Medical assistance in the use of chemical weapons. Methods of providing first aid in case of defeat by nuclear, chemical, biological and incendiary weapons

First aid in case of defeat by nuclear weapons. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by nuclear weapons, rescue and medical evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy must take a radioprotective drug and an antiemetic before entering the lesion site. To protect against external and internal contamination by products nuclear explosion respiratory protection equipment (filtering gas masks and respirators) and skin protection equipment of filtering and insulating type are used.

The focus of destruction is conditionally divided into sectors, with each squad receiving a site, and several soldiers (search group) - an object. The search for victims is carried out by a detour (detour) and a thorough examination of the designated area or sector by search groups, which are supplied with stretchers, military medical bags (one per group), special straps for extracting victims from hard-to-reach places and medical capes. The search should begin from areas located closer to the epicenter of the explosion, where there are victims with the most severe, mostly combined lesions. When wanted Special attention refers to areas of the area where there could be a concentration of people. First of all, trenches, communication passages, dugouts, shelters, military equipment, hollows, beams, ravines, gorges, forest areas, destroyed and damaged buildings are examined.

When examining smoky premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding onto a rope designed to communicate with him, enters the smoky room. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, you need to ask loudly: “Who is here?”, Listen carefully for groans, requests for help. If the corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to the high temperature, then for the removal (exit) of people arrange passages using windows, balconies, openings in the walls of buildings. The sequence of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.



Search groups, having found the victims, provide them with first aid. It includes: extracting victims from under the rubble and from hard-to-reach places; extinguishing burning clothes; stop external bleeding; the imposition of aseptic dressings; putting on a respirator; immobilization of fractures; the introduction of analgesic, radioprotective and antiemetic drugs; carrying out partial sanitization; establishing the order of removal (export) of the affected and their evacuation from the contaminated territory.

You can extinguish burning clothes on the victim in one of the following ways: cover them with sand, earth, snow; close the burning area with a combined-arms protective raincoat, overcoat, cape; to fill with water; press the burning areas to the ground.

To combat the manifestations of the primary reaction to radiation, an antiemetic is taken from the individual first-aid kit. If there is a danger of further exposure (in the case of radioactive contamination of the area), a radioprotective agent is taken.

Partial sanitization in case of contamination with radioactive substances consists in the mechanical removal of radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniforms, skin and respiratory protection. It is carried out directly in the infection zone and after leaving the zone. The caregiver should be located in relation to the victim on the leeward side.

In the contaminated zone, they shake off or sweep away radioactive dust from uniforms (protective equipment) and shoes with the help of improvised means, trying not to cause additional damage to the affected person. pain. Radioactive substances are removed from exposed areas of the body (face, hands, neck, ears) by flushing clean water from a flask.

Outside the zone of infection, repeated partial sanitization is carried out and respiratory protection equipment is removed. To remove radioactive substances from the mouth, nose, eyes, rinse the victim's mouth with water, wipe the external openings of the nose with a damp cloth, and rinse the eyes with water.

The prevention of overexposure of personnel of search and rescue groups is carried out by limiting the time of work in areas with high levels of radiation, based on the radiation dose established by the commander.

First aid in the event of a chemical attack. basis chemical weapons are toxic chemicals. The high toxicity and rapidity of their action necessitates the timely use of personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and medical devices personal protection (anti-chemical packages, antidotes).

In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by chemical weapons, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy to protect against the damaging effects of chemical weapons must use personal protective equipment: a filtering gas mask for respiratory protection and insulating type skin protection products. 30-40 minutes before entering the chemical lesion, open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck) are treated with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package IPP-11. Before entering the focus of chemical damage to nerve agents, personnel must take a prophylactic antidote in advance.

First aid in case of defeat by chemical weapons is aimed at eliminating initial signs lesions and preventing the development of severe lesions.

The main task of providing first aid in case of damage by chemical weapons is to stop the further flow of poison into the body of the victims, which is achieved by putting on gas masks on those affected who do not wear them, checking the serviceability of the worn gas masks, if necessary, replacing them, carrying out partial sanitization and covering with a protective raincoat , as well as the immediate use of antidotes (antidotes). If toxic chemicals come into contact with unprotected facial skin, the gas mask is put on the affected person only after the skin has been treated with the IPP-11 degassing liquid. After carrying out these measures (if the affected person has a wound, burns or other injury), the assisting person is obliged to carry out other first aid measures (stopping bleeding, applying a bandage, etc.).

In the zone of infection, first aid includes: putting on (replacing a faulty) gas mask; immediate use of antidotes; carrying out partial sanitization; the fastest exit (removal) from the focus.

Outside the infection zone: re-introduction of antidotes (if necessary); artificial induction of vomiting in case of poisoning with contaminated water and food (“tubeless” gastric lavage); plentiful washing of the eyes with water, rinsing the mouth and nasopharynx; processing uniforms, equipment and shoes using a degassing bag of powder DPP or a degassing bag of silica gel DPS-1 to eliminate the desorption of toxic chemicals from clothes.

When putting on a gas mask on the affected person, it is necessary, taking into account the combat situation, the condition and nature of the wound, to put (plant) the affected person as conveniently as possible.

To put on a gas mask, a person affected by toxic chemicals must: remove the headgear, and with the chin strap down, fold the headgear back; remove the gas mask from the gas mask bag of the affected person, take the helmet-mask with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are outside and the rest are inside it; put the lower part of the helmet-mask under the chin of the affected person and, with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, put the helmet-mask on the head so that there are no wrinkles, and the glasses of the glasses fall against the eyes; eliminate distortion and folds if they were formed when putting on a helmet-mask; put on a headdress.

A gas mask is put on a seriously wounded, struck, unconscious person as follows: after laying down the wounded, struck, they take off his headgear, then take out a helmet-mask from the bag, bring it to the face of the wounded man and put it on him. After this, the wounded should be put comfortably.

The serviceability of the gas mask worn on the affected person is checked by examining the integrity of the helmet-mask, valve box, filter-absorbing box. When examining the helmet-mask, the integrity of the goggles, the rubber part of the helmet-mask and the strength of its connection with the valve box are checked.

A defective gas mask in the affected person is replaced with a serviceable one as follows. The caregiver places the victim between his legs. Having taken off a spare gas mask, he takes out a helmet-mask from a gas mask bag and puts it on the chest or stomach of the affected person; then he raises the head of the affected person, puts it on his stomach, removes the faulty gas mask from the affected person, takes the helmet-mask of the spare gas mask, straightens it with five fingers, putting them inside the helmet-mask (the head of the injured person should lie between the hands of the orderly), puts on the helmet- a mask on the chin of the affected person and pulls it over his head; in the infected zone, this must be done quickly so that the affected person inhales less poisoned air.

An antidote is used to provide first aid to those affected by toxic nerve chemicals. It is administered by an orderly in the following cases: at the direction of the commander; on their own initiative, when they appear on the battlefield affected with symptoms of poisoning (narrowing of the pupil, salivation, profuse sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, severe convulsions).

To administer the antidote from the syringe tube, hold it in one hand, take the ribbed rim with the other and, turning it, move it towards the tube until it stops, so that the tube membrane is pierced with the inner end of the needle. Remove cap. Without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into soft tissues front surface of the thigh or in the upper part of the buttocks (possible through uniforms). Then, slowly squeezing the case with your fingers, insert its contents and, without opening your fingers, remove the needle. After the introduction of the antidote, a cap is put on the needle, and the used syringe tube is inserted into the pocket of the victim.

In case of poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides, it is necessary to introduce an inhalation antidote: crush the neck of the ampoule enclosed in a gauze swab and place the ampoule in the mask space of the gas mask.

In case of damage by irritating toxic chemicals, when pain and irritation of the eyes appear, a tickling sensation in the nose and throat, cough, chest pain, nausea, you need to put 1-2 ampoules of ficilin crushed in a gauze case under the helmet-mask behind the ear and inhale until until the pain subsides.

Partial sanitization in case of infection with chemical weapons consists in treating open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck), uniforms adjacent to them (collar, sleeve cuffs) and the front of the gas mask with the contents of an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-11).

When contaminated with toxic chemicals, partial sanitization is carried out immediately. If the victim did not have time to put on a gas mask, his face is quickly treated with the contents of IPP-11. For these purposes, in accordance with the instructions, the shell of the IPP-11 package is opened.

To prevent desorption (evaporation) of toxic chemicals from uniforms, equipment and footwear, they are treated outside the contamination zone using a powder degassing bag (DPP) or a silica gel degassing bag (DPS-1).

Powder degassing package consists of a plastic brush bag with holes, two packs with a polydegassing powder formula, a rubber band and a packing bag with a reminder. To use it, it is necessary to open the packaging with the recipe and pour its contents into a brush bag, bend the top edge of the bag and tuck it several times to prevent spilling the recipe, fix the bag in the palm of your hand, with the brush up, using a rubber band.

Silica gel degassing bag is a plastic bag, one of the sides of which has a fabric (gauze) membrane inside. The package is equipped with a degassing powder formulation. To prepare the package for use, it is necessary to open it with a thread.

To process uniforms, it is necessary: ​​by lightly tapping the bag on the surface of uniforms, equipment and shoes, powder them without gaps, while rubbing the powder into the fabric with a brush (bag); processing of uniforms should be started from the shoulders, forearms, chest, then down, while paying special attention to the processing of hard-to-reach places (under the armpits, belt, strap and gas mask bag); winter uniforms are especially carefully processed not only from the outside, but also from the inside; 10 minutes after the end of the treatment, the powder is shaken off together with the absorbed agent with a brush.

The affected are subject to immediate withdrawal (removal) from the contaminated area. The removal is carried out by the personnel of the search groups, dressed in personal protective equipment.

Prevention of damage to personnel by biological means. Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, by drinking contaminated water and food, by microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burn surfaces, by being bitten by infected insects, and also by contact with sick people, animals, infected objects and not only at the time of application of biological agents, but also through long time after their application, if sanitization of personnel has not been carried out.

Common features of many infectious diseases are heat body and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence focal diseases and poisoning.

Direct protection of personnel in the event of the use of biological weapons by the enemy is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency prophylaxis equipment available in individual first-aid kits.

Personnel located in the focus of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons and military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the focus of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to come into contact with the personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property to them; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

FIRST AID FOR BURNS, Frostbite,
ELECTRIC SHOCK, DROWNING AND POISONING

First aid for burns. Burn called damage to body tissues caused by high temperature (thermal burn) or chemical substances(chemical burn).

The severity of the burn is determined by the depth and size of the damaged body surface: the deeper the tissue damage during a burn, the larger the burnt surface, the more severe the burn (Fig. 98).

Burns from napalm and other incendiary mixtures are characterized by particular severity. The burning fire mixture easily sticks to the body and objects, practically does not spread over the surface, burns slowly, causing deep thermal burns. Often these burns are accompanied by severe carbon monoxide poisoning, which is formed during the incomplete combustion of the hot mixture.




Rice. 98. Classification of burns by severity

When providing first aid for burns, it is necessary to remove the victim from the place of exposure to the source that caused the burn, and quickly tear off burning clothes from him or wrap him up in an overcoat, raincoat or some other material. Fire can be extinguished with water, and in winter with snow, by throwing them on burning clothes or, if possible, by rolling in the snow and burrowing into it.

Put a bandage on the burnt surface using an individual dressing bag, after removing burnt clothes from the victim. If clothing is stuck to the burned area of ​​the body, it must not be torn off. The bandage in this case is applied over the adhering clothes. It is impossible to open the bubbles formed on the burnt place. With significant burns of the limbs and trunk, it is necessary to create a good immobilization of the burnt areas.

The burnt person is injected under the skin with an analgesic agent from the individual first aid kit (AI). If possible, the victim should be wrapped warmly, provided with plenty of fluids and sent to the nearest medical center.

emergence frostbite largely depends not only on the duration of the cold, but also on exposure to moist air, cold wind, excessive sweating of the feet, wearing wet clothes and shoes, prolonged exposure to cold water, blood loss, forced immobility, etc. When low temperatures Frostbite can occur when touching metal parts, appliances, weapons and tools with bare hands.

If there are no blisters on the skin during frostbite, you should rub the frostbitten areas of the body well with your hand or a soft cloth. When rubbing snow should not be used, as this can damage the skin and introduce an infection. Simultaneously with rubbing, it is necessary to force the victim to make active movements with his fingers, hand, foot. Rubbing is continued until visible redness of the frostbitten skin area. If necessary, put sterile dressing. Recovery occurs in 5-7 days.

If blisters appear on the skin of frostbitten areas of the body, it is necessary to apply a bandage and send the victim to a medical center. To reduce pain during transportation, an analgesic agent is introduced from an individual first-aid kit, splints from improvised material are applied to frostbitten limbs.

General freezing is accompanied by a significant decrease in body temperature. Lethargy appears, speech and movements slow down. In this state, people tend to fall asleep and lose consciousness. Due to the continued decrease in body temperature, respiration and cardiac activity first weaken, and then stop. The so-called clinical death. To save the victim, you should immediately take him to a warm room and take all measures to warm him up. In the absence of breathing and cardiac activity, perform artificial respiration and indirect massage hearts.

With lungs electric shock fainting occurs. Defeats moderate accompanied by general convulsions, loss of consciousness and a sharp weakening of breathing and cardiac activity.

First aid for electrical injury consists in the urgent release of the victim from the action of electric current: it is necessary to turn off the knife switch (switches) or, standing on a dry wooden board, a bundle of dry clothes, a piece of glass or rubber, chop the conductor with an ax, a sapper shovel with a dry wooden handle, or discard the conductor with a dry stick, or drag the victim with his hands wrapped in a piece of cloth (overalls, overcoat, etc.). After that, start artificial respiration (“mouth to mouth”) and indirect manual heart massage and carry out these activities until spontaneous breathing appears.

First aid for drowning. Immediately after removing the victim from the water, they immediately begin to release respiratory tract from water and foreign objects (sand, vegetation, etc.). To do this, the caregiver puts the victim on his thigh with his knee bent so that his head and torso hang down, and presses his hand on his back until water continues to flow out. The release of the oral cavity from silt, sand, grass is done with a finger wrapped in a handkerchief (any fabric), after the convulsively clenched jaws are separated by some object and a wedge is inserted between them (a piece of wood, rubber, a handkerchief knot, etc. . P.). In order to avoid falling of the tongue, which can close the entrance to the larynx, it is pulled out of the mouth and held with a loop made of a bandage, a handkerchief, etc. To save time, the listed activities must be done simultaneously. After that, they begin to carry out artificial respiration ("mouth to mouth" or "mouth to nose"). If the victim does not have a heartbeat, an external closed heart massage is performed simultaneously with artificial respiration.

Antifreeze poisoning. Appearance, the taste and smell of antifreeze resembles an alcoholic beverage. 50-100 g of drunk antifreeze cause fatal poisoning. After antifreeze gets inside, signs of typical alcohol intoxication are observed, after which excitement or (more often) depression, drowsiness, lethargy, cyanosis of the skin, cold extremities, numbness of the fingers, coordination disorder, thirst, abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of consciousness. In case of severe poisoning, death occurs within 5-6 hours.

First aid consists in freeing the stomach of the victim from antifreeze by inducing vomiting by irritating one or two fingers of the pharyngeal mucosa. You can first give the victim to drink 4-5 glasses of water before this. When fainting, it is necessary to inhale ammonia. After providing the first medical care the victim must be taken to the nearest medical center.

Methyl alcohol poisoning. Methyl alcohol (wood alcohol, methanol) is part of some antifreezes and is widely used as a solvent. Most cases of poisoning are associated with erroneous ingestion. When ingested, 7-10 g causes poisoning, and 50-100 g - death. Signs of poisoning do not develop immediately, but after 1-2 hours or even after 2 days. Initially, there is a state resembling alcohol intoxication, followed by a period of imaginary well-being for several hours. After that, there are general malaise, dizziness, drowsiness, vomiting, complaints of visual impairment (fog, darkening in the eyes), which, progressing, invariably leads to significant loss of vision or complete blindness.

When providing first aid, it is necessary, first of all, to induce vomiting (washing should be done repeatedly immediately after poisoning and subsequently during the day). If necessary, perform artificial respiration. After providing first aid, immediately take the victim to the medical center.

Leaded gasoline poisoning. Leaded gasoline has the ability to be easily absorbed even through intact skin, accumulating in the body. Developing with acute poisoning signs are associated with a violation of the nervous system. Those affected show signs of mental disorders, aggressiveness, agitation, visual and auditory hallucinations, gastrointestinal disorders, a sense of presence in the mouth foreign body(hair, wires, etc.). In chronic poisoning, patients complain of headaches, sleep disturbance, sweating, fatigue, loss of appetite.

When providing first aid, leaded gasoline that has come into contact with the skin must be removed with a rag (if possible, moistened with kerosene), and then washed with soap and water. If a significant part of the body is flooded with gasoline, clothing should be removed immediately. In case of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, rinse them with clean water or 2% soda solution. If leaded gasoline is swallowed, it is necessary to repeatedly induce vomiting after drinking plenty of water.

Dichloroethane poisoning. Dichloroethane is used as a solvent. It enters the body through the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract and through damaged skin. If ingested, dizziness, sweating, vomiting mixed with bile, cyanosis appear after 5–10 minutes. skin, darkening of consciousness. First aid should be provided as quickly as possible. In order to remove dichloroethane from the stomach, it is necessary to induce vomiting after drinking plenty of water. In case of fainting and respiratory failure, give ammonia to sniff.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) poisoning which is formed during the incomplete combustion of various substances. There is especially a lot of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines and in powder gases. Carbon monoxide has no color, no smell, no taste, therefore it is especially dangerous, since poisoning occurs imperceptibly. The victim develops a throbbing headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, tinnitus. In more severe cases, there is a sharp muscle weakness, vomiting, convulsions, loss of consciousness.

First aid: in mild cases of poisoning, remove or take the victim to clean air. If this cannot be done, then open hatches, doors, windows or put on a gas mask with a hopkalite cartridge. With more severe forms poisoning in case of respiratory arrest immediately start artificial respiration. To excite breathing, it is necessary to inhale ammonia from a crushed ampoule. After the restoration of breathing, the victim should be taken to the medical center.

119. First aid in case of defeat by nuclear weapons. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by nuclear weapons, rescue and medical evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

120. The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy 30–40 minutes before entering the lesion site must take a radioprotective drug (cystamine) and an antiemetic (etaperazine). To protect against external and internal contamination by products of a nuclear explosion, respiratory protection equipment (filtering gas masks and respirators) and skin protection equipment of a filtering and insulating type are used.

121. The focus of the defeat is conditionally divided into sectors, with each squad receiving a site, and several soldiers (search group) - an object. The search for victims is carried out by a detour (detour) and a thorough examination of the designated area or sector by search groups, which are supplied with stretchers, military medical bags (one per group), special straps for extracting victims from hard-to-reach places and medical capes. The search should begin from areas located closer to the epicenter of the explosion, where there are victims with the most severe, mostly combined lesions. When searching, special attention is paid to areas of the area where there could be a concentration of people. First of all, trenches, communication passages, dugouts, shelters, military equipment, hollows, beams, ravines, gorges, forest areas, destroyed and damaged buildings are examined.

122. When examining smoky premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding on to the rope intended for communication with him, enters the smoky premises. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, you need to ask loudly: “Who is here?”, Listen carefully for groans, requests for help. If the corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to the high temperature, then for the removal (exit) of people arrange passages using windows, balconies, openings in the walls of buildings. The sequence of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.

123. Search groups, having found the victims, provide them with first aid. It includes:

Extraction of victims from under the rubble and from hard-to-reach places;

Extinguishing burning clothes; stop external bleeding;

The imposition of aseptic dressings; putting on a respirator;

Immobilization of fractures; the introduction of analgesic, radioprotective and antiemetic drugs;

Carrying out partial sanitization; establishing the order of removal (export) of the affected and their evacuation from the contaminated territory.

124. You can put out burning clothes on the victim in one of the following ways: cover them with sand, earth, snow; close the burning area with a combined-arms protective raincoat, overcoat, cape; to fill with water; press the burning areas to the ground.

125. To combat manifestations of a primary reaction to radiation, an antiemetic is taken - etaperazine (one tablet) from an individual first-aid kit. If there is a danger of further exposure (in the case of radioactive contamination of the area), the radioprotective agent cystamine is taken.

126. Partial sanitization in case of contamination with radioactive substances consists in the mechanical removal of radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniforms, skin and respiratory protection. It is carried out directly in the infection zone and after leaving the zone. The caregiver should be located in relation to the victim on the leeward side.

127. In the contaminated zone, they shake off or sweep away radioactive dust from uniforms (protective equipment) and shoes with the help of improvised means, trying not to cause additional pain to the affected person. From open areas of the body (face, hands, neck, ears), radioactive substances are removed by flushing with clean water from a flask.

128. Outside the zone of infection, repeated partial sanitization is carried out and respiratory protective equipment is removed. To remove radioactive substances from the mouth, nose, eyes, rinse the victim's mouth with water, wipe the external openings of the nose with a damp cloth, and rinse the eyes with water.

129. Prevention of overexposure of personnel of search and rescue groups is carried out by limiting the time of work in areas with high levels of radiation, based on the radiation dose established by the commander.

130. First aid in case of defeat by chemical weapons. The basis of chemical weapons is toxic substances (S). The chemical agents currently in service with many armies can be divided into groups of nerve agents (sarin, soman, substances of the V-X type), blister agents (mustard gas, lewisite), asphyxiant (phosgene, diphosgene), general poisonous (hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives - cyanides), irritating (chloroacetophenone, substances C-Es and C-Ar), psychochemical (substance B-Z) action. The high toxicity and rapid action of modern agents necessitate the timely use of personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and medical personal protective equipment (anti-chemical packages, antidotes).

131. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by chemical weapons, medical and evacuation measures are taken. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

132. The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy to protect against the lethal action of the agents must use personal protective equipment: a filtering gas mask for respiratory protection and insulating type skin protection products. 30–40 minutes before entering the chemical lesion, open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck) are treated with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package IPP-10. Before entering the focus of chemical damage to nerve agents, the personnel must take the prophylactic antidote "preparation P-10M" in advance (taken 1 tablet 30–60 minutes before entering the infection zone, the protective action time is 16–20 hours).

133. First aid in case of damage by chemical weapons is aimed at eliminating the initial signs of damage to the agents and preventing the development of severe injuries.

134. The main task in providing first aid to the affected OV is to stop the further ingress of poison into the body of the victims, which is achieved by putting on gas masks on those affected who do not wear them, checking the serviceability of the worn gas masks, if necessary, replacing them, carrying out partial sanitization and covering with protective raincoat, as well as the immediate application of antidotes (antidotes). In case of contact with the unprotected skin of the face, the gas mask is put on the affected person only after the skin has been treated with an IPP degassing liquid. After carrying out these measures (if the affected person has a wound, burns or other injury), the assisting person is obliged to carry out other first aid measures (stopping bleeding, applying a bandage, etc.).

Rice. 8.1. Preparation for putting on a gas mask on the affected, unconscious
Rice. 8.2. Putting on a gas mask on the affected, unconscious

135. In the zone of infection, first aid includes: putting on (replacing a faulty) gas mask; immediate use of antidotes; carrying out partial sanitization; the fastest exit (removal) from the focus.

136. Outside the zone of infection: re-introduction of antidotes (if necessary); artificial induction of vomiting in case of poisoning with contaminated water and food (“tubeless” gastric lavage); plentiful washing of the eyes with water, rinsing the mouth and nasopharynx; processing uniforms, equipment and footwear using a degassing bag of powder DPP or a degassing bag of silica gel DPS-1 to eliminate the desorption of OM from clothes.

137. When putting on a gas mask on an injured person, taking into account the combat situation, the condition and nature of the wound, it is necessary to put (plant) the injured person as conveniently as possible, restore airway patency.

138. In order to put on a gas mask, the affected person must: remove the headgear, and with the chin strap down, fold the headgear back; remove the gas mask from the gas mask bag of the affected person, take the helmet-mask with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are outside and the rest are inside it; put the lower part of the helmet-mask under the chin of the affected person and, with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, put the helmet-mask on the head so that there are no wrinkles, and the glasses of the glasses fall against the eyes; eliminate distortion and folds if they were formed when putting on a helmet-mask; put on a headdress.

A gas mask is put on a seriously wounded, struck, unconscious person as follows: after laying down the wounded, struck, they take off his headgear, then take out a helmet-mask from the bag, bring it to the face of the wounded man and put it on him. After this, the wounded should be put comfortably.

139. The serviceability of the gas mask worn on the affected person is checked by examining the integrity of the helmet-mask of the valve box, filter-absorbing box. When examining the helmet-mask, the integrity of the goggles, the rubber part of the helmet-mask and the strength of its connection with the valve box are checked.

140. A defective gas mask in an injured person is replaced with a serviceable one as follows. The caregiver places the victim between his legs. Having taken off a spare gas mask, he takes out a helmet-mask from a gas mask bag and puts it on the chest or stomach of the affected person; then he raises the head of the affected person, puts it on his stomach, removes the faulty gas mask from the affected person, takes the helmet-mask of the spare gas mask, straightens it with five fingers, putting them inside the helmet-mask (the head of the injured person should lie between the hands of the orderly), puts on the helmet- a mask on the chin of the affected person and pulls it over his head; in the infected zone, this must be done quickly so that the affected person inhales less poisoned air.

141. Antidote of Athens is used to provide first aid to the affected nerve agents. It is administered by an orderly in the following cases: at the direction of the commander; on their own initiative, when they appear on the battlefield affected with symptoms of poisoning (narrowing of the pupil, salivation, profuse sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, severe convulsions).

142. Athens is contained in an individual first aid kit (AI) and a military medical bag (SMV) in a syringe tube with a red cap. A single-use syringe tube contains 1 ml of an antidote solution, which is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously in 1 ml increments, if necessary, re-introduced at the same dose.

143. To draw an antidote from a syringe-tube, holding it in one hand, grasp the ribbed rim with the other and, turning it, move it towards the tube until it stops, so that the inner end of the needle pierces the membrane of the tube. Remove cap. Without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into the soft tissues of the anterior surface of the thigh or into the upper part of the buttock (it is possible through uniforms). Then, slowly squeezing the case with your fingers, insert its contents and, without opening your fingers, remove the needle. After the introduction of the antidote, a cap is put on the needle, and the used syringe tube is inserted into the pocket of the victim.

144. In case of poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides, it is necessary to introduce an inhalation antidote (amyl nitrite): crush the neck of the ampoule enclosed in a gauze swab and place the ampoule in the mask space of the gas mask; or intramuscularly inject 1 ml of a 20% anticyan solution.

145. When affected by irritating agents, when pain and irritation of the eyes appear, a tickling sensation in the nose and throat, cough, chest pain, nausea, one should put 1-2 ampoules of ficilin crushed in a gauze case under the helmet-mask behind the ear and inhale until until the pain subsides.

146. Partial sanitization in case of infection with OV consists in the treatment of open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck), uniforms adjacent to them (collar, sleeve cuffs) and the front of the gas mask with the contents of an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8, IPP-10) .

147. In case of contamination with OS, partial sanitization is carried out immediately. If the affected person did not have time to put on a gas mask, his face is quickly treated with the contents of the PPI. For this purpose, the shell of the IPP-8 package is opened, the tampon is removed, the bottle cap is unscrewed, the tampon is abundantly moistened with degassing liquid, the skin and the inner surface of the front part of the gas mask are wiped and put on the victim. To prevent the liquid from getting into the eyes, the skin in this area is wiped with a dry swab. After treating the exposed areas of the skin with the same swab, additionally moistened with liquid from the bag, the cuffs and edges of the collar adjacent to the skin are treated. IPP-10 is opened by turning the cap and pressing it, the formulation (10–15 ml) is poured into the palm of the right hand.

148. Before applying a bandage to wounds located in open areas of the body, the skin around the wounds is also treated with PPI fluid.

149. To prevent desorption (evaporation) of OM from uniforms, equipment and footwear, they are treated outside the contamination zone using a powder degassing bag (DPP) or a silica gel degassing bag (DPS-1).

150. A degassing powder bag consists of a plastic bag-brush with holes, two packages with a polydegassing powder formulation, a rubber band and a packaging bag with a memo. To use it, it is necessary to open the packaging with the recipe and pour its contents into a brush bag, bend the top edge of the bag and tuck it several times to prevent spilling the recipe, fix the bag in the palm of your hand, with the brush up, using a rubber band.

151. Silica gel degassing bag is a plastic bag, one of the sides of which has a fabric (gauze) membrane inside. The package is equipped with a degassing powder formulation. To prepare the package for use, it is necessary to open it with a thread.

152. To process uniforms, it is necessary: ​​by lightly tapping the bag on the surface of uniforms, equipment and shoes, powder them without gaps, while rubbing the powder into the fabric with a brush (bag); processing of uniforms should be started from the shoulders, forearms, chest, then down, while paying special attention to the processing of hard-to-reach places (under the armpits, belt, strap and gas mask bag); winter uniforms are especially carefully processed not only from the outside, but also from the inside; 10 minutes after the end of the treatment, the powder is shaken off together with the absorbed agent with a brush.

Rice. 8.3. Powder degassing package
Rice. 8.4. Silica gel degassing bag

153. The affected are subject to immediate withdrawal (removal) from the contaminated area. The removal is carried out by the personnel of the search groups, dressed in personal protective equipment.

154. Prevention of damage to personnel by biological means. Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, by drinking contaminated water and food, by microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burn surfaces, by being bitten by infected insects, and also by contact with sick people, animals, infected objects and not only at the time of the use of biological agents, but also after a long time after their use, if the personnel were not sanitized.

155. Common features of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.

156. Direct protection of personnel in the event of the use of biological weapons by the enemy is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency prophylactic equipment available in individual first-aid kits.

157. Personnel located in the focus of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons and military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the focus of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to come into contact with the personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property to them; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

First aid in case of defeat by nuclear weapons. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by nuclear weapons, rescue and medical evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy must take a radioprotective drug and an antiemetic before entering the lesion site. To protect against external and internal contamination by products of a nuclear explosion, respiratory protection equipment (filtering gas masks and respirators) and skin protection equipment of a filtering and insulating type are used.

The focus of destruction is conditionally divided into sectors, with each squad receiving a site, and several soldiers (search group) - an object. The search for victims is carried out by a detour (detour) and a thorough examination of the designated area or sector by search groups, which are supplied with stretchers, military medical bags (one per group), special straps for extracting victims from hard-to-reach places and medical capes. The search should begin from areas located closer to the epicenter of the explosion, where there are victims with the most severe, mostly combined lesions. When searching, special attention is paid to areas of the area where there could be a concentration of people. First of all, trenches, communication passages, dugouts, shelters, military equipment, hollows, beams, ravines, gorges, forest areas, destroyed and damaged buildings are examined.

When examining smoky premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding onto a rope designed to communicate with him, enters the smoky room. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, you need to ask loudly: “Who is here?”, Listen carefully for groans, requests for help. If the corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to the high temperature, then for the removal (exit) of people arrange passages using windows, balconies, openings in the walls of buildings. The sequence of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.

Search groups, having found the victims, provide them with first aid. It includes: extracting victims from under the rubble and from hard-to-reach places; extinguishing burning clothes; stop external bleeding; the imposition of aseptic dressings; putting on a respirator; immobilization of fractures; the introduction of analgesic, radioprotective and antiemetic drugs; carrying out partial sanitization; establishing the order of removal (export) of the affected and their evacuation from the contaminated territory.

You can extinguish burning clothes on the victim in one of the following ways: cover them with sand, earth, snow; close the burning area with a combined-arms protective raincoat, overcoat, cape; to fill with water; press the burning areas to the ground.

To combat the manifestations of the primary reaction to radiation, an antiemetic is taken from the individual first-aid kit. If there is a danger of further exposure (in the case of radioactive contamination of the area), a radioprotective agent is taken.

Partial sanitization in case of contamination with radioactive substances consists in the mechanical removal of radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniforms, skin and respiratory protection. It is carried out directly in the infection zone and after leaving the zone. The caregiver should be located in relation to the victim on the leeward side.

In the contamination zone, radioactive dust is shaken off or swept away with the help of improvised means from uniforms (protective equipment) and shoes, trying not to cause additional pain to the affected person. From open areas of the body (face, hands, neck, ears), radioactive substances are removed by flushing with clean water from a flask.

Outside the zone of infection, repeated partial sanitization is carried out and respiratory protection equipment is removed. To remove radioactive substances from the mouth, nose, eyes, rinse the victim's mouth with water, wipe the external openings of the nose with a damp cloth, and rinse the eyes with water.

The prevention of overexposure of personnel of search and rescue groups is carried out by limiting the time of work in areas with high levels of radiation, based on the radiation dose established by the commander.

First aid in the event of a chemical attack. Chemical weapons are based on toxic chemicals. The high toxicity and rapidity of their action necessitate the timely use of personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and medical personal protective equipment (anti-chemical packages, antidotes).

In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by chemical weapons, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy to protect against the damaging effects of chemical weapons must use personal protective equipment: a filtering gas mask for respiratory protection and insulating type skin protection products. 30-40 minutes before entering the chemical lesion, open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck) are treated with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package IPP-11. Before entering the focus of chemical damage to nerve agents, personnel must take a prophylactic antidote in advance.

First aid in case of damage by chemical weapons is aimed at eliminating the initial signs of damage and preventing the development of severe lesions.

The main task of providing first aid in case of damage by chemical weapons is to stop the further flow of poison into the body of the victims, which is achieved by putting on gas masks on those affected who do not wear them, checking the serviceability of the worn gas masks, if necessary, replacing them, carrying out partial sanitization and covering with a protective raincoat , as well as the immediate use of antidotes (antidotes). If toxic chemicals come into contact with unprotected facial skin, the gas mask is put on the affected person only after the skin has been treated with the IPP-11 degassing liquid. After carrying out these measures (if the affected person has a wound, burns or other injury), the assisting person is obliged to carry out other first aid measures (stopping bleeding, applying a bandage, etc.).

In the zone of infection, first aid includes: putting on (replacing a faulty) gas mask; immediate use of antidotes; carrying out partial sanitization; the fastest exit (removal) from the focus.

Outside the infection zone: re-introduction of antidotes (if necessary); artificial induction of vomiting in case of poisoning with contaminated water and food (“tubeless” gastric lavage); plentiful washing of the eyes with water, rinsing the mouth and nasopharynx; processing uniforms, equipment and shoes using a degassing bag of powder DPP or a degassing bag of silica gel DPS-1 to eliminate the desorption of toxic chemicals from clothes.

When putting on a gas mask on the affected person, it is necessary, taking into account the combat situation, the condition and nature of the wound, to put (plant) the affected person as conveniently as possible.

To put on a gas mask, a person affected by toxic chemicals must: remove the headgear, and with the chin strap down, fold the headgear back; remove the gas mask from the gas mask bag of the affected person, take the helmet-mask with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are outside and the rest are inside it; put the lower part of the helmet-mask under the chin of the affected person and, with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, put the helmet-mask on the head so that there are no wrinkles, and the glasses of the glasses fall against the eyes; eliminate distortion and folds if they were formed when putting on a helmet-mask; put on a headdress.

A gas mask is put on a seriously wounded, struck, unconscious person as follows: after laying down the wounded, struck, they take off his headgear, then take out a helmet-mask from the bag, bring it to the face of the wounded man and put it on him. After this, the wounded should be put comfortably.

The serviceability of the gas mask worn on the affected person is checked by examining the integrity of the helmet-mask, valve box, filter-absorbing box. When examining the helmet-mask, the integrity of the goggles, the rubber part of the helmet-mask and the strength of its connection with the valve box are checked.

A defective gas mask in the affected person is replaced with a serviceable one as follows. The caregiver places the victim between his legs. Having taken off a spare gas mask, he takes out a helmet-mask from a gas mask bag and puts it on the chest or stomach of the affected person; then he raises the head of the affected person, puts it on his stomach, removes the faulty gas mask from the affected person, takes the helmet-mask of the spare gas mask, straightens it with five fingers, putting them inside the helmet-mask (the head of the injured person should lie between the hands of the orderly), puts on the helmet- a mask on the chin of the affected person and pulls it over his head; in the infected zone, this must be done quickly so that the affected person inhales less poisoned air.

An antidote is used to provide first aid to those affected by toxic nerve chemicals. It is administered by an orderly in the following cases: at the direction of the commander; on their own initiative, when they appear on the battlefield affected with symptoms of poisoning (narrowing of the pupil, salivation, profuse sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, severe convulsions).

To administer the antidote from the syringe tube, hold it in one hand, take the ribbed rim with the other and, turning it, move it towards the tube until it stops, so that the tube membrane is pierced with the inner end of the needle. Remove cap. Without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into the soft tissues of the anterior surface of the thigh or into the upper part of the buttock (it is possible through uniforms). Then, slowly squeezing the case with your fingers, insert its contents and, without opening your fingers, remove the needle. After the introduction of the antidote, a cap is put on the needle, and the used syringe tube is inserted into the pocket of the victim.

In case of poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides, it is necessary to introduce an inhalation antidote: crush the neck of the ampoule enclosed in a gauze swab and place the ampoule in the mask space of the gas mask.

In case of damage by irritating toxic chemicals, when pain and irritation of the eyes appear, a tickling sensation in the nose and throat, cough, chest pain, nausea, you need to put 1-2 ampoules of ficilin crushed in a gauze case under the helmet-mask behind the ear and inhale until until the pain subsides.

Partial sanitization in case of infection with chemical weapons consists in treating open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck), uniforms adjacent to them (collar, sleeve cuffs) and the front of the gas mask with the contents of an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-11).

When contaminated with toxic chemicals, partial sanitization is carried out immediately. If the victim did not have time to put on a gas mask, his face is quickly treated with the contents of IPP-11. For these purposes, in accordance with the instructions, the shell of the IPP-11 package is opened.

To prevent desorption (evaporation) of toxic chemicals from uniforms, equipment and footwear, they are treated outside the contamination zone using a powder degassing bag (DPP) or a silica gel degassing bag (DPS-1).

Powder degassing package consists of a plastic brush bag with holes, two packs with a polydegassing powder formula, a rubber band and a packing bag with a reminder. To use it, it is necessary to open the packaging with the recipe and pour its contents into a brush bag, bend the top edge of the bag and tuck it several times to prevent spilling the recipe, fix the bag in the palm of your hand, with the brush up, using a rubber band.

Silica gel degassing bag is a plastic bag, one of the sides of which has a fabric (gauze) membrane inside. The package is equipped with a degassing powder formulation. To prepare the package for use, it is necessary to open it with a thread.

To process uniforms, it is necessary: ​​by lightly tapping the bag on the surface of uniforms, equipment and shoes, powder them without gaps, while rubbing the powder into the fabric with a brush (bag); processing of uniforms should be started from the shoulders, forearms, chest, then down, while paying special attention to the processing of hard-to-reach places (under the armpits, belt, strap and gas mask bag); winter uniforms are especially carefully processed not only from the outside, but also from the inside; 10 minutes after the end of the treatment, the powder is shaken off together with the absorbed agent with a brush.

The affected are subject to immediate withdrawal (removal) from the contaminated area. The removal is carried out by the personnel of the search groups, dressed in personal protective equipment.

Prevention of damage to personnel by biological means. Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, by drinking contaminated water and food, by microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burn surfaces, by being bitten by infected insects, and also by contact with sick people, animals, infected objects and not only at the time of the use of biological agents, but also after a long time after their use, if the personnel were not sanitized.

Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.

Direct protection of personnel in the event of the use of biological weapons by the enemy is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency prophylaxis equipment available in individual first-aid kits.

Personnel located in the focus of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons and military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the focus of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to come into contact with the personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property to them; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

FIRST AID FOR BURNS, Frostbite,
ELECTRIC SHOCK, DROWNING AND POISONING

First aid for burns. Burn damage to body tissues caused by heat (thermal burns) or chemicals (chemical burns) is called tissue damage.

The severity of the burn is determined by the depth and size of the damaged body surface: the deeper the tissue damage during a burn, the larger the burnt surface, the more severe the burn (Fig. 98).

Burns from napalm and other incendiary mixtures are characterized by particular severity. The burning fire mixture easily sticks to the body and objects, practically does not spread over the surface, burns slowly, causing deep thermal burns. Often these burns are accompanied by severe carbon monoxide poisoning, which is formed during the incomplete combustion of the hot mixture.




Rice. 98. Classification of burns by severity

When providing first aid for burns, it is necessary to remove the victim from the place of exposure to the source that caused the burn, and quickly tear off burning clothes from him or wrap him up in an overcoat, raincoat or some other material. Fire can be extinguished with water, and in winter with snow, by throwing them on burning clothes or, if possible, by rolling in the snow and burrowing into it.

Put a bandage on the burnt surface using an individual dressing bag, after removing burnt clothes from the victim. If clothing is stuck to the burned area of ​​the body, it must not be torn off. The bandage in this case is applied over the adhering clothes. It is impossible to open the bubbles formed on the burnt place. With significant burns of the limbs and trunk, it is necessary to create a good immobilization of the burnt areas.

The burnt person is injected under the skin with an analgesic agent from the individual first aid kit (AI). If possible, the victim should be wrapped warmly, provided with plenty of fluids and sent to the nearest medical center.

emergence frostbite largely depends not only on the duration of the cold, but also on exposure to moist air, cold wind, excessive sweating of the legs, wearing wet clothes and shoes, prolonged exposure to cold water, blood loss, forced immobility, etc. At low temperatures Frostbite can occur when touching metal parts, appliances, weapons and tools with bare hands.

If there are no blisters on the skin during frostbite, you should rub the frostbitten areas of the body well with your hand or a soft cloth. When rubbing snow should not be used, as this can damage the skin and introduce an infection. Simultaneously with rubbing, it is necessary to force the victim to make active movements with his fingers, hand, foot. Rubbing is continued until visible redness of the frostbitten skin area. If necessary, apply a sterile dressing. Recovery occurs in 5-7 days.

If blisters appear on the skin of frostbitten areas of the body, it is necessary to apply a bandage and send the victim to a medical center. To reduce pain during transportation, an analgesic agent is introduced from an individual first-aid kit, splints from improvised material are applied to frostbitten limbs.

General freezing is accompanied by a significant decrease in body temperature. Lethargy appears, speech and movements slow down. In this state, people tend to fall asleep and lose consciousness. Due to the continued decrease in body temperature, respiration and cardiac activity first weaken, and then stop. There comes the so-called clinical death. To save the victim, you should immediately take him to a warm room and take all measures to warm him up. In the absence of breathing and cardiac activity, perform artificial respiration and chest compressions.

With lungs electric shock fainting occurs. Moderate lesions are accompanied by general convulsions, loss of consciousness and a sharp weakening of breathing and cardiac activity.

First aid for electrical injury consists in the urgent release of the victim from the action of electric current: it is necessary to turn off the switch (switches) or, standing on a dry wooden board, a bundle of dry clothes, a piece of glass or rubber, chop the conductor with an ax, a sapper shovel with a dry wooden handle, or discard the conductor with a dry stick, or drag the victim away with hands wrapped in a piece of cloth (overalls, overcoat, etc.). After that, start artificial respiration (“mouth to mouth”) and indirect manual heart massage and carry out these activities until spontaneous breathing appears.

First aid for drowning. Immediately after removing the victim from the water, they immediately begin to free the airways from water and foreign objects (sand, vegetation, etc.). To do this, the caregiver puts the victim on his thigh with his knee bent so that his head and torso hang down, and presses his hand on his back until water continues to flow out. The release of the oral cavity from silt, sand, grass is done with a finger wrapped in a handkerchief (any fabric), after the convulsively clenched jaws are separated by some object and a wedge is inserted between them (a piece of wood, rubber, a handkerchief knot, etc. . P.). In order to avoid falling of the tongue, which can close the entrance to the larynx, it is pulled out of the mouth and held with a loop made of a bandage, a handkerchief, etc. To save time, the listed activities must be done simultaneously. After that, they begin to carry out artificial respiration ("mouth to mouth" or "mouth to nose"). If the victim does not have a heartbeat, an external closed heart massage is performed simultaneously with artificial respiration.

Antifreeze poisoning. In appearance, taste and smell, antifreeze resembles an alcoholic beverage. 50-100 g of drunk antifreeze cause fatal poisoning. After antifreeze gets inside, signs of typical alcohol intoxication are observed, after which excitement or (more often) depression, drowsiness, lethargy, cyanosis of the skin, cold extremities, numbness of the fingers, coordination disorder, thirst, abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of consciousness. In case of severe poisoning, death occurs within 5-6 hours.

First aid consists in freeing the stomach of the victim from antifreeze by inducing vomiting by irritating one or two fingers of the pharyngeal mucosa. You can first give the victim to drink 4-5 glasses of water before this. When fainting, it is necessary to inhale ammonia. After providing first aid, the victim must be taken to the nearest medical center.

Methyl alcohol poisoning. Methyl alcohol (wood alcohol, methanol) is part of some antifreezes and is widely used as a solvent. Most cases of poisoning are associated with erroneous ingestion. When ingested, 7-10 g causes poisoning, and 50-100 g - death. Signs of poisoning do not develop immediately, but after 1-2 hours or even after 2 days. Initially, there is a state resembling alcohol intoxication, followed by a period of imaginary well-being for several hours. After that, there are general malaise, dizziness, drowsiness, vomiting, complaints of visual impairment (fog, darkening in the eyes), which, progressing, invariably leads to significant loss of vision or complete blindness.

When providing first aid, it is necessary, first of all, to induce vomiting (washing should be done repeatedly immediately after poisoning and subsequently during the day). If necessary, perform artificial respiration. After providing first aid, immediately take the victim to the medical center.

Leaded gasoline poisoning. Leaded gasoline has the ability to be easily absorbed even through intact skin, accumulating in the body. The symptoms that develop in acute poisoning are associated with impaired activity of the nervous system. In the affected, there are signs of mental disorders, aggressiveness, agitation, visual and auditory hallucinations, gastrointestinal disorders, a feeling of the presence of a foreign body in the mouth (hair, wires, etc.). In chronic poisoning, patients complain of headaches, sleep disturbance, sweating, fatigue, loss of appetite.

When providing first aid, leaded gasoline that has come into contact with the skin must be removed with a rag (if possible, moistened with kerosene), and then washed with soap and water. If a significant part of the body is flooded with gasoline, clothing should be removed immediately. In case of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, rinse them with clean water or 2% soda solution. If leaded gasoline is swallowed, it is necessary to repeatedly induce vomiting after drinking plenty of water.

Dichloroethane poisoning. Dichloroethane is used as a solvent. It enters the body through the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract and through damaged skin. When ingested, dizziness, sweating, vomiting with an admixture of bile, cyanosis of the skin, blackout of consciousness appear after 5-10 minutes. First aid should be provided as quickly as possible. In order to remove dichloroethane from the stomach, it is necessary to induce vomiting after drinking plenty of water. In case of fainting and respiratory failure, give ammonia to sniff.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) poisoning which is formed during the incomplete combustion of various substances. There is especially a lot of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines and in powder gases. Carbon monoxide has no color, no smell, no taste, therefore it is especially dangerous, since poisoning occurs imperceptibly. The victim develops a throbbing headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, tinnitus. In more severe cases, there is a sharp muscle weakness, vomiting, convulsions, loss of consciousness.

First aid: in mild cases of poisoning, remove or take the victim to clean air. If this cannot be done, then open hatches, doors, windows or put on a gas mask with a hopkalite cartridge. In more severe forms of poisoning, in case of respiratory arrest, artificial respiration is immediately started. To excite breathing, it is necessary to inhale ammonia from a crushed ampoule. After the restoration of breathing, the victim should be taken to the medical center.

"APPROVE"

Commander of military unit 5580

Major General Yu.I. Boynov

"____" August 2007

PLAN - C O N S P E C T

conducting military medical training

with reserve officers of the FSB of Russia.

TOPIC №3: "First aid in case of defeat by nuclear, chemical and biological weapons"

EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES:

Bring to the attention of military personnel the basic principles of engagement with nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.

LEARNING QUESTIONS:

1. First aid in case of defeat by nuclear weapons

2. First aid in case of damage by chemical weapons.

3. First aid in case of defeat by biological weapons.

PLACE: Class

TIME: 50 min

FORM (METHOD) OF CARRYING OUT: Lecture.

TEACHING AIDS AND MATERIAL SUPPORT:

1. Textbook for sanitary instructors.

2. Directory of a military doctor.

Carrying out work to assist the defeat is primarily the task of the personnel of the units. The subdivisions include: a paramedic or sanitary instructor, sappers and dosimetrist chemists. They are provided with dressings, tourniquets, stretchers, necessary medicines.

For a successful search for the affected, the area is divided into sectors, the search is carried out purposefully - in cracks, trenches, trenches.

The tasks of the sanitary instructor are:

1. the correct organization of first aid for the injured, taking into account the number, severity of the injury, and the radiation situation;

2. organization of evacuation of those affected by honey. paragraph. The place of collection of the affected is indicated by distinctive signs that are visible at any time of the day.

The sanitary instructor chooses the areas of the greatest concentration of seriously affected people as the place of his stay and is directly involved in first aid. Stopping bleeding, applying bandages and immobilizing fractures should be done first.

In the focus of air nuclear explosions, the levels of radiation on the ground do not prevent the provision of first aid to the injured in the maximum amount, including:

Temporary stoppage of blood with a tourniquet;

Applying bandages to wounds and burns;

The imposition of a hermetic bandage for chest wounds, with open pneumothorax;

Immobilization of fractures;

The introduction of painkillers using a syringe tube;

Giving anti-shock drugs and antibiotics.

The volume of first aid for those injured in the focus of an air nuclear explosion depends mainly on the number of those injured, the availability of forces and means in the rescue team, and also on the combat situation.

First aid to the injured, evacuated from places of intense radioactive contamination, should be provided in areas with a radiation level that allows personnel to perform them without the risk of overexposure. Areas for first aid are established by a sanitary instructor and a chemical dosimetrist.

All the affected, evacuated from areas contaminated with radioactive substances, are partially sanitized.

FIRST AID FOR CHEMICAL WEAPONS.

Poisonous substances (OS) are chemical compounds used to defeat and incapacitate manpower.

Organophosphorus poisonous substances (OPS) are the most dangerous substances of all. Entering the body in various ways in minimal quantities, they quickly paralyze nervous system, in connection with which they are also called nervous or nerve agents.

Mild FOV injury:

With short-term exposure to FOV in small amounts - concentrations, pupil constriction quickly occurs, vision weakens sharply, general weakness, feelings of tightness in the chest, runny nose and salivation. These phenomena pass within 2-5 days and the affected person recovers.

With the defeat of FOV of moderate severity:

There are attacks of suffocation, convulsions of individual muscle groups, a sharp narrowing of the pupil, accompanied by headaches, a feeling of fear, anxiety, often vomiting, after 5-10 days these phenomena disappear.

For severe FOV:

There is anxiety, recurring seizures, pressure rises sharply, and then decreases, the pulse becomes rare, breathing quickens, becomes irregular. At the time of convulsions respiratory movements stop, the mucous membranes become cyanotic, there is a strong salivation. Death may occur as a result of paralysis of the respiratory and vasomotor centers.

First aid for the defeat of FOV.

First of all, it is necessary to put on a gas mask on the affected person and immediately inject an antidote intramuscularly from a syringe-tube (antidote FOV).

If breathing is disturbed or stopped, artificial respiration should be given.

If a drop-liquid FOV gets on open areas of the body or on uniforms, it is urgent to perform partial sanitization (degassing) using a special anti-chemical package (IPP).

If FOV enters the stomach, it is necessary to immediately induce vomiting in the affected person (irritating the pharynx with your fingers), inject an antidote intramuscularly from a syringe-tube.

Hydrocyanic acid: or hydrogen cyanide, colorless light volatile liquid with a smell of bitter almonds.

First aid for hydrocyanic acid damage.

Immediately put on a gas mask on the affected person and immediately let the antidote be inhaled (crush the ampoule with amyl nitrite). If the victim has stopped breathing, perform artificial respiration and at the same time give inhalation of amyl nitrite. When the affected person's breathing is restored, send to the medical center.

Cyanogen chloride: a colorless, volatile liquid with a pungent, irritating odor. Poorly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, gasoline). The defeat occurs as a result of inhalation of air contaminated with cyanogen chloride vapor.

Small concentrations cause lacrimation, photophobia, coughing, at high concentrations inflammation of the respiratory tract and pulmonary edema appear.

First aid in case of damage by cyanogen chloride.

In case of damage by cyanogen chloride, first of all, an antidote of hydrocyanic acid (amyl nitrite, etc.) is used, and then measures are taken to eliminate irritation of the mucous membranes (anti-smoke mixture, washing and combating possible pulmonary edema).

Carbon monoxide ( carbon monoxide): a colorless and odorless gas, it is lighter than air, it burns with a blue flame.

The defeat of the body by carbon monoxide occurs as a result of inhalation of air poisoned by it. Entering the lungs and then into the blood, carbon monoxide reacts with hemoglobin and forms carboxyhemoglobin, which does not have the ability to deliver oxygen to cells, resulting in oxygen starvation organism. In case of poisoning, vomiting occurs, breathing becomes rare, sometimes convulsive. With symptoms of respiratory arrest and cardiac activity, death may occur.

First aid for carbon monoxide damage.

Quickly remove the affected person from the poisoned atmosphere, free from restrictive clothing, loosen the collar of the tunic, the belt of trousers, etc. To stimulate breathing, it is recommended to inhale ammonia from a crushed ampoule.

If the situation does not allow the affected person to be removed from the infected area, urgently put on a gas mask with a hopcalite cartridge (a conventional gas mask does not retain carbon monoxide).

The lightly affected, after the disappearance of their symptoms of poisoning, are usually left in the unit.

SYRINGE-TUBE AI-1.

The syringe-tube consists of a body, which is a thin-walled plastic vessel, on the neck of which a cannula with an injection needle is screwed. The needle of the syringe tube is sterile and protected by a cap, which is tightly put on the cannula.

The syringe tube is intended for single-use subcutaneous or intramuscular injection medicines.

Without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into the muscle of the anterior outer thigh or upper outer buttock. Then, gradually squeezing the tube with your fingers, squeeze out medicinal solution and without opening your fingers, remove the needle.

An individual anti-chemical package consists of a glass vial with a degassing liquid and four cotton-gauze swabs. The liquid in the package is poisonous and dangerous to the eyes. PPI does not have disinfectant properties.

Rules for the use of the IPP.

Open the package shell, remove the tampon, moisten the tampon abundantly with degassing liquid from the vial. With a moistened swab, wipe the exposed skin and the outer surface of the front of the gas mask. Then moisten the swab again and wipe the collar and edges of the uniform cuffs with it. Put on protective gloves and put the IPP in the pocket of the gas mask bag.

When assisting the affected, it is necessary to treat the face with a swab moistened with the contents of the vial, protecting the eyes from the ingress of degassing liquid. Then treat the skin areas (hands, neck) and the edges of the uniform adjacent to them, as described above.

VIII. FEATURES OF FIRST AID FOR AFFECTED NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

119. First aid in case of defeat by nuclear weapons. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by nuclear weapons, rescue and medical evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

120. The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy 30–40 minutes before entering the lesion site must take a radioprotective drug (cystamine) and an antiemetic (etaperazine). To protect against external and internal contamination by products of a nuclear explosion, respiratory protection equipment (filtering gas masks and respirators) and skin protection equipment of a filtering and insulating type are used.

121. The focus of destruction is conditionally divided into sectors, with each squad receiving a site, and several soldiers (search group) - an object. The search for victims is carried out by a detour (detour) and a thorough examination of the designated area or sector by search groups, which are supplied with stretchers, military medical bags (one per group), special straps for extracting victims from hard-to-reach places and medical capes. The search should begin from areas located closer to the epicenter of the explosion, where there are victims with the most severe, mostly combined lesions. When searching, special attention is paid to areas of the area where there could be a concentration of people. First of all, trenches, communication passages, dugouts, shelters, military equipment, hollows, beams, ravines, gorges, forest areas, destroyed and damaged buildings are examined.

122. When examining smoky premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding onto a rope designed to communicate with him, enters the smoky room. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, you need to ask loudly: “Who is here?”, Listen carefully for groans, requests for help. If the corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to the high temperature, then for the removal (exit) of people arrange passages using windows, balconies, openings in the walls of buildings. The sequence of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.

123. Search groups, having found the victims, provide them with first aid. It includes:

Extraction of victims from under the rubble and from hard-to-reach places;

Extinguishing burning clothes; stop external bleeding;

The imposition of aseptic dressings; putting on a respirator;

Immobilization of fractures; the introduction of analgesic, radioprotective and antiemetic drugs;

Carrying out partial sanitization; establishing the order of removal (export) of the affected and their evacuation from the contaminated territory.

124. You can extinguish burning clothes on the victim in one of the following ways: cover them with sand, earth, snow; close the burning area with a combined-arms protective raincoat, overcoat, cape; to fill with water; press the burning areas to the ground.

125. To combat the manifestations of the primary reaction to radiation, an antiemetic is taken - etaperazine (one tablet) from an individual first-aid kit. If there is a danger of further exposure (in the case of radioactive contamination of the area), the radioprotective agent cystamine is taken.

126. Partial sanitization in case of contamination with radioactive substances consists in the mechanical removal of radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniforms, skin and respiratory protection. It is carried out directly in the infection zone and after leaving the zone. The caregiver should be located in relation to the victim on the leeward side.

127. In the contamination zone, radioactive dust is shaken off or swept away with the help of improvised means from uniforms (protective equipment) and shoes, trying not to cause additional pain to the affected person. From open areas of the body (face, hands, neck, ears), radioactive substances are removed by flushing with clean water from a flask.

128. Outside the zone of infection, repeated partial sanitization is carried out and respiratory protection equipment is removed. To remove radioactive substances from the mouth, nose, eyes, rinse the victim's mouth with water, wipe the external openings of the nose with a damp cloth, and rinse the eyes with water.

129. The prevention of overexposure of personnel of search and rescue groups is carried out by limiting the time of work in areas with high levels of radiation, based on the radiation dose established by the commander.

130. First aid in case of defeat by chemical weapons. Chemical weapons are based on poisonous substances (OV). The chemical agents currently in service with many armies can be divided into groups of nerve agents (sarin, soman, substances of the V-X type), blister agents (mustard gas, lewisite), asphyxiant (phosgene, diphosgene), general poisonous (hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives - cyanides), irritating (chloroacetophenone, substances C-Es and C-Ar), psychochemical (substance B-Z) action. The high toxicity and rapid action of modern agents necessitate the timely use of personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and medical personal protective equipment (anti-chemical packages, antidotes).

131. In case of damage to the personnel of the troops by chemical weapons, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out in order to search for the wounded and injured, provide them with first aid and evacuate them to medical units (subdivisions). These works are carried out by the personnel of the subunit that has fallen into the affected area, who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue work, the forces and means of senior commanders - detachments for eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy can be sent to the affected area.

132. The personnel of the detachment of liquidation of the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy to protect against the damaging effects of explosive agents must use personal protective equipment: a filtering gas mask for respiratory protection and insulating type skin protection products. 30–40 minutes before entering the chemical lesion, open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck) are treated with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package IPP-10. Before entering the focus of chemical damage to nerve agents, the personnel must take the prophylactic antidote "preparation P-10M" in advance (taken 1 tablet 30–60 minutes before entering the infection zone, the protective action time is 16–20 hours).

133. First aid in case of damage by chemical weapons is aimed at eliminating the initial signs of damage to the agents and preventing the development of severe lesions.

134. The main task in providing first aid to the affected OV is to stop the further entry of poison into the body of the victims, which is achieved by putting on gas masks on those affected who do not have them on, checking the serviceability of the worn gas masks, if necessary, replacing them, carrying out partial sanitization and covering with a protective raincoat, as well as the immediate use of antidotes (antidotes). In case of contact with the unprotected skin of the face, the gas mask is put on the affected person only after the skin has been treated with an IPP degassing liquid. After carrying out these measures (if the affected person has a wound, burns or other injury), the assisting person is obliged to carry out other first aid measures (stopping bleeding, applying a bandage, etc.).

Rice. 8.1. Preparation for putting on a gas mask on the affected, unconscious

Rice. 8.2. Putting on a gas mask on the affected, unconscious

135. In the zone of infection, first aid includes: putting on (replacing a faulty) gas mask; immediate use of antidotes; carrying out partial sanitization; fastest way out per hearth limits.

136. Outside the infection zone: re-introduction of antidotes (if necessary); artificial induction of vomiting in case of poisoning with contaminated water and food (“tubeless” gastric lavage); plentiful washing of the eyes with water, rinsing the mouth and nasopharynx; processing uniforms, equipment and footwear using a degassing bag of powder DPP or a degassing bag of silica gel DPS-1 to eliminate the desorption of OM from clothes.

137. When putting on a gas mask on the affected person, it is necessary, taking into account the combat situation, the condition and nature of the wound, to put (plant) the affected person as conveniently as possible, to restore airway patency.

138. To put on a gas mask, the affected person must: remove the headgear, and with the chin strap lowered, fold the headgear back; remove the gas mask from the gas mask bag of the affected person, take the helmet-mask with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are outside and the rest are inside it; put the lower part of the helmet-mask under the chin of the affected person and, with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, put the helmet-mask on the head so that there are no wrinkles, and the glasses of the glasses fall against the eyes; eliminate distortion and folds if they were formed when putting on a helmet-mask; put on a headdress.

A gas mask is put on a seriously wounded, struck, unconscious person as follows: after laying down the wounded, struck, they take off his headgear, then take out a helmet-mask from the bag, bring it to the face of the wounded man and put it on him. After this, the wounded should be put comfortably.

139. The serviceability of the gas mask worn on the affected person is checked by examining the integrity of the helmet-mask of the valve box, the filter-absorbing box. When examining the helmet-mask, the integrity of the goggles, the rubber part of the helmet-mask and the strength of its connection with the valve box are checked.

140. A defective gas mask in the affected person is replaced with a serviceable one as follows. The caregiver places the victim between his legs. Having taken off a spare gas mask, he takes out a helmet-mask from a gas mask bag and puts it on the chest or stomach of the affected person; then he raises the head of the affected person, puts it on his stomach, removes the faulty gas mask from the affected person, takes the helmet-mask of the spare gas mask, straightens it with five fingers, putting them inside the helmet-mask (the head of the injured person should lie between the hands of the orderly), puts on the helmet- a mask on the chin of the affected person and pulls it over his head; in the infected zone, this must be done quickly so that the affected person inhales less poisoned air.

141. To provide first aid to the affected nerve agents, the antidote of Athens is used. It is administered by an orderly in the following cases: at the direction of the commander; on their own initiative, when they appear on the battlefield affected with symptoms of poisoning (narrowing of the pupil, salivation, profuse sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, severe convulsions).

142. Athens is contained in an individual first aid kit (AI) and a military medical bag (SMV) in a syringe tube with a red cap. A single-use syringe tube contains 1 ml of an antidote solution, which is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously in 1 ml increments, if necessary, re-introduced at the same dose.

143. To administer the antidote from the syringe-tube, it is necessary, holding it in one hand, to take the ribbed rim with the other and, turning it, move it towards the tube until it stops, so that the inner end of the needle pierces the membrane of the tube. Remove cap. Without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into the soft tissues of the anterior surface of the thigh or into the upper part of the buttock (it is possible through uniforms). Then, slowly squeezing the case with your fingers, insert its contents and, without opening your fingers, remove the needle. After the introduction of the antidote, a cap is put on the needle, and the used syringe tube is inserted into the pocket of the victim.

144. In case of poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides, it is necessary to introduce an inhalation antidote (amyl nitrite): crush the neck of the ampoule enclosed in a gauze swab and put the ampoule into the mask space of the gas mask; or intramuscularly inject 1 ml of a 20% anticyan solution.

145. When affected by irritating agents, when pain and irritation of the eyes appear, a feeling of tickling in the nose and throat, coughing, pain behind the sternum, nausea, you need to put 1-2 ampoules of ficilin crushed in a gauze case under the gas mask helmet behind the ear and inhale until the pain subsides.

146. Partial sanitization in case of infection with OS consists in treating open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck), uniforms adjacent to them (collar, sleeve cuffs) and the front of the gas mask with the contents of an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8, IPP-10).

147. When infected with OS partial sanitization is carried out immediately. If the affected person did not have time to put on a gas mask, his face is quickly treated with the contents of the PPI. For this purpose, the shell of the IPP-8 package is opened, the tampon is removed, the bottle cap is unscrewed, the tampon is abundantly moistened with degassing liquid, the skin and the inner surface of the front part of the gas mask are wiped and put on the victim. To prevent the liquid from getting into the eyes, the skin in this area is wiped with a dry swab. After treating the exposed areas of the skin with the same swab, additionally moistened with liquid from the bag, the cuffs and edges of the collar adjacent to the skin are treated. IPP-10 is opened by turning the cap and pressing it, the formulation (10–15 ml) is poured into the palm of the right hand.

148. Before dressing wounds located on open areas of the body, the skin around the wounds is also treated with PPI fluid.

149. To prevent desorption (evaporation) of OM from uniforms, equipment and footwear, they are treated outside the contamination zone using a powder degassing bag (DPP) or a silica gel degassing bag (DPS-1).

150. The degassing powder bag consists of a plastic bag-brush with holes, two packages with a polydegassing powder formulation, a rubber band and a packaging bag with a reminder. To use it, it is necessary to open the packaging with the recipe and pour its contents into a brush bag, bend the top edge of the bag and tuck it several times to prevent spilling the recipe, fix the bag in the palm of your hand, with the brush up, using a rubber band.

151. Silica gel degassing bag is a plastic bag, one of the sides of which has a fabric (gauze) membrane inside. The package is equipped with a degassing powder formulation. To prepare the package for use, it is necessary to open it with a thread.

152. To process uniforms, it is necessary: ​​by lightly tapping the bag on the surface of uniforms, equipment and shoes, powder them without gaps, while rubbing the powder into the fabric with a brush (bag); processing of uniforms should be started from the shoulders, forearms, chest, then down, while paying special attention to the processing of hard-to-reach places (under the armpits, belt, strap and gas mask bag); winter uniforms are especially carefully processed not only from the outside, but also from the inside; 10 minutes after the end of the treatment, the powder is shaken off together with the absorbed agent with a brush.

Rice. 8.3. Powder degassing package

Rice. 8.4. Silica gel degassing bag

153. The affected are subject to immediate withdrawal (removal) from the contaminated area. The removal is carried out by the personnel of the search groups, dressed in personal protective equipment.

154. Prevention of injuries to personnel biological means. Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, by drinking contaminated water and food, by microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burn surfaces, by being bitten by infected insects, and also by contact with sick people, animals, infected objects and not only at the time of the use of biological agents, but also after a long time after their use, if the personnel were not sanitized.

155. Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.

156 . Direct protection of personnel in the event of the use of biological weapons by the enemy is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency prophylaxis equipment available in individual first-aid kits.

157 . Personnel located in the focus of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons and military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the focus of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to come into contact with the personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property to them; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

From the book Be able to provide first aid author T. I. Maslinkovsky

ORGANIZATION OF FIRST AID IN COMBAT In battle, each fighter has an individual dressing and anti-chemical packages. Therefore, with a slight wound, a fighter can bandage himself himself. If he is not able to do this, a comrade will bandage him with the permission of the commander.

From the book Life Safety author Viktor Sergeevich Alekseev

36. Rendering first first aid First aid for bleeding. There are arterial, venous and capillary bleeding. Blood from a gaping wound is poured out in a light red color rhythmically, in a pulsating stream during arterial bleeding, and a dark color

From the book Ayurveda for beginners. The ancient science of self-healing and longevity the author Vasant Lad

From the book First Aid for Children. A guide for the whole family author Nina Bashkirova

First aid 1. Avoid contact of the child with a possible allergen - dust or plant pollen.2. Take the child off the street if the attack of rhinitis began in the air.3. If this happened at home, then do a wet cleaning and remove household sources from the apartment.

From the book Men's Health. Encyclopedia author Ilya Bauman

Providing first aid to a victim with a fracture of the spine Depending on the circumstances, either eliminate the threatening factor (fire, gas, falling objects), or move the victim to a safe place. If the victim is crushed by objects, then

From the book Waking the Tiger - Healing Trauma by Peter A. Levin

16. Providing First Aid (Emotional) After an Accident This chapter provides a step-by-step procedure for working with an adult. Here is a basic example of what happens during an accident and how you can help prevent long-term damage from developing.

From the book You and Your Child author Team of authors

From the book Food Poisoning. Recovery of the body folk remedies author Elena Lvovna Isaeva

First aid in case of poisoning The health and life of a poisoned person largely depend on timely medical care. Therefore, if you suspect poisoning, you should immediately consult a doctor. It is also important to know that against many types of poisons

From the book Official and ethnoscience. The most detailed encyclopedia author Genrikh Nikolaevich Uzhegov

FEATURES OF FIRST AID FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF POISONING In case of poisoning with lapis (silver nitrate), the victim is given a drink salt water in large quantities, and after that - a slimy drink. In case of poisoning with wine alcohol, a slimy drink is used, ammonia

From the book 1000 tips from an experienced doctor. How to help yourself and loved ones in emergency situations author Viktor Kovalev

Home first aid kit A first aid kit should be in every home. When it is fully and correctly equipped, if necessary, first aid can be provided almost instantly, which is very important in any accident. What should

From the book Child Safety. First aid author Valeria Vyacheslavovna Fadeeva

From the book Instruction on First Aid to the Wounded and Sick author V. B. Korbut

From the book Hypotension author Anastasia Gennadievna Krasichkova

First Aid Kit Even round-the-clock supervision of the most attentive parents and nannies cannot absolutely guarantee that the child will avoid injuries. Therefore, in order to help your baby in a timely manner, you must always have at hand

From the author's book

From the author's book

3. Organization of first aid to the wounded and sick in the unit

From the author's book

First aid technique If you notice signs of a sharp decrease in pressure in a nearby person, you need to do the following: - lay the victim on a bed or any other suitable horizontal surface, raise his legs by 30-45 ° and