Children's dysbacteriosis: symptoms, causes, treatment. How to help your child in time? Intestinal dysbacteriosis in a child: symptoms and methods of treatment Symptoms of dysbacteriosis in a child 2 years old

Dysbacteriosis is a condition that is accompanied by an imbalance of microflora in the body and on the integument of the body and is a consequence of the disease. Under dysbacteriosis it is customary to mean violations in the work of the intestines.

• Dysbacteriosis in children
• GENERAL
• THE REASONS
• Causes of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children under one year old:
• Causes of dysbacteriosis in children older than 12 months:
• Causes of dysbacteriosis in adolescents:
• CLASSIFICATION
• Etiological classification:
• Clinical forms of dysbacteriosis according to the degree of compensation:
• Types of dysbacteriosis depending on the pathogen:
• The degree of violation of the composition of the microflora:
• SYMPTOMS
• Symptoms of dysbacteriosis:
• DIAGNOSTICS
• Methods for diagnosing dysbacteriosis:
• TREATMENT
• Treatment methods for dysbacteriosis:
• COMPLICATIONS
• Possible complications:
• PREVENTION
• Prevention measures:
• PROGNOSIS FOR RECOVERY
• Article comments
• We advise you to read
• Intestinal dysbacteriosis in children
• Causes of dysbacteriosis in children
• Classification of dysbacteriosis in children
• Symptoms of dysbacteriosis in children
• Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis in children
• Treatment of dysbacteriosis in children
• Prevention of dysbacteriosis in children
• Intestinal dysbacteriosis in children - treatment in Moscow
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• Dysbacteriosis in children: symptoms and treatment
• Dysbacteriosis in children - the main symptoms:
• The reasons
• Symptoms
• Degrees
• Diagnostics
• Treatment
• Signs and methods of treatment of dysbacteriosis in a child
• How to recognize the first signs in time
• Treatment and prevention of dysbiosis in a child
• Non-traditional means for the normalization of microflora
• Change normal microflora- intestinal dysbacteriosis: symptoms and treatment in children, recommendations of specialists
• Reasons for the development of dysbacteriosis
• Symptoms and stages of the disease
• Analyzes and diagnostics
• Treatment Methods
• Drug therapy
• Diet and nutrition rules
• Funds traditional medicine
• Preventive advice

In children, this pathological condition occurs due to antibiotics, malnutrition, immaturity of the digestive system, and many other reasons. AT international classifications no such disease exists.

Dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis) is a secondary symptom and a signal of malfunctions in the body. The main changes in this condition occur at the level of microflora. There is an increase in the number of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms against the background of a decrease in the number of beneficial ones. At the same time, the former take the place of the latter and gradually displace them.

Such an imbalance leads to disorders of the digestive process, a deficiency of essential trace elements, vitamins, and a decrease in immunity. In some cases, a violation of the microflora is a symptom serious illnesses, so parents should know what dysbacteriosis is in children in order to prevent possible complications in time.

According to statistics, about 95% of babies suffer from violations of the composition of the microflora. The intestines of newborns are practically sterile, so the correct formation of microflora should begin from the first minutes of life. Breastfeeding plays an important role in this process.

Adequate treatment is impossible without determining the exact cause of dysbacteriosis in a child. As a rule, therapy consists not only in the appointment bacterial preparations, the main place in the process of recovery is given to the correction of the diet.

CLASSIFICATION

There are several classifications of dysbacteriosis.

Etiological classification:

Doctors in their practice actively use the clinical classification, which helps to choose the optimal strategy of action in order to cure dysbacteriosis in children. This systematization includes identifying the degree of deviation, the main pathogen and clinical forms.

Clinical forms of dysbacteriosis according to the degree of compensation:

• compensated (latent form) - without any clinical manifestations;
• subcompensated - manifests itself in violation of the diet in the form of local foci of inflammation;
• decompensated - the body can not cope on its own, the treatment of the generalized form is difficult.

Types of dysbacteriosis depending on the pathogen:

• staphylococcal;
• klebsiella;
• clostridious;
• candidiasis;
• protein;
• bacteroid;
• associated.

The degree of violation of the composition of the microflora:

• I degree - there is a decrease in the number of lactobacilli, Escherichia coli and bifidobacteria by more than 10 times, this phase proceeds secretly.
• II degree - against the background of a normal number of lactobacilli, the number of bifidobacteria is significantly reduced, they are replaced by pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microbes, there are dyspeptic phenomena;
• III degree - aerobic microflora is aggressive, its numbers reach high titers. In addition to indigestion, the child has lethargy and capriciousness.
• IV degree - a deep imbalance of microflora and the accumulation of toxic decay products, there are functional disorders in the digestive system.

SYMPTOMS

In children, the symptoms of dysbacteriosis appear at the moment when the compensatory capabilities of their body cannot cope with the violation of metabolic processes. The initial stages of the disease are asymptomatic, but pronounced microbiological changes signal external clinical manifestations.

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis:

• Dyspeptic syndrome is manifested by frequent diarrhea, the consequence of which is pain in the area anus, itching, burning and cracks. The presence of pathogenic microflora in the feces may be indicated by a putrid odor and a foamy consistency. Sometimes diarrhea alternates with constipation, or there is a tendency to prolonged constipation. Often in patients with dysbacteriosis, bloating appears and the rate of weight gain decreases.
• Pain syndrome - pain in the abdomen of a different nature, localization, intensity may decrease or disappear after passing gases or defecation. As a rule, it is paroxysmal and appears 1.5–2 hours after a meal.
• Allergic reactions are detected in more than 95% of children with impaired microflora. They manifest themselves in intolerance to certain foods, the appearance of skin rashes, itching, swelling and bronchospasm.
• Signs of malabsorption appear as a result of a violation of absorption processes in the intestine, against which there is a shortage of essential substances and fluids. This condition is accompanied by hypovitaminosis, anemia, hypocalcemia, neurotic disorders, dry skin, changes in the nail plates, bleeding gums and pale skin are also possible.
• Intoxication - loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, headaches, subfebrile temperature body, malaise, violation of the physical development of the child.
• Decreased immunity. In a child, a symptom of dysbacteriosis may be a tendency to infections of the upper respiratory tract development of viral and fungal infections.

DIAGNOSTICS

Differential diagnosis is carried out in order to exclude or confirm malabsorption syndrome, ulcerative colitis and acute intestinal infection.

Treatment methods for dysbacteriosis:

• Diet therapy. Experts insist that the treatment of dysbacteriosis in children should begin with a diet correction. Diet therapy is individual and depends on the type of feeding of the child. With mixed feeding, it is recommended to diversify the diet with healthy fermented milk products. In the menu of older children, it is advised to limit animal proteins and fast carbohydrates. To normalize digestion, vegetable fibers and food enriched with biocultures of beneficial microorganisms should be supplied in sufficient quantities.
• Probiotics are products that contain beneficial bacteria.
• Prebiotics - drugs that promote the growth of normal microflora
• Symbiotics - combined (probiotic + prebiotic).
• Bacteriophages - to suppress pathogenic microflora.
• Enzymes - to regulate digestion.
• Antifungal drugs in the diagnosis of active reproduction of fungal microflora characteristic of candidiasis.
• Antibiotics from the group of cephalosporins and macrolides with low activity of antifungal agents.
• Sorbents reduce the severity of symptoms of intoxication.

Many children of the first year of life have symptoms of microflora disturbance. For most of them, the problem disappears on its own or after nutritional correction. Unfortunately, cases of treatment of dysbacteriosis in a child older than 3 years with such symptoms are not uncommon. A huge role in this process is played by the attention of parents and the correct complex therapy.

COMPLICATIONS

Intestinal dysbacteriosis in children can lead to the development of serious pathologies.

Possible complications:

• decreased immunity;
• lag in physical development;
• dermatitis;
• neurodermatitis;
• Iron-deficiency anemia;
• bronchial asthma;
• rickets;
• proctosigmoiditis;
• violation of hematopoietic processes;
• urinary tract infection;
• dyskinesia of the intestine and biliary tract.

PREVENTION

Prevention measures:

• pregnancy planning;
• balanced nutrition of the expectant mother;
• treatment of genital tract infections before delivery;
• elimination of stress and compliance with the regime;
• early attachment of the baby to the breast;
• prolonged breast-feeding;
• gradual introduction of complementary foods at the recommended time;
• timely treatment of diseases of the digestive system;
• prevention of intestinal infections.

PROGNOSIS FOR RECOVERY

Children's dysbacteriosis is treated comprehensively. The result of therapy depends on the timeliness and correctness of the chosen treatment tactics and the severity of the pathological process. In most cases, the prognosis is favorable, but long-term maintenance treatment and constant monitoring of the child's nutrition are required.

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Dysbacteriosis is a disorder characterized by an imbalance in the quantitative and qualitative composition of microorganisms that form the human intestinal microflora. Intestinal dysbacteriosis in an adult.

IMPORTANT. The information on the site is provided for reference purposes only. Do not self-medicate. At the first sign of disease, consult a doctor.

Source: intestines in children

Intestinal dysbacteriosis in children is a violation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora, in which conditionally pathogenic microorganisms begin to predominate in it. Dysbacteriosis in children early age manifested by regurgitation, low rates of weight gain, impaired stool; in older children - belching, loss of appetite, unstable stools, intestinal colic. Confirmation of dysbacteriosis in children is carried out with the help of bacteriological examination of feces, analysis of the coprogram. Treatment of dysbacteriosis in children includes diet, phage therapy or antibiotic therapy, taking probiotics and prebiotics, immunoregulators, vitamins.

Intestinal dysbacteriosis in children

Dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis) in children is characterized by a persistent violation of the intestinal microbiocenosis, a change in the ratio of obligate and facultative intestinal microflora in favor of the latter. The problem of dysbacteriosis in children is the most relevant in pediatrics, since, according to modern studies, a violation of the intestinal biocenosis is detected in 25-50% of healthy children. infancy. Among children with somatic and infectious diseases (intestinal infections, enteritis, colitis, allergic dermatitis, etc.), intestinal dysbacteriosis varying degrees severity is detected in almost 100% of cases.

The birth of a child is associated with its transition from a sterile intrauterine environment to the outside world, populated by a variety of different microorganisms. Almost immediately, the body of the newborn undergoes microbial colonization. The main part of the obligate microflora the child receives from the mother (during the passage through the birth canal, during breastfeeding), which is decisive for his subsequent health. immune factors present in colostrum and breast milk(secretory IgA, lysozyme, lactoferrin, macrophages, bifidus factor, etc.), block intestinal colonization by opportunistic flora. Therefore, for the prevention of dysbacteriosis in a child, it is extremely important to apply it to the mother's breast early (in the first 30 minutes, but no later than 2 hours after birth).

During the first 3-5 days of life, the microbial landscape of the intestine becomes more diverse, and along with beneficial bacteria, opportunistic microorganisms settle in large numbers in it. As a result, in the first week, newborns develop transient intestinal dysbacteriosis, manifested by regurgitation, unstable watery stools with mucus, and spastic pains. Transient dysbacteriosis in children usually ends in the second week of life, as bifidus and lactobacilli displace other representatives of the intestinal microbiocenosis. However, in the presence of aggravating factors, normal microflora is not formed, and transient dysbacteriosis in children becomes true.

Causes of dysbacteriosis in children

All representatives of the intestinal microflora in gastroenterology are usually divided into 4 groups: obligate, facultative (conditionally pathogenic), transient and pathogenic flora. Transient flora is not typical for the human body, and is temporary, random. Representatives of pathogenic intestinal flora are pathogens infectious diseases(dysentery, salmonellosis, etc.), which are not normally present in the intestine.

Obligate flora (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, E. coli) regulates immunity; participates in the process of digestion, metabolism, synthesis of vitamins and enzymes; stimulates gastrointestinal motility. Facultative flora (Staphylococcus aureus and epidermal, Enterobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Clostridia, yeast fungi of the Candida genus) normally makes up no more than 0.6% of the total number of microorganisms and does not cause diseases in a normal state of the immune system. However, with a decrease in the body's resistance, a change in the species and quantitative ratio of obligate and facultative microflora, dysbacteriosis develops in children.

The causes leading to dysbacteriosis in children are diverse and begin to act already in the prenatal period or shortly after the birth of a child. Violation of intestinal bacterial homeostasis may be associated with a complicated course of pregnancy and childbirth, late attachment to the breast, prematurity of the child, and the presence of bacterial vaginosis in the mother.

The development of dysbacteriosis in infants may be due to poor nutrition of the nursing mother, the occurrence of mastitis in her, the early transfer of the child to artificial feeding, frequent acute respiratory viral infections, diathesis.

Classification of dysbacteriosis in children

Depending on the prevailing opportunistic flora, there are proteus, staphylococcal, candidal, associated forms of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children; on clinical course- latent, local and generalized variants.

The severity of dysbacteriosis in children is determined by the species and quantitative composition of the microflora:

• I degree - anaerobic microflora predominates; the number of bifidobacteria is not less than 107-108; conditionally pathogenic microorganisms no more than two species, 102-104 CFU per 1 g of feces.
• II degree - an equal amount of anaerobic and aerobic flora; conditionally pathogenic microorganisms 106-107 CFU per 1 g of feces; the usual Escherichia coli is supplanted by hemolyzing and lactose-negative.
• III degree - aerobic flora predominates, up to the complete suppression of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli; the number of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms is significantly increased.
• IV degree - associated dysbacteriosis in children; the absolute predominance of opportunistic microflora resistant to antibiotics.

According to clinical and bacteriological criteria, compensated, subcompensated and decompensated dysbacteriosis in children is distinguished.

Compensated dysbacteriosis in children occurs in a latent variant and corresponds to I-II severity. Clinically, the child remains healthy, develops normally and gains weight; Appetite and stool are normal.

Subcompensated dysbacteriosis in children corresponds to the local variant, II-III severity. Moderately pronounced clinical symptoms: lethargy, poor appetite, poor weight gain, dyspeptic disorders.

Decompensated dysbacteriosis in children can have a local or generalized course, III-IV severity. The general condition of the child is significantly worsened due to vomiting, frequent loose stools, and intoxication. Against this background, acute intestinal infections, enterocolitis, bacteremia and sepsis easily occur.

In the clinical picture of dysbacteriosis in children, one or more characteristic syndromes can dominate: diarrheal, dyskinetic, digestive and absorption disorders (maldigestion and malabsorption), intoxication, asthenoneurotic, dermointestinal.

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis in children

In newborns and infants, dysbacteriosis is accompanied by regurgitation, vomiting, flatulence, rumbling and spasms along the intestines. The child is not gaining enough body weight, behaves restlessly, does not sleep well. The stool in a child with dysbacteriosis is usually liquid or mushy, plentiful, frothy with an admixture of lumps or mucus, of an unusual color (white, greenish), with a putrid or sour smell.

Malabsorption syndrome develops diarrhea, steatorrhea, malnutrition, polyhypovitaminosis. Endogenous intoxication with dysbacteriosis in children, it is accompanied by polydeficiency anemia, delayed physical development, and decreased appetite. The processes of fermentation and putrefaction in the intestine cause autoallergization and the development of dermointestinal syndrome (urticaria, atopic dermatitis). The manifestations of asthenoneurotic syndrome are irritability, weakness, sleep disturbance.

At an older age, dysbacteriosis in children can occur with constipation, diarrhea, or their alternation; intestinal colic, belching, bad breath, a feeling of fullness in the stomach after eating. Seizures in the corners of the mouth, stomatitis, furunculosis, acne brittle hair and nails, etc.

Generalized dysbacteriosis usually develops in immunocompromised children and proceeds as candidiasis with symptoms of thrush, glossitis, cheilitis, lesions of smooth skin, vulvitis or balanoposthitis, visceral candidiasis.

Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis in children

The diagnosis of dysbacteriosis is preceded by an examination of the child by a pediatrician and a pediatric gastroenterologist, laboratory tests and additional instrumental research. With the help of a physical examination of children, the condition of the skin and mucous membranes is assessed; palpation of the abdomen reveals soreness along the intestine.

Laboratory diagnosis usually includes bacteriological or biochemical research feces for dysbacteriosis. Microbiological criteria for dysbacteriosis in children are a decrease in the number of bifidus and lactobacilli, a decrease or increase in the number of normal E. coli, as well as the appearance of their altered strains, the detection of gram-negative bacilli, an increase in the number of cocci, fungi, clostridia. Biochemical analysis is based on determining the level of metabolites of volatile fatty acids (propionic, acetic, butyric) produced by microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract.

To find out the cause of dysbacteriosis in children, ultrasound of the abdominal organs, gastroscopy, biochemical liver tests, fecal analysis for Giardia and helminth eggs can be prescribed. The study of the coprogram allows you to identify the degree of violation of the breakdown and absorption of food.

If dysbacteriosis is suspected in children, it is important to exclude nonspecific ulcerative colitis, OKI, malabsorption syndrome.

Despite the absence of dysbacteriosis in official medicine, violation of the intestinal microflora causes a lot of trouble. In a 1-year-old child, dysbacteriosis can be cured by taking probiotics and a special diet.

There is no official diagnosis of dysbacteriosis, but this disease causes a lot of trouble. In children, dysbacteriosis manifests itself quite often. It can arise from different reasons: from malnutrition to the presence of another underlying disease

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis in a child of 1 year

You can determine the appearance of dysbacteriosis by the onset of malfunctions digestive system. In children 1 year old, signs of the disease include abdominal pain, bloating and colic, diarrhea or constipation. Due to poor digestibility useful substances, the condition of the nails, hair, skin may worsen in the child. The general condition of the baby becomes lethargic, the baby refuses to eat, play, does not sleep well. Another symptom of dysbacteriosis is the frequency of going to the toilet. The gastrointestinal tract does not cope with the main function of digestion. The baby may ask for a potty immediately after eating. In the feces, you will notice pieces of undigested food. There will be a too unpleasant odor, indicating a violation of the intestinal microflora. In the worst case, dysbacteriosis can be accompanied by high fever. This is usually due to the presence of an intestinal infection, which requires immediate medical attention. It is possible to determine the presence and degree of dysbacteriosis with the help of tests. Tank culture allows you to identify harmful bacteria and their sensitivity to drugs.

How to treat dysbacteriosis in a one-year-old child

Treatment of dysbacteriosis in babies occurs after finding out the cause. One of the important principles for eliminating pathogenic microflora is diet. The exclusion of certain foods and the addition of healthy food to the diet contributes to the treatment of dysbacteriosis, if it is not caused by an infection or antibiotics. Kefir, fermented milk drinks contain a large number of beneficial microbes. If dysbacteriosis in a 1-year-old child is caused by an infection, treatment will consist of taking special medications. If the baby was forced to take antibiotics, the microflora will be disturbed. Be sure to take probiotics and prebiotics. Do not self-medicate. The district pediatrician will determine the cause of dysbacteriosis and select a treatment.

Dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis) is a fairly common disease. This is a change in the normal intestinal microflora. The condition in children is not an independent disease. Dysbacteriosis is a secondary sign of already existing disorders in the body.

The disease is diagnosed by examining feces. An imbalance in the intestinal microflora in a child requires careful diagnosis and complex treatment.

Reasons for the development of dysbacteriosis

Depending on the age of the child, various factors can cause dysbacteriosis. This problem may occur after the use of antibiotics, when malnutrition, bad ecology.

Causes of microflora disorders in children under 1 year old:

• not proper nutrition mothers while breastfeeding;
• artificial feeding with mixtures;
• abrupt weaning;
• taking antibiotics;
• allergy;
• weakened immunity;
• bad ecological situation.

In children older than 1 year, other causes of intestinal dysbacteriosis appear:

• helminthic invasions;
• improper and unbalanced diet;
• frequent colds;
• acquired diseases of the digestive tract (intestinal atony, gastritis);
• chronic infections;
• taking drugs that reduce intestinal motility, inhibit the synthesis of enzymes (antispasmodics, sedatives);
• stress, hormonal changes.

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Symptoms and stages of the disease

Dysbiosis is accompanied by quantitative and qualitative changes in the microflora. The beneficial bacteria are replaced by harmful bacteria that have a detrimental effect on the health of the child.

Typical symptoms are:

• violation of the chair;
• stomach ache;
• gas formation and colic;
• metallic taste in the mouth;
• dry skin, dermatitis;
• weakening of the immune system, which is expressed in frequent colds and exacerbations of chronic diseases.

In infants, signs of dysbacteriosis appear after 1-1.5 months. Observed:

• loss of appetite;
• poor weight gain
• loose and greenish stools.

Older children have a significant number of defecation acts. The stool is liquid, it contains the remains of undigested food.

Manifestations of dysbiosis largely depend on the stage of the disease:

• With the initial dysbacteriosis, there is still no significant decrease in the level of beneficial bacteria, the pathogenic flora has not grown. During this period, the child's appetite worsens, he is disturbed by frequent constipation, which alternates with diarrhea. There is anxiety and excitability.
• The second stage is characterized by the growth of pathogenic microflora. The child begins flatulence, diarrhea with a strong odor, or constipation. Symptoms of dysbacteriosis are similar to signs of other diseases. Babies have vomiting, regurgitation. 2 hours after feeding, he has anxiety, he pulls his legs up to his stomach, sleeps badly. Older children have symptoms of gastritis: distension and pain in the abdomen, decrease or loss of appetite, heartburn and belching, severe gas formation.
• In the 3rd phase of dysbiosis, diarrhea becomes chronic, gas formation and colic continue. The child is irritable, often exposed to colds and SARS. Children under 1 year of age show signs of rickets. Interest in food disappears, the child is lethargic due to a lack of vitamins and nutrients. The stool may have a sour smell with impurities of mucus and greenery. Symptoms may resemble colitis: diarrhea changes to constipation, incomplete emptying intestines, plaque on the tongue, accumulation of gases.
• Severe dysbacteriosis is a fundamental violation of the microflora. In the intestines, there is a large concentration of several types of pathogenic bacteria that can provoke an intestinal infection. The child may periodically rise in temperature, he may have chills, fever, headaches. undigested food releases toxins that cause symptoms of chronic poisoning.

Note! The baby's skin can also react to dysbacteriosis, on the surface of which allergic rashes appear.

Analyzes and diagnostics

To diagnose a violation, it is necessary to pass an analysis for dysbacteriosis and feces for microbiological examination. He determines the ratio different types bacteria in the intestine. Thanks to this analysis, the sensitivity of organisms to various drugs can be assessed, which subsequently helps to determine the treatment regimen. The analysis requires feces collected in the morning (5-10 g). It cannot be stored for a long time at room temperature, otherwise the result of the study will not be correct.

Bowel function and the likelihood of dysbiosis can be determined by donating feces for a coprogram. It can be used to assess the ability of the intestine to digest food, to identify violations of its absorption. With a bad coprogram, a fecal analysis for carbohydrates is prescribed. With an increase in their level, we can talk about lactose deficiency.

Additionally, an analysis is given for eggs of worms and enterobiasis.

Treatment Methods

How and how to treat dysbacteriosis in children? Traditional therapy at any stage should be carried out in several directions:

• taking medications;
• diet;
• symptomatic therapy;
• alternative therapy.

Drug therapy

In order for the treatment to be effective, first of all, you need to remove all the factors that provoked the disease (improve nutrition, stop using antibiotics).

The task of the first stage of therapy is to stop the growth of pathogenic bacteria, normalize the intestinal microflora. The child needs to remove the symptoms of intestinal disorders (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain).

If the baby has a poor appetite, the lack of food should be compensated for with glucose-salt solutions (Bio Gaia, Regidron) or sweet tea.

To destroy the "bad" microflora, several groups of drugs for dysbacteriosis are prescribed.

bacteriophages- These are special bacteria that will "eat" pathogenic organisms. These can be salmonella, coliproteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage, etc. The drug should be given simultaneously orally and in the form of small enemas. The first reaction to the drug in a child may be severe abdominal pain.

Probiotics- preparations containing live "beneficial" bacteria. They help regulate the balance of the intestinal microflora. They are monocomponent, polycomponent, combined, recombinant.

• Baktisubtil;
• Bifiform;
• Primadophilus;
• Enterol.

At the 2nd stage of treatment, a 7-10-day course is prescribed prebiotics. These are non-microbial products that help maintain normal level"good" bacteria.

• Hilak forte;
• Duphalac;
• Lactusan;
• Primadophilus.

In parallel with pro- and prebiotics, the child is given sorbents:

• Smecta;
• Polyphepam;
• Polysorb.

If dysbacteriosis occurs in severe form, it affects the functioning of the pancreas. Therefore, the child is prescribed enzyme preparations (Pancreatin, Creon, Mezim). Thanks to them, the process of splitting food and the absorption of nutrients is better.

Antibiotics should be taken very carefully with dysbacteriosis. Most of them do not affect the intestinal microflora, and can harm the child. Basically, intestinal antiseptics with a broad spectrum of action are prescribed:

• Nifuratel;
• Encefuril;
• Nifuroxazide.

Diet and nutrition rules

One of the main components of the treatment of the disease is proper nutrition and adherence to a diet for dysbacteriosis. In the initial disease, natural probiotics, fiber, pectins, and dietary fiber should be included in the diet. In the early days, it is better to focus on a plentiful drinking regime, limit food. If the baby has severe diarrhea, the diet should be more strict. It must be agreed with the doctor, but you yourself need to exclude the child from eating vegetables and fruits in their raw form (except for bananas and baked apples).

If the child is breastfed, then the mother must adhere to the diet. You can normalize the microflora with the help of probiotics from fermented milk mixtures, kefir.

From the age of 2, the child's menu should include dishes with dietary fiber. Good to give:

• boiled or steamed vegetables;
• baked apples;
• cereals;
• vegetable puree;
• vegetable soups;
• lean boiled meat (chicken, rabbit);
• jelly;
• compote from mountain ash or wild rose.

If a child has diarrhea with yellowish stools, his diet should include protein foods (fish, eggs, cottage cheese). If the stool is dark, you need to turn it on dairy products, fruit compotes, boiled vegetables. Juices and soda should be avoided. You can not give children whole milk, pasta, animal fats, canned food, sweets.

Traditional medicine

In small quantities, with dysbacteriosis, you can give decoctions of herbs that have an antiseptic effect:

• chamomile;
• St. John's wort;
• sage.

Decoctions help to fix the chair:

• blueberries;
• cinquefoil root.

Parallel to traditional treatment child can do microclysters from 100 ml of vegetable oil (olive, sesame, peach) with 5 drops of tea tree and fennel ether. It is necessary to inject an enema daily, 5 ml into the rectum for 10 days.

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Prevention of dysbacteriosis in a child should be dealt with at the stage of its planning. A woman should be examined for the microflora of the genital organs. If necessary, it must be corrected before the birth of the baby. A pregnant woman needs to monitor her diet and stable bowel function.

When the child is already born, it is necessary:

• timely apply it to the chest;
• breastfeed him for as long as possible;
• correctly introduce complementary foods;
• be sure to give the child fermented milk products with bifidobacteria;
• if the baby is often sick colds, in addition, he needs to be given probiotics;
• monitor the condition of the child's stool, the dynamics of his weight.

Intestinal dysbacteriosis in children is a common disorder that requires careful examination and timely elimination of the problem. Today, there are many methods of research and medical devices that make it possible to successfully treat dysbiosis. The main thing is to detect the problem in time and seek qualified help.

More interesting details about children's dysbacteriosis in the next video:

The clarity and coherence of the digestive tract is determined by the presence of beneficial microflora. Against the background of external changes and pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, shifts occur, leading to the predominance of pathogenic microorganisms, and dysbacteriosis develops in children. Symptoms and treatment will directly depend on the type of pathogenic flora. The child's body is an extremely fragile system, and it is important not to miss early signs diseases.

What is the intestinal microflora?

Normally, beneficial and pathogenic forms of microorganisms peacefully coexist in the intestine. Each of them performs its specific functions:

• for the normal functioning of the intestine, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria are necessary;
• pathogenic forms (cocci, fungi, yeast, clostridia, protozoa) are normally present, but not more than 1% of the total. If their content increases, then there are symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract.

Functions of intestinal microorganisms:

Digestion

Bacteria coat the intestinal wall, produce enzymes, active substances. Designed for the final digestion of food, ensure the absorption of nutrients, water.

Immunity

The intestine contains a large number of cells that are responsible for protective mechanisms through the production of immunoglobulins. In addition, bacteria have the ability to synthesize internal antibiotics, which are important in activating the body's local defenses.

Body detoxification

Neutralization and elimination of toxins occurs with the participation of representatives of healthy microflora. Microorganisms have a direct effect on intestinal motility, indirectly - on the structure of the skin, hair, blood vessels, bones, joints.

Risk factors

When the composition is violated, an imbalance occurs, which leads to the development of the disease. Provoking factors can be:

• frequently recurring SARS;
• nutrition with insufficient intake of vitamin complexes;
• infectious, endocrine diseases;
• depletion of the protective functions of the body against the background of tumor processes;
• systemic connective tissue diseases;
• the use of antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary system.

Against the backdrop of external and internal causes conditions are created for the development, reproduction of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. As a result, dysbacteriosis develops.

The reasons

The probability of the primary development of dysbacteriosis is very small (an exception is in infants), most often the factors are pathological changes while taking medications. Such drugs are antibiotics, cytostatic substances that are designed to suppress the activity of pathogenic microorganisms. In addition to the direct therapeutic effect, drugs affect the beneficial representatives of the intestinal microflora.

Another reason for the development of dysbacteriosis is malnutrition with micronutrient deficiencies, the predominance of additives in the diet (flavor enhancers, stabilizers). An important aspect of the proper functioning of the intestines is uniform nutrition throughout the day, in violation of which the development of the disease is possible.

Clinical manifestations of the disease in different age groups

Children up to a year

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis in 1-year-old children and dyspeptic changes against the background of gastrointestinal pathology have quite similar clinical manifestations:

• mother notices that one year old baby very poor appetite;
• there may be diarrhea, or, as an opposite, difficult defecation;
• dysbacteriosis in children under one year old is accompanied by symptoms of increased gas formation. In a baby, it is manifested by bloating, periodic pain. Of course, a child of this age is unlikely to be able to tell what worries him, but the mother will pay attention to the excited state, deterioration in sleep, increased tearfulness;

• one of the manifestations of the disease is the symptom of “food slippage”. In this case, the time between food and the defecation process is significantly reduced. Due to insufficient digestion, food fragments are determined in the feces;
• often intestinal diseases accompanied by skin allergic reactions, like urticaria. The rash (pictured) with dysbiosis is variable in color intensity, prevalence.

If you notice similar manifestations in your baby, then you should contact your pediatrician.

Important! Dysbacteriosis in childhood with a long course has a number of consequences, manifested by malabsorption in the intestine, which can lead to insufficient intake of vitamins, important trace elements.

After a year

As they grow older, most of the clinical manifestations remain unchanged, but new symptoms may be added. A child older than 12 months can already indicate what worries him, where it hurts, which, of course, facilitates diagnostic issues:

• problems with defecation persist (increased or delayed), accompanied by an unpleasant odor;
• increased intestinal motility (rumbling);
• increased gas formation;
• soreness in the stomach or intestinal loops that occurs after eating.

There are groups of consequences due to long-term disruption of the digestive tract:

• the child very often suffers from ARVI, acute respiratory infections, rotovirus infections. In the period after a year, mothers begin to send children to kindergarten. Of course, all children who find themselves in a new society begin to get sick. But in the presence of dysbacteriosis, the frequency viral infections rises;
• parents pay attention that the baby does not tolerate dairy products well. The disease can affect the function of digestion of lactose;
• skin allergic reactions.

Since most foods, and therefore vitamins, microelements, are not absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, the child may lose weight or gain insufficient weight.

Important! The psycho-emotional background of the baby with pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract becomes unstable. An adult will be nervous if the stomach constantly hurts, suffers from increased gas formation, too loud peristalsis. The kid against the background of the disease becomes nervous, tearful.

2 years and older

Dysbacteriosis in a child older than 2 years, if left untreated, retains all the symptoms of digestive disorders. With a long course of the disease, manifestations of intoxication (subfebrile temperature, weakness, loss of appetite) join, general protective mechanisms decrease.

Types of dysbacteriosis

Classify the disease according to several criteria.
- By type of pathogenic microflora:

• candidal;
• staphylococcal;
• protein;
• mixed form (a combination of two or more pathogens).
• According to the type of clinical course:
• latent - hidden development;
• local - local changes prevail;
• generalized - changes affect all systems.

Compensation level:

• compensated - no obvious clinical manifestations are determined, changes are reflected only in laboratory tests;
• subcompensated - symptoms are moderate, reflect local inflammatory changes;
• decompensated - a complex of clinical manifestations in the form of intoxication, diarrhea, constant pain in the abdomen.

Stages of the disease

Clinically, dysbacteriosis goes through 4 successive stages, with each subsequent stage an increase in symptoms.

1 stage

Diagnose the first stage on the basis of fecal analysis. In this case, clearly expressed manifestations may not be observed.

2 stage

The second stage begins with impaired defecation, diarrhea or constipation appears. Parents may notice a change in color (greenish tints predominate) and odor of the stool.

3 stage

In the third stage, more pronounced symptoms are noted - pallor. skin, the child becomes lethargic, appetite worsens, weight decreases.

In infants in the third stage, the development of skin reactions is possible - atopic dermatitis (diathesis).

4 stage

The life-threatening baby is the fourth stage, which requires hospitalization with the appointment of emergency therapeutic measures.

The severity of dysbacteriosis

Depending on the predominance of beneficial or pathogenic microflora, doctors distinguish 4 degrees of severity of dysbacteriosis.

I degree

Occurs when the amount of beneficial microflora decreases by 1-2 orders of magnitude relative to the norm.

II degree

A combined process in the form of a continued decrease in the number of bifido-, lactic acid bacteria with a gradual colonization of the intestine by pathogenic microorganisms.

III degree

Pronounced aggressiveness of pathogens due to an increase in their ratio in the intestine.

IV degree

Beneficial microflora almost completely disappears, being replaced by pathogenic ones. Accompanied by the accumulation of toxic substances of the vital activity of bacteria with damage to the mucous membranes. Clinically, the process of digestion is sharply disturbed in combination with a decrease in immunity.

The primary form of dysbacteriosis in children

According to Dr. Komarovsky E.O. is a physiological process in a newborn. Since after birth, there is practically no microflora in the intestines of the baby. As you interact with the outside world, settlement occurs. Only a mother can help the baby's intestines through contact with the skin, breastfeeding.

But there are situations when pathogenic microorganisms begin to predominate. Occurs in the following situations (based on feedback from pediatricians):

• lack or insufficient duration of breastfeeding (HB);
• incorrect diet of the mother;
• mother taking antibiotics. It is desirable to limit GV for the period of therapy;
• psychological problems in the family, accompanied by prolonged stress mother.

Important! It is during breastfeeding that pediatricians recommend that a woman exclude any foods that can lead to the development of an allergy in a child - sweets, colored fruits, carbonated drinks, spicy, fatty foods, citrus fruits. The diet should be as hypoallergenic as possible.

To exclude the development of the disease, a woman should pay attention to herself, any errors in the diet, nervousness can lead to undesirable consequences.

Diagnostics

As it has already become clear, dysbacteriosis is secondary changes in the gastrointestinal tract against the background of external or internal processes. Therefore, the main task of the doctor is to find out the initial cause of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children based on the identified symptoms, followed by treatment. To do this, it is necessary to undergo a series of laboratory tests (general and biochemical analysis of blood, urine, microbiological analysis of feces, examination of feces for dysbacteriosis), instrumental methods examinations (ultrasound of the abdominal organs).

Which doctor deals with gastrointestinal pathologies?

If you experience dyspeptic symptoms, it is recommended to first contact a pediatrician. Based on clinical, laboratory studies, the doctor will give recommendations. If necessary, he will refer you for a consultation with a gastroenterologist. It is the doctor of this specialty who deals with pathologies of the stomach and intestines.

Before visiting the clinician, it is not advisable to give the child any medicines. Because clinical picture against the background of medications becomes smoothed. The quality of the diagnosis may be reduced.

What tests should be taken for dysbacteriosis?

Indirect studies ( general analysis blood, feces, biochemical analysis of feces) provide information on general condition gastrointestinal tract, the presence of inflammation.

"Gold standard" - bacteriological culture of feces, which allows to evaluate the content of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms in quantitative, qualitative composition. This method has both advantages and disadvantages. Positive aspects - high sensitivity, simple implementation. Negative moments are formed from the duration of the study (up to 7 days), various results during control manipulations.

It is important to understand that the results of studies may be within the normal range. For this purpose, pediatricians and gastroenterologists prescribe repeated tests.

Treatment of dysbacteriosis in children

According to the results laboratory methods studies appoint complex therapy aimed at eliminating the main process that led to the development of dysbacteriosis.

Antibiotics

If dysbacteriosis occurs against the background of an intestinal infection, then broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed.

Probiotics

To restore normal microflora, drugs are prescribed, consisting of microbial elements, live bacteria. Probiotics are harmless, intake is allowed from 3 one month old, but only the doctor should choose the type.

There are mono-, polycomponent forms:

If it is necessary to restore a certain type of microorganisms ( mild form diseases) choose a monocomponent drug - Bifidumbacterin, Colibacterin, Lactobacterin;

Polycomponent microorganisms include several types - Acipol, Atsilakt, Linex, Bifolong, Bifiliz.

Prebiotics

It is important not only to populate the intestines with beneficial microflora, but also to provide an environment. For this purpose, prebiotics are prescribed, consisting of oligosaccharides - Dufalac, Lactusan, Goodluck, Normaze, Prelax, Portalak.

To get results, you must follow the rules:

• A complex approach - drug therapy, diet;
• the appointment of therapy should be handled by a doctor;
• strict implementation of all recommendations of the pediatrician;
• proper nutrition of the mother;
• adding the first complementary foods at the time established by pediatricians.

The execution of all points will cure, reduce the risk of consequences. Upon agreement with the attending physician, recipes from traditional medicine can be added to the complex.

Possible Complications

The long course of dysbiosis in older children can be the cause of reduced protective functions of the body. Manifested frequently respiratory diseases, allergies.

The lack of beneficial bacteria leads to the fact that all the food that enters the intestines is not digested, but rejected. Accordingly, a growing organism does not receive the necessary amount of nutrients and microelements.

Pathogenic microflora has the ability to spread beyond the gastrointestinal tract, affect the biliary, urinary systems.

Diet

The basis of the diet of children from 1.5 years old should be various cereals, soups, vegetable dishes, fresh fruits, lean meats, and dairy products.

If diarrhea occurs, turn on:

• rice or oatmeal broths, jelly (have an enveloping property);
• thermally processed vegetables, fruits;
• fish or chicken, steamed or boiled.

If the main symptom is constipation, then the basis of nutrition should be fermented milk products, as they normalize the composition of the microflora due to lactobacilli.

Bacterial imbalance in children is quite difficult to correct, so it is much easier to follow the rules of nutrition.

Preventive actions

Prevention of dysbacteriosis in a child is in the hands of an adult. It is he who can create harmonious living conditions - provide nutrition according to age, provide physical activity, emotional stability, treat infectious diseases in time.

As a result, the baby will be healthy and will not know about the existence of problems with the intestines.

For many parents, the words "germs" and "bacteria" mean hordes of "monsters" that can cause an infectious disease and harm the health of their beloved child. But it turns out that microbes can be not only pathogenic, but also beneficial for the child's body.

These microbes are not enemies, but rather friends and helpers. human body. They populate the intestines. In this case, their number and ratio is very important.

The condition that develops when the qualitative composition of these beneficial microorganisms or their quantitative ratio (balance) is disturbed is called dysbacteriosis, or dysbiosis.

The role of microflora in the intestine

The role of beneficial microflora in the intestines is huge and multifaceted:

• microbes are involved in the process of digestion of food;
• bacteria synthesize not only enzymes to improve digestion, but also hormone-like active substances;
• they promote the absorption of vitamin D and many trace elements: iron, copper, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium;
• synthesize vitamins (group B, ascorbic acid, folic acid, vitamin K, biotin);
• participate in the regulatory mechanisms of metabolism;
• protect the children's body from pathogenic microbes (salmonella, dysentery bacillus, fungi, etc.) that can cause intestinal infection: they produce substances that block the reproduction of pathogenic flora;
• promote the promotion of digested food and bowel movements;
• participate in the formation of immunity;
• protect the body from the effects of adverse factors: neutralize the effect of nitrates, chemical substances(pesticides), medicines (antibiotics).

What microorganisms are the "friends" of man?

The composition of the normal flora in the intestine is provided by:

• bifidobacteria - the main (90%) and most important flora;
• associated flora (from 8 to 10%): lactobacilli, enterococcus, non-pathogenic Escherichia coli;
• conditionally pathogenic microorganisms (less than 1%): Proteus, citrobacter, enterobacter, Klebsiella, yeast-like fungi, non-pathogenic staphylococcus, etc.; in such a small amount, they are not dangerous, but under adverse conditions and an increase in their number, they can become pathogenic.

In the event of a change in the nature and quantity of beneficial microflora, putrefactive fungi and other harmful microorganisms begin to multiply in the intestine. They increasingly displace beneficial microflora from the intestines and cause digestive, metabolic and immune disorders in the child.

Dysbacteriosis is not an independent disease, but a secondary condition of the body. A number of reasons and factors contribute to its occurrence.

The reasons

The intestines during intrauterine development of the fetus are sterile. The first portions of microbes come to the child from the mother during childbirth. After the birth of the baby, you should immediately attach to the breast so that the mother's flora enters the baby's digestive system. This contributes to the formation of a normal balance of bacteria in the newborn with a predominance of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.

The causes of violations of the normal microflora in the intestines of an infant can be very different:

• malnutrition of the mother;
• taking antibiotics by mother or child;
• late first breastfeeding;
• sudden cessation of breastfeeding;
• improper introduction of complementary foods;
• artificial feeding and frequent change of milk mixtures;
• milk protein intolerance;
• atopic (exudative) diathesis and other allergic diseases.

In preschoolers and schoolchildren, the causes of dysbacteriosis can be:

• malnutrition (overconsumption of meat products and sweets)
• transferred intestinal infections;
• chronic diseases of the digestive system;
• frequent or prolonged use of antibiotics (by mouth or by injection); antibiotics destroy not only pathogenic, harmful microbes, but also beneficial ones;
• long-term treatment with hormonal drugs;
• allergic diseases;
• frequent colds and viral infections;
• helminthic invasions;
• immunodeficiency states;
• stress;
• surgical interventions on the digestive organs;
• hormonal changes in puberty;
• vegetative-vascular dystonia;
• unfavorable environmental conditions.

Symptoms

A child suffering from intestinal dysbacteriosis may alternate diarrhea and constipation.

There are no purely specific manifestations of dysbacteriosis.

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis can be very diverse. Most often, there are violations of the digestive tract. The child's appetite decreases, the feeling of bloating is disturbing. There may be aching, pulling pains in the abdomen, more pronounced in the second half of the day. They may be of a convulsive nature. In infants, regurgitation (or vomiting), weight loss are noted.

Older children may notice unpleasant metallic taste in the mouth. Characteristic is the alternation of diarrhea and constipation. The stool has an unpleasant odor, an admixture of mucus and undigested food may appear in the feces.

There are frequent urges to defecate - the so-called "duck symptom" or "slippage of food": only after eating, the child sits on the potty or runs to the toilet. The stool may be watery, slimy, with undigested food residues.

Allergic reactions often develop in the form of various kinds of rashes, dermatitis, skin peeling. Vitamin deficiency that develops with dysbacteriosis is manifested by bleeding gums, brittle nails and hair.

Dysbacteriosis reduces the defenses of the child's body, so frequent colds, viral, infectious diseases. And they, in turn, contribute to an even greater aggravation of dysbacteriosis.

The behavior of the child also changes: he becomes capricious, restless, tearful, sleeps badly. With advanced dysbacteriosis, the temperature may rise within 37.5 C.

Diagnostics

Laboratory methods are used to confirm the diagnosis:

• bacteriological examination of feces: makes it possible to determine the types of microorganisms, their number and sensitivity to antibiotics and bacteriophages; for analysis, approximately 10 g of the morning portion of feces is needed, collected in a sterile container and delivered immediately to the laboratory;
• clinical analysis of feces (coprogram): a study of the digestibility of food in the intestine.

To clarify the state of other organs of the digestive system, ultrasound, fibrogastroduodenoscopy, duodenal sounding can be prescribed.

Treatment

It can only be effective complex treatment dysbacteriosis. An important point is to find out the root cause of this condition and its exclusion in the future.

Treatment may include the following:

• diet therapy;
• drug treatment;
• symptomatic treatment.

At any age of a child, dietary nutrition is of great importance for the treatment of dysbacteriosis. Diet is even more important than drugs with live lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.

It is good if the baby is breastfed. If the child is artificially fed, then it is necessary to decide with the pediatrician: whether to leave the old milk formula or switch to a therapeutic one (such as "Bifidolact", "Humana", etc.).

In some mild cases, dysbacteriosis can be completely eliminated in a small child only by correcting nutrition, without drug treatment.

It is desirable for children of any age to include fermented milk products (or fermented milk mixtures for infants) containing bifidus and lactobacilli in their diet. These are the so-called natural probiotics, most commonly used for dysbacteriosis and are a good alternative to drugs:

• Bifidok: is kefir with the addition of Bifidumbacterin: restores the normal flora in the intestine, helps to suppress putrefactive and conditionally pathogenic bacteria, slows down the growth of staphylococcus aureus;
• Bifilin: can be used from the birth of a baby, contains bifidobacteria, can also be used during antibiotic treatment; restores the intestinal microflora;
• Immunele: contains a large number of lactobacilli and vitamins; normalizes microflora, improves immunity;
• Activia: contains bifidobacteria, but can only be used from the age of 3 years;
• Actimel: contains lactobacilli, also contributes to the restoration of intestinal microflora.

Milk from the diet of the child is completely excluded. It should be replaced with dairy products.

Pick up necessary for the child fermented milk product will help the pediatrician. Yoghurts, kefir, Narine can be prepared at home, because buying a yogurt maker and special starter cultures in a pharmacy is currently not a problem.

Self-prepared fermented milk products will bring more benefits to the child, since, contrary to advertising, the amount of beneficial bacteria in industrial products is not enough. Moreover, the longer the shelf life of the product, the less probiotics it contains, since live beneficial bacteria die within the first few days.

Fresh, tasty and healthy dairy products can and should be prepared at home!

For older children, the diet should include cereals (barley, oatmeal, buckwheat, rice, millet), fruits and vegetables. For small children, porridge should be given in a pureed form. Pasta and white bread should be completely excluded.

Vegetables, thanks to the fiber in them, improve digestion and the movement of food through the intestines. At 2 years of age, the baby should be prepared vegetable puree(excluding starchy vegetables).

Vegetables such as zucchini, carrots, pumpkin, cauliflower, beets will be useful for children. Moreover, up to 3 years of age, vegetables should be given to the child in boiled, stewed or steamed form.

A decoction of these vegetables is also useful. Raw vegetables can be given after 3 years in a small amount to eliminate their irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.

Some fruits (lingonberries, black currants, apricots, pomegranates, mountain ash) have a detrimental effect on "harmful" microorganisms. Useful for children and baked apples, rosehip decoctions. Raw bananas can be given to the baby.

Fresh juices are excluded. Water should be given to the child non-carbonated.

It is recommended to cook fruit and berry compotes and kissels, dried fruit compotes for children. It is advisable not to sweeten them, as sugar creates an unfavorable environment for beneficial intestinal bacteria. In extreme cases, you can add a little honey to the decoction or compote, provided that the child does not have allergies.

To provide the body with proteins, steam omelettes should be prepared for the child, lean varieties fish, rabbit or chicken meat, boiled or steamed.

From the diet of older children, it is necessary to completely exclude fried foods, smoked, pickled, pickled and spicy dishes, fast food, sweets, carbonated drinks. It is advisable to observe the diet and avoid snacks.

popular drug

Drug treatment of dysbacteriosis includes two important steps:

1. Elimination of pathogenic flora from the intestines:

• the use of antibacterial drugs, or antibiotics;
• appointment of bacteriophages;
• the use of probiotics.

1. Replacement therapy, or "settlement" in the intestines of beneficial microflora with the help of probiotics.

An individual treatment regimen for each child is made by a doctor (pediatrician, infectious disease specialist or gastroenterologist).

The expediency of using antibiotics is determined by the doctor after receiving a fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis. Usually antibacterial drugs are prescribed for massive contamination with pathogenic flora. Nifuroxazide, Furazolidone, Metronidazole, macrolide antibiotics can be used.

Some pathogens can also be eliminated with the help of bacteriophages. A bacteriophage is a virus for a strictly defined type of bacteria (Salmonella, dysentery bacillus), capable of destroying them. It is clear that it can only be used with a precisely established causative agent of the disease.

Linex is the most popular probiotic

A more gentle method of destroying pathogenic flora is the use of probiotic preparations. Beneficial bacteria multiply in the intestines and create no favorable conditions for "harmful microbes", that is, gradually displacing them. These drugs include Enterol, Baktisubtil, Bifiform. Apply them after one year of age.

For replacement therapy probiotics and prebiotics are used. Probiotics (containing lactobacilli or bifidobacteria) are selected based on the result of the analysis for dysbacteriosis. And prebiotics create favorable conditions for beneficial bacteria, "feed" them, stimulate growth and reproduction.

There are symbiotic preparations, which contain both probiotics and prebiotics. These include drugs Bifiform, Bacteriobalance, Bifidin, Bonolact, Polibakterin, etc.

The most commonly used drugs to restore the intestinal microflora are:

As a symptomatic therapy, enzymatic preparations can be prescribed to improve the digestion of food, sorbents (prescribed in severe cases, remove toxins from pathogenic flora), vitamin complexes.

Compliance with the daily routine, elimination of stressful situations and overwork, daily walks in the fresh air - all this will help to cope with the disease.

Some parents are supporters of traditional medicine. Tips for the treatment of dysbacteriosis are based on the use of decoctions and infusions of herbs. It will be useful to use decoctions of herbs with an antiseptic effect (chamomile, St. John's wort, sage), but their use must also be agreed with the doctor, because there is always a risk of developing allergic reaction on herbs.

A few traditional medicine tips:

• with diarrhea, you can use a decoction of oak bark, which, in addition to fixing, has an anti-inflammatory effect;
• infusion onion, prepared from 2 onions, cut and filled with 3 glasses of chilled boiled water, infused overnight, drunk during the day for a week; probably only an older child can (??) take this infusion;
• a decoction of herb shrub Potentilla or "Kuril tea", bought at a pharmacy: take 1 g of grass and 10 ml of boiling water per 1 kg of baby's weight, boil for 3 minutes, strain, cool, water the child;
• for the treatment of dysbacteriosis in infancy: take kefir (10 ml / kg of body weight), rub through a strainer, warm it up and after a child’s stool, give him an enema with kefir; repeat the procedure 2-3 times.

Prevention

Prevention of dysbacteriosis should be started at the stage of pregnancy planning and during it. The expectant mother should be examined to determine the state of the microflora in the vagina and treated if pathology is detected. In some cases, doctors recommend a prophylactic course of treatment with bifidus and lacto-containing drugs.

Of great importance is the early attachment of the baby to the breast, the longest possible period of breastfeeding, the observance of the correct diet by the nursing mother. Complementary foods should be introduced on time, including fermented milk mixtures with bifidobacteria in the form of complementary foods.

Often and for a long time ill children, probiotics should be given as a preventive measure. If any manifestations of a violation of the digestion of food appear, you need to consult a doctor and treat it in a timely manner in case of detection of dysbacteriosis.

It is important to find out the cause of its occurrence in order to prevent its occurrence again.

Summary for parents

Dysbacteriosis is quite common in children different ages. You should not ignore the change in the nature of the stool in babies, complaints from the digestive tract in older children. It is not difficult to diagnose dysbacteriosis. And the existing arsenal of special drugs allows you to cope with this pathology.

What is actually dysbacteriosis in children

It is much more difficult to establish and eliminate the cause of the pathology in order to save the child from it forever. Knowing the measures to prevent dysbacteriosis, we must strive to prevent its development. After all, the most reliable way of treatment is prevention.

Which doctor to contact

If you have problems with the intestines, you need to contact your pediatrician. After the initial examination, he will refer the child to a gastroenterologist. Additionally, a consultation of an infectious disease specialist (when infectious diseases are detected), as well as an immunologist is prescribed, because dysbiosis is directly related to the violation of immune processes in the body. Often the child is examined by an allergist, and when skin manifestations diseases - dermatologist. Consultation with a nutritionist would be helpful.

Pediatrician E. O. Komarovsky speaks about dysbacteriosis:

Dysbacteriosis - School of Dr. Komarovsky

Dysbacteriosis in children - the main symptoms:

• Abdominal pain
• Mucus in stool
• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
• Cramps in the abdomen
• Bad breath
• Constipation
• Flatulence
• Unstable chair
• Uncharacteristic stool color

Intestinal dysbacteriosis in children is a pathological process in which there is a violation of the composition of the intestinal microflora. The total number of opportunistic microorganisms increases and, at the same time, beneficial bacteria gradually die. The imbalance provokes the appearance of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, a decrease in the reactivity of the body, the progression of anemia, as well as other serious pathological conditions. In medical literature this disease also referred to as intestinal dysbiosis.

Quite often, signs of dysbiosis can be detected in an early child. childhood often, even in infants. Prevention of illness in a child affects not only the impact on his health, but also on the health of the mother.

The reasons

Disorder of the intestinal microflora can occur for the following reasons:

• late attachment of the baby to the breast. The fact is that colostrum contains protective elements necessary for the baby's intestines, including immunoglobulin, which is the cause of the growth in the number of beneficial bacteria;
• abrupt or too early transition baby for artificial feeding. This causes beneficial gut bacteria to appear “belatedly”;
• unbalanced and varied diet. Both fashionable diets and the use of refined foods with a minimum content of fiber, which “feed” beneficial intestinal bacteria, can contribute to problems with the intestines;
• diarrhea, constipation and other gastrointestinal problems;
• diseases associated with impaired absorption of substances in the intestinal environment;
• chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (ulcer, colitis, gastroduodenitis);
• food allergy;
• acute illnesses caused by infections;
• radiation exposure;
• transferred operations;
• uncontrolled use of antibiotics.

Symptoms

The main symptoms of dysbiosis are:

• instability of the stool - diarrhea alternates with constipation. At the same time, mucus may be present in the child's feces, and the feces themselves may be colored in an uncharacteristic color;
• flatulence;
• periodic cramps and pain in the abdomen;
• loss of appetite;
• bad breath.

It is worth knowing that the above signs of dysbacteriosis in children may also indicate other, more serious diseases associated with poor functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, therefore, before starting treatment, it is necessary to make an appointment with a doctor.

Symptoms of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children

Degrees

Intestinal dysbiosis is conditionally divided into 4 degrees:

• first degree characterized by a slight predominance of anaerobic flora over aerobic. At the same time, the baby feels good, there are no signs of the disease, and treatment is not carried out;
• second degree The disease is characterized by inhibition of anaerobic type bacteria in the intestine to approximately the same number as aerobic ones. At this degree, the reproduction of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and the appearance of atypical form coli. Symptoms of this degree of the disease are diarrhea, pain in the abdomen. In infants, this stage of the disease can even cause growth retardation;
• third degree characterized by an increase in the amount of aerobic flora with an increase in the number of fungus of the genus Candida, staphylococcus and other bacteria. The process of inflammation of the intestine begins, which prevents the normal digestion of food. As a result, undigested food can be found in the stool. With this degree of illness, treatment is prescribed, which lasts up to several months;
• fourth degree characterized by a clear predominance of pathogenic flora, which causes deterioration in children, weight loss, lack of vitamins and even intoxication. It is the last stage of dysbacteriosis, requiring a long-term restoration of microflora.

Diagnostics

Often, the symptoms of dysbacteriosis in children indicate that dysbiosis is just a secondary disease, and another gastrointestinal disease is the primary one. Correct diagnosis of symptoms by a doctor is possible only on the basis of data obtained as a result of research in the laboratory. Today for these purposes are used:

• scatological analyses;
• biochemical research;
• bile tests;
• determination of the composition of bacteria in the intestine using specific tests;
• scraping, which is taken from the mucous membrane of the small intestine or duodenum;
• scraping taken from the colon, as well as the rectum.

It is the last two studies that make it possible to obtain the most objective data, since they examine the parietal microflora, which is not contained in the analysis of feces. Complex examinations of the intestine, however, are performed only on the preliminary indication of a doctor.

Treatment

Ordinary feces taken from a child can only indirectly suggest what kind of microflora he has in the intestines. So if a nursing infant or an older child has tests with slight deviations from the norm, while they do not have problems with stool, do not worry about abdominal pain, and do not observe other symptoms of dysbiosis, you should not give him a medicine with bacteria. If dysbacteriosis in children up to a year or more has manifested itself, then it is required to clarify it. true reasons. When the root cause is found, the correction of the composition of the intestinal microflora begins. Treatment of the disease is carried out by a gastroenterologist, pediatrician, infectious disease specialist or an allergist, depending on the underlying cause of the disease.

In addition, when the doctor begins to treat the underlying disease, the secondary disease - dysbiosis - can also be eliminated automatically. For example, if you treat enzymatic disorders in the intestines of an infant, then his microflora will be restored.

To successfully treat dysbiosis in infants and adolescents, it is first necessary to follow a diet. For different age categories of patients, it is different, for example, it will be enough for an infant to return to feeding with mother's milk or introduce complementary foods gradually. Older children should reconsider the diet by adding dairy products to the diet. You can treat and restore the intestinal microflora with the following medicines:

• "Bifidumbacterin" - available in liquid and dry form;
• "Lactobacterin";
• Linex.

To stimulate the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms in the intestinal flora, it is recommended to drink Hilak-Forte or Lysozyme. Also, in order to treat dysbiosis, the doctor will most likely prescribe you bacteriophages, as well as antibiotics that will destroy harmful bacteria. After correction, probiotics will be used to restore the microflora.

As far as diet formulas are concerned for infants, the following medications will be beneficial for them:

• "Lactofidus";
• a mixture of "NAN with bifidobacteria";
• "Narine".

Many believe that the treatment of dysbacteriosis in children in all cases is accompanied by taking medicines. In fact, drugs to cure dysbiosis will be prescribed by a doctor if:

• applied long treatment antibiotics that destroy both harmful and beneficial bacteria;
• intestinal diseases were transferred;
• the baby was given an unadapted mixture too early.

In other cases, if the child did not have the above situations, the microflora will be corrected with the help of the best prevention - diet. It is worth knowing that changing the diet of children under one year old must be agreed with the attending physician, and for schoolchildren and preschoolers, such dietary advice will be relevant:

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When the baby is in the womb, he lives in sterile conditions, but in the process of labor, the gastrointestinal tract, mucous membranes are populated with numerous bacteria that create the microflora. Healthy intestinal microflora is directly involved in the formation of a strong and stable immune system, breaks down fats, carbohydrates and proteins, helps normalize digestion, and also protects the child's body from pathogenic microbes. When there is an imbalance in the ratio of harmful and beneficial bacteria, dysbacteriosis develops. Every parent should know what to do in this situation.

The specificity of the intestinal flora

There are 4 main forms of microflora:

• obligate;
• pathogenic;
• optional;
• transient.

The obligate variety includes bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, escherichia (rod), enterococci, bacteroids, and peptostreptococci. The bacteria in this group occupy about 95% of the entire intestinal microflora of a healthy baby. They normalize healthy digestion and motility, protect the mucous membrane, and prevent the process of reproduction of harmful microorganisms. This form is involved in the production of folic acid, enzymes, amino acids, vitamins B. These microorganisms also destroy cancer cells, break down undigested food products that have entered the intestines.

The facultative type consists of clostridia, enterobacteria, staphylococci, yeast-like fungi, and Klebsiella. These microorganisms must exist in the body in small quantities. With a stronger immune system, the presence of these bacteria does not provoke the development of diseases. They take part in intestinal motility, the breakdown of animal proteins. If their number increases rapidly, dysbacteriosis develops. This ailment is accompanied by the following symptoms in children: rumbling, bursting and pressure in the abdomen, belching and increased gas formation, a violation of a healthy stool.

Transient and pathogenic species flora are made up of dangerous bacteria, which should not populate the intestines. They provoke the appearance of various ailments of an infectious nature. The presence of these microbes can be detected by performing a stool test.

Features of the disease in children

Dysbacteriosis is an imbalance in the intestinal microflora, manifested by a large number of pathogenic microorganisms and a decrease in beneficial bacteria. It is possible to understand that a child has dysbacteriosis on the basis of a coprogram - an analysis of feces. With the help of microbiological research, it is possible to determine all the inhabitants of the microflora. The coprogram determines what pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract occur in the child's body.

Since the initial stage of the disease is easier to treat, you need to be attentive to the condition of your child. In the presence of the slightest signs, it is recommended to consult a doctor and undergo an examination.

You should not choose drugs and start treatment on your own, since many gastrointestinal ailments have similar symptoms. A qualified doctor should determine the diagnosis and prescribe a course of therapy. Self-medication can lead to complications.

With intestinal dysbacteriosis in children, there are certain clinical manifestations. As for babies up to a year old, they are lagging behind in weight, spit up and sleep poorly, are naughty, loose stools predominate. Characteristics of feces: there is a sour and putrid smell, foam. At the age of one year, the symptoms are similar. There may also be cramping abdominal pain observed after feeding. A painful attack ends with diarrhea, rumbling and increased gas formation. In children under the age of three, belching, colic, flatulence, unstable stools, decreased appetite, and abdominal distention are noted.

It is important to start treatment of dysbacteriosis in children on time, as incubation period accompanied by intoxication, infectious toxicosis and reduced body resistance. Symptoms: weakness, lack of appetite, sweating and subfebrile temperature. Lack of treatment can lead to the following complications: hypovitaminosis, lack of bile acids and enzymes, anemia (anemia), reduced immunity, vitamin D and calcium deficiency, gastrointestinal bleeding.

There are 4 degrees of dysbacteriosis. During the first degree, there are such signs: constipation, lack of appetite and weight loss, bloating. The bowel movements have an uneven color.

Dysbacteriosis of the 2nd degree is manifested by nausea, vomiting, belching, heartburn, epigastric pain, impaired motor skills, lack of appetite, constipation. Dysbacteriosis of the 2nd degree can occur against the background of gastroenteritis. In addition, the disease can accompany enteritis, when there are signs such as plaque on the tongue, diarrhea, bloating, spasms, hypovitaminosis and anemia. In this form, allergies can occur in children.

Grade 3 is characterized by transient bacteremia, as well as headaches, chills, heat body, intoxication. Pathogenic bacteria are present in bile and urine. The color of the feces is green. shape.

As for the 4th degree, it has the following symptoms: poor appetite, nausea, headaches, high fever and loose stools that have a putrid odor. There is a CNS disorder.

With a mild form, it is enough to adhere to a strict diet to eliminate the symptoms. In more severe cases, you will need drug therapy. Antibiotics may be prescribed to restore the microflora.

The etiology of the pathology of the digestive system

In order for the treatment and prevention of dysbacteriosis to give good results, it is important to find out the causes of this syndrome. The causes of pathology at the age of up to a year can be the following:

• malnutrition of a nursing mother;
• taking antibiotics;
• food allergy;
• stress;
• weakened immunity;
• artificial feeding, sudden weaning;
• the presence of infectious diseases - dysentery, staphylococcus aureus, salmonellosis.

As for the disease that occurs after a year, then, most often, the causative agents are worms, poor nutrition, colds, and so on. Hormonal drugs have a detrimental effect. Preschoolers and schoolchildren may experience similar symptoms against the background of frequent stressful situations and puberty, operations on the gastrointestinal tract, and vegetative-vascular dystonia.

Medical therapy

The treatment regimen for dysbacteriosis in children is determined by the attending physician. In addition to medications, nutrition plays a decisive role. It is important that treatment is comprehensive.

Preparations for dysbacteriosis for children:

• Lineks - helps to restore the epithelial layer of the intestine, improves the natural absorption of electrolytes. The course of treatment is at least five days. Dosage: children under the age of two years - 1 capsule, from two years old - 2 capsules;
• Acipol - can be given even to infants, has a wide range of effects, helps to restore intestinal immunity. The dosage for newborns is five doses per day, for children from six months of age - about 15 doses, which must be divided into 3 doses before meals;
• Bifiform Malysh - contains lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, vitamins of group B.

To replenish the intestinal flora, non-drug preparations will also be needed. Live bacteria are present in such food products: Aktimel, Bifidok, Activia, Biolact. To prepare a drink, it is better to buy sourdough in a pharmacy in order to make healthy, tasty yoghurts for a child on your own.

It is necessary to adjust the diet, enrich the diet of the baby vegetable fibers and lactic acid bacteria, which are found in cottage cheese, kefir and milk. You can increase the consumption of yogurt, vegetables and fruits, millet, oatmeal and buckwheat. Breastfeeding is shown to children under one year old, so the mother is obliged to preserve lactation. This is due to the fact that in breast milk there are a lot of beneficial microorganisms, bacteria. Milk contains lactose, which promotes the growth of healthy bacteria.

Imbalance of microflora in children is a common phenomenon that requires timely treatment. Therapy should be comprehensive, include taking certain medicines, diet and regimen correction.

Parents of children of the first year of life often face such a concept as "dysbacteriosis". In our country, dysbacteriosis, until recently, was considered a disease, but now the opinion that it is a fictitious and non-existent disease is increasingly being sown. And, indeed, this is not a disease, but a special condition of the body - intestinal dysfunction caused by an imbalance in the ratio of beneficial and harmful microorganisms, with them, a child up to a year old shows signs of discomfort in the abdomen.

This condition for infants born 1, 2 or 3 months ago is quite normal. However, it is still necessary to adjust the nutrition menu of the nursing mother and, if necessary, treat the baby. In other cases, when the child is older than 5 months, you should consult a doctor to find out the causes of intestinal dysfunction.

The internal environment of the intestines of the child consists of many different microorganisms. The most important are bifido- and lactobacilli.

Bifidobacteria begin to dominate the intestinal microflora in infants by the end of the 1st week of life. They synthesize amino acids, proteins, vitamin K, B vitamins, pantothenic, nicotinic and folic acids. They ensure the correct absorption of vitamin D, iron and calcium ions by the intestinal walls.

Lactobacilli are involved in the formation of lactic acid, lycozyme and substances with antibiotic activity. These bacteria play an important role, as they produce lactase, which helps to break down lactose, which in turn prevents the development of lactose deficiency.

When does the intestinal microflora form?

The intestinal microflora of a child begins to emerge even in utero, genetically, in the early months of pregnancy. To ensure the health of the fetus, a woman must eat properly and not have diseases of the genital organs, subsequently transmitted to the newborn.

The colonization of the first bacteria occurs during the passage of the child through the birth canal, with the first breath, the first attachment to the breast along with the mother's colostrum, and then in the first 3-5 days of the baby's life in the process of feeding and interacting with environment. During this time, it is necessary, as carefully as possible, to monitor the hygiene of the baby and all objects in contact with him. It is undesirable for children of 1 month of life to give supplementary food in the form of milk mixtures and cow's milk. An unprepared system of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) will not cope with the digestion of new food, and will lead to the appearance of dysbacteriosis. It is very important that during the first months the baby should eat only mother's milk, which contains everything necessary for the development of immunity: bifidogenic substances for microflora, which contribute to the growth of the number of bifidobacteria in the intestine, and immunoglobulins (antibodies) from infections that affected the mother.

Symptoms indicating the presence of dysbacteriosis

The main symptoms of dysbacteriosis in infants are a change in the color and consistency of feces, as well as a deterioration in the condition of the skin.

In healthy newborns, thick, viscous, dark green stools called meconium are observed within 1-2 days. After 2-5 days, it changes, becomes cleaner, mushy, changes color to yellow or light brown. But for another 3 months, in the diaper, along with feces, you will find a little admixture of greenery or mucus - this is considered the norm. At first, the frequency of bowel movements in children of the first month of life reaches 5-10 times per day, but upon reaching 2 months of age, the stool normalizes to 1 time in 2-3 days. It is worth remembering that in children older than 5 months, with the introduction of complementary foods, vegetables and fruits with a laxative effect can affect the frequency of stools.

But sick babies have diarrhea. feces may acquire a sharp unpleasant odor, become frothy, green in color, with a high content of mucus or streaks of blood. In this case, it is necessary to pass an analysis for dysbacteriosis and its subsequent treatment.

Common symptoms that appear in children under one year old with impaired bowel function:

• sleep disturbance;
• loss of appetite and body weight;
• the presence of spasms in the intestines (while the child cries loudly and bends his legs under him);
• frequent spitting up or vomiting;
• bloating and rumbling of the abdomen;
• diarrhea;
• pale skin;
• restlessness and moodiness.

What are the causes of intestinal microflora disorders?

In a newborn, within 3-4 weeks, there is an active colonization of the intestines by microorganisms. The ratio of the number and composition of microbes during this period of time is still poorly established, and the child develops transient dysbacteriosis, which is a temporary phenomenon in the process of establishing the immunity of the crumbs. At 1 year, the intestinal microflora changes for the better, and already at 2 years, the combination of useful and harmful bacteria becomes like an adult.

A slight imbalance in the work of the intestines in children after 5 months causes the introduction of complementary foods, and in newborns, supplementary feeding with milk mixtures becomes the cause.

But there are more serious reasons for dysbacteriosis

First of all - as a consequence of an acute intestinal infection, such as food poisoning. The number of pathogenic microbes increases and begins to prevail over the beneficial ones, as a result of which infection of the internal organs is possible.

Candida fungus (thrush) becomes common cause occurrence of dysbacteriosis. Signs of its appearance are the presence of light gray films covering the intestinal mucosa of the child.

Displacing the beneficial flora, staphylococci can settle in the intestines. The most common is Staphylococcus aureus, a child becomes infected with it in the hospital. Its symptoms are a purulent rash on the skin, similar to prickly heat, and a general infection of the blood.

Antibiotic treatment absolutely causes an imbalance in the work of the gastrointestinal tract in children, regardless of their age.

Consequences of dysbacteriosis

Dysbacteriosis often causes an allergic reaction in a child up to a year old, a disease bronchial asthma, pneumonia or inflammation of the urinary tract. In this case, pathogenic bacteria from the intestine enter the urinary tract and blood.

Colitis in children 1-5 months of age is also a consequence of a violation of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by poor digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.

How to treat?

Pediatricians and gastroenterologists say that the treatment of dysbacteriosis will be effective only with the initial elimination of factors that affect the reproduction of harmful microorganisms in the large intestine, since the artificial colonization of microflora with lactobacilli is not always the right solution. Because these bacteria are different from the lactic acid bacteria contained in the intestines of the child.

More proper treatment will be based on improving the quality and normalization of the diet, as well as prescribing drugs for the child in the first year of life, eliminating the causes of gastrointestinal dysfunction.

Always remember, the baby has a chance to get sick at 1 month, and at 2 months, and at 3 years, and even after he becomes an adult. Unfortunately, this condition occurs throughout a child's life. Follow the rules of hygiene, diet, expose the crumbs to diseases less and in the future you will not need treatment.