Acid-base balance in animals. Diseases of the digestive organs of animals Diagnosis: what tests will be needed

Content:

Acidosis - acidification of the rumen, develops as a result of the cow's consumption of large amounts of easily digestible carbohydrates (LPU), fermented by the microflora of the rumen with the formation of volatile fatty acids(LZhK). It is they, and not glucose, that are the main source of energy for ruminants. Butyric acid (butyrate) is predominantly formed from LPU, which is perceived by the body as a toxic substance.

Microbes have found a way to protect themselves. They convert butyrate into lactic acid (lactate), which is a fermentation waste, which has the lowest ph of all similar compounds. Acidosis occurs - a serious condition that is dangerous to the health and life of cows. This article informs farmers about the causes of acidosis, measures to eliminate it and ways to prevent it.

The reasons

Lactic acidosis occurs due to the fault of the owner of the cow. It is known that part of the energy that enters the body of an animal with food is lost with feces and urine. The second is directed to the maintenance of life, the third - to the production of products. Therefore, you need to make the cow consume more energy. But the palatability of food is determined by the volume of the alimentary tract, the rate of digestion of food, and other reasons.

Therefore, the path to success is to maximize the saturation of the dry matter of the diet with energy. But a cow is a ruminant, so at least half of the calories should come from the main feed (haylage, silage or hay).

Insufficiently thought-out organization of fodder harvesting does not allow obtaining energy-rich products. Farmers compensate for the low nutritional value of roughage with the addition of grain concentrates containing a large number of LPU in the form of starch.

The microflora of the rumen quickly ferments LPU, which, bypassing the stage of glucose formation, turn into acids. Their excess is processed into lactate, which causes acidosis.

In addition to the main reason that triggers the pathological process, there are others:

• Single consumption of health care facilities in excessive quantities. In pursuit of milk yield, farmers feed livestock a large amount of sugary feed - fodder or sugar beets, but most often - molasses (molasses). Blindly following outdated norms for feeding dairy cows leads to sugar poisoning.
• The use of spoiled feed containing a lot of butyric acid. Most often it is silage or haylage. Violation of the harvesting technology, as well as the selection of these feeds, leads to their deterioration.
• Finely ground food. The mass of particles less than 0.8 cm long must not exceed 50%. Otherwise, the food will not linger in the proventriculus, but will enter the abomasum. The microflora will remain hungry and will start to ferment the health care facilities with increased energy. Food will not return to the mouth, chewing gum will stop, and the production of saliva, which normally neutralizes excess lactate, will stop.

A drop in ph leads to inhibition of microorganisms that ferment bulky feed. The flora that processes starch develops. Stops chewing gum and the production of saliva containing buffer substances that neutralize excess acidity. Blood acidifies, enzyme systems cease to function, toxic slags accumulate, and poisoning occurs. Chronic violations in feeding negatively affect future offspring. Calves are born weak, non-viable, most of them develop dyspepsia, colibacillosis or salmonellosis.

Symptoms

Ruminal acidosis in cows can develop according to the following scenarios:

• spicy;
• subacid;
• permanent;

Acute acidosis

The signs of the disease are growing rapidly, especially since the cause of the pathology is almost always known - the cow was overfed deliberately or was not followed, and she overate herself. Observe the following symptoms acute poisoning:

• The animal loses activity, lies, breathes with an effort, grinds its teeth.
• tachycardia develops.
• Chewing gum stops, peristalsis is absent.
• There is a muscular trembling, turning into convulsions.
• The belly is swollen, the scar is dense.
• Diarrhea develops.
• The cow goes into a coma.

Lab studies of rumen fluid reveal a decrease in ph<6,5. Резервная щелочность крови падает ниже нормы, а концентрация лактата превышает допустимый лимит. Гибель может наступить в течение суток с момента появления клинических признаков.

Subacid acidosis

Most often, it develops in the post-calving period, when the livestock breeder, instead of a smooth change in diet, sharply increases the supply of starch concentrates. Symptoms develop gradually. Subfebrile hypothermia may be observed, which is not observed in the manifest form of the disease. If no action is taken, udder edema may develop, turning into mastitis. There is another danger as well. If the breeder thinks that the cow needs additional protein, which is correct, but forgot to include energy feed in the diet, ketosis develops.

Permanent acidosis

Such a diagnosis can be made to a significant number of cows, especially high-yielding cows receiving a balanced diet. This is due to the individual characteristics of the animal, and also due to the fact that the cows are at different lactation periods, but eat the same feed. If the level of feeding is not ideal, then the following, gradually developing anomalies occur:

• Low productivity.
• Decreased fat content of milk.
• Ruminitis - chronic inflammation of the scar.
• Laminitis is inflammation of the hoof. It develops a few months after the onset of the cause.
• Hepatitis. They are the main cause of premature culling of cows.
• abortion. With acidosis, the fetus is chronically poisoned by the acidic blood circulating in the mother's body.
• The birth of hypotrophic. Disease of calves with dyspepsia, defenselessness against infections.

Diagnosis and treatment

In acute acidosis, the cause is established by clinical symptoms. If the signs are erased, but the milk yield and fat content of milk are low, the contents of the rumen, urine, and blood are examined. Exclude diseases with similar clinical symptoms:

• atony of the stomach;
• ketosis.

In case of poisoning of medical facilities, the speed of initiation of treatment is of decisive importance. The veterinarian prescribes washing the scar with a special probe. The contents are removed from the pancreas and an alkali is introduced, for example, 5 liters of a 15% solution of baking soda. The introduction of 3-4 dm 3 into the scar is shown. If the treatment does not help, an opening of the scar is performed with the removal of the contents and the infusion of alkali.

At the discretion of the veterinarian, an infusion of blood substitutes or 1 liter of 7% sodium bicarbonate is carried out. Soda solution is injected up to 8 times during the day.

For the treatment of chronic rumen acidosis, the following actions are carried out:

• Diet analysis.
• Monitoring the suitability of individual ingredients for feeding. If the quality of silage is unsatisfactory, it is excluded from the diet.
• Bringing the level of bulky feed to 50% of dry matter.
• It is necessary to control the structure of the feed so that particles longer than 0.8 cm in the diet are more than half.
• Achieve forage moisture content of 45-55%. If it is less, feed consumption will be reduced, more - there will be prerequisites for acidosis.
• Replacing part of the grain components with protected fat, if necessary. The use of Propylene Glycol, as well as the Felucen energy supplement, is shown.
• Limiting the amount of molasses in total with fodder beet 7% of dry.
• To limit the rate of starch breakdown in the rumen, make the following dietary changes:

1. More than 50% of grain components should be corn. The amount of wheat should be minimized.
2. If corn is not available, grain feed should be fed extruded or flattened.
3. An alternative way to reduce the proportion of starch concentrates is the use of enzyme preparations.

To neutralize excess lactate, the cow's diet is enriched with baking soda or special buffer mixtures. The optimal solution is to prepare a fully mixed ration and distribute it to the feed table. In this case, the cow is deprived of the opportunity to consume food selectively.

First aid

If the breeder knows the cause of the acute form of rumen acidosis, he can help the cow on his own. It is not necessary to experiment, so as not to aggravate the situation. Burenka will not be harmed if it is poured with 3-5 liters of 15% sodium bicarbonate solution. You need to keep your head up and make sure that the animal has swallowed the swill. After that, give 1 liter of vegetable oil as a laxative.

Ruminal acidosis is a man-made disease associated with feeding errors. With the exception of cases of feed poisoning, which occur mostly due to oversight, the cattle breeder must responsibly approach the preparation of voluminous feed. High-class products will be obtained - there will be no massive acidification of the rumen. Responsible approach to the preparation of the diet is required. Russian unified norms of 1985–2003 are designed for animals of average productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to master the methods of factorial feeding, taking into account age, month of lactation, term of pregnancy, expected milk yield and fat content of milk. If you use energy supplements, protected lipids, process the grains by crushing or extrusion, you can reduce the need for concentrates by 2 times, preventing rumen acidosis.

Acidosis- characterized by a shift in the pH of the contents of the rumen to the acid side (norm 6.8). Cattle and sheep are sick, especially in the autumn-summer period.

Etiology. when eating large amounts of feed with a high content of carbohydrates - corn, oats, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes, apples, green grass, etc. against the background of a lack of protein feed in the diet.

Pathogenesis. predominant reproduction of gram+, in particular, lactic acid microflora, for which easily soluble carbohydrates are a good nutrient medium. Under the action of bacterial enzymes, hydrolysis (splitting) of carbohydrates occurs, and volatile fatty acids are formed in large quantities - acetic, lactic, butyric, propionic, PVC, etc. In the rumen, the pH decreases to 4-6 and is accompanied by general acidosis in the body. the OB is upset, the muscle tone drops. The content in the rumen stagnates, the number of symbionts, due to their inhibition and death, decreases, which leads to disruption of biochemical processes and the structure of the mucous membrane in the rumen.

Symptoms. decrease or cessation of food intake by animals, hypotension or atony of the scar, general weakness, muscle tremors, salivation. In severe cases, lie down, pulse and breathing quicken.

pathological changes. The epithelium of the scar is affected, swollen, often with the presence of hemorrhages and even necrosis.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis, anamnesis, results of studies of the pH of the contents of the scar, which will be below 6, and more often 4-6

Treatment. washed with a 1% solution of sodium chloride, a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate or give inside a 3% solution of it in an amount of 0.5-1 l, as well as antibiotics 5-10 million units. After that, it is recommended to give inside up to 200 g of yeast, 1-2 liters of milk and the contents of the rumen obtained from healthy animals.

Prevention. Balance the diet according to the sugar-protein ratio, which should be 1-1.5:1. quality roughage.

Alkalosis- har-xia nar-m cicatricial food, accompanied by a shift in the pH of the contents of the rumen to the alkaline side, hypotension and atony of the rumen.

Etiology. - long-term feeding of feeds containing a lot of protein (clover, alfalfa, sainfoin, etc.), as well as concentrates, with the addition of synthetic nitrogenous components against the background of carbohydrate deficiency. Rumen alkalosis manifests itself when the protein content in the diet is more than 20%.

Pathogenesis. putrefactive processes, proteins are not absorbed, but are converted into proteinogenic amines. Protein-rich feed leads to increased formation of ammonium ions in the rumen. As a result, conditions are created for gram-microflora, mainly Escherichia coli and Proteus. More than normal, ammonia is formed, which is absorbed into the blood and causes a shift to the alkaline side; pH = 8-9. Under these conditions, symbionts die in the rumen or their functioning is inhibited. This leads to disruption of cicatricial digestion and metabolism in the body.

Symptoms. Increasing the concentration of ammonia in the blood more than 20 mg% is accompanied by a wedge. signs of poisoning, in case of urea poisoning - anxiety, gnashing of teeth, salivation, frequent urination, weakness, shortness of breath, impaired coordination, etc. With normal protein overfeeding, the clinic is less pronounced - refusal to feed, hypotension and atony of the rumen, bad breath from the mouth, tympania of the rumen , liquid feces.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Anamnesis, clinical symptoms and determination of pH in the rumen

Treatment. The causes are eliminated, the Rumen is washed with a 2% solution of acetic acid and then weak solutions of acids - acetic, hydrochloric, lactic (0.5-1%) 2-3 liters are injected into cattle, followed by giving inside 1-2 liters of the contents scar from healthy animals. Good results are also obtained from giving inside 0.5-1 kg of sugar dissolved in 1-2 liters of water and 3-4 liters of sour milk.

Date added: 2015-05-19 | Views: 2130 | Copyright infringement

Pathology of the digestive system ranks first among all forms of internal non-communicable diseases. Changes in the feeding regimen and rapid change of feed adversely affect the state of digestion. Of great importance in maintaining the functions and normal state of metabolism are the quality of feed, the usefulness and structure of the feed ration.

The entire large group of diseases of the digestive system is divided into four groups:

diseases of the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus;

diseases of the proventriculus and abomasum of ruminants;

diseases of the stomach and intestines;

gastrointestinal colic.

Stomatitis- inflammation of the oral mucosa. It usually occurs under the influence of mechanical, thermal, chemical, biological and other factors.

Symptoms. An unpleasant putrefactive odor appears from the mouth of patients, the act of eating and chewing is disturbed.

Treatment. The oral cavity is washed several times a day with solutions of boric acid, potassium permanganate, ethocridine lactate, furacilin.

Pharyngitis- inflammation of the tissues of the pharynx. The most common causes are: drinking hot animals with cold water, grazing on grass covered with frost, and infectious diseases (myt, anthrax, swine fever, pasteurellosis, etc.).

Symptoms. Due to the soreness of the pharynx, when swallowed, the animals stretch their heads, the region of the pharynx is painful on palpation.

Treatment. Outwardly - warming compresses, wrapping. Sulfa drugs are prescribed.

Blockage of the esophagus- one of the frequent diseases of cattle, less often other animal species.

Cause- feeding with unground root crops (beets, potatoes, carrots, turnips, corn on the cob, etc.).

Symptoms. Salivation intensifies, head shaking, groans, tail fanning, kicks to the stomach, convulsive cough, empty chewing movements are noted.

Treatment. Therapeutic measures depend on the place of obstruction of the esophagus, from removing the foreign body by hand to pushing it with a probe into the scar with an infusion of vaseline or vegetable oil. To relieve spasm, a 1% solution of novocaine, atropine, platifillin is administered subcutaneously.

Diseases of the stomach and abomasum. An important role in the digestion of ruminants is played by the proventriculus, since proteins are broken down in them, carbohydrates are fermented, volatile fatty acids are formed and absorbed, vitamins of group B, K and some other substances are synthesized due to the cicatricial microflora.

The basis of these diseases is a violation mainly of the motor function of the proventriculus. The diagnosis of atony and overflow of the scar is made according to the external manifestations of the disease. However, recent scientific achievements have made it possible to take a somewhat different look at the violation of motor function, taking into account changes in the biochemical processes of cicatricial digestion.

A disease characterized by a shift of cicatricial contents to the acid side is called rumen acidosis, to the alkaline one - rumen alkalosis.

Rumen acidosis- one of the frequent forms of pathology of the proventriculus.

Etiology. Rumen acidosis occurs when feeding in a large amount of feed containing easily digestible carbohydrates: barley, rye, oats, corn at the stage of milky-wax ripeness, sugar beets, potatoes, watermelons, grain concentrates.

According to I. S. Shalatonov, over the past 10 years, the structure of diets for cows with a milk yield of 4-6 thousand kg of milk has changed dramatically. In the diet, 50 - 60% is occupied by concentrates, they feed silage and haylage with a disturbed ratio of acetic (normally 10 - 15%), lactic (normally 85%) and butyric acids, good quality hay and root crops are practically absent in the diet. Against this background, acidosis of the contents of the rumen is widespread.

Symptoms. General depression, loss of appetite, chewing gum is sluggish, rare, scar contractions are weakened. Yield is decreasing. Pulse and respiration are quickened. If the animal has consumed a large amount of food, the disease is supplemented by symptoms of scar overflow: the left hungry fossa is aligned, the contents are dense, and a dent forms when pressed. Body temperature in some sick animals increases, which indicates the development of an inflammatory process in the rumen, net, book or intestine.

Treatment. Introduction inside drinking soda 150 - 200 g 2 times a day, Glauber's salt 200 - 300 g 2 times a day. The best results are obtained by washing the rumen followed by the introduction of 3 liters of rumen content from a healthy cow into it.

Scar alkalosis- pH shift to the alkaline side (above 7.3). The disease is rare.

Etiology. An overdose of urea, feeding legumes (vetch, peas, soybeans).

Clinical signs the same as with acidosis of the contents of the rumen.

Treatment. Assigned inside a 5% solution of acetic acid 300 - 500 ml 2 times a day.

Atony and overflow of the scar. They are often of secondary origin.

Etiology. Mastitis, metritis, reticulopericarditis, osteodystrophy, infectious, invasive and other diseases.

According to I.S. Shalatonov, hypotension and atony of the rumen become widespread with prolonged feeding of acidic feeds (concentrates, silage, haylage) with a lack of alkaline (hay, root crops), with a shift in the pH of the content to the acid side (below 6.0).

Symptoms. Hypotension, depression of the animal are usually observed. Other clinical symptoms depend on the underlying disease. Left hungry fossa of dense or even hard consistency.

Treatment. Rumenatory - tincture of white hellebore (10 - 15 ml per 0.5 l of water inside), massage, wiring, 10% sodium chloride solution (200 ml intravenously).

Tympany- accumulation of gases in the rumen.

Etiology. Abundant feeding with freshly cut grass, potato and beet tops, cabbage leaves, dew grazing. Abundant eating by calves of mash from ground concentrates.

Symptoms. The scar is stretched with gases (enlargement of the left side of the abdominal cavity), the animal is restless: waving its tail, looking back at the stomach. Difficulty breathing: the neck is extended, the movements of the chest are tense. Postures for defecation and urination are often repeated with little excretion of feces and urine.

Treatment. Assigned inside 150 - 300 ml of sunflower, castor or vaseline oil. Tympanol 0.4 - 0.5 ml per 1 kg of body weight with water in a ratio of 1:10 inside. If necessary, urgently remove gases from the scar - by probing or puncturing the scar with a trocar.

Traumatic reticulitis- inflammation of the mesh caused by trauma to its foreign bodies.

Etiology. Swallowing sharp metal objects with food (pieces of wire, nails, pins, needles, etc.).

Symptoms diseases can be different, so it is not always easy to determine whether the mesh or other organs are affected. In acute cases, the following is noted: a short-term increase in temperature, depression of the animal, loss of appetite, a decrease in milk yield, pain appears when pressed in the area of ​​the xiphoid process.

Treatment. To remove foreign bodies from the grid, a magnetic probe has been proposed, however, the treatment is effective when the foreign body has not yet gone beyond the wall of the grid. It is advisable to introduce magnetic rings into the pancreas. The prognosis is often unfavorable.

Gastroenteritis- Predominantly acute inflammation of the stomach and small intestine.

Animals of all types and age groups are ill, more often young animals. The disease can cover up to 80 - 100% of the livestock.

Etiology. Mass diseases can be caused by violations of the technology of manufacturing and feeding compound feeds, premixes, additives, feed preservatives, waste from meat and dairy, sugar, alcohol, fish, canning and other processing industries. With gastroenteritis syndromes, many poisonings with mineral and vegetable poisons, infectious and parasitic diseases, and radiation sickness occur.

Symptoms. Depression of the animal, loss of appetite, increase in body temperature by 0.5 - 1 ° C or more, increased heart rate and respiration, the animal is restless, the stomach is tucked up.

The most important sign is fecal changes. It is softened, mucus, undigested food particles are found in it. There is profuse diarrhea with a fetid odor. From constant straining, the mucous membrane of the rectum comes out. The animal loses fatness, its eyes sink, the skin loses its elasticity, the hair becomes dull. The animal lies more.

Treatment. Start with a hungry regime. The stomach is washed with 1% solutions of sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride. Saline laxatives are prescribed (1% solution of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate). Assign a course of treatment with antibiotics, sulfonamides (furoxin, trimetosul, trimerazin, tribrissen), painkillers (analgin, anestezin), decoctions and infusions of medicinal herbs and their collections (St. John's wort, yarrow, hops, immortelle, etc.).

Diseases of the stomach and intestines, occurring with the phenomena of colic. Colic- a symptom complex indicating the presence of pain in the abdominal organs: stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys. Gastrointestinal colic is more common in horses, less often in other animals. There are about 40 diseases of different etiology, which are accompanied by a symptom complex of colic.

Pain is based on strong spasmodic contractions of organs, stretching of the walls of the stomach, intestines with gases accumulated in them, feed masses, helminths, tension of the mesentery as a result of an unnatural position of the intestines, inflammation of the serous integuments of the abdominal cavity, damage to the nerve plexuses, and impaired blood supply.

Depending on the causes, colic is divided into two types: colic with dynamic and colic with mechanical obstruction.

Dynamic obstruction can be spastic (gastric dilatation, enteralgia, intestinal flatulence) and paralytic (intestinal chymostasis and coprostasis).

Short description

Target. Conduct an analytical review of the literature.
Tasks.
1. Define diseases.
2. Indicate the etiology of diseases.
3. Explain the pathogenesis.
4. Describe the clinical signs.
5. Give information about diagnostics.
6. Provide forecast data.
7. Describe the treatment.
8. Give information about prevention.

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….3
1. Scar alkalosis………………………………. …………….…………………...four
1.1. Definition of the disease………………………………………… ....…………4
1.2. Etiology……………………………………………….…………………...4
1.3. Pathogenesis…………………..………………………………………...……...4
4. Clinical signs ………………………………………………….. ....6
5. Diagnostics ………………..…….……………….…………………...…......6
6. Forecast …….……………............................. ...............................................7
7. Treatment…………..………………………………….……………………..…...7
8. Prevention…………………………………………………………….....8
2. Rumen acidosis……………………………………………………………………...9
2.1. Definition of disease……………………..……………………. ....…………9
2.2. Etiology……………………………………………….…………………...9
2.3. Pathogenesis…………………..………………………………………...…….10
2.4. Clinical signs ……………………………………………….. ....12
2.5. Diagnostics ………………..…….……………………………..…...…....12
2.6. Forecast …….………………………………………………………………………………. ..................................13
2.7. Treatment……..…………………….……………………..………………....13
2.8. Prevention……………………………………………………………..15
Conclusion ………………………………………..………..……………………..16
References……………………………………..……………………….17

Attached files: 1 file

According to I. S. Shalatonov, recently the structure of diets for cows with a milk yield of 4-6 thousand kg of milk has changed dramatically. In the diet, 50 - 60% is occupied by concentrates, they feed silage and haylage with a disturbed ratio of acetic (normally 10 - 15%), lactic (normally 85%) and butyric acids, good quality hay and root crops are practically absent in the diet. Against this background, acidosis of the contents of the rumen is widespread.

2.3 Pathogenesis

Starch, sugar, which are in large quantities in the above feeds, are fermented in the rumen under the influence of enzymes secreted by bacteria with the formation of an excess amount of lactic acid and volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric). The microflora also takes part in the formation of lactic acid (lactic acid bacteria, the number of which increases with improper feeding in the rumen). These products of ruminal fermentation are common metabolites of ruminal digestion. With proper feeding of animals, a small amount of them is formed, and they are quickly used by the body as sources of energy or for the synthesis of fat, protein.

Pathology occurs if the body does not have time to utilize the increased amount of fermentation products formed. In the rumen, lactic acid accumulates, the pH of the rumen fluid becomes acidic (pH below 6). The more significant the shift in pH, the more severe the disease. There is no strict relationship between the severity of the disease and the amount of food eaten. With a significant decrease in pH, rumen motility is inhibited.

The pH shift to the acidic side is unfavorable for the vital activity of rumen organisms. The number of ciliates decreases or they die completely. The number of gram-negative rods (normal inhabitants of the scar) also decreases, but the number of gram-positive bacteria increases, Streptococcus bovis, Lactobacillus acidophilus appear. The enzymatic activity of still surviving microorganisms decreases. Therefore, the bleaching time of methylene blue is prolonged or no bleaching occurs at all, which is an indication of severe rumen indigestion.

Clinically, the cessation of fermentation in the rumen is determined by the disappearance of noise in it.

The accumulation of acids in the rumen creates a high osmotic pressure in the rumen fluid. This causes fluid to flow from the extracellular environment (blood) into the rumen. As a result, hemoconcentration occurs in the blood (thickening of the blood), the hematocrit index increases, and liquid contents accumulate in the rumen. With a significant increase in the volume of fluid in the rumen, its level may be higher than the inlet of the esophagus. In this case, the act of belching is disturbed and the clinical picture of acidosis is complemented by the occurrence of varying degrees of tympania.

Lactic acid and other toxic substances (histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, ethanol) have a harmful effect on the scar epithelium. His papillae become swollen, hemorrhagic, and may be necrotic. Through the damaged epithelium, toxic products of the contents of the scar are absorbed. These include histamine, which is formed from dead microorganisms and some feed ingredients. With the formation of histamine and its absorption into the blood, the occurrence in patients of laminitis (aseptic pododermatitis), which is clinically manifested by lameness more often than the pelvic limbs, is associated. Animals lag behind the herd or even lie down on the road from the pasture.

As a result of high osmotic pressure in the rumen, fluid flows from the blood into the rumen. Together with the liquid from the blood, alkaline substances also enter the scar; the latter enter the scar and with saliva. In this way, the environment in the rumen is leveled, the activity of the microflora, motility is restored, and, as a result, the digestive activity in the rumen is restored. The first sign of resurgent fermentation is the appearance of noises in the rumen.

2.4. Clinical signs

The earliest signs of the disease are refusal to feed and inhibition of rumen motility (hypotension, atony). The scar is moderately or heavily filled with fodder masses.

The latter is especially typical for overfeeding cows with corn at the stage of milky-wax ripeness. In this case, the scar is slightly enlarged and has a dense texture, the left hungry fossa is leveled, the contents are dense, and a dent forms when pressed. A moderate amount of gas accumulates in the upper part of the scar. The animal is oppressed, moves reluctantly. Muscle tremors are noted in the anconeus, posterior femoral muscles. Liquid stool, may have diarrhea. In severe cases of the disease, the animal cannot stand, lies with its head resting on its chest. The nasal planum is dry, moderate salivation occurs. Observe increased respiration, pulse; body temperature for 4-5 days briefly rises.

Clinical symptoms of chronic rumen acidosis are not typical. In animals, slight depression, a weakened reaction to external stimuli, variable appetite, eating grains and sugary feeds below the norm or periodically refusing them, weakening of rumen motility, anemic mucous membranes, diarrhea, and signs of laminitis are noted. The fat content of milk is low, milk yield is reduced. Chronic rumen acidosis with a long course can be complicated by laminitis, ruminitis, liver abscesses, fatty hepatosis, myocardial dystrophy, kidney damage and other pathologies.

2.5. Diagnostics

In the diagnosis of the disease, it is of great importance to establish the fact of overeating by animals of feed that causes rumen acidosis, as well as analyzes of the contents of the rumen, blood, and urine.

Cicatricial contents acquire an unusual color and a strong smell. In severe acidosis, the concentration of lactic acid in the rumen fluid rises above 58 mg%, the pH decreases below 5-4 (the norm in cows is 6.5-7.2), the number of ciliates sharply decreases (less than 62.5 thousand / ml) and their mobility . In the blood, the content of lactic acid increases to 40 mg% and above (the norm is 9-13 mg%), the reserve alkalinity drops to 35 vol.% CO2, the hemoglobin level decreases to 67 g/l, the sugar concentration slightly increases (up to 62.3 mg%, or up to 3.46 mmol/l). In the urine, the active reaction (pH) decreases to 5.6, sometimes a protein is found. In sheep with acute rumen acidosis, the pH of the content decreases to 4.5-4.4 (the norm is 6.2-7.3), the amount of lactic acid increases to 75 mg%.

Rumen acidosis should be distinguished from ketosis, primary atony, and hypotension of the proventriculus. With rumen acidosis, there are no ketonemia, ketonuria, low blood sugar, ketonolactia. Primary and secondary hypotension, and atony of the rumen proceed in a milder form than acute rumen acidosis, without vivid symptoms: diuresis is not disturbed, tachycardia and rapid breathing are not manifested or are mild, laminitis does not happen. Rumen acidosis often becomes widespread, primary and secondary hypotension and atony of the rumen occur mainly sporadically.

2.6. Forecast

A severe form of rumen acidosis often ends fatally within 24-48 hours. With moderate and mild severity of the disease, recovery is possible after appropriate treatment. With the development of laminitis, liver abscesses, hepatosis, glomerulonephritis, myocardial dystrophy, the economic value of animals decreases, which leads to their culling.

2.7 Treatment

Treatment of rumen acidosis is not the same in different stages of the disease, in which various changes occur in the internal environment of the body.

1. The use of alkali inside to neutralize the acidic environment in the rumen. Such treatment is indicated only in the early stages of the disease, when alkaline products enter the scar along with fluid from the blood. The use of alkaline preparations (soda) in this phase of the disease will help maintain pH in the internal environment of the body and neutralize acidic products in the rumen itself. Soda is used orally, usually at a dose of 100-150 g per 0.5-1 liter of water 2 times a day, on the first day of illness.

2. Treatment can also be started by washing the scar. The success of this procedure depends on the nature of the contents of the scar. Grain feed is removed by washing the rumen. 36 hours after the end of the washing, normal fermentation is restored in the rumen. The introduction into the rumen after washing the rumen content from healthy cows accelerates recovery.

In addition to washing the rumen, when overfeeding occurred more than 24 hours ago, 1 liter of 7% sodium bicarbonate solution is administered intravenously. This will reduce acidosis in the internal environment of the body and help restore liver function.

3. If the rumen is full of food and rinsing is unlikely to be successful, a rumenotomy should be performed and the contents of the rumen removed through an incision in the abdominal wall. If the operation is delayed, the epithelium of the scar becomes loose and the stitching of the inner layer of the scar wall will be difficult.

4. V. A. Lochkarev with acidosis from overfeeding cows with corn at the stage of milky-wax ripeness or overfeeding with sugar beets successfully used potassium permanganate at a dose of 5 g in 5 liters of water. Potassium permanganate, as an oxidizing agent, destroyed toxic products in the rumen.

There are reports of the beneficial use of intramuscular thiamine in rumen acidosis. It is also recommended to give the animal inside antibiotics up to 200 g, yeast and milk.

2.8. Prevention

Balance the diet according to the sugar-protein ratio, which should be 1-1.5:1. Exclude access of animals to an unlimited amount of feed with a high content of soluble carbohydrates. The daily diet of cows should include no more than 25 kg of fodder beets, which are fed in two doses; the sugar content should not exceed 4.5-5 g/kg of body weight. Grain feed should be introduced into the diet gradually, not all at once. The diet should always contain a sufficient amount of high-quality roughage (hay, straw). Reduction in the diet of roughage can cause acidosis even with the usual amount of grain feed. Avoid long breaks in feeding animals.

For the prevention of rumen acidosis in cows, the drug macerobacillin is proposed, which at a dose of 0.3 g per 100 kg of body weight is given with concentrated or other feeds once a day for 30-60 days. For this purpose, enzyme preparations amylosubtilin, protosubtilin, pectofoetidin are used at the rate of 0.3-0.5 g per 1 feed. units diet, which are given with food for 30 days. For the prevention of rumen acidosis, ewes are prescribed amylosubtilin at a dose of 0.05 g per 1 kg of body weight.

Conclusion

Ruminal alkalosis and ruminal acidosis are diseases of ruminants that can be fatal. The reason for them is the negligent attitude of man to the feeding and maintenance of farm animals. To prevent alkalosis and acidosis of the rumen, it is necessary to observe the diet of ruminants and improve the sanitary and hygienic condition of livestock buildings.

Bibliography

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1. Hypotension and atony of the proventriculus

2. Overflow, scar paresis

3. Rumen tympania

4. Parakeratosis

5. Rumen acidosis

6. Scar alkalosis

7. Traumatic reticulitis

8. Blockage of the book (blockage, obstruction)

9. Abomasite (inflammation of the abomasum)

The volume of all sections of the proventriculus and abomasum is 250 liters.

The volume of the scar is 80% of the total volume. The scar (rumen) is located in the left half of the abdominal cavity. Function: Primary processing of feed through maceration (soaking) and symbiotic flora. Normally, the number of contractions of the scar is 3-5 in 2 minutes. Rumen pH is neutral.

Hypotension and atony (the common name for these diseases is dystonia) is a violation of the motility of the proventriculus, accompanied by indigestion.

Etiology: violation of feeding:

Long-term feeding of hard-to-digest feeds (for example, overgrown hay);

Concentrated feeding with a shortage of roughage;

Spoiled or substandard feed;

Frozen feed (more often root crops);

Feed contaminated with soil or sand.

Secondarily - with injuries of the proventriculus, intoxication, infections and invasions.

Pathogenesis(for all diseases of the scar). In the rumen pH 6.9±0.2 (neutral).

An acidic environment is formed by organic acids (butyric, acetic, pyruvic). Alkaline saliva constantly neutralizes acids (400 g of sodium bicarbonate (pack of salt) is produced together with saliva per day, when eating dry feed, a cow produces up to 50 liters of saliva per day).

If the pH is disturbed, changes in the microbial environment of the rumen occur.

Acidification of the contents (acidosis) occurs with a decrease in appetite (due to a decrease in saliva production) with predominantly carbohydrate foods (potatoes, apples, cereals). At the same time, useful flora dies and gram-positive (pathogenic) develops.

Alkalosis (alkalinization) of the contents of the rumen occurs with an excess of protein feed and a lack of carbohydrate; when giving too large a dose of urea. At the same time, gram-negative flora develops (Proteus, Escherichia coli).

In both cases, the symbionts die, rotting and fermentation occurs in the rumen (food decomposes), toxins enter the bloodstream and cause intoxication of the animals.

Symptoms.

Refusal of feed, decrease in milk yield, belching and fodder chewing is absent (but gas belching is preserved, the animal does not bloat). Scar contractions are weak and infrequent in hypotension or completely absent in atony. The contents of the scar are semi-liquid. Depression due to intoxication. With a long course, constipation is replaced by fetid diarrhea.

. The contents of the proventriculus putrid smell. There are hemorrhages on the mucosa, the mucosa is reddened. With a long course, the keratinized mucosa exfoliates (it is easily scraped off with the back of a knife).

When staging diagnosis exclude traumatic reticulitis, often hypotension occurs with ketosis. With timely treatment, the outcome is favorable, without treatment, the disease drags on for weeks and the animal dies.

Treatment.

The scar is freed from the contents: either we wash the scar with a Cherkasov probe, or we give a laxative (4-6% Glauber's salt - a bucket, 1.5 liters of vegetable oil).

Assign ruminator means (tincture of hellebore from 14 to 16 ml). at the same time, it is first necessary to determine whether the cow has acidosis or alkalosis. You can add milk to-you - 0.5 liters. - if alkalosis.

Intravenously administered 40% glucose 200 ml, gluconate or calcium chloride - 200 ml.

If a protracted illness - pour in the ASD-2 fraction - 20 ml in 100-200 ml of water.

To stimulate appetite, bitterness (wormwood, yarrow) is prescribed, juicy food is given

Settlement of symbionts in the rumen: 0.5-1 l of the rumen content of a healthy cow + 0.5 kg of sugar + 50 g of yeast; or pour in 3 liters of curdled milk.

You can do animal wiring, infrared thermal procedures.

Movement of the fist counterclockwise in the region of the hungry fossa.

Alternative methods of treating hypotension: laxative - vegetable oil, instead of hellebore as a ruminator - a head of garlic + 250 g of vodka and bring to 0.5 liters with water. To stimulate appetite: pickles, pickled apples, sauerkraut. Bridling: a wide bandage is placed in the cow's mouth, tied by the teeth. The animal is constantly trying to remove a foreign object with the help of the tongue, salivation increases and the pancreas reflexively begin to work).

Overflow, scar paresis (dilatacia ruminis ab ingestis) is an overflow and stretching of the scar with dense fodder masses, accompanied by dysmotility, pain and paresis.

Etiology: eating large quantities of grain, flour, straw and other feeds that can bind water and swell.

Scar paresis is often the result of ingestion of pesticides, fertilizers or drugs with food.

Symptoms. Refusal to feed, restlessness (shifting from foot to foot), cessation of chewing and burping (even gas burping stops due to overstretched muscles). The animal groans. There is a large amount of doughy masses in the scar, the left hungry fossa sticks out, the fossa from the fist is slowly leveling off. Respiration and pulse speeded up. In the future, cyanosis of the mucous membranes (the lung is compressed through the diaphragm). Defecation is rare. With paresis, the contractions of the scar are completely absent, the contents of the scar are dense.

Treatment. Animal 1-2 days on a starvation diet. We release the scar from the contents (washing through the Khokhlova probe, or laxatives - vaseline, castor, vegetable oil or Glauber's salt). Subcutaneously injected 5-7 ml hellebore. Caffeine is injected subcutaneously (cordiamin or sulfakamphokain is better, since caffeine will increase the heart rate even more). Depending on the condition of the animal - running or posting the animal. When the condition improves - succulent feed, silage, soft hay.

With a threat to life, a ruminotomy is prescribed.

Rumen tympania - an increase in the volume of the scar due to the formation of gases or foam in it, as well as in violation of their discharge (with blockage of the esophagus).

There are simple gas and foamy tympania, as well as acute and chronic (periodic), primary and secondary. The disease can take on a massive character.

Etiology: eating easily fermenting food (moist legumes - clover, alfalfa, or sour food) followed by abundant watering. The cause of foamy timpani is fermented grain feed, gluten, which is contained in flour feed, form a dense sticky soufflé foam. Secondarily - with blockage of the esophagus and poisoning, accompanied by paresis of the proventriculus.

Pathogenesis. Normally, gas is expelled from ruminants through gas belching. With excessive pressure in the scar, a spasm of the cardiac sphincter occurs. With foamy tympania, the foam blocks the mechanism of belching.

Symptoms. Cessation of food intake, salivation. An increase in the volume of the abdomen, protrusion of the left hungry fossa. Animals are worried, beat under the stomach with their limbs. Superficial rapid breathing, cyanosis of mucous membranes. Percussion of the region of the left hungry fossa gives a tympanic sound with gas tympania and atympanic (pulmonary) with foamy tympania. When pressed with gas tympania, crepitus is heard (gas bubbles burst). When probing or puncturing, the result is negative with foamy tympania (the lumen is clogged with foam).

Forecast favorable with timely help. Possible death of the animal in 1-3 hours from asphyxia or rupture of the scar.

Treatment.

If the timpania is frothy, it is transferred to gas (you need to extinguish the foam): fresh milk in the amount of 2-3 liters, 1 liter of vegetable oil, you can inject the drug sicadel (50 g diluted in 3 liters of water), tympanol, timpachol, atimpanol.

The animal is placed with the front part raised to alleviate the condition and facilitate burping.

Insert a probe to remove gases.

After the gas has been removed (it cannot be removed quickly), anti-fermentation drugs (2% ichthyol solution), absorbents (activated charcoal, enterosgel) are injected through the probe.

If there was gas tympania, tympanol, atympanol, timpachol are administered.

With a threat to life - a puncture of the scar with a needle or trocar.

Parakeratosis - compaction of the papillae of the scar mucosa with impaired cicatricial digestion.

Fattening cattle gobies get sick.

Etiology: Feeding fine grain flour with limited roughage.

Pathogenesis. The papillae of the scar stick together with gluten, are constantly irritated, and eventually hypertrophy. The microbial background of the contents changes, inflammation of the mucosa occurs.

Symptoms. Decreased appetite, salivation, intermittent hypotension, teeth grinding. In addition, diarrhea, dehydration, weakness.

Treatment. Balance the ratio of roughage and concentrates. Inside appoint burnt magnesia 30 g per 1 liter of water. Brewer's yeast in the diet. Settlement of symbionts in the rumen (vetom-1.1, 1.3).

Rumen acidosis – acidification of the rumen content (pH=6 and less) develops when ruminants eat large amounts of carbohydrate feed (potatoes, apples, cereals) or too acidic silage. It takes on a massive character when grazing on cereals (otave) against the background of a deficiency in the diet of protein.

Symptoms: poor appetite, hypotension or atony, increased salivation (salivation), weakness and diarrhea.

Diagnosis confirm the study of the pH of the contents of the rumen (with acidosis 4-6). The contents of the scar can be removed with a probe or by puncture of the scar in the hungry fossa. It is possible during the chewing period, when the cow has burped the contents of the rumen, to take a sample (but the technique in this case is not accurate, since the feed masses are mixed with alkaline saliva).

Treatment. Rinse the rumen with a 2% soda solution or pour in about 1-2 liters of a 2% soda solution, and then populate the symbionts (fill in the contents of the rumen of a healthy cow + sugar + yeast, or 3 liters of curdled milk).

Scar alkalosis - alkalization of the contents of the rumen as a result of feeding a large amount of protein feed (clover, alfalfa) or feed with a nitrogenous component (natural - lupine seeds, or synthetic - urea or carbamide) against the background of carbohydrate deficiency. Protein in the diet should be no more than 20%.

Symptoms: with protein overfeeding, hypotension or atony, tympania, sweating in the animal, salivation, gnashing of teeth, loose stools are observed. When overeating urea, there is a violation of coordination of movement, frequent urination. In practice, very often rumen alkalosis occurs if a cow is given half a pack or a pack of soda.

Treatment: washing the scar with 2% acetic acid, give either acetic or lactic acid 1-2% solutions in an amount of 2-3 liters orally. In addition, carbohydrates are needed for treatment: diluted 0.5-1 kg of sugar is poured. Inhabited by symbionts.

The mesh is the second proventriculus. Located in the region of the xiphoid process. Food from the rumen enters the net, which has already gone through the process of burping and chewing. The task of the grid is to sort the food (what is well chewed, it passes further into the book, and it returns the badly chewed food to the scar). Due to the fact that sorting takes place there, heavy metal objects also settle there. Traumatic reticulitis - a question for the GOS exam.

Traumatic reticulitis - damage to the mesh and perforation (puncture) of the internal organs with sharp metal objects, followed by putrefactive inflammation. Sick, as a rule, cattle.

Etiology. Features of the structure of the oral mucosa of cattle contribute to the capture of foreign bodies with food. Mineral deficiency predisposes to the disease (as a result of which lizuha develops), underfeeding of the animal (the cow is outwardly normal, it begins to eat atypical objects). The prevalence of the disease is associated with littering pastures and careless feeding.

Pathogenesis. Foreign bodies, lingering in the mesh, during contractions can pierce it, damage the peritoneum, diaphragm, liver, heart and other organs. At the same time, purulent-fibrinous or necrotic inflammation develops.

Symptoms. There are metal carriers - the accumulation of non-sharp metal objects in the grid, in this case chronic hypotension develops. Sharp metal bodies, and over time they can be honed, moving, can cause reticulitis (when stuck only in the mesh), reticuloperitonitis (peritoneum), reticulopleuritis (pleura), reticulosternitis (breast bone), reticulomasitis (book). Abscesses, adhesions, putrefactive inflammation appear. In this case, reticulitis is accompanied by low-specific clinical signs.

Acute form: appetite decreases, temperature rises (strongly), atony, hypotension, decrease in milk yield are noted, the animal loses weight, stands hunched over, cows rise like horses (swing the head, rises to the forelimbs, then the hind limbs). Fibrillar twitching of the muscles of the elbow and thigh is noted (individual fibers twitch). Pain reaction in clinical examinations of the mesh, swelling of the breastbone, intermaxillary space, jugular veins are overflowing.

Diagnosis

Spend clinical researches . In addition to the anamnesis and a complete clinical examination, there are three tests for traumatic reticulitis: 1) grab the fold by the withers, the cow will stretch the skin in the area of ​​the xiphoid cartilage, the cow will show a sharp pain reaction; 2) wiring downhill; 3) pressure in the area of ​​the xiphoid process (the doctor squats down, and puts his elbow on his knee, fist under the xiphoid process and press hard, helping with his knee).

Pharmacological tests : hellebore intravenously 2 ml, or laxatives (Glauber's salt in recommended dosages) orally - this will cause increased pain in the animal.

Special samples . Metal indicators, x-rays, magnetic probing - both diagnostics (can be brought to the xiphoid process), and treatment. Magnetic sounding is carried out after a 12-hour diet without water restriction. Preventively pull out everything potentially dangerous.

Treatment. Conservative: provide the animal with rest, a half-starved diet (mucous feed, steamed hay). Antibiotics are prescribed medicinally and 40% glucose (200 ml) + 30% alcohol (300 ml) to relieve pain (there is a drug glucoethyl). With a threat to life, a ruminotomy is prescribed.

According to the account, the book (omasum) is the third proventriculus, small in volume, inside it has outgrowths - leaflets (large, medium and small). The role of the book is grinding (grinding) of fodder masses. Topography: lies in the right hypochondrium at the level of the lower third of the 8-10th rib.

Blockage of the book (blockage, clogging) - overflow of interleaf niches of the book with dried fodder masses. Often these forage masses contain large amounts of earth or sand, which are the cause of this disease. Cattle, MRS are sick. The disease is often found in dry regions.

Etiology. Feeding soil-contaminated fodder (root crops), feeding chaff, husks (waste from grain production), grazing with dry herbage, insufficient watering, as a result of hypotension. Goats sometimes have a tendency to chew on the rag, which will eventually cause the blockage.

Pathogenesis. In the book, when grinding the fodder masses, up to 70% of water is absorbed (this is necessary to start the enzymatic processing of the feed, and in the abomasum the water returns to the fodder masses). With a delay in excretion from the book, the food dries up, the interleaf niches are filled with dry dense contents, the leaves are squeezed, necrotic over time, digestion is disturbed and intoxication of the body occurs.

Symptoms. Decreased appetite (virtually absent), depression, atony, the noises of the book disappear (normally, the noises resemble the rustling of hay), intestinal motility is weakened, the feces are dry with mucus, in small amounts. Percussion volume of the book is increased.

Pathological changes. The book is hard, in niches in the form of dry plates there is food mixed with earth and sand, or foreign objects (rags). The mucosa on the leaves is necrotic, torn away, with hemorrhages.

Treatment. It is necessary to eliminate the causes of the disease. They try to dilute the contents of the book: oil or saline solutions are poured inside (1.5 l of vegetable oil, 4% solution of Glauber's salt 10-15 l, 5-7 l of mucous decoctions (a decoction of flax seed, oatmeal - in proportion to a glass of oatmeal 3 liters of water, starch jelly).At the same time, a 10% solution of sodium chloride is administered intravenously to induce thirst and increase peristalsis.Only after the contents have been liquefied, 5-7 ml of hellebore tincture is subcutaneously (if inside 2-15 ml).Next, cleansing enemas are performed (about a bucket) Deep enemas can then be applied.

If conservative methods did not help, then saline and oil laxatives are injected directly into the cavity of the book. The earlier the treatment is started, the easier it is to achieve the effect.

After digestion has been restored, lactic acid, bitterness, or pickled apples, pickles, sauerkraut are necessary to stimulate appetite. Restoration of symbionts.

Abomasum (abomasum) - the only true stomach, has the appearance of an elongated pear. On the mucosa there are longitudinal spiral folds that do not straighten out. Topography: lower third of the right hypochondrium.

There are diseases of the abomasum: inflammation of the abomasum, displacement and inversion of the abomasum, ulcers of the abomasum.

abomazite - inflammation of the abomasum. Calves and lambs get sick.

Symptoms not characteristic, note oppression, decrease and perversion of appetite, thirst, diarrhea, soreness in the abomasum (lower third of the right hypochondrium on palpation), emaciation. The diagnosis during life can be made only presumptive.

Treatment. Laxatives (vegetable oil), drinking of mucous decoctions, dietary feed (small soft hay, juicy good feed, not dirty) are prescribed. If necessary, in case of a severe course, the abomasum is washed with a pink solution of potassium permanganate. In case of intoxication, electrolytes are administered intravenously or intraperitoneally: 5% glucose solution with ascorbic acid, Ringer's solution, Ringer-Locke, saline, preferably + vitamin C. Antimicrobial therapy (norsulfazol, baytril, gentamicin, levomycetin, farmazin). inhabited by symbionts.