Rash with plaques on the body of a child. What does a different skin rash look like in children? How to localize the rash to determine the disease

In medicine, six types of primary infectious rash in a child are usually distinguished. These include rashes in scarlet fever, erythema infectiosum, mononucleosis, measles, roseola infantum, and rubella.

Signs of infectious rashes in children

The infectious nature of the rashes is indicated by a number of symptoms that accompany the course of the disease. These signs include:

• intoxication syndrome, which includes a rise in temperature, weakness, malaise, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, headaches and muscle pain, etc.;
• signs of a specific disease, for example, with measles, Filatov-Koplik spots appear, with scarlet fever, limited reddening of the pharynx and others are usually noted;
• in most cases, infectious diseases can be traced to the cyclical course, there are also cases of similar pathologies in the patient's family members, colleagues, friends and acquaintances, that is, people who had close contact with him. But it must be borne in mind that the nature of the rash can coincide with various diseases.

In children, an infectious rash is most often spread by contact or hematogenous route. Its development is associated with the rapid multiplication of pathogenic microbes on the baby's skin, their transfer through the blood plasma, infection of blood cells, the occurrence of the "antigen-antibody" reaction, as well as increased sensitivity to certain antigens that secrete bacteria that cause infection.

Papular rashes, which later begin to become wet, are often caused by direct infection of the skin with pathogenic microorganisms or viruses. However, the same rash can appear under the influence of the immune system on the action of the pathogen.

Diagnosis of infectious rashes

When diagnosing maculopapular rashes and non-vesicular rash caused by viral infection, it becomes predominantly the defeat of the palms and feet, which in other cases is quite rare. So, for bacterial and fungal infections, immune diseases, as well as for side effect for various medicines such a zone of destruction is absolutely not typical.

An infectious rash in a child can accompany both acute and chronic course diseases. From acute pathologies rashes are most often manifested by measles, chickenpox, scarlet fever and others, and from chronic ones - tuberculosis, syphilis and others. In this case, the diagnostic significance of the elements of the rash may be different. So, in one case, the diagnosis can be made only by characteristic rashes, in others, the elements of the rash become secondary. diagnostic sign, and thirdly, the rash is an atypical symptom.

Rashes with measles

Measles is an infectious disease characterized by intoxication, fever, lesions of the upper organs respiratory system, pronounced cyclicity and a rash on the skin in the form of spots and papules. This pathology is easily transmitted by contact with a sick person by airborne droplets. Rashes usually appear on the 3rd-4th day of illness. AT last years The prevalence of measles has declined sharply, this is due to timely vaccination. In the absence of antibodies to the causative agent of measles in the blood, a person is very susceptible to this disease.

The first elements of the rash may appear on the third, in more rare cases on the second or fifth day of illness. Usually, skin manifestations of measles persist for about 4 days, after which their reverse development is observed. In this case, the rash has a pronounced staging. The areas of the bridge of the nose and behind the ear space are affected first, then the face and neck, then the torso and arms, and lastly the legs, feet and hands. By the fourth day, the elements become brownish in color and lose their papular character. In the future, pigmentation forms at this place, in some cases flaky. The individual elements of the measles rash are round in shape, often merge together, rise above the surrounding skin, which remains unchanged.

For the diagnosis of measles, the following points of the disease and characteristic manifestations are important:

Abrupt onset of the disease, rapid fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, severe lacrimation and severe photophobia.

On the second day, Velsky-Filatov-Koplik spots begin to appear on the inner surface of the cheeks. They are small white dots around which there is a zone of hyperemia. The spots last for about two days, and then disappear, leaving behind a loose mucous membrane.

In the course of the disease, a clear staging can be traced. The rash appears on the 3-4th day. On the first day of the rash, the face is affected, on the second day the torso, on the third day the limbs. A peculiar development of the elements can be noted: at first it is a spot or papule, approximately 5 mm in size, then it quickly grows to 1-1.5 cm, while individual spots often merge into a continuous surface.

The nature of the rash: plentiful, prone to confluence, often takes on a hemorrhagic appearance.

The rash begins to reverse development about three days after it appeared and resolves in the same order in which it appeared.

In some cases, a measles-like rash may occur in a child after a live measles vaccination. This period can last up to 10 days from the date of administration of the vaccine. In addition to an infectious rash, the child may experience subfebrile temperature, conjunctivitis lasting several days, cough, runny nose and other symptoms. In such cases, the elements that appear are not abundant and do not merge. The rash occurs without the typical stages of measles. Diagnosis is based on examination, questioning and history taking.

Rubella

Rubella is caused by a virus. With this disease, there is an increase in lymph nodes located in the occipital region and the back of the neck, as well as the appearance of an infectious rash. This pathology is often found in children of younger, school and adolescence. Most often it is transmitted by airborne droplets, a transplacental route is possible. Depending on this, the disease is divided into congenital and acquired.

Congenital rubella is a rather dangerous pathology, as it has a teratogenic effect on the child, as a result of which various deformities may occur. The most common is the classic syndrome associated with congenital rubella. It is manifested by three pathologies: heart disease vascular system, cataracts and deafness. Less common is the so-called extended syndrome, in which pathologies of the development of the nervous, genitourinary or digestive systems are noted.

Acquired rubella is a less dangerous disease. AT childhood its course is usually mild, the temperature rise is not strong. AT adolescence all symptoms are more pronounced: the temperature reaches febrile values, signs of intoxication and joint pain are noted. An infectious rash appears already on the first day of illness, in more rare cases - on the second. Elements of rashes are formed very quickly, most often during the day. First of all, the face is affected, then the rash slips to the neck, trunk and limbs. The most favorite localization is the sides, extensor parts of the legs and arms, buttocks. Rashes remain on the skin for about three days, less often - up to a week, after which they disappear without leaving any traces.

In about one in five cases, rubella occurs without a rash. Such forms are very difficult to diagnose and recognize. However, they pose a certain danger, mainly due to the possibility of contact and infection of pregnant women.

In most cases, the course of acquired rubella is benign. Complications are rare, most often in older children and adolescents. Complications can appear in the form of meningoencephalitis or simple encephalitis, which is characterized by a fairly high percentage of mortality, and after rubella, arthralgia, thrombocytopenic purpura, or arthritis can develop.

Enteroviral infection

This disease is more severe, accompanied by high fever. In addition, symptoms enterovirus infection become gastroenteritis, herpetic sore throat, muscle pain, serous meningitis, poliomyelitis-like syndrome.

An infectious rash in a child affected by an enterovirus occurs approximately 3-4 days after the onset of the disease. Usually, its appearance is accompanied by a normalization of temperature and a noticeable relief of the patient's condition. Rashes are formed immediately, during the day. The face and torso are predominantly affected. The characteristic appearance of the rash is patchy or maculopapular. The size of the elements may be different, the color is pink. The rashes last for several days (no longer than 4), and then disappear. In rare cases, pigmentation remains in their place.

Infectious mononucleosis

The causative agent of infectious mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus. The characteristic manifestations of the disease are generalized lymphadenopathy, severe fever, tonsillitis, hepatosplenomegaly and the formation of atypical mononuclear cells in the blood. Children and teenagers get sick with mononucleosis more often. The virus, which is the causative agent of this pathology, refers to DNA-containing and belongs to the group of herpes viruses. It can cause cancers such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. Infectious mononucleosis is difficult to transmit, that is, it is low contagious.

In most cases, this disease does not form a rash. If it appears, then approximately on the fifth day. Elements of rashes look like spots irregular shape, the size of which is 0.5-1.5 cm. Sometimes these spots merge into a common surface. As a rule, more abundant rashes are noted on the face, limbs and trunk can also be affected. The rash appears chaotically, without characteristic stages, this is the difference from measles. At infectious mononucleosis rashes are polymorphic and have exudative character. The size of individual elements can vary significantly. The occurrence of a rash is not associated with any specific period of illness: it can appear both on the first day of the illness, and at its end. It usually remains on the skin for several days, after which it disappears without a trace or with light pigmentation in its place.

Skin manifestations of hepatitis B

Typical skin lesions that occur with hepatitis B include Crosti-Gianotti syndrome, characteristic of young children and manifested in the form of papular acrodermatitis, and urticaria. The latter becomes a characteristic symptom, indicating the prodromal stage of the disease. The rashes are present on the skin for a couple of days. By the time they disappear, jaundice and joint pain begin. The rash may appear as macules, papules, or petechiae.

Crosti-Gianotti syndrome often accompanies the anicteric form of the disease. At the same time, other signs of hepatitis B appear simultaneously with the rashes or much later. The rash remains on the skin for up to three weeks.

Infectious erythema

This disease is caused by the human parovirus. The course of infectious erythema is usually mild, it belongs to low contagious and self-limiting pathologies. The rash in this disease has the appearance of papules or maculae. With infectious erythema, the prodromal period is mild, and general well-being is practically not disturbed. Children are more susceptible to this disease, in adults it is much less common.

Sudden exanthema

This pathology is caused by the herpes simplex virus, which belongs to the sixth type, is characterized by an acute course and affects mainly young children. The disease begins with a sharp rise in temperature to 40-41 degrees, the fever can persist for several days. In this case, the symptoms of intoxication are mild or completely absent. In addition to temperature, generalized lymphadenopathy and rashes are noted. Skin manifestations usually occur after the temperature has returned to normal, approximately on the third or fourth day. Elements of an infectious rash can be spots, macula or pustules. The rashes remain on the skin for about a day, after which they disappear without any traces.

Scarlet fever

Scarlet fever is one of the diseases caused by streptococcus. A rash in this pathology usually occurs by the end of the first or the beginning of the second day of the disease. Then it quickly covers the whole body. First of all, the elements of the rash affect the face, especially the cheeks, then the neck, arms, legs and torso. Favorite localizations of the rash are the inner surfaces of the arms and legs, chest, lateral surfaces of the chest, lower back, fold areas: elbows, armpits, popliteal cavities, groin. The elements of the rashes are represented by small roseola, the diameter of which is about 2 mm. The skin under the rash is hyperemic. Immediately after the appearance, the color of the rash is quite bright, and then it becomes noticeably paler.

Meningococcal infection

With this disease, the rash appears within the first few hours, in more rare cases - by the second day. Before the onset of rashes, the patient may experience symptoms of inflammatory processes in the nasal cavity and pharynx, this phenomenon lasts about five days. Then there are pronounced signs of intoxication, the temperature rises greatly, elements of the rash appear. They may present as roseola or papules and quickly develop into a hemorrhagic rash that spreads and grows in size. Such hemorrhages protrude above the surface of the body. The predominant localization of rashes is the face, limbs, buttocks and torso.

Felinosis, or cat scratch disease

Another name for this disease is benign lymphoreticulosis. This is an inflammatory process that affects the lymph nodes and is characterized by a purulent character. The causative agent of this disease is chlamydia, which is transmitted to humans through a scratch or a cat bite. Manifestations of felinosis are fever, local lymphadenitis, long healing of skin lesions. Initially, skin changes appear as reddish papules that are painless to the touch. In the future, they can fester, with healing, the scar does not remain. Two weeks after receiving a scratch from an animal, local lymph nodes increase, axillary nodes are most often affected, less often inguinal or cervical. After about two months, the lymph nodes return to normal. However, in almost a third of cases, the disease occurs lymph nodes.

Yersiniosis and pseudotuberculosis

Symptoms of these diseases are severe intoxication, damage to the musculoskeletal system and abdominal cavity, in most cases, the formation of an infectious rash on the skin is also observed in patients. Clinical picture in both pathologies is quite similar. An accurate diagnosis can only be made on the basis of certain laboratory tests.

Pseudotuberculosis is characterized by a one-time occurrence of a rash, this usually occurs on the 3rd day from the onset of the disease. Rashes are most often located symmetrically on the sides of the body, lower abdomen, groin, area of ​​​​the main joints of the arms and legs, mainly on the flexor part. But the entire surface of the body can be affected. In the period when there was no description of the etiology and mechanism of the disease, it was called DSL, which stands for Far Eastern scarlet fever.

Paratyphoid and typhoid fever

Paratyphoid fever type A, B or C, as well as typhoid fever are caused by microorganisms related to salmonella. These pathologies are characterized by all the symptoms of intoxication, severe fever, hepatosplenomegaly and a rash that looks like roseol. By clinical manifestations Both of these diseases are similar. They usually begin acutely, suddenly with a sharp rise in temperature to 39 degrees and above. In addition, lethargy, weakness, apathy, malaise, and so on can be noted. Over time, the symptoms tend to increase. In other words, the child becomes more and more lethargic, does not make contact, refuses to eat. Usually, the spleen and liver are enlarged, the tongue becomes coated, and clear impressions of the teeth are visible along its edges. By the second week from the onset of the disease, roseolas appear on the skin, most often their number is small, the lateral parts of the chest and abdomen are affected.

Erysipelas

This disease is characterized by damage to the skin with the appearance of pronounced, limited foci and symptoms of intoxication of the body. It is caused by a streptococcal infection. In this case, the element of rashes becomes hyperemia, which has a bright color, clear edges and a limited affected area. Its borders may acquire an irregular shape. Typical areas for the rash to appear are the eyelids, ears, and hands and feet. The skin under the elements of the rash noticeably swells. In this case, there is inflammation and an increase in lymph nodes and blood vessels from the site of skin lesions to regional nodes. If timely treatment is not started, then erysipelas grows rapidly and can lead to severe intoxication of the body and sepsis.

Congenital syphilis and rashes in children

Syphilitic rashes characteristic of the congenital form of syphilis usually occur in the first weeks and months of a child's life. In this case, an infectious rash in a child looks like large spots, in some cases having a brownish color, or small nodules. In addition to rashes, there is an increase in the spleen and liver, severe anemia and positive tests for syphilis.

Borreliosis

Borreliosis is also called Lyme disease or erythema mite. This pathology is characterized by an acute course, the cause of it is spirochete. Infection occurs through tick bites. Symptoms of borreliosis are skin rashes and lesions of the heart, nervous system and joints. This disease is common in areas where ixodid ticks are found.

Rashes with helminthiasis and leishmaniasis

There are two types cutaneous leishmaniasis: rural, or acutely necrotizing, and urban, or late ulcerating. The first of these is carried in most cases by small rodents, such as ground squirrels, hamsters, gerbils and others. The source of urban leishmaniasis is a person. The causative agents of this disease are carried by mosquitoes. The incubation period is quite long. In most cases, it lasts about two months, but sometimes it can last several years.

A characteristic manifestation of cutaneous leishmaniasis is a skin lesion in the place where the mosquito has bitten. As already mentioned, there are two types of the disease, depending on the type of lesion. In the urban form of the disease, the elements of the infectious rash appearing on the skin are dry, and in the rural form they are weeping. Exposed parts of the body after mosquito bites are covered with itchy papules that grow rapidly. A few months later, sometimes six months later, an ulcer with a granular base appears at the site of the lesion, the size of which can be more than 1 cm. It is painful to the touch, covered with a crust and does not heal for a long time. The cure comes suddenly, usually a couple of months pass until this moment, a thin, white scar forms at the site of the lesion. The causative agents of the disease can then penetrate into lymphatic vessels, move along them and infect new areas, which is determined by inflammation of the lymph nodes and swelling of the tissue. As a rule, the weeping form of leishmaniasis develops more dynamically and quickly. After the illness, a strong immunity is formed.

An infectious rash in a child in the form of papules or maculae may indicate the presence of helminthiasis. Most often, this manifestation occurs with echinococcosis, trichinosis, ascariasis and other diseases. The appearance of a rash in these cases is accompanied by severe itching.

Scabies in babies

Scabies in young children has some distinctive features. So, itch moves are mostly located on the soles of the feet and palms. A rash may appear in the form of vesicles, spots or blisters localized on the back of the head, thighs, flexor surface of the arms, shins, around the nipples and navel.

Chicken pox

This pathology is very contagious and easily transmitted from person to person, it is caused by a DNA-containing virus. The characteristic signs of chickenpox are signs of intoxication and a characteristic rash in the form of vesicles, affecting the skin and mucous membranes. Doctors consider chickenpox to be uncontrollable infections, most often children of preschool age get sick with it. In rare cases, newborn babies (if the mother did not have chickenpox in childhood) and adults can get sick.

The diagnosis is usually made on the basis of severe symptoms. The following features are important in this regard:

1. The rash is represented by single-chamber vesicles and is equally located on the skin and mucous membranes.
2. Elements are localized on the scalp.
3. severe itching

Eruptions have false polymorphism. This is due to the periodic (every 2 days) appearance of new elements. Therefore, on the affected areas of the skin, elements characteristic of different stages development: macula, papules, vesicles, crusts.

Herpes and shingles

The causative agent of herpes is a specific virus, which is divided into 2 types: type I mainly affects the mucous membranes and skin of the face, type II - the genital area and lower body. However, both types of viruses can appear in any localization depending on the contact. Herpes clinically manifests itself in the form of a blistering infectious rash on the skin and mucous membranes, and can also affect various tissues and organs. Before the appearance of elements of the rash at the site of the lesion, tingling, itching and hypersensitivity, there may be pain and neuralgia in this area. Skin manifestations look like a group of vesicles with thin walls and a reddened, edematous base. Their localization can be different, although most often they appear on the border of the mucous membrane and skin. In childhood, bubbles after bursting are often secondarily infected.

Herpes zoster has an acute course, its characteristic symptoms are blisters, neuralgia, hypersensitivity in certain places corresponding to the affected areas. When collecting an anamnesis, it usually turns out that the patient had had chickenpox in the recent past. At the very beginning of the pathology, pains, indurations on the skin, fever, weakness, weakness and other signs of general malaise appear in the affected areas. The most commonly affected area is the chest and lumbar, in young children, the sacral and cranial nerves, as indicated by rashes on the genitals and legs. If there is involvement in the process trigeminal nerve, then skin manifestations can occur on the forehead, nose, eyes and scalp, cheeks and palate and mandible. After two or three days, red papules appear, having a group arrangement. Then they pass into the stage of bubbles, the contents of which are first transparent, then cloudy. These blisters dry up and turn into crusts. The full cycle of development of the elements of such a rash takes about 1-1.5 weeks. Characterized by unilateral location of rashes. It can take up to two days from the first symptoms to the onset of the rash. Local lymph nodes in this disease are usually enlarged.

Duhring's disease or hepetiform dermatitis

This pathology can develop after an infection. Its onset is usually acute and sudden. It is expressed in the deterioration of the general condition, the appearance of fever, skin manifestations, localized in the inguinal region, on the buttocks and thighs. Rashes are represented by blisters of different sizes, filled with transparent or hemorrhagic contents. The skin under the elements of the rash is not changed. Feet and hands are not involved in the process. There is a sharp, severe itching.

Dermatitis due to insect bites

Dermatitis, caused by an insect bite, most often affects open areas. Elements of such a rash can be nodules or blisters. They usually itch a lot. At the site of the lesion, scratching or rashes similar to impetigo may form.

pyoderma

This disease is characterized by purulent inflammation of the skin. The causative agents of pyoderma are often staphylococci or streptococci. This pathology can occur as a primary independent disease or becomes a complication of other diseases, such as neurodermatitis, eczema and others. Pyoderma can take various forms, emit exfoliative dermatitis of Ritter, pseudofurunculosis, vesiculopustulosis, pemphigus of newborns and others.

Streptococcal or staphylococcal impetigo

Such infections often occur in children's institutions, and due to their high contagiousness, they quickly spread and acquire the character of an epidemic. Impetigo is manifested by an infectious rash, represented by medium or small vesicles. The disease is characterized by undulating rashes that repeat on the scalp and face. In the process of development, the bubbles burst, the secret they contain dries up, leaving crusts. yellow color.

Ecthyma disease, outwardly very similar to impetigo, however, it also affects the deeper layers of the skin. Such a rash is localized mainly on the legs.

Bullous impetigo is a localized skin infection caused by staphylococcus aureus. Its characteristic manifestation is blisters that form against the background of normal skin. The contents of such bubbles may be pale, transparent or dark yellow, and subsequently become cloudy.

Burn-like skin lesion caused by staphylococcus aureus

This pathology is also called Ritter's exfoliative dermatitis and affects young children. The first symptoms of the disease are redness of the skin of the face, groin, neck and armpits. The lesion spreads rather quickly, the skin takes on a wrinkled appearance due to the formation of flaccid blisters. The liquid filling them has a light shade and is transparent in appearance. Then detachment of the upper layer of the skin begins, the appearance is similar to a 2nd degree burn.

Pseudofurunculosis, or multiple abscesses

For this disease characterized by an infectious rash that looks like subcutaneous nodes. Their size can be different, from a small pea to a hazelnut. The color of the elements of the rash is usually brown-red, a bluish tinge is possible. The neck, buttocks, back of the thigh, and back are most commonly affected.

Usually a rash on the body of a child causes a lot of anxiety in parents. Really, common symptom various infections, causing a lot of discomfort. However timely treatment rashes on the skin allows you to quickly forget about itching and burning.

A rash in a child can appear not only on the whole body, but also affect only one area. The number of acceptable diagnoses is reduced, and recovery is faster

On the head

The rash worries babies in different parts of the body.

• On the back of the head small dots pink color most often talk about overheating and the development of prickly heat.
• Abundant vesicles and blisters on the back of the head or cheeks indicate an infection with scabies.
• Inflammation in the cheeks, and on the beard, speak of an allergy to food or medicine.
• If a rash in a child has formed on the eyelids, it means that unsuitable hygiene products have been selected for the child. If the rash on the eyelids looks like scales or crusts, dermatitis is likely to develop.

around the neck

On hands and wrists

In the abdomen

A rash on the abdomen in the form of red vesicles occurs in newborns from toxic erythema, which passes on its own. The area of ​​the abdomen, and the area of ​​the hips, most often suffers from pemphigus. The disease begins with slight redness, blisters appear, and begin to burst. Similar symptoms are characteristic of exfoliating dermatitis.

In violation of the bacterial microflora in the abdomen appear erysipelas. Do not forget about the permissible small rash from allergies, prickly heat and infections such as chickenpox or scabies.

On the lower back

On the inner and outer thighs

Rashes on the hips of a child usually appear from poor hygiene. Often the baby just sweats in his diapers, suffers from poor-quality clothes. As a result, sweating appears. Allergic reactions often provoke inflammation on the inside of the thigh.

A rash on the thighs indicates the presence of measles, rubella, chickenpox or scarlet fever. In rare cases, rashes speak of diseases of the circulatory system.

In the groin area

A rash in the groin is the result of infrequent diaper changes or skin contact with dirty diapers. Red diaper rash appears on the skin, bacteria multiply in them. Prickly heat in the groin area in the form of pink spots often appears in a baby as a result of overheating in the sun. Sometimes the source of the rash is candidiasis. Finally, the baby can develop an allergy to diapers.

On the buttocks

The rash on the pope has a nature similar to the causes of groin irritation. A rare change of diapers, violation of hygiene rules lead to the occurrence of an inflammatory process. The area of ​​the priests can suffer from allergies to food or diapers, from prickly heat and diathesis.

On the legs, knees and heels and can itch

A small rash on the legs usually appears as a result of dermatitis or allergies. If it itches and resembles mosquito bites, most likely the baby really suffered from insects.

The cause of a rash on the legs can be an infection or trauma to the skin. If your child has itchy heels, the rash is most likely caused by a fungus. An allergic reaction on the heels manifests itself in the form of flaky spots, itching and causing swelling of the foot. On the knee joints a rash can appear with eczema, lichen and psoriasis.

On all parts of the body

Inflammation of the skin throughout the body often indicates an infection. If the child is covered with a small rash and it itches, the cause is probably an allergic reaction (see: allergic rash) of the body to a strong irritant. If there is no itching from the rash, these causes can be excluded. Most likely there is a problem with metabolism or work internal organs.

When the rash all over the body is also colorless, most likely the baby's sebaceous glands are too active. Vitamin deficiency and hormonal disruptions in the child's body can make themselves felt through rashes without color.

The nature of the rash

If you look closely at a baby's rash, you will notice distinctive signs. Color, shape and structure.

Like nettles

A nettle-like rash is indicative of special form allergies - urticaria. Pink blisters on the skin are very itchy and are accompanied by an increase in body temperature. Most often, hives are provoked by hot water, stress, strong physical exercise. The rash at the same time resembles small blisters on the chest or neck.

Like a mosquito bite

If the rash resembles a mosquito bite, the baby has an allergy to malnutrition. In newborns, this reaction often indicates violations in the menu of a nursing mother. Mosquito bites - talk about the impact of any blood-sucking insects on the skin, such as ticks or fleas.

In the form of spots

A patchy rash is a very common form of skin inflammation. Most often, the reason lies in the disease of the integument itself or in the presence of an infection. The size of the spots and their color play an important role. Rashes that look like spots appear with lichen, allergies, dermatitis and eczema.

Rough to the touch

A rough rash is most often caused by eczema. In this case, the back of the hands and face suffer. The cause of rough rashes, resembling sandpaper, sometimes becomes keratosis - one of the forms of allergies. small pimples at the same time, the back and side areas of the hands are affected, but sometimes inflammation appears inside hips.

In the form of bubbles and blisters

A rash in the form of blisters appears on the baby's body as a result of hives (see: hives in children), prickly heat, pemphigus. Among infectious diseases rashes with bubbles cause rubella and chickenpox.

Under skin color

Flesh-colored lesions on the skin are called papules. A rash of this color is indicative of eczema, psoriasis, or contact dermatitis. Sometimes a colorless rash is caused by hormonal changes in the child's body.

Redness due to infections

The signs accompanying the rash often indicate the development of a serious illness in the baby.

With angina

Often, observing the primary signs of a sore throat (fever and cough) in a baby, after a certain time, parents notice a rash on his body. Here, the development of an infectious disease is likely against the background of a weakened immune system. Sometimes redness appears due to tonsillitis. Do not forget that the baby in the process of treating angina often has an allergy to antibiotics.

With SARS

The appearance of a rash in combination with the usual symptoms of SARS has similar causes. The child is able to have intolerance to the components of drugs or an allergy to folk remedies. Most often, redness occurs after a course of antibiotics for SARS.

From chickenpox

From chicken pox, babies develop spots with itching, almost immediately becoming large blisters. The rash occurs on the palms, face, torso and even in the mouth. The disease is accompanied by high fever and headaches. When the bubbles burst, the baby's skin becomes covered with a crust.

The answer to the question of how long the rashes completely disappear depends on the timeliness of treatment. Usually 3-5 days is enough.

With the development of measles

In the case of measles, the baby usually suffers from fever and large red spots that almost merge with each other. The measles rash appears first on the head, and then passes to the trunk and limbs. The first signs of measles resemble the common cold. This is a strong dry cough, sneezing and tears. Then the temperature rises. How many days does the rash disappear? As a rule, the skin is restored on the third day.

From infection with scarlet fever

Scarlet fever signals itself by the appearance of small dots on the 2nd day of illness. Especially a lot of small rash in the area of ​​the elbow and knee bends, on the palms, in the folds of the skin. The speed of treatment usually does not affect how many days the redness disappears. The rash disappears on its own after 1-2 weeks.

For meningitis

A bright red or purple rash appears on the body of children with meningococcal infection. The disease affects the vessels of the skin, so inflammation on the skin forms in various forms. With meningitis, there are rashes on the mucous membranes, on the legs and arms, on the sides of the body.

When to Call a Doctor

• The child develops a fever and the temperature rises to 40 degrees.
• The rash appears all over the body and there is unbearable itching.
• Headache, vomiting and confusion in the baby begin.
• The rash looks like stellate hemorrhages.
• There are swelling and difficulty in breathing.

What absolutely cannot be done

• Self-squeeze pustules.
• Rip or burst bubbles.
• Scratch rashes.
• Apply brightly colored preparations to the skin (make it difficult to diagnose).

In general, a rash is a symptom of many diseases. Sometimes it leads to serious problems, and sometimes it goes away on its own. In any case, it will not be superfluous to consult a doctor.

Prevention

1. Timely vaccinations can protect the child from infections (But remember, vaccinations are not always beneficial, everyone is individual!). Now there are already vaccinations against meningitis and rashes on its soil. Learn more from your doctor.
2. The correct introduction of complementary foods can protect a small child from allergic reactions. It is recommended to teach the child to healthy lifestyle life and proper nutrition. This will not only prevent many diseases and strengthen the immune system, but also reduce the risk of an allergic rash.
3. If you suspect that your baby has caught an infection, immediately limit his contact with a potential source of infection.

Summing up

• An important role in determining the cause of the rash is played by its localization. The areas of the body most in contact with clothing or diapers usually suffer from dermatitis and prickly heat. The baby's face is often covered with a rash from allergies. A rash all over the body indicates the development of an infection or a metabolic disorder in the body.
• Pay attention to the shape of the rash and its color. Small spots indicate allergic reactions, and large spots indicate infections. A colorless rash is not contagious, and a rough one indicates disorders in the child's body.
• Follow general condition baby, because other symptoms allow you to accurately determine the factor that causes redness of the skin. However, keep in mind that these diseases, like SARS and tonsillitis, very rarely cause a rash on their own. It is worth observing the daily routine of the child, because the rash often appears after visiting the pool and similar public places.
• If the rash in a child is accompanied by cough, vomiting and high fever, we are talking about an infectious disease. In this case, the whole body is covered with spots and itches. With proper treatment, rashes in children disappear after 3-5 days. Sometimes a rash and vomiting are signs of dysbacteriosis.

1. If the rash has become a cause of concern for a newborn baby, the range of its causes is small. Often, pimples without pus appear on the neck and face of children 2 weeks after birth, disappearing by themselves. For children under one year old small rash most commonly caused by prickly heat due to wearing diapers or tight clothing. Red and pink rashes in a small child are associated with an allergy to new foods.
2. When the rash appears after the sun, they talk about the presence of photodermatosis in the baby. Solar allergy is accompanied by itching, redness of the skin and abscesses. On the extremities, on the face and chest, the rash is usually rough. Crusts, scales, bubbles are formed.
3. Allergic reactions in a child's body can manifest themselves in a variety of irritants. Often, after visiting the pool, a rash appears on the body of the kids due to the abundance of chlorine in the water. It has already been said that rashes can also form after a course of antibiotics for angina. If we are talking about the treatment of serious diseases such as leukemia, allergies appear after a month.
4. A small bright rash in children under the third year of life can appear when new teeth erupt. Here, rashes are accompanied small temperature and weakened immunity due to the appearance of teeth. Most often, a rash from teething is localized on the neck.
5. If the rash in babies does not differ in constancy (appears and disappears), most likely, there is contact with an irritant that causes allergies or dermatitis, is carried out periodically. In addition, the rash disappears and reappears with the development of infectious diseases (measles and scarlet fever), urticaria.
6. To prevent a severe rash in a child, do not try to introduce new foods into his diet too quickly. If the baby shows signs of allergies after the pool, choose another institution where the water is not treated with chlorine.

Do you want to know what kind of rash is on the body of a child? Illness, allergy, reaction to environment? Many types of rashes you can diagnose yourself, most of them are not a big problem and can be easily treated.

First of all, to know for sure, you should immediately consult with a pediatrician.

What causes a rash in a child?

by the most common causes baby rash can be:

• infection;
• improper care;
• allergy;
• diseases of the blood and blood vessels.

Non-infectious types of rash

1. Diaper dermatitis.
2. Hemorrhagic vasculitis.
3. allergic rash.
4. Insect bites.

Diaper dermatitis characteristic of babies who are not able to control excretory functions. According to statistics, they suffer from 30 to 60% of children in the first years of life. It appears on the skin of the baby in the form of small redness. Usually, the rash can be seen in places of contact with urine and feces, or in the natural folds of the skin when rubbing against clothing. Sometimes there are blisters and peeling of the skin.

This type of rash in children passes quickly enough with proper hygiene and maximum contact of the child's skin with air.

Hemorrhagic vasculitis looks on the child's skin in the form of small bruises located close to each other. Usually, the rash first occurs around the joints, on the buttocks, less often in other places.

An additional symptom is abdominal pain and even damage to large joints. If spot bruises and bruises are found, it is necessary to seek help from a specialist in order to make a correct diagnosis in a short time and begin treatment.

allergic rash usually pink-red. It is unevenly distributed over the skin, similar to small pimples. The child may be depressed due to itching at the site of the rash. Sometimes the rash may be accompanied by fever.

Allergies can be caused by anything from food to clothing. Allergic rash is treated antihistamines and exclusion of contact with the allergen.

Insect bites look like a swelling, in the center of which a trace of penetration is visible. The bite site can itch, burn, hurt.

If you know for sure that the child was bitten by a mosquito or a fly, then it is enough to get by with special ointments or folk remedies to relieve swelling and itching. If there is a suspicion of a bite from another insect, it makes sense to consult a doctor for help.

How to determine which infection caused the rash?

• meningococcal infection.
• Rubella
• baby roseola
• Measles rash (measles)
• Scarlet fever
• Chicken pox

Rash in meningococcal infection usually expressed as purple or red spots located on the lower part of the body.

This rash is accompanied by fever, nausea, vomiting, groaning cry, harsh, abrupt movements, or vice versa, lethargy of the child.

Rubella manifests itself in the form of round or oval flat pink spots with a diameter of 3-5 mm, located on the trunk and limbs.

There is an increase in lymph nodes, fever. The rash goes away after two or three days.

baby roseola - a mysterious disease, the first symptoms of which are fever up to 39 degrees. After three days, the temperature returns to normal, a small pink rash appears on the body. First, it is located on the back, then it spreads to the stomach, chest and arms of the baby.

The rash does not itch, but the baby can be capricious. It does not require special treatment, but a doctor's consultation will not hurt.

Measles rash (measles) begins with an increase in temperature to febrile figures, which is joined by lack of appetite, cough, runny nose, followed by conjunctivitis. After a while, a rash appears in the form of bright pink spots that can merge with each other.

First, the skin behind the ears and on the forehead is affected, then it quickly spreads to the whole body. The rash lasts 4-7 days.

Scarlet fever It manifests itself in an increase in temperature, a terrible sore throat, an increase in the tonsils.

By the end of the first day of illness, a bright, small purple rash appears on the upper body, which soon spreads to the whole body, except for the nasolabial fold.

Rashes with chickenpox change their appearance over time. At first, the rash looks like small bubbles with transparent contents, then the contents become cloudy, the blisters break through and a crust forms.

This type of rash is characterized by rash. The rash gives the child discomfort, as it itches a lot. The disease is accompanied by fever.

What to do if you find a rash?

• It is necessary to call a doctor at home so as not to infect other children at the reception.
• Before the doctor arrives, do not treat the rash with anything, as this will make it difficult to establish a correct diagnosis.

In some cases, you yourself can find out what kind of rash is found on the baby's skin. However, to be completely sure, it is better to spend an hour of time consulting with your doctor.

Any person, sometimes even without realizing it, faces various types of rashes in his life. And this is not necessarily the body's reaction to any disease, since there are about several hundred types of ailments in which rashes can appear.

And only a few dozen really dangerous cases, when rashes are a symptom of serious health problems. Therefore, with such a phenomenon as a rash, you need to be, as they say, "on the alert." The truth and a mosquito bite or contact with nettles also leave marks on the human body.

We think that it will not be superfluous for everyone to be able to distinguish between types of rash, and most importantly, to know its causes. This is especially true for parents. After all, sometimes it is by rashes that you can find out in time that the child is sick, which means helping him and preventing the development of complications.

Skin rashes. Types, causes and localization

Let's start talking about rashes on the human body with a definition. Rash - this is pathological changesmucous membranes or skin , which are elements of various colors, shapes and textures that differ sharply from the normal state of the skin or mucous membranes.

Skin rashes in children, as well as in adults, appear under the influence of various factors and can be triggered by both the disease and the body, for example, medicines, food or an insect bite. It is worth noting that there is indeed a considerable number of adult and childhood diseases with skin rashes, which can be both harmless and really dangerous to life and health.

Distinguish rash primary , i.e. rash that first appeared on healthy skin and secondary , i.e. rash, which is localized at the site of the primary. According to experts, the appearance of a rash can be caused by a variety of ailments, for example, infectious diseases in children and adults, problems with vascular and circulatory system, allergic reactions and dermatological diseases .

However, there are cases in which there may or may not be changes in the skin, although they are characteristic of this disease. This is important to remember, because sometimes, expecting the first childhood illnesses with skin rashes characteristic symptoms, i.e. rashes, parents overlook and others important signs feeling unwell your child, for example, bad or lethargic.

The rash itself is not a disease, but only a symptom of malaise. This means that the treatment of rashes on the body depends directly on the cause of their occurrence. In addition, other symptoms that accompany the rash play an important role in the diagnosis, for example, the presence of temperature or, as well as the location of the rashes, their frequency and intensity.

Rash, of course, can be attributed to the causes of body itching. However, it often happens that the whole body itches, but there is no rash. In essence, such a phenomenon as itch, - this is a signal of the nerve endings of the skin that react to external (insect bite) or internal (ejection histamine with allergies) irritants.

Itching of the whole body without rashes is characteristic of a number of serious ailments, for example, such as:

• blockage bile duct ;
• chronic ;
• cholangitis ;
• oncology of the pancreas ;
• disease endocrine system ;
• mental disorders ;
• infectious invasion (intestinal,) .

Therefore, you should immediately seek the advice of a doctor and in cases where the rash on the body itches and in the presence of severe itching without rashes on the skin. It should be noted that in some cases, for example, in old age or at the time there is no need for drug treatment itching all over the body without a rash, as this may be a variant of the norm.

As we age, the skin can suffer from dryness and require more hydration. The same may be true for the skin of a pregnant woman due to hormonal changes occurring in her body during the period of bearing a child. In addition, there is such a thing as psychogenic itching .

This condition is most common in people over the age of forty. In such cases, there is no rash, and severe itching is the result of extreme stress. Nervous environment, lack of proper physical and psychological rest, crazy work schedule and other life circumstances of a modern person can bring him to a breakdown and depression.

Types of rash, description and photo

So, to summarize and outline the main causes of a rash on the skin and mucous membranes:

• infectious diseases , for example, , , for which, in addition to rashes on the body, other symptoms are also characteristic ( fever, runny nose and so on);
• for food, medicines, chemical substances, animals and so on;
• diseases or vascular system often accompanied by rashes on the body, if disturbed vascular permeability or reduced the number that are involved in the process blood clotting .

Signs of a rash are the presence of rashes on the human body in the form blisters, bubbles or bubbles larger size, nodes or nodules, spots, as well as abscesses. When identifying the cause of the rash, the doctor analyzes not only the appearance of the rashes, but also their localization, as well as other symptoms that the patient has.

In medicine, the following primary morphological elements or types of rash (i.e. those that first appeared on previously healthy human skin):

tubercle it is an element without a cavity, deeply lying in the subcutaneous layers, up to one centimeter in diameter, leaves a scar after healing, without appropriate treatment it can degenerate into ulcers.

Blister - this is a type of rash without a cavity, the color of which can be from whitish to pink, occurs due to swelling of the papillary layer of the skin, it is characteristic of it, and does not leave marks during healing. As a rule, such rashes appear when toxidermia (inflammation of the skin due to an allergen entering the body), with hives or bites insects.

Papule (papular rash) is also a stripless type of rash that can be caused as inflammatory processes, and other factors, depending on the depth in the subcutaneous layers is divided into epidermal, epidermal and dermal nodules , the size of papules can reach three centimeters in diameter. Cause papular rash diseases such as , or (abbreviated HPV ).

Subtypes of papular rash: erythematous-papular (, Crosti-Janott syndrome, trichinosis), maculo-papular (, adenoviruses, sudden exanthema, allergies) and maculopapular rash (urticaria, mononucleosis, rubella, drug taxidermy, measles, rickettsiosis).

bubble - this is a type of rash that has a bottom, a cavity and a tire, such a rash is filled with serous-hemorrhagic or serous contents. The size of such a rash does not exceed, as a rule, 0.5 centimeters in diameter. This type rash usually appears when allergic dermatitis, at or .

Bubble - This is a larger bubble, the diameter of which exceeds 0.5 centimeters.

Pustule or abscess - this is a type of rash that is located in deep () or superficial follicular, as well as superficial non-follicular ( conflicts look like pimples) or deep non-follicular ( ecthymes or purulent ulcers ) layers of the dermis and is filled with purulent contents. A healing field of pustules forms a scar.

Spot - a kind of rash, is a local discoloration of the skin in the form of a spot. This type is typical for dermatitis, leukoderma, (skin pigmentation disorder) or roseola (an infectious disease in children caused by herpes virus 6 or 7 types). It is noteworthy that harmless freckles, as well as moles, are an example of a rash in the form of pigmented spots.

The appearance of red spots on the body of a child is a signal to parents to act. Of course, the causes of such rashes on the back, on the head, on the stomach, as well as on the arms and legs can be allergic reaction or for example prickly heat in children of the first year of life.

However, if red spots appear on the child’s body and there are other symptoms ( fever, cough, runny nose, loss of appetite, severe itching ), then, most likely, the point here is not individual intolerance or non-compliance with the temperature regime and overheating.

A red spot on the cheek of a child may be a consequence of insect bites or diathesis . In any case, if any changes appear on the skin of the baby, you should immediately call a doctor.

Red rashes on the body, as well as on the face and neck in adults, in addition to the above reasons, may occur due to cardiovascular diseases , malnutrition and bad habits, as well as due to a decrease in . In addition, stressful situations often have a negative effect on the skin and provoke the appearance of rashes.

Autoimmune pathologies (psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus ) and dermatological diseases proceed with the formation of a rash. It is noteworthy that red spots may also appear in the sky in oral cavity and also in the throat. This phenomenon usually indicates mucosal infection (bubbles in the throat are characteristic of scarlet fever , and red spots - for sore throats ), about an allergic reaction or about a violation in the work of the circulatory and vascular system.

Measles symptoms in order of occurrence:

• a sharp jump in temperature (38-40 C);
• dry cough;
• photosensitivity;
• runny nose and sneezing;
• headache;
• measles enanthema;
• measles exanthema.

One of the main signs of the disease is measles viral exanthema in children and adults, and enanthema . The first term in medicine is called a rash on the skin, and the second is understood as a rash on the mucous membranes. The peak of the disease falls precisely on the appearance of a rash that initially affects the mucous membranes in the mouth (red spots on the soft and hard palate and whitish spots on the mucous cheeks with a red border).

Then maculopapular rashes become noticeable along the hairline on the head and behind the ears. A day later, small red dots appear on the face and gradually cover the entire body of a person with measles.

The sequence of rashes with measles is as follows:

• first day: mucous membranes of the oral cavity, as well as the area of ​​the head and behind the ears;
• second day: face;
• third day: torso;
• fourth day: limbs.

In the process of healing measles rashes remain dark spots, which, by the way, after some time disappear by themselves. With this disease, moderate itching can be observed.

A disease caused by a harmful effect on the human body Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci ). The carrier of the disease can be a person who is sick himself scarlet fever, streptococcal pharyngitis or .

In addition, you can get infected from someone who has recently been ill himself, but there are still harmful bacteria in the body that spread by airborne droplets.

What is most interesting, pick up scarlet fever it is possible even from absolutely healthy person, on the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx which are sown group A streptococci . In medicine, this phenomenon is called a "healthy carrier."

According to statistics, about 15% of the world's population can be safely classified as healthy carriers. streptococci A . In the treatment of scarlet fever, they are used, which kill streptococcal bacteria. In especially severe cases, patients are prescribed infusion therapy to reduce the severity of symptoms of general intoxication .

It should be emphasized that quite often this disease is confused with purulent tonsillitis , which is really present, though only as one of the symptoms of scarlet fever. The misdiagnosis situation can be fatal in some cases. Since especially severe septic cases of scarlet fever are accompanied by severe focal lesions of streptococcal bacteria throughout the body.

Scarlet fever is more common in children, but adults can also be easily infected. It is believed that people who have had the disease receive lifelong immunity. However, in medical practice there are many cases of re-infection. The incubation period lasts on average about 2-3 days.

Microbes begin to multiply on the tonsils located in the nasopharynx and oral cavity of a person, and when they enter the blood, they affect the internal organs. The first symptom of the disease is the general intoxication organism. A person can rise temperature , be present severe headaches, general weakness, nausea or vomit and other features characteristic of bacterial infection .

Rashes appear on the second or third day of the course of the disease. Soon after this, a rash on the tongue, the so-called "scarlet tongue", can be noticed. The disease almost always goes along with acute tonsillitis (tonsillitis) . Rashes with this disease look like small pinkish-red dots or pimples one to two millimeters in size. The rash is rough to the touch.

Initially, a rash appears on the neck and face, usually on the cheeks. In an adult on the cheeks, the cause of rashes can be not only scarlet fever, but also other ailments. However, it is with this disease that due to the multiple accumulation of pimples, the cheeks are painted in a crimson hue, while the nasolabial triangle remains pale in color.

In addition to the face, the rash with scarlet fever is localized mainly in the groin area, lower abdomen, back, buttocks folds, as well as on the sides of the body and on the folds of the limbs (in the armpits, under the knees, on the elbows). On the tongue, sores appear approximately 2-4 days after the onset of the acute phase of the disease. If you press on the rash, then it becomes colorless, i.e. as if disappearing.

Usually, rashes with scarlet fever disappear without a trace in a week. However, after the same seven days, peeling appears at the site of the rash. On the skin of the legs and arms, the upper layer of the dermis comes off in plates, and on the trunk and face there is a small peeling. Due to the localization of the rash in scarlet fever, it seems that large red spots form on the cheeks of an infant or an adult.

True, there are not isolated cases when the disease proceeds without the appearance of rashes on the skin. It is important to note that, as a rule, there is no rash when severe forms diseases: septic, erased or toxic scarlet fever. In the above forms of the disease, other symptoms come to the fore, for example, the so-called "scarlet" heart (a significant increase in the size of the organ) with a toxic form or multiple lesions of connective tissues and internal organs with septic scarlet fever.

viral disease, incubation period which can last from 15 to 24 days. It is transmitted from an infected person by airborne droplets. In the vast majority of cases this disease strikes children. Moreover, the chances of getting infected in infancy, as a rule, are negligible, unlike a child of 2-4 years. The thing is that newborns from the mother (if she had been ill at one time with this disease) get innate immunity.

Scientists attribute rubella to diseases, having been ill with which the human body receives a strong immunity. Although the disease is more common in children, adults can also contract it.

Rubella is especially dangerous for women during. The thing is that the infection can be transmitted to the fetus and provoke the development of complex malformations ( deafness, skin lesions, brain damage or eye ).

In addition, even after birth, the child continues to get sick ( congenital rubella ) and is considered a carrier of the disease. There is no specific medicine for the treatment of rubella, as in the case of measles, at the moment.

Doctors use the so-called symptomatic treatment, i.e. alleviate the patient's condition while the body is fighting the virus. Most effective tool The fight against rubella is vaccination. The incubation period for rubella can pass unnoticed by a person.

However, upon its completion, symptoms such as:

• slight increase in body temperature;
• pharyngitis;
• headache;
• conjunctivitis;
• adenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes in the neck);
• macular eruptions.

With rubella, a small spotted rash initially appears on the face, which quickly spreads throughout the body and predominates in the buttocks, lower back, and on the folds of the arms and legs. As a rule, this occurs within 48 hours after the onset of the acute phase of the disease. Rash in a child rubella at first it looks like a measles rash. Then it may resemble a rash when scarlet fever .

This similarity of both the primary symptoms themselves and the rashes during measles, scarlet fever and rubella may confuse parents, which will affect treatment. Therefore, you should immediately seek medical help, especially if you have a rash on your face. month old baby. After all, only a doctor can correctly diagnose, "calculating" the real cause of the rash.

On average, skin rashes disappear on the fourth day after the onset, leaving no peeling or pigmentation behind. Rubella rash can be moderately itchy. There are also cases when the disease proceeds without the appearance of the main symptom - rashes.

(better known to the common people as chickenpox) - this is viral disease, which is transmitted by airborne droplets through direct contact with an infected person. This disease is characterized feverish state , as well as the presence papulovesicular rash , which is usually localized in all parts of the body.

Notably, the virus Varicella Zoster (varicella zoste) , causing chickenpox, as a rule, in childhood in adults provokes the development of an equally serious ailment - shingles or .

The risk group for chickenpox is children aged six months to seven years. The incubation period for chickenpox usually does not exceed three weeks, according to statistics, on average, after 14 days, the disease enters the acute phase.

First, a sick person has a feverish condition, and after a maximum of two days, rashes appear. It is believed that children tolerate the symptoms of the disease much better than adults.

This is primarily due to the fact that in adults, in the vast majority of cases, the disease proceeds in a complicated form. Usually, the period of a feverish state lasts no more than five days, and in especially serious cases it can reach ten days. The rash usually heals in 6-7 days.

In the vast majority of cases chicken pox passes without complications. However, there are exceptions when the disease is more severe ( gangrenous, bullous or hemorrhagic form ), then complications are inevitable in the form lymphadenitis, encephalitis, pyoderma or myocardium .

Since there is no single drug to combat chickenpox, this disease is treated symptomatically, i.e. alleviate the condition of the patient while his body is fighting the virus. In a feverish state, patients are shown bed rest, if severe itching is observed, then it is relieved with the help of antihistamines.

For faster healing of rashes, they can be treated with Castellani's solution, brilliant green ("brilliant green") or use ultraviolet radiation, which will "dry" the rash and accelerate the formation of crusts. Currently, there is a vaccine that helps develop your own immunity against the disease.

At chicken pox Initially, a watery blistering rash appears in the form roseol . Within a few hours after the appearance of rashes, they change their appearance and transform into papules , some of which will develop into vesicles surrounded by a halo hyperemia . On the third day, the rash dries up and a dark red crust forms on its surface, which disappears by itself in the second or third week of the disease.

It is noteworthy that with chickenpox the nature of the rash is polymorphic, since on the same area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin can be observed as rashes in the form spots , and vesicles, papules and secondary elements, i.e. crusts. With this disease, there may be enanthema on the mucous membranes in the form of bubbles that turn into sores and heal within a few days.

The rash is accompanied by intense itching. If the rash is not combed, then it will pass without a trace, because. does not affect the germ layer of the dermis. However, if this layer is damaged (due to a permanent violation of the integrity of the skin surface), atrophic scars may remain at the site of the rash due to severe itching.

The occurrence of this disease provokes a harmful effect on the human body parvovirus B19 . Erythema It is transmitted by airborne droplets, in addition, the risk of contracting this disease is high during organ transplantation from an infected donor or during blood transfusion.

It is worth noting that infectious erythema belongs to the group of understudied diseases. It is believed that people who are prone to allergies .

In addition, erythema often occurs against the background of diseases such as , or tularemia . There are several main forms of the disease:

• sudden exanthema , children's roseola or "sixth" disease is considered the mildest form of erythema, the cause of which is herpes virus person;
• Chamer's erythema , a disease for which, in addition to rashes on the face, swelling of the joints is characteristic;
• erythema rosenberg characterized by an acute onset with fever and symptoms of general intoxication of the body, as in, for example. With this form of the disease, there is abundant maculopapular rash mainly on the limbs (extensor surfaces of the arms and legs), on the buttocks, as well as in the area of ​​large joints;
• is a type of disease that accompanies tuberculosis or rheumatism , rashes with it are localized on the forearms, on the legs, a little less often on the feet and thighs;
• exudative erythema accompanied by the appearance papules, spots , as well as a blistering rash with a clear liquid inside on the limbs and trunk. After the rashes go away, abrasions form in their place, and then crusts. With complicated exudative erythema ( Stevens-Johnson syndrome ) in addition to skin rashes erosive ulcers develop on the genitals and in the anus, in the nasopharynx, in the mouth and on the tongue.

The incubation period at infectious erythema may take up to two weeks. The first symptoms to appear intoxication organism. A sick person may complain about cough, diarrhea, headaches and nausea , as well as runny nose and pain in the throat. Usually increases temperature body and maybe fever.

It is noteworthy that given state can last quite a long time, because the incubation period infectious erythema may be up to several weeks. Therefore, this disease is often confused with SARS or cold . When conventional methods of treatment do not bring the desired relief, and besides, a rash appeared on the body, this indicates the development of a disease of a completely different kind than acute respiratory viral diseases.

It is better to ask a doctor about how to treat viral erythema. Although it is known that for this disease there is no specific drug. Specialists use symptomatic treatment. Initially at infectious erythema rashes are localized on the face, namely on the cheeks and resemble a butterfly in their shape. After a maximum of five days, the rash will occupy the surface of the arms, legs, entire torso and buttocks.

Usually rashes do not form on the hands and feet. First, separate nodules and red spots form on the skin, which gradually merge with each other. Over time, the rash takes on a rounded shape, with a lighter middle and well-defined edges.

This disease belongs to the group of acute viral diseases, which, among other things, are characterized by a change in the composition of the blood and damage lymph nodes of the spleen and liver . get infected mononucleosis it is possible from a sick person, as well as from the so-called virus carrier, i.e. a person in whose body the virus “dozes”, but he himself does not get sick yet.

Often this ailment is called "kissing disease." It indicates the distribution mononucleosis - airborne.

Most often, the virus is transmitted with saliva when kissing or when sharing bed linen, dishes or personal hygiene items with an infected person.

Children and young people usually get mononucleosis.

Distinguish sharp and chronic form of discomfort. To diagnose mononucleosis, a blood test is used, which may contain antibodies to the virus or atypical mononuclear cells .

As a rule, the incubation period of the disease does not exceed 21 days, on average, the first signs mononucleosis appear within a week after infection.

The main symptoms of the virus include:

• general weakness of the body;
• dizziness;
• headache;
• catarrhal tracheitis;
• muscle aches;
• increased body temperature;
• angina;
• inflammation of the lymph nodes;
• an increase in the size of the spleen and liver;
• skin rashes (for example, herpes first type).

A rash with mononucleosis usually appears with the first signs of the disease and looks like small red spots in size. In some cases, in addition to spots on the skin, roseolous rashes may be present. At mononucleosis the rashes usually do not itch. After healing, the rash disappears without a trace. In addition to skin rashes infectious mononucleosis white spots may appear on the larynx.

Meningococcal infection

Meningococcal infection is a disease caused by the harmful effects of bacteria on the human body meningococcus . The disease may be asymptomatic or may be nasopharyngitis (inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx) or purulent. In addition, there is a danger of damage to various internal organs, as a result meningococcemia or meningoencephalitis .

The causative agent of the disease is Gram-negative meningococcus Neisseria meningitides, which is transmitted by airborne droplets from an infected person.

The infection penetrates through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. This means that the person simply inhales meningococcus nose and automatically becomes a carrier of the disease.

It is noteworthy that with a high degree of immune protection, no changes may occur, the body itself will defeat the infection. However, small children who the immune system, however, like the whole body as a whole, they are still too weak or older people can immediately feel the signs nasopharyngitis .

If bacteria meningococcus succeeds in penetrating the blood, then more severe consequences of the disease are inevitable. In such cases, it may develop meningococcal sepsis. In addition, bacteria are carried with the bloodstream and enter the kidneys and adrenal glands , and also affects the lungs and skin. Meningococcus without appropriate treatment is able to penetrate through blood-brain barrier and destroy brain .

Symptoms of this form meningococcus how nasopharyngitis similar to the beginning of the current SARS . In a sick person, there is a sharp increase temperature body, he suffers from strong headaches, sore throat, stuffy nose , when swallowing, pain is also present. Against the background of general intoxication in the throat appears hyperemia .

Meningococcal sepsis begins with a sharp jump in temperature up to 41 C. At the same time, the person feels extremely unwell, there are symptoms of a general intoxication organism. Small children can vomit, and infants are observed convulsions. Roseolous-papular or roseola rash appears on the second day.

When pressed, the rash disappears. A few hours later, hemorrhagic elements of the rash (bluish purple-red) appear, rising above the surface of the skin. The rash is localized in the buttocks, on the thighs, as well as on the legs and heels. If a rash appears in the first hours of the disease not in the lower, but in the upper part of the body and on the face, then this indicates a possible unfavorable prognosis for the course of the disease (ears, fingers, hands).

With lightning or hyprtoxic form meningococcal sepsis against the background of the rapid development of the disease appears hemorrhagic rash , which, right before our eyes, merges into vast formations in size, reminiscent in their own way appearance cadaveric spots . Without surgical treatment, this form of the disease leads to infectious-toxic shock which is incompatible with life.

At meningitis body temperature also rises sharply, chills are felt. The patient is tormented by severe headaches, which are aggravated by any movement of the head, he cannot tolerate sound or light stimuli. This disease is characterized vomit and young children develop seizures. In addition, children can take a specific “pointing dog” position with meningitis, when the child lies on his side, his head is strongly thrown back, his legs are bent, and his arms are brought to the body.

A rash with meningitis (red-violet or red hue) appears, as a rule, already on the first day of the acute phase of the disease. Eruptions are localized on the limbs, as well as on the sides. It is believed that the larger the area of ​​distribution of the rashes and the brighter their color, the more serious the patient's condition.

The cause of this pustular disease are streptococci (hemolytic streptococcus) and staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus) , as well as their combinations. The causative agents of impetigo penetrate the hair follicles, causing the formation of a pustular rash, in place of which abscesses appear.

This disease usually affects children, people who frequent public places, as well as those who have recently suffered severe dermatological or infectious diseases .

Harmful microorganisms enter the human body through microcracks in the skin, as well as through abrasions and through insect bites. At impetigo rashes are localized on the face, namely near the mouth, in the nasolabial triangle or on the chin.

There are the following forms of the disease:

• streptoderma or streptococcal impetigo , for example, lichen in which dry spots appear on the skin with a red rim or diaper rash;
• annular impetigo affects the legs, hands, and feet;
• bullous impetigo in which bubbles with liquid appear on the skin (with traces of blood);
• ostiofolliculitis is a type of disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus , rashes with such impetigo are localized in the thighs, neck, forearms and face;
• slit impetigo is a disease in which in the corners of the mouth, at the wings of the nose, as well as in palpebral fissures linear cracks may form;
• herpetiformis a variety of impetigo is characterized by the presence of a rash in the armpits, under the breasts, and also in the groin.

Treatment of impetigo depends primarily on the type of disease. If the disease is caused by harmful bacteria, then antibiotics are prescribed. The sick person must have individual means personal hygiene so as not to infect others. Eruptions can be treated or biomycin ointment .

It is important to remember that the presence of any rashes on the body of a person, and especially children, is a reason to see a doctor. In the case when the rash covers the entire surface of the body in a matter of hours, it is accompanied by feverish state , a temperature rises above 39 C, while there are symptoms such as severe headache, vomiting and confusion, difficulty breathing, swelling , you should immediately call an ambulance.

To avoid more serious complications do not injure areas of the body with rashes, for example, open the bubbles or comb the rash. As many experts, including the well-known pediatrician Dr. Komarovsky, warn, you should not self-medicate, and even more so, postpone calling a doctor to check the effectiveness folk methods treatment.

Education: Graduated from Vitebsk State medical University majoring in Surgery. At the university, he headed the Council of the Student Scientific Society. Advanced training in 2010 - in the specialty "Oncology" and in 2011 - in the specialty "Mammology, visual forms of oncology".

Work experience: Work in the general medical network for 3 years as a surgeon (Vitebsk emergency hospital medical care, Liozno Central District Hospital) and part-time regional oncologist and traumatologist. Work as a pharmaceutical representative for a year in the Rubicon company.

He presented 3 rationalization proposals on the topic “Optimization of antibiotic therapy depending on the species composition of microflora”, 2 works won prizes in the republican competition-review of student scientific works(categories 1 and 3).

A rash on a child's body can be caused by an allergy or dangerous disease. It is important to navigate the types of rash and associated diseases.

This will make it clear when you can get rid of the rash on your own, and in which cases you can’t do without medical help.

A small rash on the body of a child is not uncommon, especially in infants. It can be caused by postpartum erythema, but most often it is due to an allergic reaction to food.

In older children, the risk of developing an illness due to allergies decreases, but the possibility of detecting other diseases (chickenpox, measles, rubella) becomes greater.

In this article you will learn: for what reasons a small rash appears on the body of a child, a list of diseases associated with rashes on the body, possible methods of treatment and prevention.

Small rash on the body of a child - etiology

In the life of every parent, sooner or later there comes a moment when, suddenly, some kind of acne appears on the body of a beloved child. It's a rash.

A rash is any change on the skin. It occurs in so many diseases and conditions, some of them very dangerous.

Let's try to figure out what kind of rash, in what cases it appears, what is accompanied and how mom and dad should behave so that it passes faster.

Let's start with the simplest - insect bites. First of all, mosquitoes. As a rule, this rash is surprising in early spring and late autumn, when mosquitoes are not yet remembered or already forgotten.

In modern winter conditions, mosquitoes can live indoors (for example, in the basement) almost all year round. Of all family members, the most “tasty” for mosquitoes are small children.

Parents notice changes in the skin in the morning, after the child wakes up. Mosquito bites are characterized by the appearance of pink or reddish spots mainly on open areas of the body: hands, forearms, feet, lower legs, i.e. those parts of the body that are not covered by pajamas, and the presence of elements on the face is mandatory, or, sometimes, on one half of it (in the event that the child slept on his side).

Most often, this rash is accompanied by itching, but not very strong. The general condition of the child does not suffer. He behaves as usual - plays, runs, scatters things, watches cartoons and eats with appetite.

If the child is not allergic to mosquito bites, then they do not require special treatment. It is enough to turn on the fumigator in the children's room (now there are special, for children), and the problem will be solved by itself.