Mycoplasma hominis in women: what is it, symptoms, treatment, how is it transmitted. Mycoplasma: function in the human body and ways of infection Mycoplasma hominis found that

Mycoplasma hominis (mycoplasma hominis, hominis) is the causative agent of urogenital mycoplasmosis, which poses a real threat to the health of women, men and children. Mycoplasma hominis enters the human body through the mucous membranes of the genital organs through contact with a sick partner or a carrier.

In the absence of timely and adequate treatment, mycoplasma infection can cause infertility in women due to inflammation of the genital organs, and in men as a result of impaired spermatogenesis and damage to spermatozoa. It is essential to treat urogenital mycoplasmosis.

Mycoplasma hominis is the cause of inflammation of the genital organs, adhesions of the fallopian tubes, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. In pregnant women, mycoplasma can lead to miscarriages or premature births, uterine bleeding, and the development of fetal abnormalities. This is due to inflammation of the membranes, their rupture and outpouring of amniotic fluid. If an infant is infected during childbirth, it develops mycoplasmal pneumonia or meningitis.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of urogenital mycoplasmosis consists in carrying out laboratory methods studies preceded by the collection of an anamnesis of life and illness, an external examination of the patient. Microbiological and serological studies allow you to confirm or refute the alleged diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment of urogenital mycoplasmosis is the use of antibiotics. The choice of drug is determined by the results of the analysis for the sensitivity of mycoplasmas. Some mycoplasmas are not detected in the smear and do not grow on nutrient media. In this case, the doctor selects an antibiotic based on the history. In addition to etiotropic therapy, patients are prescribed immunomodulators.

It is necessary to treat the disease simultaneously for both sexual partners. Otherwise, re-infection will occur, and the therapy will be useless. One month after cessation of treatment, tests for the determination of antibodies should be repeated.

Prevention

Preventive measures to avoid urogenital mycoplasmosis:

• Using condoms during intercourse
• Balanced diet,
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
• Identification and sanitation of existing foci of infection in the body,
• Strengthening immunity,
• Compliance with sanitary standards and rules of personal hygiene.

Mycoplasmosis often leads to severe consequences and dangerous complications. You can not self-medicate, you should consult a specialist. The disease can complicate not only intimate life, but also bearing a child. If characteristic symptoms occur, it is necessary to visit a gynecologist, undergo an examination and a course of prescribed therapy.

Video: doctor about mycoplasma, how dangerous is mycoplasmosis

Video: mycoplasma in the program “Live healthy!”

Mycoplasma is the name given to the smallest bacteria, located between fungi and viruses in the biological series.

In its structure, mycoplasma dispenses with a cell wall, having only a plasmalemma - the thinnest film that can only be seen with a powerful electron microscope.

From it, mycoplasma receives all the substances necessary for life, depleting and genetically changing it.

It is possible to become infected with mycoplasmosis in the following ways:

• Sexual - this can happen with a frequent change of sexual partners, as well as during unprotected intercourse with a carrier of the disease. Moreover, the type of contact can be different - oral, anal or genital.
• From a pregnant mother, mycoplasma can get to the fetus through the placenta, as well as during childbirth, when the child passes through an infected birth canal.
• Airborne - this method applies only to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In this case, the airways and lungs become inflamed. Diseases such as pharyngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and pneumonia develop. There are frequent cases of mycoplasmal bronchitis in children in crowded groups - kindergartens and schools.

Thanks to the conducted studies, it has been proved that mycoplasmosis is not transmitted by contact-household.

Bacteria of this type are especially dangerous for pregnant women: in the first trimester they can cause spontaneous abortion, and in the third - premature birth.

Even if this did not happen, mycoplasmas can disrupt the functioning of the vital organs of the child - the liver, vascular system etc. Their presence often provokes chronic hypoxia fetus, in which the brain does not receive the required amount of oxygen, delaying in development. In men, mycoplasmosis can cause no less serious problems - impotence and infertility.

Mycoplasma hominis and mycoplasma genitalium: comparative characteristics of infections

Currently, the existence of many types of mycoplasma has been discovered, but only 16 of them are able to survive in the human body. 10 species live in the respiratory (respiratory) tract - pharynx and oral cavity, the remaining 6 - in the urogenital (on the mucous membranes of the urinary tract and genital organs). Most of them are saprophytes - they exist in the body without showing themselves. However, when the immune barrier is lowered, bacterial cells are activated, causing various diseases.

Only 6 types of microbes can cause serious problems:

• Micoplasma pneumoniae - contributes to the development of atypical pneumonia and pulmonary mycoplasmosis (mycoplasmal bronchitis).
• Micoplasma penetrans and Micoplasma fermentans - their presence can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• Micoplasma hominis and Micoplasma genitalium - causes urogenital mycoplasmosis.

Both species are opportunistic pathogens. This means that under certain conditions they can cause an illness, but it is not uncommon to find them in healthy people.

Mycoplasma genitalium has a greater ability to cause disease, but it is much less common than Mycoplasma hominis. In heterosexual men, the percentage of the presence of this type of bacteria is much lower than in homosexuals (11% and 30%, respectively). Mycoplasma hominis is less pathogenic, but in infectious and inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system it is found much more often. It is not uncommon in patients with cystitis and pyelonephritis.

• inflammation of the ovaries and their abscesses;
• endometritis;
• adnexitis;
• salpingitis, etc.

Mycoplasmosis of the external female genital organs caused by mycoplasmas hominis and genitalia includes urethritis, vulvovaginitis, etc. The presence of these diseases can prove the presence of a high level of epithelium in a smear taken for clinical trial. In men, mycoplasma genitalium can cause inflammation of the urethra (urethritis). The influence of mycoplasmas on the development of prostatitis has not been proven.

Mycoplasmosis: symptoms, diagnosis and necessary tests

caused by mycoplasma urinary infections subdivided into asymptomatic, acute and chronic.

In most cases, a disease such as mycoplasmosis may have no symptoms.

In this case, the following common symptoms in men and women with mycoplasmosis can be observed:

• Mucous discharge in small quantities. At the same time, they can either disappear or appear after a while in a larger volume.
• Cutting and burning during urination. Men with urethritis may experience sharp pain at the end of this process, sometimes blood appears.
• Lower abdominal pain.
• Itching in the genital area.
• Pain during sex.

With mycoplasma in men, pulling pain of the testicles may appear. The edges of the scrotum become inflamed red. Acute stage urogenital mycoplasmosis is rare and completely curable with the appropriate approach. No specialist is able to make a correct diagnosis and recommend taking certain pills based on one examination and a single analysis.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis, the symptoms of which are disturbing, is carried out in several stages. Initially, an examination by a highly specialized doctor is carried out, in which the condition of the cervix and the mucous membrane of the vaginal walls is assessed. If a specialist detects inflammation of the mucosa and cervical canal in combination with copious secretions that have a pungent odor, he may suspect the presence of urogenital mycoplasmosis.

To clarify the diagnosis, ultrasound of the pelvic organs and additional laboratory tests may be recommended. For example, a bacteriological smear. With the help of the analysis taken, the microbiologist conducts a sowing, which will not only determine the causative agent of mycoplasmosis, but also its reaction to antibacterial drugs.

Currently, this method is considered not very informative, so the patient is prescribed a PCR analysis (polymerase chain reaction), which has 90% efficiency. With this method, mycoplasma DNA is detected. Any biological material is suitable for research - saliva, blood, secretions from the genitals, etc.

In some cases, ELISA is used ( linked immunosorbent assay) and PIF (immunofluorescence method). In this case, the pathogen is detected using specifically stained antibodies. These methods are very common in our country, but have low accuracy (no more than 70%). In addition, there is a serological method and a method of genetic probes - but these are already rarer types of research.

Patients for seeding take a swab:

• in men - from the urethra or semen, urine, prostate secretion;
• in women - from the vagina, cervix, urethra.

Before taking a smear by a gynecologist, do not use vaginal suppositories. There is a danger that the result of the analysis may be unreliable. For ELISA and PCR, it is necessary to donate blood from a vein, on an empty stomach.

When sowing, the borderline indicator of the norm and anomaly is the value of 104 CFU / ml. If the indicator is less - the patient is healthy, if more - additional research and, possibly, treatment is required.

In studies on immunoglobulins of classes M and G, the response is of the following types:

• "negative" - ​​in this case, either the infection is absent at all, or less than 2 weeks have passed since its moment, or it did not cause a strong immune response. Less than 5 IgG and less than 8 IgM must be found in the sample;
• "doubtful" - in the presence of 9 IgM and 5 IgG;
• "positively".

More about the disease

With weakly positive anti-Mic.hominis IgM 10-30, and anti-Mic.hominis IgG 10; with positive anti-Mic.hominis IgM 40-1100, and with anti-Mic.hominis IgG; with strongly positive anti-Mic.hominis IgM 1100, and with anti-Mic.hominis IgG 10 ≥40.

Do not interpret test results yourself. This should be done by a specialist, taking into account the conclusions of the clinical examination and observing the course of mycoplasmosis, the symptoms of which may appear and disappear from time to time.

If this or that analysis showed undesirable results - do not be upset. Any research can be wrong.

This usually occurs due to mixing of samples - contamination with foreign DNA, violation of the order of sampling for research or analysis during the period of antibiotics.

Mycoplasma in women and men: differences in the course of the disease

Incubation period infection in men and women lasts up to 20 days, after which symptoms of the disease appear. At the same time, mycoplasma in women in the acute phase gives more pronounced symptoms, they may even appear bloody issues between periods.

In men, the symptoms of the disease are very weak, unlike a woman, a man is not a carrier of mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma in men rarely passes to the kidneys, but often ends in infertility.

Symptoms of Mycoplasma Pneumonia

The incubation period of the disease lasts up to 3 weeks.

At the same time, mycoplasmal pneumonia develops similarly to SARS:

• runny nose;
• general weakness;
• low body temperature;
• perspiration and dryness in the throat;
• headache;
• cough - at first dry, then the separation of mucous viscous sputum begins.

After 5-7 days, the symptoms intensify, the temperature rises to 40 degrees, the cough becomes stronger, the attacks are more and more prolonged. When breathing, chest pain may occur, wheezing is heard during the examination.

Pulmonary mycoplasmosis provokes Micoplasma pneumoniae.

It is manifested by the following symptoms, which are divided into two groups:

1. Respiratory.
   • with damage to the upper respiratory tract develop bronchitis, tracheitis, pharyngitis;
   • if mycoplasmas in women or men enter the lungs, pleurisy, pneumonia are diagnosed, abscesses form;
2. Non-respiratory: In this case, any organ can become infected. At the same time, mycoplasmas in men or women can cause diseases such as:
   • anemia;
   • pancreatitis;
   • hepatitis;
   • meningitis;
   • neuritis;
   • polyarthritis;
   • myalgia;
   • skin rashes, etc.

Mycoplasmosis of the genital organs and urinary tract

These diseases are provoked by mycoplasma genitalium and mycoplasma hominis, which are transmitted through sexual contact. The incubation period is from 3 to 35 days. Symptoms of mycoplasma in men are more pronounced than in women. Ladies may not be aware of their problems and only accidentally discover them during an examination for cervical erosion or inflammation of the internal genital organs. Obvious symptoms of the presence of mycoplasma in women can occur only during an exacerbation of the disease: discharge from the genitals, pain during intercourse and urination.

Mycoplasmosis: treatment with drugs and traditional medicine

When the first signs of mycoplasmosis appear, you should immediately consult a doctor who will give a referral for tests.

Based on the data obtained, the specialist will draw up a treatment regimen, which will depend on many factors:

• gender and age of the patient;
• pregnancy;
• manifestation of an allergy to certain components of the drug;
• the type of bacterium and its sensitivity to a particular agent.

At the same time, the main difficulty lies in the fact that not every antibiotic is able to successfully fight mycoplasma. Therefore, the treatment of diseases caused by these bacteria should be handled by a specialist.

In combination with antibacterial therapy, antiprotozoal and antifungal drugs are prescribed. In some cases, immunotherapy and physiotherapy are carried out. If mycoplasmosis is detected, treatment is necessary for both sexual partners at the same time to avoid re-infection. To achieve this goal and increase the effectiveness of treatment, many doctors use modern technology extracorporeal antibiotic therapy.

It consists in the incubation administration of significant doses of antibiotics and the simultaneous purification of the blood (plasmapheresis). Folk methods it is impossible to get rid of mycoplasmosis. You can only reduce some of the symptoms of the disease, but the pathogens themselves cannot be destroyed.

Folk remedies can be used as ancillary, but only under the supervision of a doctor:

1. With mycoplasmosis, treatment can be carried out with the help of garlic. At least 2-4 cloves should be eaten per day. You can also prepare a special composition: chop 150 g of garlic and vegetable oil in a blender, add salt and lemon juice. The last component can be replaced with diluted table vinegar. You should get a creamy mixture, which is added to salads or spread on bread. To get rid of mycoplasmosis, the more garlic is consumed, the better.
2. Wintergreen, winter love and boron uterus are mixed in a ratio of 1: 1: 1. The resulting 10-12 g of the collection is poured into 500-750 g of boiling water and kept on low heat for about 5 minutes. Insist 1 hour, strain. Drink the infusion in equal parts throughout the day. The course of treatment is 21 days.
3. 1 tbsp. meadowsweet flowers and St. John's wort leaves pour 800 ml cold water, simmer for 10 minutes. After that, hold in a water bath for at least 2 hours. Strain. Drink chilled 3 times a day, 200 ml 15 minutes before meals.

It is easier to prevent an ailment than to get rid of it for a long time and painfully - a long-known rule. It also works in the case of such a problem as mycoplasmosis, the treatment of which takes long time. To avoid infection, you need to follow a few simple rules. In order not to get sick with urogenital mycoplasmosis, you need to limit casual sex. If it doesn't work out, use a condom when making love. Moreover, it should be put on before the start of comfort - before contact with the partner's genitals.

Periodic testing should be done to laboratory diagnostics to detect sexually transmitted infections. This is especially important for those who are planning a pregnancy.

If a disease is detected in one family member, it is recommended that everyone else at home consult a specialist, it is necessary to complete a full course with a diagnosis of cure. healthy image life and proper nutrition support the immune system in the proper form - this prevents the penetration of mycoplasma into the human body. The prevention and treatment of mycoplasmosis should be taken seriously. After all, a neglected disease can permanently deprive the patient of the hope of becoming a parent. Timely diagnosis and proper treatment will be a guarantee of getting rid of the problem.

Content

The bacterium enters the body through the mucous membranes of the genital organs upon contact with a carrier of the infection or a person with mycoplasmosis. Normally, mycoplasma hominis (mycoplasma hominis) lives in the vagina of every woman, but can cause a sexually transmitted disease that requires immediate complex treatment. The pathogenic microbe does not have a cell wall and, under the influence of negative factors, begins to develop rapidly, stimulating the manifestation of unpleasant symptoms - itching, burning, pain.

What is mycoplasma hominis

This causative agent of urogenital disease poses a threat to the body of women, men and even children. Mycoplasma hominis is an intracellular microorganism that does not have a nucleus, which has a specific life cycle, resistance and variability to many antibiotics. The peculiarity of a bacterium lies in its ability to develop not only within living cells, but also outside them.

Mycoplasma hominis is a filamentous or spherical body, which is characterized by the absence of a membrane and mobility. These properties are due to polymorphism, cellular plasticity, their osmotic sensitivity and the ability to penetrate through microscopic pores or bacterial filters. Mycoplasma contains a nucleoid, ribosomes, and a cytoplasmic membrane. The bacterium belongs to the category of facultative anaerobes and feeds on arginine and glucose.

What is the difference between Mycoplasma hominis and genitalium? These bacteria are capable of provoking urogenital mycoplasmosis, but the latter type is diagnosed much less frequently, and it often causes the development of the disease. The subspecies of the bacterium hominis is not so pathogenic, but in the presence of infectious and inflammatory diseases, the risk of detecting it increases greatly. It is not uncommon for doctors to diagnose a pathogen in people with pyelonephritis or cystitis.

Mycoplasma is sensitive to direct sunlight, UV radiation, high temperatures, disinfectants such as Chloramine or Sulfochloramine. In addition, the hominis bacterium dies from X-rays. The complexity of the treatment of mycoplasmosis is due to the developed resistance of the infection to most antiseptics, antiviral drugs, antibiotics.

Normal Mycoplasma hominis

Mycoplasma is an opportunistic bacterium that lives in the genitourinary system. The rate of Mycoplasma hominis in men and women is less than 10 thousand units per 1 ml. To determine this indicator, the biological material is sown on a nutrient medium. Since this analysis cannot guarantee the complete reliability of the result, the doctor may prescribe an additional ELISA - a study to detect antibodies.

Mycoplasma hominis symptoms

The bacterium can stimulate the development infectious disease or for a long time "sleeps" in the human body, without making itself felt. Under the influence of negative factors, the patient becomes clear clinical picture diseases. If the infection is not treated in time, it can lead to infertility and other serious consequences. Symptoms of Mycoplasma hominis begin to appear when the number pathogenic bacteria exceeds 104 - 10 6 CFU / ml.

Among women

Mycoplasma hominis in women stimulates the development of vaginitis, vaginosis, endometritis, salpingitis, candidiasis and other diseases. The disease is manifested by itching in the perineum, profuse fetid discharge, burning after urination or sexual intercourse, pain in the lower abdomen. Mycoplasma hominis in women can cause inflammation of the genital organs, ectopic pregnancy (with its termination being the way out), adhesions of the fallopian tubes, and infertility.

In men

• transparent slight discharge in the morning;
• burning in the urethra;
• drawing pains in the groin, radiating to the scrotum and rectum;
• redness of the skin in the genital area;
• puffiness;
• decrease in potency.

If timely therapy is not started, Mycoplasma hominis can cause urethritis, impaired spermatogenesis, etc. Secondary signs of infection that appear during an exacerbation of mycoplasmosis:

• malaise, weakness;
• vomit;
• increase in body temperature;
• nausea.

Causes of Mycoplasma Hominis

Bacteria are called opportunistic pathogens because they can be found in the human body without causing infectious diseases. Often a person does not even know that he is a carrier of mycoplasmosis. The main stimulating factor for the reproduction of microorganisms is a decrease in immunity. The second most common factor due to which the number of bacteria can increase is hormonal imbalance. Other causes of Mycoplasma hominis:

• insufficient hygiene;
• sexual intercourse with a carrier / patient;
• transferred gynecological diseases;
• frequent change of sexual partners;
• beginning of sexual activity in early age(when local immunity is still weak).

Causes of mycoplasma hominis in women

The main stimulating factors for mycoplasmosis are those that reduce immunity. So, the main causes of Mycoplasma hominis in women are:

• uncontrolled sexual relations;
• pregnancy, abortion;
• the impact on the body of various medications that reduce protective functions (hormones, immunosuppressants, antibiotics);
• frequent stress;
• radiation therapy.

Mycoplasma hominis during pregnancy

During pregnancy, mycoplasmosis hominis in women can lead to premature labor or miscarriage, uterine bleeding, the development of pathologies in the child. Such consequences are associated with intrauterine inflammation and outpouring of water. If during childbirth an infection occurs in the baby, he develops meningitis or pneumonia of the mycoplasmal type. In extreme cases, the infant dies within the first day of life. Mycoplasma hominis during pregnancy can cause the development of childhood dystrophy, which is caused by impaired blood circulation.

Diagnosis of mycoplasma hominis

If mycoplasmosis is suspected, the gynecologist gives the woman a referral for examination, while simultaneously collecting the patient's history. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis occurs after exclusion of more dangerous infections- gonococci, chlamydia. The following examination methods can be used to determine the diagnosis:

• initial inspection;
• the study of the DNA of mycoplasma hominis by PCR diagnostics (the method is used paramount);
• bacteriological culture (the most accurate way to determine the presence of bacteria in the vaginal environment);
• immunofluorescent research method (consists in the use of a special dye that stains antibodies to mycoplasma).

Tests for mycoplasma hominis

After medical examination the doctor gives an appointment for laboratory tests. Serological and microbiological methods can confirm or refute the diagnosis. Tests for Mycoplasma hominis:

1. Microscopy for biomaterial. Collect the secret of the prostate, fluid from the vagina / urethra. The material is stained and examined under a microscope.
2. PCR diagnostics. The method helps to identify the DNA of the causative agent of the disease. A positive result is its presence in the sample.
3. bacteriological research. Sowing on nutrient media, determining its sensitivity to antibiotics, localization site.
4. enzyme immunoassay. Helps to establish the presence or absence of antibodies in the blood. If none are found, the test result is considered negative.

Mycoplasma hominis treatment

Should Mycoplasma Hominis be treated? Answer to this question unambiguously positive, since even delayed therapy can lead to severe, irreversible consequences, including infertility. The treatment of Mycoplasma hominis is recommended by the doctor, while the specialist selects the appropriate therapeutic regimen based on the results of the examination.

Treatment of mycoplasma consists in taking antibiotics throughout the entire period of the disease. Choice medicinal product falls on the treating doctor and is determined by the data obtained during the study on the sensitivity of mycoplasmas. In addition to etiotropic therapy, the disease is treated with:

• systemic antibiotics of the tetracycline series (Doxycycline), macrolides (Azithromycin), fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin);
• local antibiotics (Oflokain ointment, suppositories containing metronidazole);
• antifungal drugs from candidiasis (Clotrimazole, Nystatin, Fluconazole, Livarol);
• vaginal antiseptics with chlorhexidine;
• probiotics to restore disturbed microflora (Gynoflor, Vaginorm, Vagilak);
• immune-stimulating agents (Imunorix, Immunal, Interferon);
• vitamins (Undevit, Complivit);
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ortofen, Diclofenac);
• baths and douching with Miramistin, herbal decoctions.

Mycoplasma hominis or Mycoplasma hominis is a conditionally pathogenic microorganism that affects the mucous membrane of the human genital and urinary systems. The presence of this bacterium in the body does not mean that a person is sick. Pathological inflammatory process observed against the background of certain factors, in most cases, against the background of a decrease in immunity. Mycoplasma hominis is spread sexually or, in exceptional cases, by household means. Also, the bacterium can be transmitted to the baby from the mother during childbirth. Mycoplasma hominis is the cause of urogenital infections. Typical symptoms of the development of the pathogen: itching and burning of the genital organs, mild transparent selection, discomfort during sexual contact. In some cases, the urogenital infectious process may not be clinically manifested in any way. Mycoplasma hominis requires long-term treatment because it grows slowly. For the treatment of the disease, folk medicines are used. Herbal decoctions have an antibacterial effect, increase immunity and at the same time do not cause side effects.

Mycoplasma hominis is one of the types of mycoplasmas, special microorganisms that occupy an intermediate stage between protozoa, viruses and bacteria. It is opportunistic pathogen...

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Study Description

Preparation for the study:

Scraping from the urethra. Before taking the patient, it is recommended not to urinate for 1.5-2 hours. Before taking the material from the cervical canal, it is necessary to remove the mucus with a cotton swab.