Treatment of staphylococcal infection. Staphylococcus aureus in adults

Staphylococcus aureus(lat. Staphylococcus) is a motionless spherical bacterium belonging to the Staphylococcal family (Staphylococcaceae).

Staphylococcus belongs to the group of positive, immobile, anaerobic, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms for the human body. The type of metabolism is oxidative and enzymatic. Spores and capsules do not form. Staphylococcus cell diameter is 0.6-1.2 microns, depending on the strain (species). The most common colors are purple, gold, yellow, white. Some staphylococci are able to synthesize characteristic pigments.

Most species of staphylococcus aureus are purple in color and spread in bunches similar to grapes, which is why they got their name, which in ancient Greek means "σταφυλή" (grapes) and "κόκκος" (grain).

Staphylococci in a certain amount are almost always found on the surface of the human body (in the nasopharynx and oropharynx, on the skin), but when this infection gets inside, it weakens the body, and some types of staphylococcus can even cause the development of various diseases, and almost all organs and systems, especially if the immune system is weakened. The fact is that staphylococcus, getting inside, produces a large amount of endo- and exotoxins (poisons), which poison the cells of the body, disrupting their normal functioning. The most common pathologies that cause staphylococci are pneumonia, toxic shock, sepsis, purulent skin lesions, disturbances in the functioning of the nervous, digestive and other systems, and general poisoning of the body. It is not uncommon to join staph infection, as a secondary disease, as a complication in others.

The conditional pathogenicity of this type of infection suggests that staphylococci act negatively on human or animal health only under certain conditions.

There are a fairly large number of staphylococcus species - 50 (as of 2016). The most common are Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic, saprophytic and epidermal staphylococci. Each of the strains of these bacteria has its own severity and pathogenicity. They are resistant to many antibacterial drugs, as well as various harsh climatic conditions, but are sensitive to aqueous solutions of silver salts and its electrolytic solutions.
Staphylococcal infection is widespread in soil and air. It is by air that the infection (infection) of a person most often occurs. It is also worth noting that this species infection can affect not only people, but also animals.

It has been noticed that children are most susceptible to staphylococcus infection, which is associated with an immature immune system and non-observance of personal hygiene rules, as well as elderly people.

Causes of staphylococcus aureus

The cause of the development of almost all staphylococcal diseases is a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes, as well as the use of contaminated food. The level of harm also depends on the strain of bacteria as well as the functioning of the immune system. The stronger the immune system, the less harm staphylococci can cause to human health. Thus, we can conclude that in most cases, a combination of 2 factors is necessary for the disease of staphylococcus aureus - ingestion of the infection and disruption of the normal functioning of the immune system.

How is staphylococcus transmitted? Consider the most popular ways of contracting a staphylococcal infection.

How can staphylococcus enter the body?

Airborne route. In season respiratory diseases, frequent stay in crowded places also increases the risk of infection, not only staphylococcal, but also many other types of infection, incl. viral, fungal. , cough - these symptoms serve as a kind of beacons, from which healthy people, if possible, need to stay away.

Air-dust path. Household and street dust contains a large number of various microscopic particles - plant pollen, desquamated skin particles, the hair of various animals, dust mites, particles various materials(fabric, paper), and all this is usually seasoned with various infections - fungi. Staphylococcus and other types of infection are very often found in dust, and when we breathe such air, it does not affect our health in the best way.

Contact-household way. Usually, infection occurs when sharing personal hygiene items, bed linen, especially if one of the family members is sick. The risk of infection increases with injury to the skin, mucous membranes.

Fecal-oral (alimentary) route. Infection occurs when eating food with dirty hands, i.e. - in case of non-compliance. It is also worth noting here that infection by the alimentary route is also common cause diseases such as -, and other complex ones.

medical path. Infection with staphylococcus occurs through contact with insufficiently clean medical instruments, as in surgical interventions, and with some types of diagnostics, which imply a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes. This is usually due to the treatment of instruments with an agent to which staphylococcus has developed resistance.

How can staph seriously harm a person's health, or what weakens the immune system?

The presence of chronic diseases. Most illnesses are indicative of a weakened immune system. If pathological processes are already taking place in the body, it is more difficult for it to defend itself against other diseases. Therefore, any disease increases the risk of a secondary infection joining it, and staphylococcal is one of them.

The most common diseases and pathological conditions in which staphylococcus often attacks the patient are: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, diseases and other systems, as well as other chronic diseases.

In addition, the risk of infection with staphylococcus increases:

• Bad habits: smoking, drinking alcohol, using drugs;
• , lack of healthy sleep;
• Sedentary lifestyle;
• Use ;
• (deficiency of vitamins);
• Abuse of certain drugs - vasoconstrictors (violate the integrity of the nasal mucosa), antibiotics;
• Violations of the integrity of the skin, mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and mouth.
• Insufficient ventilation of rooms in which a person often stays (work, home);
• Work at enterprises with high air pollution, especially without protective equipment (masks).

Staphylococcus symptoms

The clinical picture (symptoms) of staphylococcus can be very diverse, depending on the affected organ, the strain of bacteria, the age of the person, the functionality (health) of the potential patient's immunity.

Common symptoms of staphylococcus can be:

• Elevated and high body temperature (often local) - up to,;
• (rush of blood to the site of inflammatory processes);
• General malaise, soreness;
• puffiness;
• Pyoderma (develops when staphylococcus gets under the skin), folliculitis, carbunculosis,;
• Decreased appetite,;
• - , and ;
• Diseases respiratory tract: , and ;
• Purulent discharge from the nasopharynx and oropharynx of a yellow-green color;
• Violation of the sense of smell;
• Difficulty breathing, sneezing;
• Changing the timbre of the voice;
• Toxic shock syndrome;
• The fall blood pressure;
• "Scalded Baby Syndrome";
• Violations of the functioning of some organs and tissues, which have become the focus of infection;

Complications of staphylococcus:

• lung abscess;
• Pleural empyema;
• loss of voice;
• convulsions;

Scientists have identified most types of staphylococcus in 11 groups:

1. Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus)- S. aureus, S. Simiae.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic human body. Once inside, they can cause inflammation and damage to almost all human organs and tissues, as well as form a golden pigment. Staphylococcus aureus has the ability to produce the enzyme coagulase, which is why it is sometimes called coagulase-positive staphylococcus aureus.

2. Ear staphylococci (Staphylococcus auricularis)- S. auricularis.

3. Staphylococcus carnosus- S. carnosus, S. condimenti, S. massiliensis, S. piscifermentans, S. simulans.

4. Epidermal staphylococci (Staphylococcus epidermidis)- S. capitis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. saccharolyticus.

Epidermal staphylococcus is most often found on the skin and mucous membranes of a person. It is a common cause of diseases such as -, endocarditis, sepsis, purulent lesions of skin and urinary tract wounds. With the normal functioning of the immune system, the body does not allow epidermal staphylococci to multiply inside the body and infect it.

5. Hemolytic staphylococci (Staphylococcus haemolyticus)- S. devriesei, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis.

Hemolytic staphylococcus is most often the cause of such diseases as - endocarditis, sepsis, inflammatory processes with suppuration on the skin, and.

6. Staphylococcus hyicus-intermedius- S. agnetis, S. chromogenes, S. felis, S. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lutrae, S. microti, S. muscae, S. pseudintermedius, S. rostri, S. schleiferi.

7. Staphylococcus lugdunensis— S. lugdunensis.

8. Saprophytic staphylococci (Staphylococcus saprophyticus)– S. arlettae, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. gallinarum, S. kloosii, S. leei, S. nepalensis, S. saprophyticus, S. succinus, S. xylosus.

Saprophytic staphylococcus is often the cause of urinary tract diseases such as cystitis and urethritis. This is due to the fact that saprophytic staphylococcus aureus is located mainly on the skin of the genitals, as well as the mucous membranes of the urinary tract.

9 Staphylococcus sciuri– S. fleurettii, S. lentus, S. sciuri, S. stepanovicii, S. vitulinus.

10 Staphylococcus simulans– S. simulans.

11. Staphylococcus warneri– S. pasteuri, S. warneri.

Degrees of staphylococcus

To determine the exact treatment regimen, doctors divided the course of staphylococcal disease into 4 conditional degrees. This is due to the fact that different kinds infections, as well as their pathological activity at different times and under different conditions, differ. In addition, this approach to diagnosis distinguishes between a staphylococcal infection, to which group it belongs - a completely pathogenic effect on the body, conditionally pathogenic and saprophytes, which practically do no harm to a person.

Degrees of staphylococcus

Staphylococcus 1 degree. Localization of infection for sampling for diagnosis - nasopharynx and oropharynx, skin, genitourinary system. Clinical manifestations absent or minimal. With a healthy immune system, drug therapy not required.

Staphylococcus 2 degree. Clinical manifestations (symptoms) are minimal or absent. If there are complaints, a thorough diagnosis is carried out for the presence of other types of infection. If it is established that another type of bacteria is also present in the body, antibiotic therapy is privately prescribed.

Staphylococcus 3 degree. The patient has complaints. In most cases, antibiotic therapy is necessary, except in a situation in which the attending physician considers that the use of antibiotics is unreasonable. Treatment of grade 3 staphylococcus is usually aimed primarily at strengthening the immune system. If within 2 months, recovery by the forces of the body does not occur, an individual treatment regimen for the infection is developed, incl. with the use of antibacterial agents.

Staphylococcus 4 degree. Therapy is aimed at strengthening immunity, eliminating,. Before using antibiotic therapy, a thorough diagnosis is carried out for the reaction of a particular type of staphylococcus to the drug.

Diagnosis of staphylococcus

Testing for staphylococcus aureus is done from swabs, usually taken from the surface of the skin, mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, or urinary tract.

Additional methods of examination can be:

How to treat staphylococcus aureus? Treatment of staphylococcus usually consists of 2 points - strengthening the immune system and antibiotic therapy. In the presence of other diseases, their treatment is also carried out.

It is very important to use antibiotics on the basis of diagnosis, since it is necessary to determine the type of staphylococcus by clinical picture practically impossible, and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can cause a large number of side effects.

However, the following most popular antibiotics are used to treat staphylococcus aureus.

Antibiotics for staphylococcus aureus

Important! Before using antibiotics, be sure to consult your doctor.

"Amoxicillin". It has the property of suppressing infection, stops its reproduction and negative effects on the body. Blocks the production of peptidoglycan.

"Baneocin". Ointment for the treatment of staphylococcus with skin lesions. It is based on a combination of two antibiotics - bacitracin and neomycin.

"Vancomycin". Contributes to the death of bacteria, due to the blocking of the component that is part of its cell membrane. It is applied intravenously.

"Claritomycin", "Clindamycin" and « » . They block the production of their proteins by bacteria, without which they die.

"Cloxacillin". It blocks the multiplication of staphylococcus by blocking their membranes present at the stage of their cell division. Usually prescribed at a dose of 500 mg / 6 hours.

"Mupirocin"- antibacterial ointment for staphylococcal skin lesions. Used for external use. The basis of the ointment are three antibiotics - baktroban, bonderm and supirotsin.

"Oxacillin". Blocks the division of bacterial cells, thereby destroying them. Method of application - oral, intravenous and intramuscular.

- In hot weather, avoid eating confectionery, meat, dairy and other products that are not stored in proper conditions;

- In case of injury to the skin, be sure to treat the wound with antiseptic agents, then cover it with a band-aid;

- Try not to visit beauty salons, tattoo parlors, tanning salons or dental clinics of a dubious nature, where they may not adhere to sanitary standards for the processing of medical instruments.

Which doctor should I contact with a staphylococcal infection?

staph infection – common name for diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus. Due to the high resistance to antibiotics, staphylococcal infections rank first among purulent-inflammatory diseases. infectious diseases. Staphylococcus is able to cause an inflammatory process in almost any organ. Staphylococcus can cause purulent skin diseases and subcutaneous tissue: boils, felons, abscesses, hydradenitis, pyoderma. Affecting the internal organs, staphylococcus can cause pneumonia, tonsillitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, abscesses internal organs. Enterotoxin secreted by staphylococcus can cause severe food intoxication with the development of enterocolitis (inflammation of the small and large intestine).

The genus of staphylococci includes three species: Staphylococcus aureus (the most harmful), Staphylococcus epidermidis (also pathogenic, but much less dangerous than aureus) and Staphylococcus saprophyta - practically harmless, however, also capable of causing diseases. In addition, each of the types of staphylococcus has several subspecies (strains) that differ from each other in various properties (for example, the set of toxins produced) and, accordingly, cause the same diseases that differ in clinic (manifestations). Under a microscope, staphylococci look like clusters of something similar to a bunch of grapes.

Staphylococci are distinguished by a rather high viability: up to 6 months they can be stored in a dried state, do not die during freezing and thawing, and are resistant to direct sunlight.

The pathogenic effect of staphylococci is associated with their ability to produce toxins: exfoliatin, which damages skin cells, leukocidin, which destroys leukocytes, and enterotoxin, which causes a food poisoning clinic. In addition, staphylococcus produces enzymes that protect it from the effects of immune mechanisms and contribute to its preservation and distribution in body tissues.

The source of infection can be a sick person or an asymptomatic carrier, according to some reports, up to 40% of healthy people are carriers of various strains Staphylococcus aureus. Entrance gates of infection can be microdamages of the skin, mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. A significant factor in the development of staphylococcal infections is the weakening of the immune system against the background of the use of medications (for example, immunosuppressants, antibiotics), chronic diseases (diabetes, diseases thyroid gland), the impact of adverse factors environment. Due to the nature of the immune system, staphylococcal infections are most severe in children. early age and old people. Immunity after an infection is unstable and, in general, insignificant, since when meeting with a new subspecies of staphylococcus that produces other toxins, all previous immune “acquisitions” do not carry a significant protective role.

Symptoms of a staph infection

Specific manifestations of a staphylococcal infection are determined by the site of introduction, the degree of aggressiveness of the staphylococcus species and the degree of reduced immunity.

Pyoderma is one of the most common purulent skin diseases. Staphylococcal pyoderma is characterized by a skin lesion in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe mouth of the hair. With superficial lesions, the so-called folliculitis develops - a small abscess, penetrated by hair in the center. With deeper lesions, a furuncle develops - a purulent-necrotic inflammation of the hair follicle and surrounding tissues, or a carbuncle - inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue around a group of hair follicles. Most often, boils and carbuncles appear on the back of the neck, thighs, buttocks. The appearance of boils and carbuncles on the face is especially dangerous - due to the characteristics of the blood circulation, staphylococcus can be brought into the brain, with the development purulent meningitis or brain abscess.

Symptoms of pyoderma with staphylococcal infection

Ritter's disease or "scalded skin" syndrome is another manifestation of staphylococcal infection, occurring mainly in newborns and young children. In its manifestations, the disease may resemble scarlet fever (similar rash) or erysipelas(focus of red inflamed skin with even borders) found in streptococcal infections. One of the forms of the disease - epidemic pemphigus, is a clear example of the action of staphylococcal toxin - exfoliatin. The superficial layers of the skin with pemphigus exfoliate in large layers, large blisters appear under them.

Abscesses and phlegmons are a form of deep damage to subcutaneous tissues with their purulent fusion. The difference between an abscess and phlegmon is that in the first case, inflammation is limited by a capsule that blocks the path for the further spread of the process, and with phlegmon, purulent inflammation spreads through the tissues (that is, it is a more dangerous form).

Staphylococcal pneumonia - a rare event, but due to the peculiarities of the course and the resistance of staphylococci to a number of antibiotics, it acquires great importance among bacterial pneumonias.
Pneumonia caused by staphylococcus is characterized by a severe course, with severe intoxication, chest pain (pleural damage), shortness of breath. Multiple foci appear in the tissues of the lungs, followed by purulent fusion, the formation of abscesses. Such abscesses can break into the pleural cavity: a so-called empyema is formed.

Getting from the source of infection on the face, in the sinuses or other places with blood flow to the brain, staphylococcus aureus causes the appearance of brain abscesses and purulent meningitis. Brain abscesses are usually small, scattered throughout the tissue. Meningitis is often secondary to a brain abscess, or may occur on its own when a large number of staphylococci appear in the blood (bacteremia). Damage to the brain and its membranes is manifested by headache, impaired consciousness, neurological disorders, epileptic seizures.

Staphylococcal infection can also cause thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins of the brain, accompanied by severe neurological disorders.

Staphylococcus is the main cause (up to 95%) of purulent inflammation bone marrow- osteomyelitis. In the process of inflammation, all layers of the bone are affected and destroyed, often the purulent focus breaks out. The main symptom of osteomyelitis is pain in the affected area. Later, tissue edema appears over the site of inflammation, and purulent fistulas form. When the joints are affected, purulent arthritis occurs, while the hip and knee joints are most often affected.

Staphylococcal lesions of the valves and the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) endocarditis is a serious disease with a high (40-60%) mortality rate. Entering with the blood stream, staphylococcus aureus destroys heart valves in a short time, causing serious complications in the form of embolism (blockage) peripheral arteries, myocardial abscess, heart failure.

Diseases caused by exposure to a large number of staphylococcal toxins are sometimes distinguished into a separate group - intoxication. These include toxic shock and food poisoning. Toxic shock occurs when particularly aggressive types of toxins enter the bloodstream, causing a sharp drop in blood pressure, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, impaired consciousness, and later a characteristic spotted rash appears. Food toxicosis occurs 2-6 hours after ingestion of food contaminated with staphylococcus aureus, and is manifested by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In severe cases of food intoxication, the manifestations of enterocolitis may resemble those in especially dangerous infection- cholera.

Sepsis is the most severe form of staphylococcal infection, in which a huge amount of bacteria is carried by the blood throughout the body with the formation of multiple secondary foci of infection in the internal organs.

Diagnosis of a staphylococcal infection

Diagnosis of staphylococcal infection is based on clinical signs diseases. To identify the pathogen, crops are made discharged from wounds, biological fluids. The basis for the diagnosis of food intoxication can be the isolation of staphylococcus from food. When establishing a diagnosis, the doctor has to differentiate staphylococcal diseases with infections caused by streptococcus, allergic skin lesions, with the cutaneous form of anthrax (carbuncle), intestinal infections(salmonellosis, dysentery).

Treatment of staph infections

Treatment of staphylococcal infections should be aimed at suppressing the pathogen, restoring the components of immunity, and treating concomitant diseases that reduce the reactivity of the body.

The surgical method of treating foci of staphylococcal infection with purulent fusion (boils, abscesses) has been considered the main one since ancient times and remains so to this day.

The use of antibiotics for staphylococcal infections should be well thought out and justified, since the irrational use of antibiotics, at least, will not be beneficial and, given the high resistance of staphylococci to some antibiotics, in some cases is harmful, leading to a worsening of the course of infections. For the treatment of staphylococcal processes, semi-synthetic penicillins (ampicillin, oxacillin), penicillins combined with clavulanic acid (amoxiclav) or another group of antibiotics - aminoglycosides (gentamicin) are more often used.

Bacteriophages in staphylococcal infections

To combat staphylococcus, bacteriophages can be used - viruses with a selective ability to defeat staphylococcus. For external treatment, ointments containing antibacterial components that have an antiseptic and regenerating effect are used. In purulent processes, it is not recommended to use ointments that have a fatty base (for example, the popular Vishnevsky liniment) since fats prevent the outflow of discharge from the wound, thereby worsening the course of the process.

Increased immunity with staphylococcal infection

Ways to increase immunity can be chosen a wide variety of reception herbal preparations- adaptogens (ginseng, eleutherococcus) to complex combinations, including synthetic immunomodulators, the introduction of ready-made immune preparations: antistaphylococcal plasma or immunoglobulin. A simple method of immunostimulation called autohemotherapy is often used ( intramuscular injection the patient's own blood).

To improve recovery processes, multivitamins are prescribed for general strengthening purposes. In diseases accompanied by high intoxication, fever, it is advisable to drink plenty of water.
The diet, as for any patient, should be easily digestible with a sufficient amount of vitamins. A varied healthy diet plays a significant role in maintaining the body's defenses and quick recovery after illness.

Folk remedies for the treatment of staphylococcal infections

Folk remedies can be used as the only independent method for non-severe forms of staphylococcal infection. These methods are based on the use of infusions and decoctions of herbs with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties (chamomile, string, St. John's wort, calendula) both in the form of rinses and lotions, and for oral administration. Infusions of berries rich in vitamins (raspberries, cranberries, currants, rose hips) help to eliminate bacterial toxins and restore the body. Thermal procedures are recommended to be used locally and only during the recovery period. It is not advisable to use heat to accelerate the maturation of abscesses, a bath, a sauna, and even more so hot baths, because of the danger of weighting and further dissemination infections.

Prevention of staph infection

Prevention of staphylococcal infection includes: observing the rules of personal hygiene, refusing bad habits, healthy eating and good sleep. It is necessary to avoid general hypothermia and overheating, to treat microtraumas of the skin with antiseptics (iodine, brilliant green) in a timely manner. It is necessary to identify and treat carriers of Staphylococcus aureus, especially those working in health care and public catering institutions, for the duration of treatment such persons are not allowed to perform their duties.

Doctor's advice on the topic of staphylococcal infection:

Are there vaccines for streptococcal infections?
Answer: there is a so-called staphylococcal toxoid, which, after administration, causes the formation of antitoxic antibodies, there are no vaccines that stimulate the production of antibacterial immunity.

I often get boils (carbuncles, pimples, etc.). What do you need to drink to pass?
Answer: in case of manifestations of chronic staphylococcal infection, it is impossible to self-medicate. It is necessary to consult a doctor - the treatment of the infection should be prescribed individually after a detailed examination, it is also necessary to undergo treatment under the supervision of a doctor.

I have dysbacteriosis, they revealed the carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, an antibiotic was prescribed. How long should it be taken?
Answer: Treatment of carriage of Staphylococcus aureus with antibiotics is impractical. It is desirable to use staphylococcal bacteriophage and immunization with staphylococcal toxoid. Antibiotic treatment of dysbacteriosis with a high content of staphylococcus is completely contraindicated, as this will lead to the opposite result - more intensive reproduction of staphylococcus

Therapist Sokov S.V.

The epidermis of a healthy person is inhabited by many bacteria that do not cause any damage with a normally functioning immune system. If the body's defense system does not work well, microbes can provoke serious skin diseases.

Staphylococcus aureus - ways of infection

The bacterium in question lives on the surface of the epidermis, mucous membranes, household items, medical equipment and even food. At the same time, Staphylococcus aureus is not always dangerous - the reasons for its active reproduction and toxic effect on the skin are to reduce the activity of the immune system. Healthy man when in contact with a microbe, it will not become infected.

Ways of transmission of bacteria:

• airborne;
• direct contact with the carrier;
• eating contaminated food or drink;
• wounds, cuts, scratches;
• medical manipulation.

How does staphylococcus manifest itself on the skin?

Infection with the described pathogen has several similar manifestations. The appearance of staphylococcus on the skin depends on the location of bacterial inflammation, its intensity and the state of the human immune system. The introduction of microbes into the epidermal integument is always accompanied by:

• suppuration;
• swelling of nearby tissues;
• pain syndrome;
• hyperemia.

The main symptom that provokes staphylococcus rashes on the skin. They can take several forms:

• blisters (vesicles with exudate);
• acne;
• extensive red spots (erysipelas);
• carbuncles;
• phlegmon;
• pustules;
• abscesses and others.

Infection with this microbe in the specified area is accompanied by a rapidly spreading rash. Staphylococcus aureus on the skin of the face causes the appearance of a large number of acne. First, deep painful inflammations form, which look like bright red tubercles with severe swelling of the surrounding tissues. Signs of staphylococcus rapidly progress, and a white purulent "head" appears in the center of such acne. Over time, it turns yellow and opens, leaving a scar in the form of a hole at the site of inflammation.

The main symptom of bacterial infection in this area is panaritium. Inflammation affects the fingers and periungual folds, often a consequence of a sloppy manicure. Staphylococcus aureus on the skin of the hands is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• accumulation of pus in the dermal layer;
• pronounced redness of the inflamed tissue;
• strong pain;
• a feeling of twitching in the affected area;
• swelling and swelling of the skin;
• discoloration of the nail.

Staphylococcus on the body

The most common variant of the course of infection is a purulent rash. It can form on any part of the body, but is more common in the upper half of the body (chest, back, abdomen). Staphylococcus on the skin in this case looks like a cluster of deep red pimples with white "heads" in the center. When you click on such elements, intense pain is felt.

Cutaneous staphylococcus on the body can have other forms. A more severe type of inflammatory process is a boil (boil). It is a strong suppuration sebaceous gland or hair follicle. In the center of the abscess there is a deep purulent core. If it is not completely removed, bacteria will penetrate into the surrounding tissues and damage them.

Another type of staph infection is erysipelas. It is characterized by the following symptoms:

• the appearance of an extensive red spot on the skin;
• swelling of inflamed tissues;
• local increase in body temperature;
• painful sensations;
• small point hemorrhages at the site of the lesion;
• sometimes - the presence of translucent blisters with a purulent mass on the epidermis.

Staphylococcus - diagnosis

The described bacterium provokes symptoms similar to infection with streptococcus. To differentiate and develop the correct treatment regimen, an analysis for Staphylococcus aureus is necessary. When making a diagnosis, the following methods are used:

• coagulase test;
• scraping of the epidermis, followed by inoculation of the obtained biological material on a nutrient medium;
• agglutination of Vidal;
• phage typing.

In case of complicated infection with microbes and penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the deep layers of the dermis, additional tests are prescribed:

• blood;
• urine;
• feces;
• smears from mucous membranes.

How to treat staphylococcus on the skin?

Bacterial infections can only be treated with antibiotics to which they are sensitive. Staphylococcus on the skin is eliminated mainly by local preparations in the form of ointments and creams. With extensive tissue damage and the detection of microbes in the blood, systemic agents can also be prescribed. Sometimes surgery is required when Staphylococcus aureus is found on the skin - treatment surgical methods recommended in case of boils, carbuncles and phlegmon.

In parallel with the basic, immunostimulating, antifungal and symptomatic therapy is carried out:

• vitamins;
• lacto- and bifidobacteria;
• antimycotic;
• painkillers;
• anti-inflammatory.

Ointment from staphylococcus on the skin

Medicines with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity are selected as local preparations. This helps prevent the development of a mixed infection. Staphylococcus on the skin of the face is best treated with creams, they are absorbed faster and less comedogenic. Effective antimicrobials:

• Supirocin;
• Mupirocin;
• Bonderm;
• Fusidin;
• Baneocin;
• Altargo;
• Gentamicin and others.

Generalized lesions suggest complex therapy including internal medication. A systemic antibiotic for staphylococcus on the skin should be selected only by a specialist in accordance with the results of analyzes of biological material. It is dangerous to independently acquire and use antimicrobial drugs; this is fraught with the development of superinfection. In such situations, staphylococcus aureus appears on healthy skin, spreading to large areas of the epidermis.

Effective systemic antibiotics:

• Vancomycin;
• Cefazolin;
• Cloxacillin;
• Cephalexin;
• Erythromycin;
• Oxacillin;
• Cefotaxime;
• Clarithromycin;
• Cephalotin;
• Clindamycin and others.

Treatment of staphylococcus folk remedies

Alternative methods of therapy are allowed to be used only with the permission of the doctor. Some natural preparations help eliminate staphylococcus on the skin - treatment with folk recipes ensures the removal of purulent masses and high-quality disinfection of the damaged epidermis. The easiest option is to apply fresh and pre-mashed burdock leaves or a tissue soaked in apple cider vinegar to the rashes (2 tablespoons per 1 glass of water). Compresses should be changed every 4-5 hours.

Many people have experienced an infection such as Staphylococcus aureus, the symptoms in adults are somewhat different from those in children. Staphylococci are aerobic Gram-positive bacteria that form numerous clusters irregular shape. They got their name because of the appearance of a golden glow when sown on a nutrient medium. Staphylococcus aureus is found on many environmental objects; it can exist for a long time in food products, on household items, in breast milk, on human skin and mucous membranes.

In small quantities, these bacteria are found on the mucous membranes and skin of any person. However, the infection develops only in people with reduced immunity, because normal microflora able to cope with the regulation of the number of these microorganisms. With a decrease in the protective properties of the immune system, staphylococci multiply intensively and cause serious illness. The high pathogenicity of the bacterium is associated with several factors. First of all, with the fact that staphylococcus is resistant to many disinfectants and high temperatures (can withstand heating up to 100 ° C, freezing, exposure to ethyl alcohol). This microorganism produces special enzymes that provide it with resistance to many types of antibiotics. These same substances help bacteria to penetrate deep into the tissues of the human body.

The waste product of staphylococci is endotoxin; Once in the body, it causes all the symptoms of acute food poisoning. Immunity to Staphylococcus aureus is not developed, so re-infection is possible. Being in the hospital, a person is most susceptible to infection, because the surrounding air contains the largest number microorganisms resistant to antibiotics.

Where does a staph infection come from? Infection is facilitated by a decrease in immunity caused by the following reasons: hormonal drugs, the wrong course of antibiotics, poor nutrition, vitamin deficiency in the body, poor personal hygiene, eating contaminated food. Infection can be local or general. The common ones include septicocemia and septicopyemia. Local include infection of the mucous membranes, joints, skin, mammary glands and sinuses. In a separate category, food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus is distinguished.

Bacterial infection can be either primary or secondary. The disease can occur in acute or chronic form. The severity of the infection is mild, moderate and heavy.

The infection manifests itself differently depending on the location of the primary focus. Common symptoms is subfebrile temperature, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea. When the sweat glands are infected, dense reddish nodules appear in the area skin folds. Over time, they begin to fester. When infected sebaceous glands fluid-filled bubbles form. After opening them, a crust appears. Staphylococcus aureus can also cause exfoliative dermatitis, characterized by the appearance of large blisters, as with burns. With spontaneous opening of the blisters, an ulcer is formed. With the defeat of the lower layers of the skin, an abscess is formed - a purulent abscess. Infection in the burrs causes panaritium. With the defeat of the subcutaneous tissue, phlegmon occurs.

With the penetration of Staphylococcus aureus into the mucous membranes of the eyes, conjunctivitis is observed, the main signs of which are edema, lacrimation, purulent discharge, photophobia. When staphylococci enter the nasal sinuses, infectious rhinitis develops with purulent secretions from the nose. With infection of the upper respiratory tract, pharyngitis develops, tonsillitis with a dry cough. Very often these diseases are combined with pneumonia. At the same time, shortness of breath, a painful cough and a strong fever appear.

When the cerebral cortex is damaged, meningitis develops. This disease in adults occurs in a milder form than in children. Meningitis is characterized by severe vomiting, severe headaches, skin rashes, and epileptic seizures. During the puncture, the marrowy fluid comes out under pressure and has a purulent admixture.

Staphylococcus aureus can also affect the genitourinary system, causing urethritis, pyelonephritis and cystitis. The main symptoms of these diseases are pain in the lumbar region, frequent urination, and fever. Urine contains protein, an increased number of leukocytes, with bacteriological culture, Staphylococcus aureus is detected. Food poisoning occurs when ingested digestive system contaminated products. Its main symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, greenish stools.

Blood poisoning - sepsis - develops with a pronounced decrease in immunity. The disease is extremely difficult, there is a strong fever, symptoms of poisoning of the body, loss of consciousness. In toxic shock blood pressure drops to a critical point, the patient may fall into a coma. Septicopyemia - the presence of bacteria in the blood with the formation of purulent infectious foci in internal organs and on human skin.

First of all, staphylococcus in adults must be distinguished from streptococcal infections. When diagnosing staphylococcal infections, the following methods are used: a coagulase test lasting 4 hours (if necessary, can be extended), latex agglutination - an analysis using latex particles that react to antibodies to staphylococcus aureus. Mandatory execution general analysis urine to determine the number of leukocytes, neutrophils and staphylococci.

In addition, seeding is performed on a nutrient medium to determine the causative agent of infection and its sensitivity to antibacterial drugs. Feces should be submitted for analysis no later than 2 hours after going to the toilet. Swabs from the mucous membranes of the mouth are taken before taking medications and brushing your teeth.

A smear for conjunctivitis is taken from the mucous membrane of the lower eyelid sterile cotton swab moistened with distilled water. Before taking a smear from the skin, they are treated with an antiseptic and cleaned of crusts. The agglutination reaction allows you to track the rate of spread of infection and the effectiveness of treatment. Spend it every 7 days. If the antibody titer increases by more than 100 times, the infection is progressing.

Tactics and methods of treatment

With a mild course of the disease, antibiotic treatment may not be prescribed. In severe and moderate forms, semi-synthetic antibiotics are prescribed - oxacillin, cefazolin.

If the bacteria are resistant to them, vancomycin is given. The duration of the course of treatment for envy depends on the severity of the course of the disease (the norm is at least 7 days). In severe cases, doctors prescribe a course of treatment lasting several months.

With purulent rashes on the skin, antibiotics should be combined with local treatment - treatment with mupirocin. In its absence, wounds are treated with brilliant green, hydrogen peroxide or antibacterial ointments.

With conjunctivitis, the eyes are washed with a light pink solution of potassium permanganate and albucid is instilled 3-4 times a day. With abscesses and boils, drainage is installed to drain the purulent contents. The course of treatment includes taking antistaphylococcal bacteriophages and immunoglobulin. In case of food poisoning, antibiotics are not prescribed, they are replaced with antistaphylococcal toxoid. Gastric lavage and intravenous glucose solution are also required.

Taking antibiotics should be accompanied by taking antifungal agents.

At proper treatment mild diseases of its form are cured within 7 days. Forms such as septicopyemia and sepsis are more dangerous and in half of the cases end in death. Therefore, a doctor should be consulted when the first symptoms of this dangerous infection appear.

A staphylococcal infection is an infection of the body with Staphylococcus microbes. It can be both mild and complex forms of pathological processes.

In the process of life, microorganisms produce a large number of enzymes toxic to the body. More often this is reflected in the condition of the skin, less often in the functioning of the nervous system.

Streptococcus at 1000x magnification

These microbes are highly resistant to environmental influences and antibiotics.

What doctor treats?

Therapy of skin diseases caused by staphylococcus is usually dealt with by a specialist dermatologist. However, doctors of other specialties can come to his aid, in particular:

• Infectionist.
• Immunologist.
• surgeon, etc.

Having found manifestations of a staphylococcal infection on the skin, you should immediately go to an appointment with a dermatologist. In the absence of such a specialist within walking distance, you can start with a visit to the therapist.

Symptoms

Symptoms of cutaneous staphylococcus aureus depend on its location and the state of the immune system. In some cases, the symptoms may vary, and it is extremely difficult to determine their nature.

Signs in adults

Staphylococcal infection can settle in various organs and tissues, and among the diseases caused by it, skin forms are especially distinguished:

• Pyoderma.
• Carbunculosis.
• Erysipelas (erysipelas), etc.

In adults, the signs of a staph infection may vary depending on the location of the infection. The disease does not always lead to a deterioration in general well-being and the appearance of signs of intoxication. Such signs occur only with a serious purulent process.

Facial symptoms

The penetration of infection into the skin on the face usually leads to the appearance of a rapidly spreading purulent rash. The patient is faced with a significant amount of acne - deep subcutaneous inflammation that causes significant pain. Such elements of the rash have a bright red color, and the tissues surrounding them look swollen. As the purulent and inflammatory process develops, in the central part of the pimple, white head- so pus rises up. Over time, it changes its color to a more yellow one and bursts (opens). In the place of inflammation, cicatricial changes may remain - pits on the skin.

In men, a staphylococcal infection can manifest itself in the area of ​​​​the beard and mustache and proceed in the form of staphylococcal sycosis. Such an ailment can be suspected by:

• Formation of superficial follicles. Pustules at the same time appear in groups, capturing areas of healthy skin.
• The appearance of redness and swelling.
• The appearance of pain.
• Formation of greenish or yellowish crusts.
• Peeling and weeping of injured areas.

The appearance of painful purulent neoplasms on the face is a reason for immediate treatment for medical care. Can't fight disease folk remedies popping pimples and ignoring them can be dangerous.

How does it look on the skin of the hands?

Staphylococcus may well lead to the appearance of pustules on the skin of the hands. But a much more typical symptom in the defeat of such localization is the development of panaritium - lesions of the fingers and periungual ridges. At the same time, a person is worried about:

• Pronounced redness of the affected areas.
• Significant soreness.
• Twitching sensation.
• Noticeable swelling and swelling.
• Accumulation of pus under the skin. A blister with purulent contents may be seen
• Changing the color of the nail.

In the absence of prompt treatment, inflammation can easily spread to healthy fingers and also lead to inflammation of the nail plates.

Such symptoms also require mandatory medical attention. If the purulent infection progresses, you can at least lose the nail, and at the most, face serious complications.

How does it show up on the body?

Most often, staphylococcus on the body looks like a purulent rash. A similar symptom can appear in various areas, but most often the upper half of the body, for example, the chest, back or abdomen, becomes the place of its localization. A staphylococcal rash may look like a cluster of deep red pimples that have white heads in the central part. Such rashes can hurt on their own, but when pressed, the pain increases by an order of magnitude.

A staph infection can also cause other lesions, such as:

• Furuncle. This is an inflammatory process in the sebaceous or hair follicle. With such a pathology, a painful seal forms deep under the skin, the skin above it becomes hot and reddened. Over time, an abscess forms, pus rises up and becomes noticeable, like a white head on a pimple.
• Phlegmon. This is a fairly serious purulent subcutaneous inflammation, which is manifested by severe swelling of the skin. The affected area turns red and feels hot to the touch. Body temperature rises, increased weakness occurs. The appearance of the described signs is a reason for immediate medical attention.

Staphylococcal infection on the body can be successfully treated. But for effective therapy correct diagnosis by a doctor is important.

The classic disease "erysipelas" is of streptococcal origin, but doctors separately consider the so-called staphylococcal erysipelas. This disease is characterized by rather bright symptoms:

• Redness of the skin. The lower extremities are most commonly affected.
• The appearance of dense edema of the affected area.
• The appearance at the site of the lesion of small rashes.
• An increase in temperature indicators up to 40 ° C.
• Vivid signs of intoxication, in particular, nausea and vomiting.

Erysipelas significantly worsens the general well-being of a person. This serious illness requires immediate medical attention - calling an ambulance.

Blisters form on the affected areas, leading to erosion. Within three days, the disease can spread to a huge area of ​​​​the body, significantly worsening the well-being of a person.

How to detect in the human body?

Diagnosis of a staphylococcal infection is usually not difficult for a doctor. Studies are carried out during the active phase of the disease, when a person is concerned about obvious health problems. For dermatological problems, skin scrapings are usually performed, which are subsequently examined under a microscope and sown on a nutrient medium (bacteria are carried out). This allows you to determine the sensitivity of the detected pathogen to antibacterial drugs and make the treatment as effective as possible.

Additionally, for patients with signs of a staphylococcal infection, the doctor may prescribe other studies designed to identify concomitant problems in the body's activities.

Doctors emphasize that it makes sense to take any tests for staphylococcus aureus only if there is real signs illness. Otherwise, the study may show the carriage of bacteria, which in itself is not dangerous and does not require treatment at all.

Adults can be tested for staphylococcus aureus in any laboratory - private or public. Going to a government institution, you should have a referral from your doctor with you.

Is staph skin infection contagious?

This type of microorganism is always present on human skin. With any violation of the integrity of the skin, it penetrates into the bloodstream and becomes the cause of the development of inflammatory processes.

You can get infected:

• using non-sterile medical instruments;
• eating dirty, thermally unprocessed food;
• by airborne droplets;
• household way in case of non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
• sexually.

Weakened immune system main reason infection development.

Where does the bacterium that causes the rash nest?

Pathogenic staphylococci, which can cause various skin rashes, live exclusively on the surface of the body. They can attack the skin in the presence of various injuries on it - microdamages.

If it gets into the blood?

Even in the presence of staphylococcal skin diseases, such bacteria usually do not enter the bloodstream. Their presence in the bloodstream is a very serious problem, since pathogenic microorganisms in such a situation can easily spread to all corners of the body and provoke extensive damage to many organs and even blood poisoning and inflammation of the brain.

Doctors say that staphylococcus in the blood is found very rarely. A similar situation is possible in the presence of immunodeficiency, severe illnesses and the lack of adequate treatment of the primary disease.

Staphylococcal infection on the skin of the face and head

The danger of this infection lies in its resistance to antiseptic, antimicrobial drugs. The infection can affect both children and adults. Staphylococci can affect any organs, provoking inflammatory processes.

Purulent lesions form on the skin, due to the lack of treatment, they spread to the nearest areas and infect them.

The bacterium can cause blood poisoning, which leads to the development of serious pathologies. People with a weakened immune system are most susceptible to infection - the body is not able to independently resist the microorganism.

What is staphylococcus

This term is used to denote microorganisms - cocci, which have the appearance of bacteria of an oval or round shape. There are 27 types of staphylococci, but only a few of them pose a real threat to the body. Staphylococcal infection is resistant to temperature and treatment. Therefore, drugs produced 5-6 years ago are useless today.

Staphylococcal skin infection in children and newborns

After infection, the child appears:

• on the early stage- vomiting, stool disorders and fever;
• in the late - purulent formations throughout the body.

This serious infection can provoke the development of purulent formations, infection of internal organs, infection of the mucous membranes, and the development of sepsis.

Sometimes it is extremely difficult to recognize the signs of staphylococcus aureus. Usually they are similar to the development of diathesis, SARS, dysbacteriosis. To determine the pathology, it is necessary to pass laboratory examination after which the doctor will be able to choose adequate methods of therapy.

Treatment is not aimed at eliminating the symptoms, it should neutralize the infection that caused them.

Symptoms

The minimum number of bacteria in a smear is not a cause for concern. If they begin to multiply (if conditions are favorable for this), then the following symptoms may appear:

1. Nervousness and irritability.
2. Burning sensation, itching, worse at night.
3. Vaginal discharge, which may different colour and smell.
4. Pain and discomfort during and after intercourse.
5. Increased body temperature, feverish conditions.
6. Decreased appetite.
7. Pain in the lower abdomen during urination.
8. Violation menstrual cycle or painful periods with copious (scanty) discharge.

Treatment

The treatment process for staphylococcus is lengthy, since this microbe is resistant to simple species antibiotics. Therapy requires a holistic approach.

Antibiotics

The choice of antibiotics is made individually, since they do not affect all types of microorganism. Usually these are intramuscular preparations. They are aimed at reducing the growth of bacteria, preventing their reproduction. Suitable for treatment:

• ampicillin;
• gentamicin;
• oxacillin;
• amoxiclav.

Ointments

Traditionally, these are antibiotic-based ointments that are used in the morning and evening. Ointment generously lubricate the affected area. Suitable for treatment:

• Levomekol;
• Methyluracil;
• Gentamycin.

Immunomodulators

In addition to antibiotics, the patient is prescribed vitamin complexes and immunostimulants. They are necessary to enhance the protective functions of the body, helping it to resist bacteria.

Normal microflora of the vagina

The composition of the microflora of the vagina varies depending on:

• days of the cycle;
• influence of external factors;
• the physiological state of a woman (pregnancy, lactation, menopause);
• general condition health.

It is noteworthy that the sampling of material when passing a smear for analysis is carried out from three places: the urethra, cervix and vagina. When conducting laboratory research microorganisms that cause inflammation or any disease are detected. The smear norm is an average, since the indicators cannot be the same for women of different age groups:

Laboratory staff do not write in full the name of the zone where the biomaterial was taken from, but use letter designations: U - urethra, V - vagina, C - cervical canal (section of the cervix).

Is it possible to be treated with folk remedies

Among the many folk recipes, there are those that will help to cope with a staph infection. Before using this or that prescription, it is important to study its contraindications and consult with your doctor.

Recipes include medicinal plants, which can provoke the development of complications, so it is important to consider contraindications and not exceed the dosage.

Staphylococcal skin infection is a common disease that can affect both adults and young children. If the disease is ignored, it leads to serious consequences, spreads throughout the body and internal organs.

How to cure skin disease?

Staphylococci, disease-causing skin, are pathogenic bacteria, respectively, the basis of the treatment of such ailments is the local and / or systemic use of antibacterial drugs. But treatment should still be comprehensive and include:

• Compliance general recommendations hygiene and lifestyle.
• The use of local medicines.
• Taking systemic drugs.
• Additional measures of influence depending on the recommendations of the attending physician.

It is important to remember that in the treatment of staphylococcal infections, it is necessary not only to fight pathogenic microbes, but also to strengthen the immune system by all means. If the body works correctly, such bacteria will not be afraid of it.

A staph infection can easily spread through the skin and cause a lot of discomfort. To quickly cope with the disease, doctors recommend:

• Limit water procedures. Most doctors advise against washing the affected areas during the acute stage of the disease in order to avoid the spread of bacteria. Soon after the start of antibiotic therapy, such a restriction is no longer relevant.
• Regularly wipe the affected areas with antiseptics. The best option for this will be green. Although it leaves green indelible spots on the body, it really destroys staphylococcus bacteria. As an alternative to brilliant green, you can use a weak solution of potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, Chlorhexidine or Miramistin, but you should not expect a miracle from them.
• Stick to a diet. The menu should be based on the use of healthy food, which is well absorbed and covers the body's needs for minerals and vitamins. Fresh vegetables, fruits, berries and greens will benefit. From frankly harmful products It is better to refuse, as well as from alcohol.
• Take a sufficient amount of ordinary clear liquid. Compliance with the drinking regimen will help to quickly remove toxins from the body.
• Follow basic hygiene rules. Hands should be washed regularly with soap and avoid touching affected areas.
• Take multivitamin preparations and medicines that help strengthen the immune system in accordance with the recommendations of a doctor.

How to treat with local remedies?

To combat staphylococcus on the skin, you can use local antibacterial drugs:

• Ointments with mupirocin. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is the main active ingredient several drugs - Bonderm ointments, Supirocin and Bactroban. Such drugs perfectly destroy pathogenic bacteria and rarely cause unwanted side effects.
• Ointment Baneocin. Such a medicine incorporates two broad-spectrum antibiotics - neomycin and bacitracin. It is believed that when applied topically, such substances are practically not absorbed into the blood, but they accumulate well at the site of application, performing their task. However, it is worth noting that Baneocin ointment can only be used for application to limited areas of the skin (no more than a palm in area), otherwise the drug can cause serious side effects.
• Cream Fusidin. Such a medicine has in its composition sodium fusidate or fusidic acid. It perfectly destroys pathogenic bacteria and can be used to treat rashes on the face. Fusidin practically does not penetrate into the blood, therefore, it cannot cause dangerous side effects.
• Erythromycin ointment. It's affordable and effective medicine which can be purchased at every pharmacy. The drug perfectly inhibits the activity of bacteria and helps to get rid of skin infections.
• Levomekol. This ointment is popular among the population, and it can really come in handy in the treatment of diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus. The drug contains the antibiotic chloramphenicol, which fights bacteria, as well as methyluracil, which activates the processes of cell regeneration and has an anti-inflammatory effect.

The doctor will help you choose the most effective medicine in each case. Sometimes local preparations are enough to cope with staphylococcus aureus on the skin.

How to get rid of systemic drugs?

Systemic drugs in the treatment of staphylococcus aureus are necessary if the infection spreads to large areas of the skin or leads to severe inflammatory process. To achieve a therapeutic effect, tablets are usually used:

• From the group of penicillins. Most often, the combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid is preferred.
• From the group of cephalosporins. Of these drugs, cefuroxime, cefazolin, etc. can be used.
• Tetracyclines. Such medicines are used quite rarely. Perhaps the use of doxycycline or minocycline.

The study of skin scrapings, which reveals the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to the drug, helps to choose the most effective antibiotic in each case.

Acne toxoid

Staphylococcal toxoid is a toxin (poisonous waste products) of pathogenic staphylococci obtained in the laboratory. Such a toxin is thoroughly purified and neutralized, and then used to treat adults. The purpose of such therapy is to activate the immune system so that it can independently cope with acute or chronic (at the stage of exacerbation) staphylococcal infection. Anatoxin is often recommended for use in skin diseases caused by staphylococci. It is believed that the introduction of one part of the toxoid into the body stimulates the production of such a volume of its own antitoxin, which is able to cope with a dose of toxins that is a million times greater than the amount injected. In other words, the body itself begins to fight pathogenic bacteria and their negative influence.

Anatoxin is used for subcutaneous injection. The drug is injected under the scapula - then under the right, then under the left. The course of treatment consists of 7 injections, which are performed at intervals of 2 days in a certain dosage. In some cases, the duration of treatment is reduced to 5 injections.

To date, toxoid can only be used to treat adults. The drug does not give a life-long result - the effect of its administration lasts no more than 1 year, but often exceeds all expectations.

Staphylococcus and pregnancy

When a staphylococcal infection is detected in a pregnant woman, a sparing treatment regimen is used. Taking antibiotics is a last resort. Moreover, individual staphylococcal strains are highly resistant to antibiotics, which makes their treatment ineffective.

Most often, women "in position" are prescribed local anti-inflammatory drugs, immunomodulating and immunostimulating drugs, quartz treatment. Doctors select drugs that do not have side effects. And the ideal "weapon" for the fight is the killer virus of staphylococci - the bacteriophage.

During pregnancy, a woman is especially vulnerable, so staphylococcus easily enters the body, causing various complications. For example, an ascending gynecological infection can provoke peritonitis.

The option of infection of the tissues of the fetus and fetal membranes is also not excluded. First of all, it affects the kidneys and bladder. Staphylococcus aureus is considered especially dangerous, which is often the cause of miscarriage. That is why pregnant women should be tested regularly.

Methods of treatment

If during the diagnosis an excess of the permissible number of staphylococci is revealed, then the optimal treatment regimen is selected for the patient. It is individual for each clinical case and depends on the nature and characteristics of the course of the disease.

Therapeutic measures are not always carried out, because not only the total number of cocci is taken into account, but also their percentage relative to other strains. At the initial stage, broad-spectrum drugs (Lincomycin, Erythromycin, Fuzidin, Novobiocin) are prescribed. But before that, the patient's allergic history is carefully studied.

The average treatment regimen looks like this:

1. The use of antibacterial drugs in order to destroy the main strain of microorganisms and eliminate the manifestations of infection. Without an integrated approach, therapy will not be effective. This includes taking pills, douching, using vaginal suppositories("Terzhinan", "Vokadin", "Pimafutsin". Antiseptic solutions can be used to sanitize the vagina: "Miramistin", "Streptomycin", "Chlorophyllipt".
2. Search and elimination of pathologies that contribute to the reproduction of staphylococcus aureus. The factors contributing to this are different: from non-observance of elementary hygiene rules, to the exacerbation of chronic diseases.
3. Restoration of the vaginal microflora, for which preparations containing lactobacilli are used.

If degree staphylococcal lesions- severe, then the patient may be prescribed drugs: Vancomycin, Oxacillin, Ampicillin. The course consists of a certain number of days, and it cannot be shortened or extended on one's own initiative.

Prevention measures

1. It is not recommended to take antibacterial drugs and douching without the consent of the doctor.
2. When diagnosis and treatment are required, the healthcare facility must be carefully selected. Especially when it comes to reproductive organs. After all, cases of infection with a staphylococcal infection through the fault of physicians are now not uncommon.
3. Tampons and menstrual cups it is recommended to use in case of emergency, and it is better to completely refuse to wear underwear made of synthetic fabrics.
4. Protected sexual intercourse, which involves the use of a condom - protection against unwanted pregnancy, STDs, staph and other problems.
5. Need to take care of timely treatment gynecological diseases, neutralization of inflammatory processes.
6. Intimate hygiene is an art. All movements are performed from front to back, and not vice versa.

Staphylococcus during pregnancy

During pregnancy, a woman's immunity is weakened, her defenses are reduced. At that time female body the most vulnerable and open to various microbes, including staphylococcus aureus.

1. The least danger to the health of a pregnant woman and an unborn child is saprophytic staphylococcus, which is most often localized on the mucous membrane. Bladder, urethra, genitals and causes in pregnant women the following diseases: cystitis, nephritis, urethritis.
2. More dangerous at this crucial time for a woman is epidermal staphylococcus, a normal inhabitant of the skin. This microorganism can cause sepsis and endocarditis in a pregnant woman, which often ends in the loss of a child and the death of a woman.
3. Staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous microbe from this group, life threatening and maternal and fetal health. In pregnant women, it can cause serious diseases - mastitis, inflammation of the lungs, meninges, peritoneum, furunculosis, acne. Staphylococcus aureus often causes infection of the amniotic membranes and the fetus itself. In a newborn, it causes pemphigus.
4. Hemolytic staphylococcus often becomes active during pregnancy and causes acute tonsillitis.

Every pregnant woman, after being registered in the antenatal clinic, must undergo a series of mandatory examinations, including testing for staphylococcus aureus in a microbiological laboratory. The bacteriologist counts the number of grown colonies corresponding to the morphological, cultural and biochemical properties of Staphylococcus aureus. If their number exceeds the norm, then the pregnant woman is prescribed appropriate treatment, which consists in the sanitation of the nasopharynx with antiseptics, the use of immunomodulators, local antibiotics or staphylococcal bacteriophage. Staphylococcus in the nose of pregnant women is treated by instillation of antiseptic solutions into the nasal passages. In order to prevent infection of the child, pregnant women are immunized with staphylococcal toxoid.

Preventive measures during pregnancy:

• Personal hygiene,
• Regular outdoor walks
• Balanced diet,
• ventilation of the room,
• Gymnastics for pregnant women.

When the first symptoms of staphylococcus appear, you should gargle every three hours and rinse your nose with a warm water-salt solution.

Staphylococcus aureus, in addition to superficial diseases, can cause deep skin lesions. These include:

• Furuncle;
• Carbuncle;
• Hydradenitis.

When a boil occurs, a purulent-inflammatory lesion of the entire hair follicle and the surrounding subcutaneous tissue occurs. The clinical picture begins to appear with the appearance of a medium-sized nodular formation. Skin covering over such formation acquires a red-blue color. Then the process of formation of a purulent-necrotic core begins. At the same time, the appearance of an abscess, a slight protrusion and sharpening of the nodular formation are noted. All this is accompanied by severe pain. After that, the element is opened with the separation of a large amount of purulent masses and the release of a purulent-necrotic rod. After itself, such a process leaves cicatricial changes.

A carbuncle is a fusion of several boils, accompanied by a typical clinical picture. The skin in this disease is sharply edematous and inflamed. There is a significant deterioration in the general condition. It proceeds in the same way as the previous version.

Staphylococcus aureus can infect the apocrine-type sweat glands. At the same time, hydradenitis develops. Most often it is formed in the armpit. The appearance of a large and dense node with a sharp pain is noted. The skin over it is characterized by signs of severe inflammation. Then, in the central part of the node, a slight softening appears, followed by opening and the release of purulent masses. Leaves scar tissue behind.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of staphylococcal infection is based on epidemiological history, patient complaints, characteristic clinical picture and laboratory test results.

Laboratory diagnostics

Main diagnostic method is a microbiological study of the discharge of the nasopharynx. To do this, patients usually take a smear from the throat for staphylococcus aureus. The material for the study can be blood, pus, discharge from the ears, nose, wounds, eyes, exudate of the pleural cavity, feces, gastric lavage, vomit, discharge from the cervical canal in women, urine. The purpose of the study is the isolation and complete identification of the pathogen to the genus and species.

A number of tenfold dilutions are prepared from the test material and the required amount is inoculated onto one of the elective nutrient media - milk-bile-salt or yolk-salt agar. The number of grown colonies is counted and studied.

Significant differential signs of staphylococcus:

1. Pigment,
2. Lecitovitellase,
3. Plasmocoagulase,
4. catalase activity,
5. DNAase,
6. The ability to ferment mannitol under anaerobic conditions.

A bacterial count of less than 103 indicates asymptomatic carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. Higher rates indicate the etiological significance of the isolated microbe in the development of the disease.

To determine staphylococcal enterotoxin in the test samples, the method is used enzyme immunoassay or gel precipitation reaction.

Serodiagnostics consists in the detection of antibodies to staphylococcus antigens in the blood serum. To do this, use the reaction of inhibition of hemolysis, the reaction of passive hemagglutination, ELISA.

Staphylococcal infection should be differentiated from streptococcal. Staphylococcus is manifested by inflammation, tending to suppuration, the formation of thick greenish pus and fibrinous layers. Staphylococcal infection is characterized by inconstancy of temperature reaction, temperature returns, subfebrile condition. The blood counts are more constant - neutrophilic leukocytosis and an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Streptococci also cause inflammation of the tonsils, nasal mucosa, lymph nodes, ears, and lungs. Both infections have similar pathogenesis and pathomorphology. They are characterized by the development of purulent-necrotic inflammation. The clinic of diseases caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus includes intoxication, pain and allergic syndromes.

The hallmarks of a streptococcal infection are:

• Severe hyperemia, swelling and soreness of inflamed mucous membranes,
• The rapid development of acute inflammation with lesions of the tonsils, ears, lymph nodes,
• Streptococci do not infect intestinal tract do not cause diarrhea, boils and carbuncles,
• Penicillin in moderate doses works well for streptococcal lesions.

Staphylococcal infection is characterized by:

1. Hyperemia of the mucosa with a cyanotic tint,
2. Inflammation of the nasopharynx is always accompanied by regional lymphadenitis,
3. Weaker effect from large doses of penicillin.

Etiology

The cause of the disease is staphylococci, which are gram-positive cocci belonging to the Micrococcaceae family. These bacteria have a regular spherical shape and are immobile. Staphylococcus in a smear is located in the form of clusters or clusters of grapes.

There are only three types of staphylococci that cause pathology in humans:

1. S. aureus is the most harmful,
2. S. epidermidis - less dangerous, but also pathogenic,
3. S. saprophyticus is practically harmless, but can cause disease.

These are conditionally pathogenic bacteria that are permanent inhabitants of the human body, while not causing any ailments.

Under the influence of unfavorable external or internal factors, the number of microbes rises sharply, they begin to produce pathogenicity factors that lead to the development of staphylococcal infection.

Staphylococcus aureus is the main representative of this group, causing severe diseases in humans. It coagulates blood plasma, has a pronounced lecitovetilase activity, ferments anaerobic mannitol, and synthesizes a cream or yellow pigment.

Bacteria properties:

• Staphylococci are facultative anaerobes that can live and multiply both in the presence of oxygen and without it. They obtain energy through oxidative and fermentation pathways.
• Bacteria are resistant to freezing, heating, sunshine and the impact of some chemical substances. Staphylococcal enterotoxin is destroyed by prolonged boiling or exposure to hydrogen peroxide.
• The resistance of microbes to antibacterial drugs is a problem of modern medicine. In medical institutions, new multidrug-resistant strains are constantly being formed. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci are very important in epidemiological terms.

Pathogenic factors:

1. Enzymes - hyaluronidase, fibrinolysin, lecitovitellase;
2. Toxins - hemolysins, leukocidin, enterotoxins, exfoliatins.

Enzymes break down fats and proteins, destroy body tissues, supply staphylococci with nutrients and ensure their movement deep into the body. Enzymes protect bacteria from the effects of immune mechanisms and contribute to their preservation.

• fibrinolysin promotes the penetration of microbes into the blood and the development of sepsis - blood poisoning.
• Hemolysins suppress the activity of immunocompetent cells and help staphylococci survive in the foci of inflammation for a long time. In children and the elderly, due to these factors, the infection acquires a generalized form.
• Exfoliatin damages skin cells.
• Leukocidin destroys leukocytes - white blood cells.
• Enterotoxin- a strong poison produced by staphylococci and causing food poisoning in humans.

Epidemiology

Sources of infection - patients and bacteria carriers. Microbes enter the human body through abrasions and scratches on the skin, as well as the mucous membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary and digestive systems.

The main ways of transmission of the pathogen:

1. airborne,
2. Air and dust,
3. Contact household,
4. Alimentary.

The airborne route predominates among all the others. This is due to the constant release of staphylococci into the air and their long-term preservation in the form of an aerosol.

Staphylococcus aureus is transmitted by household contact in medical institutions through the hands of staff, tools, medical devices, and patient care items.

In the maternity hospital, newborns become infected with staphylococcus aureus through drinking solutions, breast milk, baby formulas. Nosocomial staphylococcal infection poses a great danger to newborns.

Factors contributing to the development of infection:

• Weakened immunity
• Long-term use of antibiotics, hormones, or immunosuppressants
• endocrine pathology,
• viral infections,
• Exacerbation of chronic diseases
• Long-term chemotherapy or radiotherapy,
• Impact of harmful environmental factors.

Staphylococcal infection is usually sporadic, but can also occur in small outbreaks. Staphylococcal food intoxications are group diseases that occur when eating foods contaminated with bacteria.

Methods for the treatment of staphylococcus are the use of the following types of drugs:

• Antibacterial therapy for systemic and external use;
• Aniline dyes and disinfectants;
• Ichthyol ointment and proteolytic enzymes externally.

With deep processes, surgical treatment is possible.

Ways to prevent infection with staphylococcus include: observing the rules of personal hygiene, treating foci chronic infection and stimulation of the body's immune system.