Features of symptoms and treatment of mononucleosis in children. Infectious mononucleosis in children: symptoms, treatment, complications Recurrent mononucleosis in children symptoms

Children and adolescents who are not carriers of the Epstein-Barr virus can get sick if the pathogen enters the body. The infection is transmitted through saliva during kissing, shared utensils, toys, airborne droplets. Mononucleosis in children at certain stages is very similar to a cold, hepatitis. At chronic form the disease state often persists for more than 3 months, bacterial complications are possible. Mononucleosis in early childhood 90% of the population older than 30 have been ill.

Epstein-Barr virus belongs to the group of human herpes DNA viruses. Reproduction of the pathogen occurs mainly in B-lymphocytes; the persistence of the virus throughout a person's life is also associated with these cells. Mononucleosis in children is transmitted with droplets of saliva and sputum from the nose, desquamated cells of the epithelium lining oral cavity. Strains of the pathogen are stored in toothbrushes, dishes used by sick people and virus carriers.

Features of the causative agent of mononucleosis:

• The virus spends most of the time in a child or adult body in a latent state, but from time to time it becomes active and begins to multiply.
• There are acute, chronic or atypical mononucleosis in children. The course and severity of symptoms varies from case to case.
• Perhaps asymptomatic carriage or the course of the disease in children under the age of 10 years in a mild form.
• Acute mononucleosis mainly affects adolescents and young people who have not previously been infected with the Epstein-Barr virus.

Length of incubation period, symptoms and treatment of mononucleosis depend on the immune status of the child. In 60% of cases, from the moment of infection to the onset of symptoms, it takes from 7 to 30 days. With chronic mononucleosis in children incubation period stretches for 4-8 weeks, several months.

Primary and secondary symptoms of mononucleosis

If the child complains of weakness, red spots or a rash around his mouth, then these signs may indicate infection with the Epstein-Barr virus. Early symptoms mononucleosis in children the same as in a number of other infectious and inflammatory diseases. The child feels sore throat, nausea for 2-3 days. Then the temperature rises, the tonsils become inflamed, a rash appears on the face or body.

In mononucleosis, excessive and constant fatigue. The condition resembles chronic fatigue syndrome.

Sometimes parents wonder what kind of illness struck the child. Some children cannot study, play, or even perform simple self-care activities. Temperature rise at acute infection reaches 40 ° C, a particularly serious condition occurs in the evening. The lymph nodes in the corners of the lower jaw are enlarged and inflamed. There is an enlargement of the spleen, swelling of the lymph nodes in the groin, under the armpits and on the neck. Perhaps the development of generalized lymphadenopathy.

Secondary signs and symptoms:

1. anemia;
2. swelling of the eyelids;
3. loss of appetite;
4. hepato-splenomegaly;
5. photosensitivity;
6. severe nasal congestion;
7. headaches and muscle pain;
8. rashes on the face and trunk (in 5% of small patients).

Deposits of yellow-white color appear on the tonsils. The child complains of pain in the neck, where the lymph nodes are located. Parents should contact immediately medical care if the children strong pain throat and difficulty swallowing.

Complications in children with mononucleosis:

• obstruction of the upper respiratory tract;
• inflammation of the heart muscle;
• meningitis or encephalitis
• streptococcal angina;
• liver disease;
• rupture of the spleen;
• immunosuppression;
• pneumonia.

The most dangerous mononucleosis is the rupture of the spleen. There is pain in the upper abdomen on the left. There is a rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, increased bleeding. A child in this condition needs urgent help.

Diagnosis of the disease

Specialists take into account a complex of signs and symptoms in the diagnosis. Before being treated infection, conduct anamnesis data collection, study symptoms, blood counts, results of serological and immunological studies.

An experienced pediatrician or infectious disease specialist will determine the disease after the first examination of the child. If the specialist is not sure, then he sends to the diagnostic center, the laboratory of the polyclinic.

General blood analysis with mononucleosis in children allows you to detect leukocytosis. Antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus are determined by the method enzyme immunoassay. The polymerase method helps to find the DNA of the pathogen chain reaction. For PCR, blood, urine, oropharyngeal epithelial cell scrapings can be used.

The final confirmation of the diagnosis is analysis for mononucleosis in children, in which whites affected by the virus are detected blood cells. These are basophilic lymphocytes with a large nucleus - atypical mononuclear cells. They completely disappear 4 months after the onset of the disease.

Treatment of an infectious disease

Specific therapy for mononucleosis is not required in all cases. Doctors prescribe medicines depending on the severity of the symptoms. All sick children should stop playing sports, have more rest. With considerable effort, serious consequences are possible in the form of rupture of the spleen and internal bleeding. Damage to the spleen is not the only thing that mononucleosis is dangerous for. The causative agent weakens immune system the body becomes susceptible to other infections.

Treatment of mononucleosis is symptomatic, like most other viral diseases.

Do not use aminopenicillins for mononucleosis, antibiotics do not act on viruses. The effectiveness of antiviral drugs has not been sufficiently proven. Parents should keep this in mind when reading laudatory reviews about Viferon or Acyclovir. To alleviate the condition, the child is given ibuprofen or paracetamol for as long as the temperature lasts. Syrups and suppositories with these antipyretic substances are more suitable for young children.

Help with sore throat rinsing with warm water with sea salt, water infusions, sage, lemon balm, chamomile, special solutions from the pharmacy with antiseptic, analgesic and astringent effects. Local anesthetics in the form of sprays and rinses, lozenges for resorption contain ambroxol, lidocaine, plant extracts.

Relieve symptoms antihistamines based active substances desloratadine or levocetirizine.

How many days the child will spend in the hospital is determined by the attending physician. Patients are discharged after recovery and observed in the dispensary for 6 months. Recovery of blood counts takes an average of 3 months.

Useful products for a patient with mononucleosis contain easily digestible substances, including a sufficient amount of carbohydrates. Doctors prescribe diet No. 5 for violations of the liver. The consumption of animal fats should be limited. Among the varieties of meat, it is recommended to choose white - chicken, rabbit. If swallowing is difficult, food is given in liquid and semi-liquid form - cereals, soups.

Ideally, only boiled and stewed foods should be given. After 3-6 months of a strict diet, you can diversify the menu, but focus on following the principles healthy eating. You can not give fatty and fried meat, limit the consumption of sausages, sweets, chocolate.

Adequate fluid intake is important, at least 1.5–2 liters per day. It is best to give fresh fruit and vegetable juices. Accelerate the recovery of liver cells in mononucleosis in children herbal teas with chamomile, rose hips, milk thistle, corn stigmas, lemon. Vitamins B and C in natural products contribute to the restoration of immunity. Folk remedies- garlic and echinacea infusion - used because of the antiviral effect. On the shelves of pharmacies you can find special teas for a diseased liver.

Prevention measures

So far, specific measures for the prevention of mononucleosis have not been developed. It is important to increase the immunological resistance of the child's body by hardening methods, and regularly carry out vitamin therapy. Helps rinsing the mouth and nasopharynx with herbal infusions. After recovery, the child feels significant weakness and fatigue for about a year. It is possible to have a fever and other symptoms, which is why children who have recovered from illness are exempted from vaccinations for a year.

Mononucleosis is a viral infection dangerous for children. updated: August 5, 2016 by: admin

Currently, the diagnosis of "infectious mononucleosis" is made quite rarely. However, the disease itself is very common. According to statistics, more than 65% of people by the age of 35 have already had it. There is no way to prevent infectious mononucleosis.

Infectious mononucleosis is an acute respiratory viral disease which is caused by a virus Epstein-Barr(EBV, herpes virus type 4). The virus was named after English virologist Professor Michael Anthony Epstein and his student Yvonne Barr, who isolated and described it in 1964.

However, the infectious origin of mononucleosis was indicated back in 1887 by a Russian doctor, the founder of the Russian pediatric school, Nil Fedorovich Filatov. He was the first to draw attention to a febrile state with a concomitant increase in all lymph nodes body of a sick person.

In 1889, the German scientist Emil Pfeiffer described a similar clinical picture mononucleosis and defined it as glandular fever with lesions of the pharynx and lymphatic system. Based on the hematological studies that appeared in practice, characteristic changes in the blood composition in this disease were studied. Special (atypical) cells appeared in the blood, which were named mononuclear cells(monos - one, nucleus - nucleus). In this regard, other scientists, already from America, called it infectious mononucleosis. But already in 1964, M. A. Epstein and I. Barr received a herpes-like virus, named after them the Epstein-Barr virus, which was later found with high frequency in this disease.

mononuclear cells- These are mononuclear blood cells, which also include lymphocytes and monocytes, which, like other types of leukocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils), perform the protective function of the body.

How can you get infectious mononucleosis?

The source of the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis is a sick person (especially at the peak of the disease, when heat), a person with erased forms disease (the disease proceeds in a mild degree, with mild symptoms, or under the guise of acute respiratory infections), as well as a person without any symptoms of the disease, who looks absolutely healthy, but is at the same time a virus carrier. A sick person can “give” the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis to a healthy person in various ways, namely: contact-household (with saliva when kissing, when using common dishes, linen, personal hygiene items, etc.), airborne, during sexual contact ( with sperm), during blood transfusion, as well as from mother to fetus through the placenta.

Infection with infectious mononucleosis occurs, as a rule, through close contact, so living sick and healthy people together, to put it mildly, undesirable. Because of this, outbreaks often occur in hostels, boarding schools, camps, kindergartens, and even within families (one of the parents can infect a child and, conversely, a child can be a source of infection). You can also get mononucleosis in crowded places (public transport, large shopping centers, etc.). It is important to note that EBV does not live in animals, therefore, they are not capable of transmitting the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis.

How does infectious mononucleosis manifest itself?

The incubation period (the length of time from the moment the microbe enters the body until the onset of symptoms of the disease) with infectious mononucleosis lasts up to 21 days, the disease period is up to 2 months. At different times, the following symptoms may occur:

• weakness,
• headache,
• dizziness,
• muscle and joint pain,
• increased body temperature (cold-like condition with intoxication),
• increased sweating (as a result of high temperature),
• sore throat when swallowing and characteristic white plaques on the tonsils (as with tonsillitis),
• cough,
• inflammation,
• enlargement and soreness of all lymph nodes,
• enlargement of the liver and/or spleen.

As a consequence of all of the above, an increase in sensitivity to SARS and other respiratory diseases, frequent lesions skin herpes simplex virus (herpes simplex virus type 1), usually in the area of ​​the upper or lower lip.

Lymph nodes are part of lymphoid tissue(tissues of the immune system). It also includes the tonsils, liver and spleen. All these lymphoid organs affected by mononucleosis. Lymph nodes under lower jaw(submandibular), as well as cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes, you can feel with your fingers. In the liver and spleen, an increase in lymph nodes can be observed using ultrasound. Although, if the increase is significant, it can also be determined by palpation.

Test results for infectious mononucleosis

According to the results general analysis blood with infectious mononucleosis, moderate leukocytosis, sometimes leukopenia, the appearance of atypical mononuclear cells, an increase in the number of lymphocytes, monocytes, and a moderately accelerated ESR can be observed. Atypical mononuclear cells usually appear in the first days of the disease, especially at the height of clinical symptoms, but in some patients this occurs later, only after 1 to 2 weeks. Blood control is also carried out 7-10 days after recovery.

The result of a general blood test of a girl (age 1 year 8 months) at the initial stage of the disease (07/31/2014)

According to the results of a biochemical blood test in infectious mononucleosis, there is a moderate increase in the activity of AST and ALT (liver enzymes), an increased content of bilirubin. Liver function tests (special tests that indicate the function and integrity of the main structures of the liver) normalize by the 15-20th day of illness, but may remain altered for up to 6 months.

Behind the scenes, there are mild, moderate and severe infectious mononucleosis. The disease can also proceed in an atypical form, which is characterized by the complete absence or, conversely, by the excessive manifestation of any of the main symptoms of the infection (for example, the appearance of jaundice in the icteric form of mononucleosis). In addition, one should distinguish between acute and chronic course of infectious mononucleosis. In the chronic form, certain symptoms (such as severe sore throat) may disappear and then recur, and more than once. Doctors often refer to this condition as undulating.

Currently, the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is made quite rarely. However, the disease itself is very common. According to statistics, more than 65% of people by the age of 35 have already had infectious mononucleosis. It is impossible to prevent this disease. Very often, mononucleosis is asymptomatic. And if symptoms do appear, then, as a rule, they are mistaken for acute respiratory infections. Accordingly, not quite the right treatment for mononucleosis is selected, sometimes even excessive. It is important to differentiate angina (whatever type it is) and acute tonsillitis syndrome (inflammation of the tonsils), which manifests itself in mononucleosis. In order for the diagnosis to be as accurate as possible, it is necessary to focus not only on external signs, but also on the results of all necessary tests. Any type of sore throat is treated with antibiotics, and mononucleosis is a viral disease in which antibiotic therapy is not required. Viruses are not sensitive to antibiotics.

When examining a patient with infectious mononucleosis, it is necessary to exclude HIV, acute respiratory infections, tonsillitis, viral hepatitis, pseudotuberculosis, diphtheria, rubella, tularemia, listeriosis, acute leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis.

Mononucleosis is a disease that can be ill only once in a lifetime, after which lifelong immunity remains. Once the pronounced symptoms of the primary infection disappear, they usually do not recur. But, since the virus cannot be eliminated (drug therapy only suppresses its activity), once infected, the patient becomes a carrier of the virus for life.

Complications of infectious mononucleosis

Complications of infectious mononucleosis are rare. Otitis, sinusitis, paratonsillitis, pneumonia are of the greatest importance. In individual cases, there are ruptures of the spleen, liver failure and hemolytic anemia (including their acute forms), neuritis, follicular tonsillitis.

In some cases, the consequence of mononucleosis is adenoiditis . This is an overgrowth of the nasopharyngeal tonsil. Often adenoiditis is diagnosed in children. The danger of this disease is that in addition to shortness of breath, which significantly impairs the quality of life of the child, overgrown adenoids become a focus of infection.

Adenoiditis has three stages of development, each of which is characterized by certain features:

1. difficulty breathing and discomfort are felt only during sleep;
2. discomfort is felt both day and night, which is accompanied by snoring and breathing through the mouth;

• the adenoid tissue grows so much that it is no longer possible to breathe through the nose.

Adenoiditis can have both acute and chronic course.

If parents found such manifestations in their child, it is imperative to show it to an ENT doctor and get recommendations for treatment.

After a sluggish course of infectious mononucleosis, its long-term treatment may develop chronic fatigue syndrome(pallor of the skin, lethargy, drowsiness, tearfulness, temperature 36.9-37.3 ° C for 6 months, etc.). In children, this condition is also manifested by decreased activity, mood swings, lack of appetite, etc. This is a completely natural consequence of infectious mononucleosis. Doctors say: “Chronic fatigue syndrome just needs to be experienced. Rest as much as possible, be in the fresh air, swim, if possible, go to the village and live there for some time.

Previously, it was believed that after suffering from infectious mononucleosis, in no case should you be in the sun, because. this increases the risk of blood disorders (eg leukemia). Scientists argued that under the influence of ultraviolet rays, EBV acquires oncogenic activity. However, studies in recent years have completely refuted this. In any case, it has long been known that it is not recommended to sunbathe between 12:00 and 16:00.

Lethal outcomes can only be caused by rupture of the spleen, encephalitis or asphyxia. Fortunately, these complications of infectious mononucleosis occur in less than 1% of cases.

Treatment of infectious mononucleosis

There is currently no specific therapy for infectious mononucleosis. The main goals of treatment are to relieve the symptoms of the disease and prevent bacterial complications. Treatment of infectious mononucleosis is symptomatic, supportive, and, first of all, involves bed rest, a ventilated and humidified room, drinking large amounts of liquid (plain or acidified water), eating small portions of light, preferably pureed food, avoiding hypothermia. In addition, due to the risk of rupture of the spleen, it is recommended to limit physical activity during illness and after recovery for 2 months. A ruptured spleen is likely to require surgery.

It is very important to try to avoid stress in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis, not to succumb to the disease, tune in to recovery and wait out this period. Some studies have shown that stress has a negative effect on our immune system, namely making the body more vulnerable to infections. Doctors say this: "Viruses love tears." As for parents whose child is ill with infectious mononucleosis, in no case should they panic and self-medicate, listen to what the doctors say. Depending on the child's well-being, as well as the severity of the symptoms, it is possible to undergo outpatient or inpatient treatment (the attending physician from the clinic, the ambulance doctor, if required, and the parents themselves decide). After suffering from infectious mononucleosis, children are exempted from physical education in all forms, except for exercise therapy, and, of course, they have a 6-month exemption from vaccinations. Quarantine in kindergartens is not required.

List of drugs for the complex treatment of infectious mononucleosis

• Acyclovir and valaciclovir as antiviral (antiherpetic) agents.
• Viferon, anaferon, genferon, cycloferon, arbidol, immunoglobulin isoprinosine as immunostimulating and antiviral drugs.
• Nurofen as an antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory agent. Preparations containing paracetamol, as well as aspirin, are not recommended, because. taking aspirin can provoke Reye's Syndrome (rapidly developing cerebral edema and accumulation of fat in the liver cells), and the use of paracetamol overloads the liver. Antipyretics are prescribed, as a rule, at a body temperature above 38.5 ° C, although it is necessary to look at the patient's condition (it happens that the patient, no matter whether it is an adult or a child, feels normal at a temperature above this value, then it is better to give the body the opportunity fight the infection for as long as possible, while monitoring the temperature more carefully).
• Antigrippin as a general tonic.
• Suprastin, zodak as anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory agents.
• Aqua maris, aqualor for washing and moisturizing the nasal mucosa.
• Xilen, galazolin (vasoconstrictor nasal drops).
• Protargol (anti-inflammatory nose drops), albucid as an antimicrobial agent in the form of eye drops (used for conjunctivitis of a bacterial nature). Can also be used for nasal instillation. With conjunctivitis of viral origin, ophthalmoferon eye drops with antiviral activity are used. Both types of conjunctivitis can develop against the background of mononucleosis.
• Furacilin, drinking soda, chamomile, sage for gargling.
• Miramistin as a universal antiseptic in the form of a spray, tantum verde as an anti-inflammatory drug (can be useful as a spray for a sore throat, as well as for treating the oral cavity with stomatitis).
• Marshmallow, ambrobene as expectorants for coughing.
• Prednisolone, dexamethasone as hormonal agents (used, for example, for swelling of the tonsils).
• Azithromycin, erythromycin, ceftriaxone as antibiotic therapy for complications (eg, pharyngitis). Ampicillin and amoxicillin are contraindicated in mononucleosis, tk. it causes a skin rash that can last up to several weeks. As a rule, cultures are taken from the nose and pharynx in advance to determine sensitivity to antibiotics.
• LIV-52, Essentiale forte for liver protection.
• Normobact, florin forte in violation of the intestinal flora.
• Complivit, multi-tabs (vitamin therapy).

It should be noted that the list of drugs is general. The doctor may prescribe a medicine that is not on this list and selects the treatment individually. A drug from the antiviral group, for example, one is taken. Although switching from one drug to another is not ruled out, as a rule, depending on their effectiveness. In addition, all forms of drug release, their dosage, course of treatment, of course, are determined by the doctor.

Also, for help in the fight against mononucleosis, you can turn to traditional medicine (cranberries, green tea), herbs (echinacea, rose hips), biologically active food supplements (omega-3, wheat bran), as well as homeopathic remedies to increase and strengthen immunity. . Before using certain products, dietary supplements and medicines, it is necessary to consult with your doctor.

After the course of treatment for infectious mononucleosis, the prognosis is favorable. Full recovery can occur within 2-4 weeks. However, in some cases, a change in the composition of the blood can be observed for another 6 months (the most important thing is that there are no atypical mononuclear cells in it). There may be a decrease in immune blood cells - leukocytes. Children can go to kindergarten and communicate calmly with other children only after the number of leukocytes returns to normal. Changes in the liver and / or spleen may also persist, therefore, after ultrasound, which is usually performed during illness, after the same six months, it is repeated. Enlarged lymph nodes can remain for quite a long time. Within one year after the illness, it is necessary to be registered with an infectious disease doctor.

Diet after infectious mononucleosis

During illness, EBV enters the liver with blood. An organ can fully recover from such an attack only after 6 months. In this regard, the most important condition for recovery is diet during illness and at the stage of recovery. Food should be complete, varied and rich in all vitamins, macro- and microelements necessary for a person. A fractional diet is also recommended (up to 4-6 times a day).

It is better to give preference to dairy and sour-milk products (they are able to control the normal intestinal microflora, and with a healthy microflora, immunoglobulin A is formed, which is important for maintaining immunity), soups, mashed potatoes, fish and meat of low-fat varieties, unsalted biscuits, fruits (in particular, " their "apples and pears), cabbage, carrots, pumpkin, beets, zucchini, non-acidic berries. Bread, mainly wheat, pasta, various cereals, biscuits, yesterday's pastries and pastry products are also useful.

The use of butter is limited, fats are introduced in the form of vegetable oils, mainly olive, sour cream is used mainly for dressing dishes. Non-sharp varieties of cheese, egg yolk 1-2 times a week (protein can be eaten more often), any dietary sausage, beef sausages are allowed in a small amount.

After infectious mononucleosis, all fried, smoked foods, pickled foods, pickles, canned food, spicy seasonings (horseradish, pepper, mustard, vinegar), radishes, radishes, onions, mushrooms, garlic, sorrel, as well as beans, peas, beans are prohibited. Prohibited meat products - pork, lamb, geese, ducks, chicken and meat broths, confectionery - cakes, cakes, chocolate, ice cream, as well as drinks - natural coffee and cocoa.

Of course, some deviations from the diet are possible. The main thing is not to abuse prohibited foods and have a sense of proportion.

Smoking and drinking alcohol are also unsafe.

There are many diseases in the world that are considered exclusively for children. It is to this category that it is customary to classify mononucleosis. You can fully reveal the topic of this disease by discussing the following issues: and treatment, Komarovsky - doctor's advice, and other important aspects. This will be discussed further.

Terminology

Initially, I want to understand what this disease is. So, mononucleosis is a disease of a viral-infectious nature. Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. However, scientists say that sometimes cytomegalovirus (herpes virus) can also provoke it. If you go a little deeper into history, you can see that earlier this disease was called "Filatov's disease", in honor of the doctor who discovered it for the first time back in 1885. The name "glandular fever" was also used in parallel.

A bit of history

As noted, this disease is found exclusively in children. However, in about 10-15% of cases, the virus also affects adolescents. It should be noted that if the child is over 10 years old, then the disease can proceed in more severe forms, and the recovery process sometimes drags on for up to several months. In young children, the symptoms are blurred, there is mainly general malaise, complete recovery occurs within three weeks. Often the disease is asymptomatic.

Symptoms

We will study how the symptoms and treatment proceed. Komarovsky (a well-known children's doctor) insists that close attention should be paid to the symptoms of the disease. After all, knowing how the problem manifests itself, you can quickly determine the diagnosis, which will speed up the cure. Signs of the disease:

1. In most cases, the disease in children is very sluggish. The baby has only increased fatigue and a desire to lie down all the time. Along with this, there is also a loss of appetite. The child may not have other manifestations.
2. Against the background of lethargy and constant fatigue, pain in the muscles and joints often appears.
3. The child may complain of a sore throat. Along with this, sometimes children develop mononuclear angina (grayish spots appear on the tonsils that need to be removed).
4. The lymph nodes may also become inflamed. Palpation in this case is very painful. Lymphoid tissue is damaged.
5. The temperature in mononucleosis is extremely rare and is most often caused not by the virus itself, but by side diseases that have arisen against the background of mononucleosis.
6. Since the disease sometimes provokes the herpes virus, rashes may appear on the skin.

Other symptoms that also occur in children: nausea, runny nose, fever, bleeding gums, susceptibility of the body against the background of weakened immunity to other viruses and infections.

Ways of infection

Considering mononucleosis in children, symptoms and treatment, Komarovsky advises paying attention to the ways in which the disease is transmitted. It should be noted that sometimes this problem is also called "kissing disease". And this is not surprising, because you can get infected only through close contact with a sick person. Doctors say that children "get" the virus through toys shared with the patient or through handsets, including mobile phones. It must be well understood that this is exactly viral mononucleosis, which is provoked by a virus. Therefore, to cope with the disease with the help of antibiotics will not work.

Diagnostics

It is important to note that diagnosing the disease mononucleosis is very difficult. And all because the clinical picture typical of this disease can be characteristic of many other diseases. The main symptom that indicates this viral problem is persistent symptoms that persist for a long time. It is also advisable to take an analysis for mononucleosis (blood is examined twice):

1. In the first case, heterophilic agglutinins can be detected (in 90% of cases, these indicators are positive).
2. In the second case, a blood smear is examined for the presence of atypical lymphocytes in it.

The insidiousness of the virus lies in the fact that it is able to disguise itself as others, and therefore, it can be very difficult to determine the disease.

Treatment

Mononucleosis disease in children: symptoms and treatment. Komarovsky says that there is no single cure, the so-called panacea for this disease. Treatment should be symptomatic, aimed at combating the manifestations of the problem. So, it is very important to observe bed rest, as well as strictly follow all the recommendations of the doctor. If the spleen, then you will have to follow a diet number 5 (salt-free food). If, for example, a sore throat, you need to resort to frequent rinsing. You can also use absorbable tablets and throat sprays. If the temperature rises, antipyretics should be used. And so on. That is, treatment is aimed solely at combating those symptoms that arose during the illness. Also figuring out how to treat mononucleosis, it should be noted that during this period it will be useful to take funds that strengthen the immune system, as well as the fight against intoxication of the child's body.

Komarovsky: expert opinion

Viral mononucleosis is a disease that does not cause permanent immunity. That is, after a certain time, again, the child can again become infected with this virus. Again, treatment will be symptomatic.

According to Dr. Komarovsky, throughout their lives, almost all people on the planet have suffered infectious mononucleosis at least once. However, not everyone knows about this, since the disease is often asymptomatic.

Previously, many textbooks on medicine reported that after suffering mononucleosis, a child is strictly forbidden to be in the sun, as the risk of various blood diseases increases. However, recent studies have found absolutely no connection between these facts. However, Komarovsky recalls that the influence of ultraviolet radiation in itself is harmful, regardless of whether the child had mononucleosis or not.

Mononucleosis is not treated with antibiotics. This must be clearly understood. After all, very often after such treatment, the child develops a rash all over his body in the form of large red spots. This is how Ampicillin or Amoxicillin, inappropriately prescribed by the doctor, manifests itself.

For a couple of months, after the symptoms disappear, the child may remain lethargic and constantly tired. The child will be inactive, drowsy. This fact in medicine is called "chronic fatigue syndrome". This condition is not treated with vitamins or immunostimulants, it just needs to be experienced until the body recovers itself.

After the illness, within a week or 10 days, you need to take a routine blood test. Sometimes there is a decrease in lymphocytes in the blood formula. This problem needs to be solved, and only then send the baby to a kindergarten or school.

The Epstein-Barr virus can only live in the human body. Only there it exists, multiplies and assimilates. Animals are not carriers.

simple derivation

As a small conclusion, I would like to note that mononucleosis is not a very complicated disease. Almost everyone suffers from this disease. It can be attributed to self-limiting infections that require little or no treatment.

Infectious mononucleosis in children is a rare disease that has quite serious complications and consequences. They can be avoided with timely access to a doctor, sufficient diagnosis and treatment. By following all the recommendations for the prevention of this disease, you can avoid infection or transfer the infection in a mild, inconspicuous form.

What is infectious mononucleosis

Epstein-Barr virus is a herpes virus that can cause Burkitt's lymphoma.

Infectious mononucleosis is a viral disease with characteristic signs of the blood system, oropharynx, lymphoid tissue, liver and spleen, the causative agent of which is the Epstein-Barr virus. Also known as Filatov's disease, monocytic tonsillitis, benign lymphoblastosis.

Most often, children over the age of three years suffer from the disease. Newborns and infants rarely endure the acute phase of the disease, and if they do, then in an erased form.

It is important to know that after infectious mononucleosis, the Epstein-Barr virus remains forever in the child's body. With a decrease in immunity, reactivation of the virus and a relapse of the disease can occur.

Types of disease

There are acute and chronic forms of the disease. Each patient who has had infectious mononucleosis in an acute form becomes a virus carrier, and the disease then becomes chronic.

Interestingly, almost every person infected with the Epstein-Barr virus suffers from a chronic form of mononucleosis - without its acute manifestations. That is why this disease is considered quite rare. Only 0.1% of those infected suffer an acute form of the disease.

Dr. Komarovsky about mononucleosis in children - video

Causes

The etiological factor (cause of the disease) is the herpes virus type 4 - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). A feature of EBV is that it uses healthy human blood cells, namely B-lymphocytes, as a carrier and breeding site. In this case, B-lymphocytes acquire an atypical appearance, but may not be destroyed; in medicine, such cells are called mononuclear cells. Spreading with the bloodstream, B-lymphocytes spread the virus to all corners of the body - when infected, chronic processes are observed in the myocardium, kidneys, and liver.

Virus-affected lymphocytes change their appearance

A child can become infected from any carrier of the Epstein-Barr virus or a patient with infectious mononucleosis. According to statistics, 25% of carriers are found among the child population, and 20% among adults. All these people do not have any clinical manifestations of the disease, but can freely excrete the virus with saliva.

Ways of transmission of the virus:

• airborne - when coughing or sneezing;
• contact - through saliva, for example, with a kiss;
• parenteral - is realized by transfusion of infected blood to a healthy child;
• vertical - from a pregnant woman who has had infectious mononucleosis to the fetus.

Symptoms of the disease

The acute form of the disease is characterized by clear signs of viral intoxication. Then specific symptoms from the pharynx, liver, spleen join.

1. Fever is the very first sign of infectious mononucleosis. It starts from the first days of the disease (body temperature reaches 38-40 degrees), can last up to 2 weeks.
2. Manifestations of intoxication - weakness, lethargy, fatigue, decrease or loss of appetite, dizziness or headache, chills.
3. Changes in the pharynx are varied - from pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx) to purulent tonsillitis. Such symptoms can also be the first manifestations of the disease and be combined with fever. Symptoms of pharyngitis and tonsillitis will be pain when swallowing and redness of the mucous membrane of the palatine arches, palatine tonsils, posterior pharyngeal wall.
4. Lymphadenopathy is an increase in the size of the lymph nodes. As a rule, the posterior cervical lymph nodes increase to the size of a pea, walnut, or even a chicken egg. Usually they are not soldered to the surrounding tissues and are painless.
5. Enlargement of the liver and spleen. Splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen) is more pronounced than hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver). Manifested by pain in the side, nausea.

Signs of infectious mononucleosis in children - photo gallery

Plaque on the tonsils appears immediately and can last up to 2 weeks, does not bleed when removed
Elements of the rash appear both on the skin and on the mucous membrane of the soft palate, tongue The submandibular and posterior cervical lymph nodes increase The inflamed lymph node increases in size

• Elements in the form of spots and papules. This is a non-specific symptom of the disease, appears on the 3-5th day of illness.
• The rash does not have a characteristic localization, it appears immediately throughout the body, and not gradually. The most abundant rashes may be on the skin of the face, but sometimes they spread to the trunk and limbs. Occasionally, elements of the rash appear on the soft palate.
• Such a rash is not accompanied by itching, disappears on its own without treatment and does not leave behind scars or marks.
• The damping of the elements occurs gradually - over several days.

It should be noted and singled out as a separate type of rash - an ampicillin rash that appears on the skin of a child immediately after the use of amoxicillin or ampicillin. These antibiotics are prescribed for sore throats, and infectious mononucleosis can begin with a sore throat.

Interestingly, the mechanism for the formation of an ampicillin rash has not yet been studied, but it has been noted that it appears only with a combination of infectious mononucleosis and the use of penicillin antibiotics.

Such a rash will be accompanied by itching, and when combed, it will leave scars. Rashes disappear immediately after the abolition of the medications provoking their appearance.

The chronic form of the disease is characterized by:

• prolonged sluggish subfebrile condition (increase in body temperature up to 38 degrees);
• weakness, fatigue, headache;
• a slight increase in various groups of lymph nodes;
• herpetic eruptions on mucous membranes.

Features of the course of the disease in children under one year old

In the smallest patients, the disease is hardly noticeable, sometimes it can be asymptomatic. And if it does, it's subtle. Signs of mononucleosis in infants may include:

• catarrhal phenomena - runny nose, sneezing, tearing, coughing;
• a slight increase in the size of the liver and spleen;
• inflammation of the posterior cervical lymph nodes, inflammation of the lymphoid tissue is more noticeable on the nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoids);
• nonspecific rash over the body, mainly on the face and chest.

After the illness, the child releases the virus into the environment for 18 months and can infect people who first encountered mononucleosis. As a rule, this happens in children's groups with those babies who are not yet infected with the Epstein-Barr virus.

Diagnostic methods

1. Clinical blood test. Signs characteristic of mononucleosis will be lymphocytosis (an increase in the number of lymphocytes), leukocytosis (an increase in the number of leukocytes) and the presence of atypical mononuclear cells in an amount of more than 10%. After a disease in the blood of a child, single mononuclear cells (up to 10%) may occur, an increase in their number will indicate either a relapse or the transition of the disease to a chronic form.
2. Biochemical blood test. If the virus affects the liver cells and the development of hepatitis in the blood, there will be an increase in hepatic fractions (ALAT, AST, alkaline phosphatase), bilirubin.
3. Serological examination of blood. Determination of antibodies (immune cells) to the Epstein-Barr virus in the blood of a child. At the beginning and at the height of the disease, antibodies of the IgM class will be determined, 2–3 weeks after the virus is found in the body, antibodies of the IgG class will begin to be produced. By the presence of certain classes, it is possible to determine the phase of the disease. If, according to the symptoms, the child has a period of the height of the disease, and in the blood - IgG to the Epstein-Barr virus, then differential diagnosis should be carried out, it is quite possible that this is not infectious mononucleosis.
4. Determination of the virus by PCR. The material for the study can be the patient's saliva, blood separated from the nose or throat.
5. Ultrasound of the abdominal organs. Helps to determine the degree of enlargement of the liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes.

Differential diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis - table

Diseases that can be confused with mononucleosis, pictured

Diphtheria of the pharynx is characterized by the presence of a dense plaque, with its separation, the tonsils bleed Distinctive signs of scarlet fever will be the pallor of the nasolabial triangle and peeling of the palms and feet 2 weeks after the onset of the disease HIV infection is characterized by an increase in several groups of lymph nodes

Treatment

Medical

Treatment tactics depend on the severity of the disease. There is no specific therapy for infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, therefore, therapeutic measures are aimed at eliminating symptoms and alleviating the patient's condition.

With a mild form of MI, it is treated at home. The child is assigned:

• plentiful drink;
• gargling with decoctions of herbs or antiseptic solutions;
• vitamin therapy;
• diet.

In severe forms of mononucleosis with prolonged fever, signs of intoxication and the addition of complications, the patient is hospitalized. Detoxification therapy is prescribed (intravenous administration of glucose solutions, Rheosorbilact). Of the desensitizing drugs, antihistamines are used - Cetrin, Erius, Zodak. With increasing swelling of the tonsils or the appearance of an obstructive syndrome, glucocorticosteroids (Prednisolone, Dexamethasone) are prescribed for 3-5 days.

The appearance of a sharp pain in the abdomen in a child with mononucleosis may be a sign of a ruptured spleen. In this case, ultrasound, a consultation with a surgeon and, possibly, surgical treatment are required.

The appointment of antibiotics or antifungal drugs for this disease is justified only in the case of an associated secondary bacterial or fungal infection and the onset of necrotic tonsillitis, developed pneumonia, and myocarditis.

It must be remembered that antibiotics of the penicillin series (Amoxiclav, Flemoxin Solutab, Augmentin, Ampicillin) are contraindicated, as they can cause a rash in a child.

They use cephalosporins (Cefodox, Cefutil), macrolides (Sumamed, Klacid), and occasionally antifungal drugs (Fucis).

Antiviral therapy (Zovirax, Acyclovir) in the treatment of this infection, as a rule, does not give results. The clinical efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis has not been identified, most likely this is due to the development cycle of the virus in the human body.

Folk remedies

It is important to know that folk remedies are auxiliary methods. They serve to help the child cope with the infection, strengthen the body and reduce unpleasant symptoms, but in no way replace the need for medication!

Traditional medicine recipes:

1. Herbal applications. For cooking, you need to take equal proportions of marigold flowers, sweet clover, willow leaves, blackcurrant, arnica, chamomile flowers and pine buds. Mix everything, take 5 tablespoons of the finished mixture and pour a liter of boiling water. Infuse for 20 minutes, then strain. The resulting extract from the herbs must be wrapped in gauze and applied to the region of the submandibular lymph nodes, covered with paper for compresses on top and wrapped in a warm scarf. Hold the compress for about half an hour. Procedures must be repeated every other day for a week.
2. A decoction of echinacea flowers. To prepare the remedy, take a teaspoon of echinacea leaves, chop, brew a glass of boiling water and insist for half an hour. Take a third cup three times a day.
3. A decoction of lemon balm leaves. Pour a tablespoon of crushed leaves with a glass of boiling water, insist in a water bath for 10 minutes. After straining, you can drink a tablespoon three times a day. When rashes appear, this decoction can be used to treat elements of the rash.

Folk remedies in the photo

Baby care

The baby should be in a well-ventilated area where wet cleaning is carried out daily. The child should be provided with separate dishes and a towel.

Children with infectious mononucleosis need strict bed rest for the first 5-7 days of illness. They are shown plentiful fractional drinking, that is, the child should drink in small portions every 20-30 minutes. Fruit and vegetable juices, fruit drinks, dried fruit compote, water with lemon will be useful.

Walking in the open air is allowed during the period of subsidence of symptoms, but during this period, exposure to the sun should be avoided.

Diet

Since liver cells are affected in mononucleosis, table No. 5 is recommended. Eating should be carried out in small portions and often - 5-6 times a day. Animal fats, muffins, marinades, pickles, smoked foods are excluded from the diet.

Nutrition rules - table

Possible complications and consequences

Despite the fact that infectious mononucleosis is a fairly rare disease, it should still be feared. In the case of weakened immunity in a child, the virus can penetrate into any of the organs or systems and cause a pathological process in them. In addition, your own bacterial infection may join or worsen, which will also lead to the development of complications.

So, the complications of the disease can be divided according to the organ systems that the virus affects:

1. Complications from the nervous system. These include meningitis (inflammation of the membranes of the brain), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain tissue), myelitis (inflammation of the substance of the spinal cord). With the development of meningitis, severe headache, nausea, and sometimes vomiting join the main symptoms of mononucleosis. Convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur. The main confirmation of meningitis caused by the Epstein-Barr virus will be the detection of mononuclear cells and virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid during PCR testing.
2. Complications from the respiratory organs. Pneumonia, broncho-obstructive syndrome, laryngeal edema.
3. Complications from the blood system. These include autoimmune reactions, leukopenia (a decrease in the number of white blood cells in the blood), thrombocytopenia (a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood), anemia (a decrease in the level of hemoglobin and red blood cells).
4. Complications from the heart. These include myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardial sac).
5. Complications from the glands. These include parotitis (inflammation of the salivary glands), orchitis (inflammation of the testicles in boys), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland).
6. Spleen rupture. Rare but possible complication. It can occur with a sharp change in the position of the patient or with excessive probing of the child's abdomen.

Prevention measures

To date, there is no specific prevention of EBV infection in the form of a vaccine. It is also impossible to 100% protect a child from meeting with the virus. Therefore, all preventive measures can only be aimed at strengthening the immune system, as a result of which the collision with the virus will take place in a milder form.

1. Complete nutrition. The child's food should contain all the necessary nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates), trace elements and vitamins. Protein starvation and beriberi significantly reduce immunity. In addition, proteins and some trace elements are needed for the formation and growth of immune cells.
2. Walks in the open air. Oxygen starvation leads the cells of the body into a state of inhibition, the child becomes weak, his immune activity decreases. The immune response is inhibited, since the nervous system, which controls all processes in the body, suffers from a lack of oxygen.
3. Regular visits to the pediatrician. Visits to a specialist to treat and prevent chronic infections will help strengthen the immune system and save the baby from chronic intoxication. In addition, it will reduce the likelihood of developing bacterial complications.
4. Scheduled preventive vaccinations. Protect against concomitant infections such as diphtheria, measles, rubella, mumps, tuberculosis, polio, hemophilus infection, hepatitis B, whooping cough, tetanus.

Infectious mononucleosis is a fairly rare disease. If it does occur, it is difficult for a child, has its own complications and consequences. It is impossible to prevent Epstein-Barr virus infection in a baby, but it is possible to reduce the likelihood of developing infectious mononucleosis. To do this, it is enough to follow preventive measures and strengthen the immunity of the baby.

Infectious mononucleosis is one of the diseases that develop in children. It is dangerous for its severe and numerous complications. What is mononucleosis? How is the disease manifested and diagnosed? Why does it arise? How to treat the pathological process and prevent its occurrence? Let's figure it out together.

What is mononucleosis and why is it dangerous for children?

Infectious mononucleosis is a viral disease that can occur in a chronic (more often) or acute (rarely) form. In the latter case, the disease is accompanied by an increase in the spleen and liver, pathological changes in leukocytes. The acute form is dangerous because it is associated with the risk of developing severe consequences in children and adults. The risk group for infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, which is the cause of the disease, includes children under 10 years of age.

In infants and children under 3 years of age, it is less common, since pathogens mainly "circulate" in closed children's groups (for example, in schools). In girls, the disease in an atypical form is diagnosed twice as rarely as in boys.

Acute infectious mononucleosis rarely develops in people over 35 years of age, but they may well act as carriers of the virus - a person is contagious and does not suspect it.

Causes of an infectious disease

Mononucleosis is caused by infection with the Epstein-Barr virus. This is one of the varieties of herpetic infection.

Infection occurs when a child comes into contact with a carrier of the virus. At the same time, the vast majority of carriers, who can excrete pathogenic microorganisms with saliva and infect others, do not themselves notice any symptoms of the disease, that is, they are its carriers. According to studies, 20% of the total adult population and 25% of children are carriers of mononucleosis.

The virus can be transmitted in the following ways:

1. vertical - during pregnancy, a woman who has had infectious mononucleosis can transmit the virus to the fetus;
2. parenteral - during the transfusion of donor blood;
3. contact - through saliva (for example, with a kiss);
4. airborne - when a person sneezes or coughs, he spreads the virus in the air around him.

The duration of the incubation period in children

How long the incubation period lasts depends on the individual characteristics of the body of a small patient and the state of his immune system. If the disease progresses quickly, then the first symptoms will be noticeable after 5 days from the moment of infection. In some cases, the incubation period is extended to two weeks.

According to studies, by the age of five, 50% of children become infected with the Epstein-Barr virus. However, symptoms in an acute, atypical form appear only in one infected person out of 1000. In other cases, the disease is chronic and is characterized by the absence of severe symptoms. For this reason, infectious mononucleosis is considered a rare disease.

Symptoms of mononucleosis in a child

If a child develops infectious mononucleosis in an acute form, then the symptoms will include a set of signs of intoxication of the body, which is of viral origin. With the further development of the disease, symptoms will appear from the pharynx, as well as internal organs (as the virus spreads in the patient's blood). You can clearly see the visible signs of mononucleosis in the photo for the article.

The main symptoms of mononucleosis in children are:

• rashes on the body;
• elevated temperature;
• general signs of intoxication - headaches, general weakness, fatigue, appetite disorders, chills;
• throat changes;
• a significant increase in the posterior cervical lymph nodes - they reach the size of a chicken egg, but remain painless;
• pain in the side;
• nausea;
• enlargement of the spleen;
• hepatomegaly.

Rash

The rash is a symptom characteristic of the initial stage of the development of the disease, and is observed along with fever. The rash looks like multiple small red spots.

Most often, their accumulations are localized in the back, abdomen, as well as on the face and limbs of the patient. Symptomatic treatment of a rash with mononucleosis is not required - as the patient recovers, it goes away by itself. It should be remembered that rashes when infected with the Epstein-Barr virus do not itch. If itching appears, then this is a symptom of an allergic reaction, and not mononucleosis.

Temperature

Elevated body temperature is one of the main characteristic signs of the development of mononucleosis. In the earliest stages, we are talking about subfebrile temperature, but it quickly rises to 38-40 degrees and can last for several days. If the temperature has risen above 39.5 degrees, this is considered as a direct indication for the patient's hospitalization.

A few days later, the fever drops to 37-37.5 degrees (this temperature persists for a long time - for several weeks), then a characteristic clinical picture of mononucleosis begins to take shape.

Throat lesion

Throat lesions with mononucleosis look like symptoms of purulent tonsillitis or pharyngitis (we recommend reading:). The patient complains of pain in the throat, including during swallowing, the mucous membranes of the tonsils and palatine arches turn red, redness of the posterior pharyngeal wall is noted. Symptoms almost always manifest themselves in parallel with fever and feverish conditions.

Diagnostic methods

In order to identify infectious mononucleosis, the doctor will need to carry out a whole range of measures to examine a small patient. Differential diagnosis of pathologies with similar symptoms is also shown. This is a prerequisite, the fulfillment of which helps to form an effective and safe strategy for treating a child.

The main methods for diagnosing mononucleosis include:

1. ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs - to assess the condition of the spleen and liver, to establish the fact and degree of their increase;
2. PCR diagnostics - in addition to the patient's blood, salivary secretion or discharge from the pharynx / nose can act as a biological material for research;
3. a serological blood test (detection of antibodies to the virus) allows you to differentiate mononucleosis from other pathologies, as well as to establish the phase of the disease;
4. biochemical blood test - if the liver cells are affected by the Epstein-Barr virus, then an increased level of bilirubin, liver fractions is detected;
5. a clinical blood test - 3 signs indicate the development of mononucleosis: the presence of atypical mononuclear cells (10% or more), an increased content of lymphocytes and leukocytes.

Features of treatment

There is no specific therapy indicated for the development of an acute form of infectious mononucleosis. The treatment strategy for a particular patient is determined by the doctor, based on the individual characteristics of the organism, the stage and severity of the course of the disease. Treatment is usually prescribed to eliminate unpleasant symptoms.

If the pathology is mild, then the child is shown treatment at home, it should include the following set of procedures:

1. dieting;
2. taking vitamins;
3. plentiful drink;
4. gargling.

If complications develop, there is a severe fever or acute pain in the abdomen and side, then hospitalization is indicated. In this case, the patient receives treatment in a hospital.

Therapeutic methods are determined on an individual basis based on the results of tests and other examinations.

Medical preparations

What medicines are indicated in the treatment of the disease? To eliminate the Epstein-Barr virus in children and adults, drugs similar in properties are used. When selecting drugs, one should take into account cases of individual intolerance and age restrictions.

As a rule, the following drugs are prescribed for mononucleosis:

1. antipyretics (Ibuprofen, Paracetamol);
2. vitamin complexes;
3. local antiseptics;
4. immunomodulators;
5. hepatoprotectors;
6. choleretic;
7. antiviral;
8. antibiotics (Metronidazole) - means of the penicillin group are contraindicated;
9. probiotics;
10. taking Prednisolone is recommended for severe hypertoxic form of mononucleosis.

special diet

The development of infectious mononucleosis is accompanied by liver damage, so the child needs to follow a special diet. Smoked meats, pastries, pickled foods, pickles, animal fats, hard-boiled or fried eggs, legumes, fatty fish should be excluded from the menu.

The list of products allowed during the treatment period includes:

• fresh non-sour cottage cheese;
• fat-free yogurt;
• non-spicy low-fat cheese
• steam pudding;
• low-fat milk as part of ready meals;
• steam omelet from the proteins of two chicken eggs;
• soups: mucous rice or oatmeal, vegetarian, vegetable broth;

• boiled fish of low-fat varieties;
• chopped or pureed veal, chicken, rabbit meat, boiled in water or steamed;
• cereals on the water from buckwheat, rice, semolina and oatmeal, casseroles, puddings and soufflés from the listed cereals;
• biscuit cookies;
• wheat crackers;
• dried bread.

Folk remedies

Before using any folk recipes for the treatment of mononucleosis in a child, you should definitely consult a doctor. Traditional medicine is not a full replacement for prescribed medications. Home remedies can be used as auxiliary as part of complex therapy. They help to alleviate the condition of a small patient and speed up the process of his recovery.

Echinacea flower infusion

Consequences of poor-quality treatment or its absence

Infectious mononucleosis in acute form develops extremely rarely, with high-quality treatment, the prognosis is favorable.

However, it is not worth neglecting the therapy of this disease - the virus can penetrate into almost any organs and systems through the blood, which leads to the development of dangerous complications and consequences. These include the following:

• rupture of the spleen - it is extremely rare, it can occur if the probing of the abdomen is carried out too strongly and abruptly, as well as with a sudden change in body position;
• glandular complications - an inflammatory process can develop in the thyroid, pancreas, salivary glands, in some cases the testicles become inflamed in boys;
• pericarditis, myocarditis (inflammatory processes in the heart bag or muscle);
• autoimmune reactions;
• anemia;
• thrombocytopenia;
• leukopenia;
• swelling of the larynx;
• pneumonia;
• broncho-obstructive syndrome;
• meningitis;
• encephalitis;
• myelitis.

Recovery after illness

In order for the recovery process after suffering mononucleosis to be quick, it is necessary to protect the child from infection with other viral infections.

You should spend a lot of time outdoors, but not on playgrounds, as it is recommended to refrain from contact with other children. Drinking immunomodulators after suffering mononucleosis is not prohibited, but their effectiveness in such situations has not yet been proven.

Preventive measures

Modern medicine does not have an effective vaccine that would eliminate the infection of a child with mononucleosis or the likelihood of a recurrence of the disease with a 100% guarantee. Parents should strengthen the baby's immunity - even if he encounters a virus, the body will cope with the disease much easier and faster.

• routine preventive vaccination will provide the child with reliable protection against diseases caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (more in the article:);
• at the first signs of infection, you need to seek help from a doctor - such measures will reduce the likelihood of complications, will prevent the transition of infections to a chronic form;
• walks on the street will prevent oxygen starvation, activate the immune system;
• a complete balanced diet - a complex of vitamins, trace elements and nutrients helps to strengthen the immune defense of the child's body.