Where are the bacteria. Who and what? Harmful bacteria in grain products and bread

Where do bacteria live in the human body?

1. Most of them inhabit the intestines, providing a harmonious microflora.
2. They live on mucous membranes, including oral cavity.
3. Many microorganisms inhabit skin.

What are microorganisms responsible for?

1. They support immune function. With a lack of beneficial microbes, the body is immediately attacked by harmful ones.
2. By feeding on the components of plant foods, bacteria help digestion. Most of the food that reaches the large intestine is digested thanks to bacteria.
3. Benefits of intestinal microorganisms - in the synthesis of B vitamins, antibodies, absorption of fatty acids.
4. The microbiota maintains the water-salt balance.
5. Bacteria on the skin protect the integument from the penetration of harmful microorganisms into them. The same applies to the population of mucous membranes.

What happens if you remove bacteria from the human body? Vitamins will not be absorbed, hemoglobin will fall in the blood, diseases of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory organs, etc. will begin to progress. Conclusion: the main function of bacteria in the human body is protective. Let's take a closer look at what types of microorganisms exist and how to support their work.

Major groups of beneficial bacteria

Good bacteria for humans can be divided into 4 main groups:

• bifidobacteria;
• lactobacilli;
• enterococci;
• coli.

The most abundant beneficial microbiota. The task is to create an acidic environment in the intestines. In such conditions, pathogenic microflora cannot survive. Bacteria produce lactic acid and acetate. Thus, the intestinal tract is not afraid of the processes of fermentation and decay.

Another property of bifidobacteria is antitumor. Microorganisms are involved in the synthesis of vitamin C - the main antioxidant in the body. Vitamins D and B-group are absorbed thanks to this type of microbe. The digestion of carbohydrates is also accelerated. Bifidobacteria increase the ability of the intestinal walls to absorb valuable substances, including calcium, magnesium and iron ions.

Lactobacilli live in the digestive tract from the mouth to the large intestine. The joint action of these bacteria and other microorganisms controls the reproduction of pathogenic microflora. Intestinal pathogens are much less likely to infect the system if lactobacilli inhabit it in sufficient numbers.

The task of small hard workers is the normalization of work intestinal tract and support for immune function. The microbiota is used in the food and medical industries: from healthy kefir to preparations for the normalization of the intestinal microflora.

Lactobacilli are especially valuable for women's health: the acidic environment of the mucous membranes of the reproductive system does not allow the development of bacterial vaginosis.

Advice! Biologists say that the immune system starts in the gut. The body's ability to resist harmful bacteria depends on the condition of the tract. Keep the digestive tract normal, and then not only the absorption of food will improve, but the body's defenses will also increase.

Enterococci

Habitat of enterococci small intestine. They block the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, help to digest sucrose.

The Polzateevo magazine found out that there is an intermediate group of bacteria - conditionally pathogenic. In one state, they are beneficial, and when any conditions change, they become harmful. These include enterococci. Staphylococci living on the skin also have a dual effect: they protect the integument from harmful microbes, but they themselves are able to get into the wound and cause a pathological process.

E. coli often causes negative associations, but only some species from this group bring harm. Most Escherichia coli have a beneficial effect on the tract.

These microorganisms synthesize a number of B vitamins: folic and nicotinic acid, thiamine, riboflavin. An indirect effect of such synthesis is an improvement in the composition of the blood.

What bacteria are harmful

Harmful bacteria are more widely known than beneficial ones, as they pose a direct threat. Many people know the dangers of salmonella, plague bacillus and vibrio cholerae.

Most dangerous bacteria for a person:

1. Tetanus bacillus: Lives on the skin and can cause tetanus, muscle spasms, and respiratory problems.
2. Botulism stick. If you eat a spoiled product with this pathogen, you can earn a deadly poisoning. Botulism often develops in expired sausages and fish.
3. Staphylococcus aureus can cause several ailments in the body at once, is resistant to many antibiotics and adapts incredibly quickly to drugs, becoming insensitive to them.
4. Salmonella is the cause of acute intestinal infections, including very dangerous disease- typhoid fever.

Prevention of dysbacteriosis

Living in an urban environment with poor ecology and nutrition significantly increases the risk of dysbacteriosis - an imbalance of bacteria in the human body. Most often, the intestines suffer from dysbacteriosis, less often the mucous membranes. Signs of a lack of beneficial bacteria: gas formation, bloating, abdominal pain, upset stool. If you start the disease, vitamin deficiency, anemia, an unpleasant smell of the mucous membranes of the reproductive system, weight loss, and skin defects may develop.

Dysbacteriosis easily develops in conditions of taking antibiotic drugs. To restore the microbiota, probiotics are prescribed - formulations with living organisms and prebiotics - preparations with substances that stimulate their development. Fermented milk drinks containing live bifidus and lactobacilli are also considered useful.

In addition to therapy, the beneficial microbiota responds well to fasting days, eating fresh fruits and vegetables, and whole grains.

The role of bacteria in nature

The kingdom of bacteria is one of the most numerous on the planet. These microscopic creatures bring benefits and harm not only to humans, but also to all other species, provide many processes in nature. Bacteria are found in the air and in the soil. Azotobacter are very useful inhabitants of the soil, which synthesize nitrogen from the air, turning it into ammonium ions. In this form, the element is easily absorbed by plants. The same microorganisms cleanse soils from heavy metals and fill them with biologically active substances.

Do not be afraid of bacteria: our body is so arranged that it cannot function normally without these tiny hard workers. If their number is normal, then the immune, digestive and a number of other functions of the body will be in order.

A person often treats his body relatively lightly. Yes, many people know where the heart, kidneys, intestines, etc. are located. Some have a deeper knowledge of the structure human body. But few people dare to look at themselves not only as a person, but as a biological mechanism that works according to certain laws and lives its own complex and multidimensional biological life. So, for example, not everyone clearly understands how valuable our biological cohabitation with protozoa is and how terrible the bacterial threat is.

Bacteria without which a person cannot survive

The human body is inhabited by a huge number of bacteria, without which a person cannot survive. The total weight is from 1.5 to 2.5 kg. Such a useful stable symbiosis was formed:

• in the gastrointestinal tract;
• on the skin;
• in the nasopharynx and oral cavity.

The main principle of the work of bacteria in the body is the creation of such an environment on the tissues of organs in which harmful microbes cannot survive. Accordingly, getting on the skin, in the nasopharynx or in the gastrointestinal tract, pathogenic microbes simply die, since the environment already formed by beneficial microbes on the tissues of these organs is fatal for virulent (dangerous) prokaryotes.

This is a general picture of the influence of beneficial bacteria, while the local effect of microbes has features depending on the organ in which such a symbiotic interaction occurs.

Gastrointestinal tract

The bacteria that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract perform several functions at once, thanks to which a person has the opportunity to survive as a biological organism:

1. Microbes create an antagonistic environment for pathogenic microbes in the intestine. This role of beneficial microorganisms boils down to the fact that they create an acidic environment in the intestines, and pathogenic microbes do not live well in an acidic environment.
2. The same beneficial bacteria digest plant foods that enter the intestines. Enzymes synthesized by the human body are not able to digest plant cells containing cellulose, and bacteria feed on such cells freely, thus playing another important role.
3. Also, beneficial bacteria synthesize vitamins of groups B and K that are necessary for a person. The role of vitamins of group K is to ensure metabolism in bones and connective tissues. The role of B vitamins is global. These low molecular weight organic compounds are involved in a huge number of processes: from the release of energy from carbohydrates to the synthesis of antibodies and regulation nervous system. Despite the fact that B vitamins are present in many foods, it is thanks to their synthesis by the intestinal microflora that the body receives the amount of these vitamins that is necessary for normal human life.

The main part of useful intestinal microflora- lactic acid bacteria. Despite the fact that these bacteria may have different names, they have the same type of effect on the body. Lactic acid bacteria ferment natural sugars, resulting in the formation of a product such as lactic acid.

The most popular lactic acid microorganisms today are those that are advertised as the main probiotic agent in the composition of healthy products.

• bifidobacteria- filamentous lactic acid microorganisms that cover the surface of the intestine and prevent harmful microbes from gaining a foothold and multiplying on its walls. The total weight of lactic acid bifidobacteria in relation to other symbiont bacteria is about 80%.
• lactobacilli- gram-positive lactic acid rods, the main role of which is not only the digestion of plant foods and the creation of an antagonistic environment, but also the stimulation of antibody synthesis. These are microorganisms that have a huge impact on the human immune system.

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In addition to useful lactic acid prokaryotes, there are conditionally harmful ones in the gastrointestinal tract -. Despite the fact that they can also have a beneficial effect, for example, the bacteria of the Escherichia coli group also synthesize vitamins of the K group, with an increase in their number in the gastrointestinal tract, the effect becomes harmful: E. coli poison the body with toxins.

The total weight of E. coli that are present in the human body is very small compared to two kilograms of beneficial microorganisms.

Bacteria on the skin, in the mouth and in the nasopharynx

Microorganisms that inhabit the human skin play the role of a natural biological shield, they also do not allow harmful bacteria to develop active activity on the skin and thereby have a toxic effect on the entire body.

The main bacteria that control the safety of the skin, mouth and nasopharynx are:

• micrococci;
• streptococci;
• staphylococci.

Streptococci and staphylococci have harmful (pathogenic) representatives in their genus that can poison the body.

Causes of diseases

A logical question arises: if a person is protected from all sides by a biological shield, then why do people still get sick, why does this shield not work?

The body's resistance to pathogenic agents largely depends on the immune system. Therefore, it is important how much work is done to ensure that the immune system is sufficiently active.

The second important circumstance is the characteristics of the most harmful agent and how it affects the body.

So, for a long time, typhus was a deadly threat to humans.

Typhus is the collective name for several deadly diseases that have claimed many lives until cures were found.

Common features characteristic of all types of typhus:

• a person quickly loses weight;
• against the background of intoxication and weight loss, a severe fever begins;
• all of these painful manifestations cause the strongest nervous breakdown and the person dies.

In spite of general symptoms The causes of typhus are different each time.

Disease causing bacteria

In the intestines of lice, a large number of rickettsiae. However, the likelihood of infection does not depend on how many lice are in close proximity to a person, but on how actively a person begins to fight lice. Scratching lice on oneself is the main cause of infection with typhus. It is from the crushed intestines of the louse that the rickettsia enter the wounds on the skin and further into the human bloodstream.

Main symptoms typhus:

• fever (body temperature above 40ºС);
• backache;
• pink rash in the abdomen;
• the patient's consciousness is inhibited almost to the point of coma.

The treatment of typhus, like the treatment of any bacterial infection, is based on antibiotics. Antibiotics of the tetracycline group are used to treat this type of typhoid.

Another terrible type of typhus - returnable. It is carried by ticks and lice. But it is the spirochete Borrelia bacteria that are the causative agents. Infection occurs during a tick bite.

The main symptoms of infection:

• vomit;
• the spleen and liver are enlarged;
• starts mental disorder and hallucinations.

The same symptoms occur if the carriers were lice.

Treatment - antibiotics of the penicillin and chloramphenicol groups, as well as arsenic preparations.

Typhoid fever. The causative agent is a pathogenic bacterial bacillus from the genus Salmonella. This type of typhoid is dangerous only for humans, animals do not get sick with typhoid fever. Pathogens enter the stomach with food. Main symptoms:

• the appearance of bacteria in the urine (bacteremia);
• general symptoms of intoxication (pallor, headache, heart rhythm disorder);
• bloated belly;
• delusions, hallucinations and other mental disorders.

Treatment is also carried out with antibiotics of chloramphenicol and penicillin groups and is accompanied by general strengthening therapy.

In addition to typhoid pathogens, a person is threatened by a host of other pathogenic microbes, the timely detection of which, as well as the identification of symptoms of infection, its identification and treatment, can cost a person life.

The same plague is a disease with a high lethality, the cause of which is a plague bacillus. Symptoms are weight loss, fever and dehydration. A person dies from dehydration.

The carriers of the plague bacillus can be rodents, pets, insects.

Plague is treated with antibiotics of the streptomycin group. An important role is played by prevention and general strengthening of the body.

Bacteria are the most numerous inhabitants of the planet Earth. They inhabited it in ancient times and continue to exist to this day. Some species have even changed little since then. Good and bad bacteria literally surround us everywhere (and even penetrate into other organisms). With a rather primitive unicellular structure, they are one of the most, probably, effective forms living nature and stand out in a special kingdom.

Margin of safety

These microorganisms, as they say, do not sink in water and do not burn in fire. Literally: withstand temperatures up to plus 90 degrees, freezing, lack of oxygen, pressure - high and low. We can say that nature has invested a huge margin of safety in them.

Bacteria beneficial and harmful to the human body

As a rule, the bacteria that inhabit our bodies in abundance are not given due attention. After all, they are so small that they seem to have no significant significance. Those who think so are largely mistaken. Bacteria useful and harmful have long and reliably “colonized” other organisms and successfully coexist with them. Yes, they cannot be seen without the help of optics, but they can either harm our body.

Who lives in the gut?

Doctors say that if you put together only the bacteria that live in the intestines and weigh it, you get something about three kilograms! With such a huge army it is impossible to ignore. Many of the microorganisms have continuously fallen into, but only a few species are found there. favorable conditions for living and living. And in the process of evolution, they even formed a permanent microflora, which is designed to perform important physiological functions.

"Wise" Neighbors

Bacteria have long played an important role, although until very recently, people did not know about it. They help their host in digestion and perform a number of other functions. What are these invisible neighbors?

Permanent microflora

99% of the population lives permanently in the intestines. They are ardent supporters and helpers of man.

• Essential beneficial bacteria. Names: bifidobacteria and bacteroids. They are the vast majority.
• Associated beneficial bacteria. Names: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus. Their number should be 1-9% of the total.

It is also necessary to know that under appropriate negative conditions, all these representatives of the intestinal flora (with the exception of bifidobacteria) can cause diseases.

What are they doing?

The main function of these bacteria is to help us in the process of digestion. It has been observed that a person malnutrition dysbacteriosis may occur. As a result - stagnation and constipation and other inconveniences. With the normalization of a balanced diet, the disease, as a rule, recedes.

Another function of these bacteria is watchdog. They keep track of which bacteria are beneficial. To ensure that "strangers" do not penetrate their community. If, for example, the causative agent of dysentery, Shigella Sonne, tries to enter the intestines, they kill it. However, it is worth noting that this happens only in the body of a relatively healthy person, with good immunity. Otherwise, the risk of getting sick increases significantly.

Fickle microflora

Approximately 1% in the body of a healthy individual are the so-called opportunistic microbes. They belong to the unstable microflora. Under normal conditions, they perform certain functions that do not harm a person, work for the good. But in a certain situation, they can manifest themselves as pests. These are mainly staphylococci and various kinds of fungi.

Location in the gastrointestinal tract

In fact, the entire digestive tract has a heterogeneous and unstable microflora - beneficial and harmful bacteria. The esophagus contains the same inhabitants as in the oral cavity. In the stomach there are only a few that are resistant to acid: lactobacilli, Helicobacter pylori, streptococci, fungi. AT small intestine microflora is also not numerous. Most bacteria are found in the large intestine. So, defecation, a person is able to allocate over 15 trillion microorganisms per day!

The role of bacteria in nature

She is also definitely great. There are several global functions, without which all life on the planet would have ceased to exist long ago. The most important is sanitation. Bacteria eat dead organisms found in nature. They, in essence, work as a kind of janitors, not allowing deposits of dead cells to accumulate. Scientifically they are called saprotrophs.

Another important role of bacteria is participation in the world on land and at sea. On planet Earth, all substances in the biosphere pass from one organism to another. Without some bacteria, this transition would simply be impossible. The role of bacteria is invaluable, for example, in the circulation and reproduction of such an important element as nitrogen. There are certain bacteria in the soil that convert the nitrogen in the air into nitrogenous fertilizers for plants (microorganisms live right in their roots). This symbiosis between plants and bacteria is being studied by science.

Participation in food chains

As already mentioned, bacteria are the most numerous inhabitants of the biosphere. And accordingly, animals and plants, inherent in nature, can and should participate. Of course, for a person, for example, bacteria are not the main part of the diet (unless they can be used as food additive). However, there are organisms that feed on bacteria. These organisms, in turn, feed on other animals.

cyanobacteria

These (an outdated name for these bacteria, fundamentally wrong from a scientific point of view) are able to produce a huge amount of oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. Once upon a time, it was they who began to saturate our atmosphere with oxygen. Cyanobacteria continue to do this successfully to this day, forming a certain part of the oxygen in the modern atmosphere!

The word "bacteria" in most people is associated with something unpleasant and a threat to health. At best, remember dairy products. At worst - dysbacteriosis, plague, dysentery and other troubles. Bacteria are everywhere, good and bad. What can microorganisms hide?

What is bacteria

Bacteria in Greek means "stick". This name does not mean that harmful bacteria are meant. This name was given to them because of the shape. Most of these single cells look like rods. They also come in the form of triangles, squares, stellate cells. For a billion years, bacteria do not change their external appearance, they can only change internally. They can be mobile and immobile. A bacterium consists of one cell. Outside, it is covered with a thin shell. This allows her to keep her shape. Inside the cell there is no nucleus, chlorophyll. There are ribosomes, vacuoles, outgrowths of the cytoplasm, protoplasm. The largest bacterium was found in 1999. It was called the "Gray Pearl of Namibia". Bacteria and bacillus mean the same thing, only they have a different origin.

Man and bacteria

In our body, there is a constant struggle between harmful and beneficial bacteria. Through this process, a person receives protection from various infections. Various microorganisms surround us at every step. They live on clothes, they fly in the air, they are omnipresent.

The presence of bacteria in the mouth, and this is about forty thousand microorganisms, protects the gums from bleeding, from periodontal disease and even from tonsillitis. If a woman's microflora is disturbed, she may develop gynecological diseases. Compliance with the basic rules of personal hygiene will help to avoid such failures.

Human immunity depends entirely on the state of the microflora. Almost 60% of all bacteria are found in the gastrointestinal tract alone. The rest are located in the respiratory system and in the genital. About two kilograms of bacteria live in a person.

The appearance of bacteria in the body

A newly born baby has a sterile intestine.
After his first breath, many microorganisms enter the body, with which he was not previously familiar. When the baby is first attached to the breast, the mother transfers beneficial bacteria with milk that will help normalize the intestinal microflora. No wonder doctors insist that the mother immediately after the birth of her child breastfeed him. They also recommend extending such feeding as long as possible.

Beneficial bacteria

Useful bacteria are: lactic acid, bifidobacteria, E. coli, streptomycents, mycorrhiza, cyanobacteria.

All of them play an important role in human life. Some of them prevent the occurrence of infections, others are used in production. medicines, others maintain a balance in the ecosystem of our planet.

Types of harmful bacteria

Harmful bacteria can cause a number of serious illnesses. For example, diphtheria, anthrax, tonsillitis, plague and many others. They are easily transmitted from an infected person through air, food, touch. It is the harmful bacteria, whose names will be given below, that spoil food. They give off an unpleasant odor, rot and decompose, and cause disease.

Bacteria can be gram-positive, gram-negative, rod-shaped.

Names of harmful bacteria

Harmful bacteria can stay in the body for a long time and absorb useful material out of him. However, they can cause an infectious disease.

The most dangerous bacteria

One of the most resistant bacteria is methicillin. It is better known under the name " Staphylococcus aureus» (Staphylococcus aureus). This microorganism is capable of causing not one, but several infectious diseases. Some types of these bacteria are resistant to powerful antibiotics and antiseptics. Strains of this bacterium can live in the upper respiratory tract, open wounds and urinary tracts of every third inhabitant of the Earth. For a person with a strong immune system, this is not dangerous.

Harmful bacteria to humans are also pathogens called Salmonella typhi. They are stimulants acute infection intestines and typhoid fever. These types of bacteria that are harmful to humans are dangerous because they produce toxic substances that are extremely life-threatening. During the course of the disease, intoxication of the body occurs, a very strong fever, rashes on the body, the liver and spleen increase. The bacterium is very resistant to various external influences. It lives well in water, on vegetables, fruits and reproduces well in milk products.

Clostridium tetan is also one of the most dangerous bacteria. It produces a poison called tetanus exotoxin. People who become infected with this pathogen experience terrible pain, convulsions and die very hard. The disease is called tetanus. Despite the fact that the vaccine was created back in 1890, every year on Earth 60 thousand people die from it.

And another bacterium that can lead to human death is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It causes tuberculosis, which is resistant to drugs. If you do not seek help in a timely manner, a person may die.

Measures to prevent the spread of infections

Harmful bacteria, the names of microorganisms are studied from the student bench by physicians of all directions. Every year, healthcare is looking for new methods to prevent the spread of infections that are dangerous to human life. With the observance of preventive measures, you will not have to waste your energy on finding new ways to deal with such diseases.

To do this, it is necessary to identify the source of the infection in time, determine the circle of the sick and possible victims. It is imperative to isolate those who are infected and disinfect the source of infection.

The second stage is the destruction of the ways through which harmful bacteria can be transmitted. To do this, carry out appropriate propaganda among the population.

Food facilities, reservoirs, warehouses with food storage are taken under control.

Each person can resist harmful bacteria in every possible way strengthening their immunity. healthy image life, observance of elementary rules of hygiene, protection of oneself during sexual contact, use of sterile disposable medical instruments and equipment, complete restriction from communication with people in quarantine. When entering the epidemiological region or the focus of infection, it is necessary to strictly comply with all the requirements of the sanitary and epidemiological services. A number of infections are equated in their impact to bacteriological weapons.

Bacteria are beneficial and harmful. Bacteria in human life

Bacteria are the most numerous inhabitants of the planet Earth. They inhabited it in ancient times and continue to exist to this day. Some species have even changed little since then. Good and bad bacteria literally surround us everywhere (and even penetrate into other organisms). With a rather primitive unicellular structure, they are probably one of the most effective forms of wildlife and stand out in a special kingdom.

Margin of safety

These microorganisms, as they say, do not sink in water and do not burn in fire. Literally: withstand temperatures up to plus 90 degrees, freezing, lack of oxygen, pressure - high and low. We can say that nature has invested a huge margin of safety in them.

Bacteria beneficial and harmful to the human body

As a rule, the bacteria that inhabit our bodies in abundance are not given due attention. After all, they are so small that they seem to have no significant significance. Those who think so are largely mistaken. Bacteria useful and harmful have long and reliably “colonized” other organisms and successfully coexist with them. Yes, they cannot be seen without the help of optics, but they can benefit or harm our body.

Who lives in the gut?

Doctors say that if you put together just the bacteria that live in the intestines and weigh it, you get something like three kilograms! With such a huge army it is impossible to ignore. Many of the microorganisms continuously entered the human intestine, but only a few species find favorable conditions for living and living there. And in the process of evolution, they even formed a permanent microflora, which is designed to perform important physiological functions.

"Wise" Neighbors

Bacteria have long played an important role in human life, although until very recently, people did not know about it. They help their host in digestion and perform a number of other functions. What are these invisible neighbors?

Permanent microflora

99% of the population lives permanently in the intestines. They are ardent supporters and helpers of man.

• Essential beneficial bacteria. Names: bifidobacteria and bacteroids. They are the vast majority.
• Associated beneficial bacteria. Names: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus. Their number should be 1-9% of the total.

It is also necessary to know that under appropriate negative conditions, all these representatives of the intestinal flora (with the exception of bifidobacteria) can cause diseases.

What are they doing?

The main function of these bacteria is to help us in the process of digestion. It is noticed that a person with improper nutrition can develop dysbacteriosis. As a result, stagnation and bad feeling, constipation and other inconveniences. With the normalization of a balanced diet, the disease, as a rule, recedes.

Another function of these bacteria is watchdog. They keep track of which bacteria are beneficial. To ensure that "strangers" do not penetrate their community. If, for example, the causative agent of dysentery, Shigella Sonne, tries to enter the intestines, they kill it. However, it is worth noting that this happens only in the body of a relatively healthy person, with good immunity. Otherwise, the risk of getting sick increases significantly.

Fickle microflora

Approximately 1% in the body of a healthy individual are the so-called opportunistic microbes. They belong to the unstable microflora. Under normal conditions, they perform certain functions that do not harm a person, work for the good. But in a certain situation, they can manifest themselves as pests. These are mainly staphylococci and various kinds of fungi.

Location in the gastrointestinal tract

In fact, the entire digestive tract has a heterogeneous and unstable microflora - beneficial and harmful bacteria. The esophagus contains the same inhabitants as in the oral cavity. In the stomach there are only a few that are resistant to acid: lactobacilli, Helicobacter pylori, streptococci, fungi. In the small intestine, the microflora is also not numerous. Most bacteria are found in the large intestine. So, defecation, a person is able to allocate over 15 trillion microorganisms per day!

The role of bacteria in nature

She is also definitely great. There are several global functions, without which all life on the planet would have ceased to exist long ago. The most important is sanitation. Bacteria eat dead organisms found in nature. They, in essence, work as a kind of janitors, not allowing deposits of dead cells to accumulate. Scientifically they are called saprotrophs.

Another important role of bacteria is participation in the global circulation of substances on land and at sea. On planet Earth, all substances in the biosphere pass from one organism to another. Without some bacteria, this transition would simply be impossible. The role of bacteria is invaluable, for example, in the circulation and reproduction of such an important element as nitrogen. There are certain bacteria in the soil that convert the nitrogen in the air into nitrogenous fertilizers for plants (microorganisms live right in their roots). This symbiosis between plants and bacteria is being studied by science.

Participation in food chains

As already mentioned, bacteria are the most numerous inhabitants of the biosphere. And accordingly, they can and should participate in the food chains inherent in the nature of animals and plants. Of course, for a person, for example, bacteria are not the main part of the diet (unless they can be used as a food additive). However, there are organisms that feed on bacteria. These organisms, in turn, feed on other animals.

cyanobacteria

These blue-green algae (an outdated name for these bacteria, fundamentally wrong from a scientific point of view) are able to produce huge amounts of oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. Once upon a time, it was they who began to saturate our atmosphere with oxygen. Cyanobacteria continue to do this successfully to this day, forming a certain part of the oxygen in the modern atmosphere!

What are bacteria: names and types

The oldest living organism on our planet. Its representatives not only survived for billions of years, but also have enough power to destroy all other species on Earth. In this article, we will look at what bacteria are.

Let's talk about their structure, functions, and also name some useful and harmful types.

Discovery of bacteria

Let's start our tour of the microbial kingdom with a definition. What does "bacteria" mean?

The term comes from the ancient Greek word for "stick". It was introduced into the academic lexicon by Christian Ehrenberg. These are non-nuclear microorganisms, consisting of one cell and not having a nucleus. Previously, they were also called "prokaryotes" (non-nuclear). But in 1970 there was a division into archaea and eubacteria. However, so far more often this concept means all prokaryotes.

The science of bacteriology studies what bacteria are. Scientists say that about ten thousand various types these living beings. However, it is believed that there are more than a million varieties.

Anton Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch naturalist, microbiologist and fellow of the Royal Society of London, in 1676, in a letter to Great Britain, describes a number of the simplest microorganisms that he discovered. His message shocked the public; a commission was sent from London in order to double-check this data.

After Nehemiah Grew confirmed the information, Leeuwenhoek became a world-famous scientist, the discoverer of the simplest organisms. But in his notes he called them "animalcules".

Ehrenberg continued his work. It was this researcher who coined the modern term "bacteria" in 1828.

Robert Koch became a revolutionary in microbiology. In his postulates, he associates microorganisms with various diseases, and identifies some of them as pathogens. In particular, Koch discovered the bacterium that causes tuberculosis.

If before that the protozoa were studied only in general terms, then after 1930, when the first electron microscope was created, science made a leap in this direction. For the first time, a deep study of the structure of microorganisms begins. In 1977, the American scientist Carl Wese divided prokaryotes into archaea and bacteria.

Thus, it is safe to say that this discipline is only at the very beginning of development. Who knows how many more discoveries await us in the coming years.

Structure

Grade 3 already knows firsthand what bacteria are. Children study the structure of microorganisms in the classroom. Let's delve a little deeper into this topic to recover information. Without it, it will be difficult for us to discuss subsequent points.

The bulk of bacteria consists of only one cell. But it comes in different forms.

The structure depends on the mode of life and nutrition of the microorganism. So there are cocci (round), clostridia and bacilli (rod-shaped), spirochetes and vibrios (tortuous), in the form of cubes, stars and tetrahedra. It has been observed that with a minimum amount of nutrients in environment bacteria tend to increase surface area. They grow additional education. Scientists call these outgrowths "prostek".

So, after we figured out what forms of bacteria are, it is worth touching on them. internal structure. Unicellular microorganisms have a permanent set of three structures. Additional elements may vary, but the basics will always be the same.

So, each bacterium necessarily has an energy structure (nucleotide), non-membrane organelles responsible for protein synthesis from amino acids (ribosomes) and a protoplast. The latter includes the cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic membrane.

From aggressive external influences, the cell membrane is protected by a shell, which consists of a wall, a capsule and a sheath. Some species also have superficial formations like villi and flagella. They are designed to help bacteria move efficiently in space in order to get food.

Metabolism

It is especially worth dwelling on heterotrophic bacteria. Different species need a certain amount of substances. For example, Bacillus fastidiosus is found only in urine because it can only obtain carbon from this acid. We will talk about such microorganisms in more detail later.

Now it is worth dwelling on the methods of replenishing energy in the cell. Those modern science only knows three. Bacteria use photosynthesis, respiration or fermentation.

Photosynthesis, in particular, can be both with the use of oxygen and without the participation of this element. Purple, green and heliobacteria do without it. They produce bacteriochlorophyll. Oxygen photosynthesis requires ordinary chlorophyll. These include prochlorophytes and cyanobacteria.

Recently a discovery has been made. Scientists have discovered microorganisms that use hydrogen obtained from the breakdown of water for reactions in the cell. But that's not all. For this reaction, the presence of uranium ore nearby is necessary, otherwise the desired result will not be obtained.

Also in the deep layers of the oceans and at its bottom there are colonies of bacteria that transmit energy only with the help of electric current.

reproduction

Previously, we talked about what bacteria are. We will consider the types of reproduction of these microorganisms now.

There are three methods by which these creatures increase their numbers.

This is sexual reproduction in a primitive form, budding and equal-sized transverse division.

In sexual reproduction, offspring are obtained using transduction, conjugation and transformation.

Place in the world

Earlier, we figured out what bacteria are. Now it is worth talking about what role they play in nature.

Researchers say that bacteria are the first living organisms that appeared on our planet. There are both aerobic and anaerobic varieties. Therefore, single-celled beings are able to survive various cataclysms that occur with the Earth.

The undoubted benefit of bacteria lies in the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen. They are involved in the formation of soil fertility, the destruction of the remains of dead representatives of flora and fauna. In addition, microorganisms are involved in the creation of minerals and are responsible for maintaining the reserves of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of our planet.

The total biomass of prokaryotes is about five hundred billion tons. It stores more than eighty percent of phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon.

However, on Earth there are not only beneficial, but also pathogenic species of bacteria. They cause many deadly diseases. For example, among those are tuberculosis, leprosy, plague, syphilis, anthrax, and many others. But even those that are conditionally safe for human life can become a threat when the level of immunity decreases.

There are also bacteria that infect animals, birds, fish and plants. Thus, microorganisms are not only in symbiosis with more developed beings. Next, we will talk about what pathogenic bacteria are, as well as useful representatives of this type of microorganisms.

Bacteria and man

We have already figured out what bacteria are, how they look, what they can do. Now it’s worth talking about what their role is in the life of a modern person.

First, for many centuries we have been using the amazing abilities of lactic acid bacteria. Without these microorganisms, there would be no kefir, no yogurt, no cheese in our diet. In addition, such beings are also responsible for the leavening process.

In agriculture, bacteria are used in two ways. On the one hand, they help to get rid of unnecessary weeds (phytopathogenic organisms, like herbicides), on the other hand, from insects (entomopathogenic unicellular, like insecticides). In addition, mankind has learned to create bacterial fertilizers.

Microorganisms are also used for military purposes. By using various kinds deadly biological weapons are being developed. To do this, not only the bacteria themselves are used, but also the toxins secreted by them.

In a peaceful manner, science uses single-celled organisms for research in the fields of genetics, biochemistry, genetic engineering and molecular biology. With the help of successful experiments, algorithms for the synthesis of vitamins, proteins and other substances necessary for a person were created.

Bacteria are also used in other areas. With the help of microorganisms, ores are enriched and water bodies and soils are cleaned.

Scientists also say that the bacteria that make up the microflora in the human intestine can be called a separate organ with its own tasks and independent functions. According to researchers, there are about one kilogram of these microorganisms inside the body!

In everyday life, we encounter pathogenic bacteria everywhere. According to statistics, the largest number of colonies is on the handles of supermarket carts, followed by computer mice in Internet cafes, and only in third place are the handles of public restrooms.

Beneficial bacteria

Even at school they teach what bacteria are. Grade 3 knows all sorts of cyanobacteria and other unicellular organisms, their structure and reproduction. Now we will talk about the practical side of the issue.

Half a century ago, no one thought about such a question as the state of the microflora in the intestines. Everything was OK. Nutrition is more natural and healthy, a minimum of hormones and antibiotics, less chemical emissions into the environment.

Today, in conditions of poor nutrition, stress, an overabundance of antibiotics, dysbacteriosis and related problems come to the fore. How do doctors propose to deal with this?

One of the main answers is the use of probiotics. This is a special complex that repopulates the human intestines with beneficial bacteria.

Such an intervention can help with such unpleasant moments as food allergy, lactose intolerance, gastrointestinal disorders and other ailments.

Let's now touch on what beneficial bacteria are, and also learn about their impact on health.

The most extensively studied and widely used for positive impact three types of microorganisms on the human body - acidophilus, Bulgarian bacillus and bifidobacteria.

The first two are designed to stimulate the immune system, as well as reduce the growth of some harmful microorganisms like yeast, E. coli, and so on. Bifidobacteria are responsible for the digestion of lactose, the production of certain vitamins, and the reduction of cholesterol.

harmful bacteria

Earlier we talked about what bacteria are. The types and names of the most common beneficial microorganisms were announced above. Further, we will talk about the "unicellular enemies" of man.

There are those that are harmful only to humans, there are deadly to animals or plants. People have learned to use the latter, in particular, to destroy weeds and annoying insects.

Before delving into what harmful bacteria are, it is worth deciding on the ways they spread. And there are a lot of those. There are microorganisms that are transmitted through contaminated and unwashed products, airborne and contact routes, through water, soil or insect bites.

The worst thing is that just one cell, once in a favorable environment of the human body, is able to multiply up to several million bacteria within just a few hours.

If we talk about what bacteria are, the names of pathogenic and beneficial ones are difficult to distinguish for a non-professional. In science, Latin terms are used to refer to microorganisms. In common parlance, abstruse words are replaced by concepts - "E. coli", "causative agents" of cholera, whooping cough, tuberculosis and others.

Preventive measures to prevent the disease are of three types. These are vaccinations and vaccines, interruption of transmission routes (gauze bandages, gloves) and quarantine.

Where do bacteria in urine come from?

Some people try to monitor their health and take tests at the clinic. Very often the cause of poor results is the presence of microorganisms in the samples.

About what bacteria are in the urine, we will talk a little later. Now it is worth dwelling separately on where, in fact, single-celled creatures appear there.

Ideally, a person's urine is sterile. There can be no foreign organisms. The only way for bacteria to enter the secretions is at the site where waste is removed from the body. In particular, in this case it will be the urethra.

If the analysis shows a small number of inclusions of microorganisms in the urine, then everything is normal so far. But with an increase in the indicator above the permitted limits, such data indicate the development in the genitourinary system inflammatory processes. This may include pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis and other unpleasant ailments.

Thus, the question of what kind of bacteria are in bladder, is completely incorrect. Microorganisms enter the secretions not from this organ. Scientists today identify several reasons leading to the presence of single-celled creatures in the urine.

• First, it is a promiscuous sex life.
• Secondly, diseases of the genitourinary system.
• Thirdly, neglect of the rules of personal hygiene.
• Fourthly, decreased immunity, diabetes and a number of other disorders.

Types of bacteria in urine

Earlier in the article it was said that microorganisms in waste products are found only in case of diseases. We promised to tell you what bacteria are. Names will be given only of those species that are most often found in the results of analyses.

So, let's begin. Lactobacillus is a representative of anaerobic organisms, a gram-positive bacterium. It must be in the human digestive system. The presence of it in the urine indicates some failures. Such an event is uncritical, but it is an unpleasant call to the fact that you should seriously take care of yourself.

The proteus is also a natural inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract. But its presence in the urine indicates a failure in the output stool. This microorganism gets from food into urine only in this way. A sign of presence a large number proteus in the waste is a burning sensation in the lower abdomen and painful urination when dark color liquids.

Very similar to the previous bacterium is Enterococcus fecalis. It enters the urine in the same way, multiplies rapidly and is difficult to treat. In addition, Enterococcus bacteria are resistant to most antibiotics.

Thus, in this article, we figured out what bacteria are. We talked about their structure, reproduction. You have learned the names of some harmful and beneficial species.

Good luck, dear readers! Remember that personal hygiene is the best prevention.

Beneficial bacteria

Scientists say that bacteria became the very first inhabitants of our large planet, and it is thanks to them that there is life on Earth now. Over the course of many millions of years, these organisms gradually adapted to the constantly changing conditions of existence, they changed their appearance and habitat. Bacteria were able to adapt to the surrounding space and were able to develop new and unique life support methods, including multiple biochemical reactions - catalysis, photosynthesis, and even seemingly simple respiration. Now bacteria coexist with human organisms, and such cooperation is distinguished by some harmony, because such organisms can bring real benefits.

After small man is born, bacteria immediately begin to penetrate into his body. They penetrate through Airways together with air, enter the body along with breast milk etc. The whole organism is saturated with various bacteria.

Their number cannot be accurately calculated, but some scientists boldly say that the number of such organisms is comparable to the number of all cells. The digestive tract alone is home to four hundred varieties of different living bacteria. It is believed that a certain variety of them can grow only in a specific place. So lactic acid bacteria are able to grow and multiply in the intestines, others feel optimal in the oral cavity, and some others live only on the skin.

For many years of coexistence, man and such particles were able to recreate the optimal conditions for cooperation for both groups, which can be characterized as a useful symbiosis. At the same time, bacteria and our body combine their capabilities, while each side remains in the black.

Bacteria are able to collect particles of various cells on their surface, which is why the immune system does not perceive them as hostile and does not attack. However, after organs and systems are exposed to harmful viruses, beneficial bacteria rise to the defense and simply block the path of pathogens. When existing in the digestive tract, such substances also bring tangible benefits. They are engaged in the processing of leftover food, while releasing a significant amount of heat. It, in turn, is transmitted to nearby organs, and is carried throughout the body.

Deficiency of beneficial bacteria in the body or a change in their number causes the development of various pathological conditions. This situation can develop against the background of taking antibiotics, which effectively destroy both harmful and beneficial bacteria. To correct the number of beneficial bacteria, special preparations - probiotics can be consumed.

harmful bacteria

However, it is worth remembering that not all bacteria are human friends. Among them, there are enough dangerous varieties that can only bring harm. Such organisms, after penetrating into our body, cause the development of a variety of bacterial ailments. These are various colds, some varieties of pneumonia, and in addition syphilis, tetanus and other diseases, even deadly ones. There are also diseases of this type, which are transmitted by airborne droplets. This is dangerous tuberculosis, whooping cough, etc.

A significant number of diseases provoked by harmful bacteria develop due to the consumption of insufficiently high-quality food, unwashed and unprocessed vegetables and fruits, raw water, and insufficiently fried meat. You can protect yourself from such diseases by observing the norms and rules of hygiene. Examples of such dangerous diseases are dysentery, typhoid fever, etc.

Manifestations of diseases that have developed as a result of an attack of bacteria are the result of the pathological influence of poisons that these organisms produce, or that are formed against the background of their destruction. The human body is able to get rid of them thanks to the natural defense, which is based on the process of phagocytosis of bacteria by white blood cells, as well as on the immune system, which synthesizes antibodies. The latter carry out a bunch of foreign proteins and carbohydrates, and then simply eliminate them from the bloodstream.

Also, harmful bacteria can be destroyed with the help of natural and synthetic medicines, the most famous of which is penicillin. All drugs of this type are antibiotics, they differ depending on active ingredient and from the scheme of action. Some of them are able to destroy the cell membranes of bacteria, while others suspend the processes of their vital activity.

So, in nature there are a lot of bacteria that can bring benefits and harm to humans. Fortunately, the current level of development of medicine makes it possible to cope with the majority of pathological organisms of this kind.

Help me, I need briefly about useful and harmful bacteria.

Eternity............

The danger of bacterial diseases was greatly reduced at the end of the 19th century with the invention of the vaccination method, and in the middle of the 20th century with the discovery of antibiotics.

Useful; For thousands of years, humans have used lactic acid bacteria to produce cheese, yogurt, kefir, vinegar, and fermentation.

At present, methods have been developed for the use of phytopathogenic bacteria as safe herbicides, entomopathogenic - instead of insecticides. The most widely used is Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces toxins (Cry-toxins) that act on insects. In addition to bacterial insecticides, bacterial fertilizers have found application in agriculture.

Bacteria that cause human disease are being used as biological weapons.

Thanks to rapid growth and reproduction, as well as the simplicity of the structure, bacteria are actively used in scientific research in molecular biology, genetics, genetic engineering and biochemistry. Escherichia coli has become the best studied bacterium. Information about the processes of bacterial metabolism made it possible to produce bacterial synthesis of vitamins, hormones, enzymes, antibiotics, etc.

A promising direction is the enrichment of ores with the help of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, the purification of soils and reservoirs contaminated with oil products or xenobiotics by bacteria.

Normally, from 300 to 1000 species of bacteria with a total weight of up to 1 kg live in the human intestine, and the number of their cells is an order of magnitude greater than the number of cells in the human body. They play an important role in the digestion of carbohydrates, synthesize vitamins, and displace pathogenic bacteria. It can be figuratively said that the human microflora is an additional "organ", which is responsible for protecting the body from infections and digestion.

It's not very short here. but I think you can cut it however you like.

Karim Murotaliyev

Yulia Rack

1.Azotobacter (Azotobacter) - enrich the soil with biologically active substances that stimulate plant growth, help cleanse the soil from heavy metals, in particular, from lead and mercury.
2.Bifidobacteria:
supply the body with vitamin K, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), nicotinic acid(B3), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid (B9), amino acids and proteins;
prevent the development of pathogenic microbes;
protect the body from the ingress of toxins from the intestines;
accelerate the digestion of carbohydrates;
activate parietal digestion;
help absorption through the intestinal wall of calcium, iron, vitamin D ions.
3. Lactic acid bacteria - protect the intestines from putrefactive and pathogenic microbes.
4. Streptomyces:
are manufacturers (producers) of a wide variety of drugs, including:
antifungal;
antibacterial;

Microorganisms live in the human intestine, which make up a total mass of up to two kilograms. They form the local flora. The ratio is strictly maintained according to the principle of expediency.

The bacterial content is heterogeneous in function and significance for the host organism: some bacteria in all conditions provide support through the proper functioning of the intestines, therefore they are called beneficial. Others are just waiting for the slightest breakdown in control and weakening of the body in order to turn into a source of infection. They are called opportunistic pathogens.

The introduction of foreign bacteria into the intestines that can cause disease is accompanied by a violation of the optimal balance, even if a person is not sick, but is a carrier of the infection.

Treatment of the disease with medicines, especially antibacterial action, has a detrimental effect not only on the causative agents of the disease, but also on beneficial bacteria. The problem is how to eliminate the consequences of therapy. Therefore, scientists have created a large group of new drugs that supply live bacteria for the intestines.

What bacteria form the intestinal flora?

About half a thousand species of microorganisms live in the human digestive tract. They perform the following functions:

• help with their enzymes to break down the substances that have got with the products to normal absorption, absorption through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream;
• produce the destruction of unnecessary residues of the digestion of food, toxins, toxic substances, gases, in order to prevent the processes of decay;
• produce special enzymes for the body, biologically active substances(biotin), vitamin K and folic acid, which are essential for life;
• participate in the synthesis of immune components.

Studies have shown that some bacteria (bifidobacteria) protect the body from cancer.

Probiotics gradually crowd out pathogenic microbes, depriving them of nutrition and directing them to immune cells

The main beneficial microorganisms include: bifidobacteria (make up 95% of the entire flora), lactobacilli (almost 5% by weight), Escherichia. Conditionally pathogenic are:

• staphylococci and enterococci;
• mushrooms of the genus Candida;
• clostridia.

They become dangerous when a person's immunity falls, changes acid-base balance in the body. An example of harmful or pathogenic microorganisms are shigella, salmonella - the causative agents of typhoid fever, dysentery.

Beneficial live bacteria for the gut are also called probiotics. So, they began to call specially created substitutes for normal intestinal flora. Another name is eubiotics.
Now they are effectively used to treat digestive pathologies and the consequences of the negative effects of drugs.

Types of Probiotics

Preparations with live bacteria were gradually improved and updated in terms of properties and composition. In pharmacology, they are usually divided into generations. The first generation are medicines containing only one strain of microorganisms: Lactobacterin, Bifidumbacterin, Colibacterin.

The second generation is formed by antagonist preparations containing an unusual flora that can resist pathogenic bacteria and support digestion: Bactistatin, Sporobacterin, Biosporin.

The third generation includes multicomponent drugs. They contain several strains of bacteria with bioadditives. The group includes: Lineks, Atsilakt, Acipol, Bifiliz, Bifiform. The fourth generation consists only of preparations from bifidobacteria: Florin Forte, Bifidumbacterin Forte, Probifor.

According to the bacterial composition, probiotics can be divided into those containing as the main component:

• bifidobacteria - Bifidumbacterin (forte or powder), Bifiliz, Bifikol, Bifiform, Probifor, Biovestin, Lifepack Probiotics;
• lactobacilli - Linex, Lactobacterin, Atsilact, Acipol, Biobacton, Lebenin, Gastrofarm;
• colibacteria - Colibacterin, Bioflor, Bifikol;
• enterococci - Linex, Bifiform, dietary supplements of domestic production;
• yeast-like fungi - Biosporin, Baktisporin, Enterol, Baktisubtil, Sporobacterin.

What should be considered when buying probiotics?

Under different names, pharmacological firms in Russia and abroad can produce the same drugs-analogues. Imported, of course, much more expensive. Studies have shown that people living in Russia are more adapted to local strains of bacteria.

Still better to buy your own drugs

Another negative - as it turned out, imported probiotics contain only a fifth of the declared volume of living microorganisms and do not settle in the intestines of patients for a long time. Before purchasing, you need to consult a specialist. This is due to serious complications from misuse drugs. Patients reported:

• exacerbation of gallstone and urolithiasis;
• obesity;
• allergic reactions.

Live bacteria should not be confused with prebiotics. These are also medicines, but do not contain microorganisms. Prebiotics contain enzymes, vitamins to improve digestion, stimulate the growth of beneficial microflora. They are often prescribed for constipation in children and adults.

The group includes known to practitioners: Lactulose, pantothenic acid, Hilak forte, Lysozyme, preparations from inulin. Experts believe that it is necessary to combine prebiotics with probiotic preparations for maximum results. For this created combined preparations(synbiotics).

Characterization of first generation probiotics

Preparations from the group of probiotics of the first generation are prescribed to young children when first-degree dysbacteriosis is detected, and also if prevention is necessary, if the patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics.

Primadophilus is an analogue of drugs with two types of lactobacilli, much more expensive than the others, since it is produced in the USA

The pediatrician chooses Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin for babies (include bifido- and lactobacilli). They are diluted in warm boiled water and given 30 minutes before breastfeeding. Older children and adults are suitable drugs in capsules, tablets.

Colibacterin - contains dried bacteria of Escherichia coli, is used for protracted course colitis in adults. A more modern monopreparation Biobacton contains an acidophilus bacillus, indicated from the neonatal period.

Narine, Narine Forte, Narine in milk concentrate - contains an acidophilic form of lactobacilli. Comes from Armenia.

Purpose and Description of Second Generation Probiotics

Unlike the first group, second-generation probiotics do not contain beneficial live bacteria, but include other microorganisms that can suppress and destroy pathogenic microflora - yeast-like fungi and spores of bacilli.

Mainly used for the treatment of children with mild form dysbacteriosis and intestinal infections. The duration of the course should be observed for no more than seven days, then switch to live bacteria of the first group. Baktisubtil ( french drug) and Flonivin BS contain bacillus spores with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity.

Inside the stomach, spores are not destroyed by hydrochloric acid and enzymes, they reach the small intestine intact

Baktisporin and Sporobacterin are made from hay bacillus, antagonistic properties to pathogenic pathogens, resistance to the action of the antibiotic Rifampicin are preserved.

Enterol contains yeast-like fungi (saccharomycetes). Comes from France. Used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with antibiotics. Active against clostridia. Biosporin includes two types of saprophyte bacteria.

Features of third generation probiotics

Live bacteria collected in combination or several of their strains act more actively. Used to treat acute intestinal disorders moderate.

Linex - contains bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and enterococci, is produced in Slovakia in a special powder for children (Linex Baby), capsules, sachets. Bifiform is a Danish drug, several varieties are known (Baby drops, chewable tablets, complex). Bifiliz - contains bifidobacteria and lysozyme. Available in suspension (lyophilizate), rectal suppositories.

As part of the drug bifidobacteria, enterococci, lactulose, vitamins B 1, B 6

How are 4th generation probiotics different?

In the production of preparations with bifidobacteria of this group, the need for additional protection of the digestive tract and the removal of intoxication was taken into account. Means are called "sorbed" because the active bacteria are located on the particles activated carbon.

Indicated for respiratory infections, diseases of the stomach and intestines, dysbacteriosis. The most popular drugs in this group. Bifidumbacterin Forte - contains live bifidobacteria sorbed on activated carbon, is available in capsules and powders.

Effectively protects and restores the intestinal flora after respiratory infections, with acute gastroenterological pathology, dysbacteriosis. The drug is contraindicated in people with congenital deficiency of the lactase enzyme, with rotavirus infection.

Probifor - differs from Bifidumbacterin Forte in the number of bifidobacteria, it is 10 times higher than the previous drug. Therefore, the treatment is much more effective. Appointed in severe forms intestinal infection, with diseases of the large intestine, dysbacteriosis.

It has been proven that the effectiveness is equated in diseases caused by shigella to antibiotics of the fluoroquinolone series. Able to replace the combination of Enterol and Bifiliz. Florin Forte - includes a lacto- and bifidobacterium composition sorbed on coal. Available in capsule and powder form.

The use of synbiotics

Synbiotics are a completely new proposal in the treatment of intestinal flora disorders. They provide a double action: on the one hand, they necessarily contain a probiotic, on the other hand, they include a prebiotic that creates favorable conditions for the growth of beneficial bacteria.

The fact is that the action of probiotics is not long-lasting. After the restoration of the intestinal microflora, they can die, which again causes a worsening of the situation. Accompanying prebiotics nourish beneficial bacteria, provide active growth and protection.

Many synbiotics are dietary supplements, not medicinal substances. Do right choice only a specialist can. It is not recommended to make a decision about treatment on your own. The drugs in this series include the following.

Lb17

Many authors refer to the most the best drugs to date. It combines useful action 17 types of live bacteria with extracts of algae, mushrooms, vegetables, medicinal herbs, fruits, grain crops (more than 70 components). Recommended for course use, you need to take from 6 to 10 capsules per day.

The production does not involve sublimation and drying, therefore the viability of all bacteria is preserved. The drug is obtained by natural fermentation for three years. Strains of bacteria work in different parts of digestion. Suitable for people with lactose intolerance, does not contain gluten and gelatin. Comes to the pharmacy chain from Canada.

Multidophilus plus

Includes three strains of lactobacilli, one - bifidobacteria, maltodextrin. Produced in the USA. Available in capsules for adults. The Polish remedy Maxilak in its composition contains: as a prebiotic oligofructose, as a probiotic - live cultures of beneficial bacteria (three strains from bifidobacteria, five from lactobacilli, streptococcus). Indicated in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, impaired immunity.

Assigned to children from the age of three and adults 1 capsule in the evening with meals

Which probiotics have targeted indications?

With a wealth of information about bacterial preparations with live microorganisms, some people rush to extremes: they either do not believe in the expediency of using them, or, conversely, spend money on useless funds. It is necessary to consult a specialist about the use of probiotics in a particular situation.

Children with diarrhea during breastfeeding(especially those born prematurely) prescribe liquid probiotics. They also help with irregular stools, constipation, lagging behind in physical development.

Babies in such situations are shown:

• Bifidumbacterin Forte;
• Linex;
• Acipol;
• Lactobacterin;
• Bifiliz;
• Probifor.

If the child's diarrhea is associated with a history of respiratory disease, pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis, false croup, then these funds are prescribed in a short course for 5 days. At viral hepatitis treatment lasts from a week to a month. Allergic dermatitis is treated with courses from 7 days (Probifor) to three weeks. Sick with diabetes it is recommended to conduct courses of probiotics of different groups for 6 weeks.

For prophylactic administration, Bifidumbacterin Forte, Bifiliz are most suitable during the season of increased incidence.

What is better to take with dysbacteriosis?

It is necessary to be sure of the violation of the intestinal flora to pass a stool test for dysbacteriosis. The doctor must determine which specific bacteria the body lacks, how severe the violations are.

With an established deficiency of lactobacilli, it is not necessary to use drugs only. containing them. Because it is bifidobacteria that are decisive in the imbalance and form the rest of the microflora.

Monopreparations, in which there are only the same type of bacteria, are recommended by the doctor only with a mild degree of violations.

In severe cases, combined means of the third and fourth generations are needed. The most indicated Probifor (infectious enterocolitis, colitis). For children, it is always necessary to select combinations of drugs with lacto- and bifidobacteria.

Means with colibacilli are prescribed very carefully. When identifying ulcers in the intestines and stomach, acute gastroenteritis, probiotics with lactobacilli are more indicated.

Usually, the doctor determines the duration of treatment by the generation of the probiotic:

• I - a monthly course is required.
• II - from 5 to 10 days.
• III - IV - up to seven days.

In the absence of effectiveness, the specialist changes the treatment regimen, adds antifungals, antiseptics. The use of probiotics - modern approach to the treatment of many diseases. This is especially important for parents of young children. Medicines must be distinguished from biological additives to food. Existing dietary supplements with intestinal bacteria can only be used by a healthy person for the purpose of prevention.