disease - dysbiosis - can also be eliminated automatically. For example, if you treat enzymatic disorders in the intestines of an infant, then his microflora will be restored.

To successfully treat dysbiosis in infants and adolescents, it is first necessary to follow a diet. For different age categories of patients, it is different, for example, it will be enough for an infant to return to feeding with mother's milk or introduce complementary foods gradually. Older children should reconsider the diet by adding dairy products to the diet. You can treat and restore the intestinal microflora with the following medicines:

• "Bifidumbacterin" - available in liquid and dry form;
• "Lactobacterin";
• Linex.

To stimulate the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms in the intestinal flora, it is recommended to drink Hilak-Forte or Lysozyme. Also, in order to treat dysbiosis, the doctor will most likely prescribe you bacteriophages, as well as antibiotics that will destroy harmful bacteria. After correction, probiotics will be used to restore the microflora.

As far as diet formulas are concerned for infants, the following medications will be beneficial for them:

• "Lactofidus";
• a mixture of "NAN with bifidobacteria";
• "Narine".

Many believe that the treatment of dysbacteriosis in children in all cases is accompanied by taking medications. In fact, drugs to cure dysbiosis will be prescribed by a doctor if:

• applied long treatment antibiotics that destroy both harmful and beneficial bacteria;
• intestinal diseases were transferred;
• the baby was given an unadapted mixture too early.

In other cases, if the child did not have the above situations, the microflora will be corrected with the help of the best prevention - diet. It is worth knowing that changing the diet of children under one year old must be agreed with the attending physician, and for schoolchildren and preschoolers, such dietary advice will be relevant:

• inclusion in the diet of a variety of fruits and vegetables;
• increase in the share of dairy and sour-milk products;
• exclusion from the diet or reduction to a minimum of products with preservatives;
• a break in food for a child should be 3.5-5 hours.

Prevention of the disease in infants, first of all, depends on the state of health of the mother. As a preventive measure, she should take care of the health of her genital organs even during pregnancy, healthy lifestyle life and try not to take antibiotics.

For many parents, the words "germs" and "bacteria" mean hordes of "monsters" that can cause an infectious disease and harm the health of their beloved child. But it turns out that microbes can be not only pathogenic, but also beneficial for the child's body.

These microbes are not enemies, but rather friends and helpers. human body. They populate the intestines. In this case, their number and ratio is very important.

The condition that develops when the qualitative composition of these beneficial microorganisms or their quantitative ratio (balance) is disturbed is called dysbacteriosis, or dysbiosis.

The role of microflora in the intestine

The role of beneficial microflora in the intestines is huge and multifaceted:

• microbes are involved in the process of digestion of food;
• bacteria synthesize not only enzymes to improve digestion, but also hormone-like active substances;
• they promote the absorption of vitamin D and many trace elements: iron, copper, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium;
• synthesize vitamins (group B, ascorbic acid, folic acid, vitamin K, biotin);
• participate in the regulatory mechanisms of metabolism;
• protect the child's body from pathogenic microbes (salmonella, dysentery bacillus, fungi, etc.) that can cause intestinal infection: produce substances that block the reproduction of pathogenic flora;
• promote the promotion of digested food and bowel movements;
• participate in the formation of immunity;
• protect the body from the effects of adverse factors: neutralize the effect of nitrates, chemical substances(pesticides), medicines (antibiotics).

What microorganisms are the "friends" of man?

The composition of the normal flora in the intestine is provided by:

• bifidobacteria - the main (90%) and most important flora;
• associated flora (from 8 to 10%): lactobacilli, enterococcus, non-pathogenic Escherichia coli;
• conditionally pathogenic microorganisms (less than 1%): Proteus, citrobacter, enterobacter, Klebsiella, yeast-like fungi, non-pathogenic staphylococcus, etc.; in such a small amount, they are not dangerous, but under adverse conditions and an increase in their number, they can become pathogenic.

In the event of a change in the nature and quantity of beneficial microflora, putrefactive fungi and other harmful microorganisms begin to multiply in the intestine. They increasingly displace beneficial microflora from the intestines and cause digestive, metabolic and immune disorders in a child.

Dysbacteriosis is not an independent disease, but a secondary condition of the body. A number of reasons and factors contribute to its occurrence.

The reasons

The intestines during intrauterine development of the fetus are sterile. The first portions of microbes come to the child from the mother during childbirth. After the birth of the baby, it should be immediately applied to the breast so that the mother's flora enters the baby's digestive system. This contributes to the formation of a normal balance of bacteria in the newborn with a predominance of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.

Causes of violations of the normal microflora in the intestines in baby can be very different:

• malnutrition of the mother;
• taking antibiotics by mother or child;
• late first breastfeeding;
• sudden cessation breastfeeding;
• improper introduction of complementary foods;
• artificial feeding and frequent change of milk mixtures;
• milk protein intolerance;
• atopic (exudative) diathesis and other allergic diseases.

In preschoolers and schoolchildren, the causes of dysbacteriosis can be:

• malnutrition (overconsumption of meat products and sweets)
• transferred intestinal infections;
• chronic diseases of the digestive system;
• frequent or prolonged use of antibiotics (by mouth or by injection); antibiotics destroy not only pathogenic, harmful microbes, but also beneficial ones;
• long-term treatment with hormonal drugs;
• allergic diseases;
• frequent colds and viral infections;
• helminthic invasions;
• immunodeficiency states;
• stress;
• surgical interventions on the digestive organs;
• hormonal changes in puberty;
• vegetative-vascular dystonia;
• unfavorable environmental conditions.

Symptoms

A child suffering from intestinal dysbacteriosis may alternate diarrhea and constipation.

There are no purely specific manifestations of dysbacteriosis.

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis can be very diverse. Most often, there are violations of the digestive tract. The child's appetite decreases, the feeling of bloating is disturbing. There may be aching, pulling pains in the abdomen, more pronounced in the second half of the day. They may be of a convulsive nature. In infants, regurgitation (or vomiting), weight loss are noted.

Older children may notice an unpleasant metallic taste in their mouths. Characteristic is the alternation of diarrhea and constipation. The stool has an unpleasant odor feces there may be an admixture of mucus and undigested food.

There are frequent urges to defecate - the so-called "duck symptom" or "slippage of food": only after eating, the child sits on the potty or runs to the toilet. The stool may be watery, slimy, with undigested food residues.

Allergic reactions often develop in the form of various kinds of rashes, dermatitis, skin peeling. Vitamin deficiency that develops with dysbacteriosis is manifested by bleeding gums, brittle nails and hair.

Dysbacteriosis reduces the defenses of the child's body, so frequent colds, viral, infectious diseases. And they, in turn, contribute to an even greater aggravation of dysbacteriosis.

The behavior of the child also changes: he becomes capricious, restless, tearful, sleeps badly. With advanced dysbacteriosis, the temperature may rise within 37.5 C.

Diagnostics

Laboratory methods are used to confirm the diagnosis:

• bacteriological examination of feces: makes it possible to determine the types of microorganisms, their number and sensitivity to antibiotics and bacteriophages; for analysis, approximately 10 g of the morning portion of feces is needed, collected in a sterile container and delivered immediately to the laboratory;
• clinical analysis of feces (coprogram): a study of the digestibility of food in the intestine.

To clarify the state of other organs of the digestive system, ultrasound, fibrogastroduodenoscopy, duodenal sounding can be prescribed.

Treatment

It can only be effective complex treatment dysbacteriosis. An important point is to find out the root cause of this condition and its exclusion in the future.

Treatment may include the following:

• diet therapy;
• drug treatment;
• symptomatic treatment.

At any age of a child, dietary nutrition is of great importance for the treatment of dysbacteriosis. Diet is even more important than drugs with live lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.

It is good if the baby is breastfed. If the child is artificially fed, then it is necessary to decide with the pediatrician: whether to leave the old milk formula or switch to a therapeutic one (such as "Bifidolact", "Humana", etc.).

In some mild cases, dysbacteriosis can be completely eliminated in a small child only by correcting nutrition, without drug treatment.

It is desirable for children of any age to include fermented milk products (or fermented milk mixtures for infants) containing bifidus and lactobacilli in their diet. These are the so-called natural probiotics, most commonly used for dysbacteriosis and are a good alternative to drugs:

• Bifidok: is kefir with the addition of Bifidumbacterin: restores the normal flora in the intestine, helps to suppress putrefactive and conditionally pathogenic bacteria, slows down the growth of staphylococcus aureus;
• Bifilin: can be used from the birth of a baby, contains bifidobacteria, can also be used during antibiotic treatment; restores the intestinal microflora;
• Immunele: contains a large number of lactobacilli and vitamins; normalizes microflora, improves immunity;
• Activia: contains bifidobacteria, but can only be used from the age of 3 years;
• Actimel: contains lactobacilli, also contributes to the restoration of intestinal microflora.

Milk from the diet of the child is completely excluded. It should be replaced with dairy products.

Pick up necessary for the child fermented milk product will help the pediatrician. Yoghurts, kefir, Narine can be prepared at home, because buying a yogurt maker and special starter cultures in a pharmacy is currently not a problem.

Self-prepared fermented milk products will bring more benefits to the child, since, contrary to advertising, the amount of beneficial bacteria in industrial products is not enough. Moreover, the longer the shelf life of the product, the less probiotics it contains, since live beneficial bacteria die within the first few days.

Fresh, tasty and healthy dairy products can and should be prepared at home!

For older children, the diet should include cereals (barley, oatmeal, buckwheat, rice, millet), fruits and vegetables. For small children, porridge should be given in a pureed form. Pasta and white bread should be completely excluded.

Vegetables, thanks to the fiber in them, improve digestion and the movement of food through the intestines. At 2 years of age, the baby should be prepared vegetable puree(excluding starchy vegetables).

Vegetables such as zucchini, carrots, pumpkin, cauliflower, beets will be useful for children. Moreover, up to 3 years of age, vegetables should be given to the child in boiled, stewed or steamed form.

A decoction of these vegetables is also useful. Raw vegetables can be given after 3 years in a small amount to eliminate their irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.

Some fruits (lingonberries, black currants, apricots, pomegranates, mountain ash) have a detrimental effect on "harmful" microorganisms. Useful for children and baked apples, rosehip decoctions. Raw bananas can be given to the baby.

Fresh juices are excluded. Water should be given to the child non-carbonated.

It is recommended to cook fruit and berry compotes and kissels, dried fruit compotes for children. It is advisable not to sweeten them, as sugar creates an unfavorable environment for beneficial intestinal bacteria. In extreme cases, you can add a little honey to the decoction or compote, provided that the child does not have allergies.

To provide the body with proteins, steam omelettes should be prepared for the child, lean varieties fish, rabbit or chicken meat, boiled or steamed.

From the diet of older children, it is necessary to completely exclude fried foods, smoked, pickled, pickled and spicy dishes, fast food, sweets, carbonated drinks. It is advisable to observe the diet and avoid snacks.

popular drug

Drug treatment of dysbacteriosis includes two important stages:

1. Elimination of pathogenic flora from the intestines:

• the use of antibacterial drugs, or antibiotics;
• appointment of bacteriophages;
• the use of probiotics.

1. Replacement therapy, or "settlement" in the intestines of beneficial microflora with the help of probiotics.

An individual treatment regimen for each child is made by a doctor (pediatrician, infectious disease specialist or gastroenterologist).

The expediency of using antibiotics is determined by the doctor after receiving a fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis. Usually, antibacterial drugs are prescribed for massive contamination with pathogenic flora. Nifuroxazide, Furazolidone, Metronidazole, macrolide antibiotics can be used.

Some pathogens can also be eliminated with the help of bacteriophages. A bacteriophage is a virus for a strictly defined type of bacteria (Salmonella, dysentery bacillus), capable of destroying them. It is clear that it can only be used with a precisely established causative agent of the disease.

Linex is the most popular probiotic

A more gentle method of destroying pathogenic flora is the use of probiotic preparations. Beneficial bacteria multiply in the intestines and create no favorable conditions for "harmful microbes", that is, gradually displacing them. These drugs include Enterol, Baktisubtil, Bifiform. Apply them after one year of age.

For replacement therapy probiotics and prebiotics are used. Probiotics (containing lactobacilli or bifidobacteria) are selected based on the result of the analysis for dysbacteriosis. And prebiotics create favorable conditions for beneficial bacteria, "feed" them, stimulate growth and reproduction.

There are symbiotic preparations, which contain both probiotics and prebiotics. These include drugs Bifiform, Bacteriobalance, Bifidin, Bonolact, Polibakterin, etc.

The most commonly used drugs to restore the intestinal microflora are:

• Acipol: a highly active drug, contains kefir fungi and lactobacilli, can be prescribed from the birth of a child, increases the body's resistance to diseases;
• Linex: improves the absorption of microelements, impaired by dysbacteriosis, is used from birth, for babies, the capsule can be opened and the powder can be mixed with liquid;
• Bifiform baby: contains both lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, enriched with vitamins gr. B, available in powders, chewable tablets, applied since the year;
• Bifiform: the composition is the same, Bifiform

  as in the previous drug, but is available in capsules that protect the drug from destruction under the action of gastric juice; used for older children;

• Bifilin: has a wide range of active enzymes, used from 3 years;
• Bifidumbacterin: allowed from birth, suppresses pathogenic flora, increases the immune status of the baby;
• Lactobacterin: normalizes the intestinal flora, inhibits the development of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, increases the body's defense reactions, is used from birth;
• Enterol: can be used up to a year old, contains medicinal yeast resistant to antibiotics;
• Lactulose: prebiotic, promotes an increase in the number of lactobacilli in the intestines, bowel movements with constipation, absorbs toxic substances, blocks the growth of salmonella, can be used from infancy;
• Hilak-forte: promotes digestion and assimilation of food, normalizes the intestinal flora, inhibits the development of pathogenic flora, is used from birth.

As a symptomatic therapy, enzymatic preparations can be prescribed to improve the digestion of food, sorbents (prescribed in severe cases, remove toxins from pathogenic flora), vitamin complexes.

Compliance with the daily routine, elimination of stressful situations and overwork, daily walks in the fresh air - all this will help to cope with the disease.

Some parents are supporters of traditional medicine. Tips for the treatment of dysbacteriosis are based on the use of decoctions and infusions of herbs. It will be useful to use decoctions of herbs with an antiseptic effect (chamomile, St. John's wort, sage), but their use must also be agreed with the doctor, because there is always a risk of developing an allergic reaction to herbs.

A few traditional medicine tips:

• with diarrhea, you can use a decoction of oak bark, which, in addition to fixing, has an anti-inflammatory effect;
• infusion of onions, prepared from 2 onions, cut and filled with 3 glasses of chilled boiled water, infused overnight, drunk during the day for a week; probably only an older child can (??) take this infusion;
• a decoction of herb shrub Potentilla or "Kuril tea", bought at a pharmacy: take 1 g of grass and 10 ml of boiling water per 1 kg of baby's weight, boil for 3 minutes, strain, cool, water the child;
• for the treatment of dysbacteriosis in infancy: take kefir (10 ml / kg of body weight), rub through a strainer, warm it up and after a child’s stool, give him an enema with kefir; repeat the procedure 2-3 times.

Prevention

Prevention of dysbacteriosis should be started at the stage of pregnancy planning and during it. The expectant mother should be examined to determine the state of the microflora in the vagina and treated if pathology is detected. In some cases, doctors recommend a prophylactic course of treatment with bifidus and lacto-containing drugs.

Of great importance is the early attachment of the baby to the breast, the longest possible period of breastfeeding, compliance with the nursing mother proper diet nutrition. Complementary foods should be introduced on time, including fermented milk mixtures with bifidobacteria in the form of complementary foods.

Often and for a long time ill children, probiotics should be given as a preventive measure. If any manifestations of a violation of the digestion of food appear, you need to consult a doctor and promptly carry out treatment in case of detection of dysbacteriosis.

It is important to find out the cause of its occurrence in order to prevent its occurrence again.

Summary for parents

Dysbacteriosis is quite common in children different ages. You should not ignore the change in the nature of the stool in babies, complaints from the digestive tract in older children. It is not difficult to diagnose dysbacteriosis. And the existing arsenal of special drugs allows you to cope with this pathology.

What is actually dysbacteriosis in children

It is much more difficult to establish and eliminate the cause of the pathology in order to save the child from it forever. Knowing the measures to prevent dysbacteriosis, we must strive to prevent its development. After all, the most reliable way of treatment is prevention.

Which doctor to contact

If you have problems with the intestines, you need to contact your pediatrician. After the initial examination, he will refer the child to a gastroenterologist. Additionally, a consultation of an infectious disease specialist (when infectious diseases are detected), as well as an immunologist is prescribed, because dysbiosis is directly related to a violation of immune processes in the body. Often the child is examined by an allergist, and when skin manifestations diseases - dermatologist. Consultation with a nutritionist would be helpful.

Pediatrician E. O. Komarovsky speaks about dysbacteriosis:

Dysbacteriosis - School of Dr. Komarovsky

Causes of dysbacteriosis

Dysbacteriosis is not a disease. This is a clinical and laboratory syndrome associated primarily with metabolic and immune disorders, with the possibility of further development of intestinal problems.

This is a state of reduced bacteria. Each person lives from 2 to 5 kg of beneficial bacteria. For the first time, a person receives them at the time of birth, when passing through the mother's birth canal, he is seeded with a certain amount of maternal microflora and lives with this in the future. If the child has not received these bacteria different reasons a deficiency of beneficial microorganisms develops - dysbacteriosis.

Children who were favorable in the neonatal period: were immediately placed on the mother's chest, were breastfed, arrived together with their mother, and were discharged home after the maternity hospital. In such newborns, colonization of the intestines and the most acute period, which is called catarrh, passed perfectly and the intestines are populated with normal parental bacteria that are safe for the child. But if this process is disturbed, then various changes occur in the intestines.

It happens that the child was not immediately laid out on the mother, he underwent resuscitation, he was in the incubator for a long time separately from the mother. A baby is born with a sterile intestine, and this was not his mother's native microflora, but the hospital flora and, of course, not so favorable. And such a newborn has problems: watery stools, mucus, greens in the feces, fermentation processes, abdominal pain, frequent regurgitation.

In some children, in the course of their maturation, this process stops, while in others it does not. Intestinal dysbiosis is also associated with factors such as:

• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• the use of antibiotics;
• immune depressants, steroids;
• radiotherapy;
• surgical operations.

Antibiotics reduce not only the pathogenic microflora, but also the growth of normal microflora in the colon, this gives rise to the reproduction of microbes from environment and endogenous species, resistant to drug therapy, such as staphylococcus aureus, proteus, yeast-like fungi, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Unbalanced nutrition and deficiency in the diet of necessary components, the presence of various chemicals entering the baby's body from the outside, also help to suppress the growth of normal microflora. A failure in the diet, a sharp change in its nature can lead to dysbiosis. There are also such external factors that weaken the body:

• infectious diseases;
• ionizing radiation.

Under the guise of dysbacteriosis, infectious diseases such as salmonellosis, shigellosis can be hidden.

Functions of microflora

First function that bacteria perform is the creation of immunity and its maintenance and preservation. The normal microflora that determines human microbiocenosis is most concentrated in the following locations:

• gastrointestinal tract;
• external genitalia;
• leather;
• upper respiratory tract.

Second function- this is participation in metabolic processes: the breakdown of food with the help of the juices of the stomach, pancreas. If these conditions are violated: immunity is reduced, metabolic processes are loosened, then this is already followed by the colonization of pathogenic bacteria and the disease develops.

So, for example, if staphylococcus is colonized, diseases associated with staphylococcal flora develop, these are, first of all:

• diseases of ENT organs: sinusitis, otitis media;
• skin lesions: from pustular rashes to furunculosis;
• pyelonephritis;
• colpitis.

Mushrooms of the genus Candida cause allergic reactions, skin lesions: from dry peeling to atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, damage to the genital organs: candidiasis (thrush), urethritis, prostatitis.

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis

It is worth remembering that dysbacteriosis does not have strictly specific symptoms.

In infants, regurgitation (or vomiting), bloating, anxiety, pulling legs to the stomach 1.5 - 2 hours after eating appear and become more frequent, sleep disturbance, and poor weight gain are also noted.

Older children notice an unpleasant metallic taste in their mouths. loose stool and constipation alternate. The feces smell unpleasant, mucus and undigested food appear in the feces.

There is an increase in the urge to defecate - a symptom of "slippage of food": after a short period, after the child has eaten, he sits on the potty or runs to the toilet. The stool becomes watery, slimy with undigested food residues.

Allergic reactions may appear in the form of various rashes, dermatitis, peeling. Vitamin deficiency also develops, which manifests itself in the form of bleeding gums, brittle nails and hair.

With dysbacteriosis, the defenses of the child's body are reduced, which results in frequent colds, viral and other infectious diseases. This further exacerbates the manifestations of dysbacteriosis.

The child's behavior changes: there is tearfulness, bad dream, irritability. In severe cases, the temperature may rise to 37.5 degrees.

Research methods for dysbacteriosis

A common research method is stool culture for dysbacteriosis. But he does not give a general picture of the state of the intestinal microbiota, since this analysis shows only those microbes that are located in the final section of the colon. In addition, this examination is performed within 5 to 7 days, and during this time the composition of the intestinal flora may change.

There are about 10 thousand species of bacteria, which is comparable to the flora of the ocean, while the bacteriological conclusion consists of 15 to 20 species of bacteria; Modern molecular genetic methods allow us to identify only up to 40 species of bacteria. Accordingly, evaluating the analysis is the same as looking through the keyhole at the flora of the oceans. It is even more strange to treat a child based on the results of this analysis alone.

The results of the analysis may change during the day in the same person, as the flora is changeable. And you should not focus only on this analysis.

Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis at the moment is a difficult task, the reason for this is the conditionality of these laboratories, the lack of real knowledge about the normal intestinal microflora, and, as a result, the detection of pathology by laboratories even with a temporary deviation.

In order to make a final clinical and laboratory conclusion about the state of the intestine, some tests are not enough, it is necessary to carefully examine the child to identify the causes of dysbacteriosis.

The second analysis that you will be asked to take is a coprocytogram. This study is desirable to conduct if there are any gastrointestinal diseases. It displays in general the work of the gastrointestinal tract, its enzymes, the degree of decomposition of fats, carbohydrates, proteins and is reliable. It also shows the presence of flora, bacteria, mucus, but does not show the imbalance of microorganisms itself.

Treatment of dysbacteriosis

1. Find a reason. To get rid of dysbacteriosis, you need to remove the cause that caused it, if it is in antibiotic therapy, then you need to cure the underlying disease and restore the intestines after the antibiotic, if the cause is in surgery or, for example, a premature baby has necrotizing enterocolitis, then of course, you first need to cure problems with the intestines and after that, the microflora of the colon is restored.
2. Proper nutrition. For infants, it is the preservation of the use of breast milk. With artificial feeding - the use of special therapeutic mixtures. For older children - exclusion from the diet of whole milk, spicy, fatty, smoked, fried foods, as well as pickled foods, fast food. If intestinal dysbiosis is accompanied by frequent diarrhea and swelling, then it is necessary to abandon products that enhance fermentation: cabbage, apples, bread, pastries. It is necessary to eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, dairy products.
3. Organization of the correct daily routine. Creating a favorable emotional background. The child must be protected from stress as much as possible.
4. Abundant drink. You can use water, tea with sugar, or special solutions recommended by your doctor. These are glucose-salt solutions: Regidron and Citroglucosolan.
5. The use of sour-milk products that restore the functioning of the intestines and heal its microflora. These include: Lactobacterin, Bifilakt, Bifilin, Biolact.
6. In severe cases, antibiotic therapy, the use of intestinal antiseptics and bacteriophages are indicated. Such types of therapy are prescribed only by a doctor and only according to indications.
7. The use of pro and prebiotics.

The term probiotics is the opposite of antibiotics. Antibiotics are the enemies of life, probiotics are the allies of life. To date, there is a clear definition of what a probiotic is - it is a living bacterium, an inhabitant of the normal intestinal microflora. These are bacteria with a proven positive effect on human health, in cases where they are consumed in sufficient quantities.

In simpler words, these are bifido- and lactobacilli, thermophilic streptococci. In addition to having a proven beneficial effect, probiotics, especially those used in pediatric practice, are heavily monitored for safety.

Do these bacteria remain in our gastrointestinal tract, whether we get them through drugs or food? At present, it is assumed that no. This is due to the existence of parietal microflora in our intestines, permanent inhabitants who do not want to let foreign bacteria in there.

But, nevertheless, the positive effect of probiotics is associated with their passage through the gastrointestinal tract and participation in the processes of digestion, metabolism, acidification of the internal environment of the intestine and thereby preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria. They generally act as antagonists to pathogenic bacteria and affect the immune system, the obvious benefits of probiotics follow from this.

What are prebiotics? This is food for probiotics, for our protective microflora. Basically, prebiotics consist of medium chain carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, dietary fiber, vegetable fiber. People do not digest them, but our microflora digests them. Prebiotics are part of breast milk, so babies receiving breast milk, have a greater amount of bifidoflora in the intestine. That's why you'll find prebiotics in formulas, foods, and baby cereals.

There are also medications with the content of prebiotics - Hilak forte, Duphalac, Lactulose.

Adults and older children get prebiotics from fruits and vegetables. In addition to the natural content of pre- and probiotics in food products or their special addition there, there are probiotic preparations (for example, Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin, Linex, Bifiform, Acipol, Maxilak and others) that can be taken in cases where you cannot take advantage of any -the reasons for fermented milk products containing probiotics. For example, after a course of antibiotics, with diseases, when moving, when a child goes to the sea, when the climate, water, food change.

Prevention of dysbacteriosis

1. Examination of the mother before and during pregnancy in order to study the microflora of the genital tract.
2. Attaching the baby to the breast immediately after birth.
3. Compliance with the diet of lactating women.
4. Maintain breastfeeding up to 1 year.
5. The introduction of complementary foods by age.

Conclusion

It is worth remembering that dysbacteriosis is our payment for an industrial way of life. Errors in the diet, uncontrolled intake of antibiotics, lead to dysbacteriosis. Prevention this disease It consists in the competent treatment of concomitant diseases, a healthy diet and diet.