What can spill from a child. Rash on the body

A red rash on a child's body can be a manifestation of about a hundred diseases from completely harmless (prickly heat) to terrible, for example, meningococcal infections. Today we will look at the main causes of rashes on the body of children and what to do if a rash appears on your child's body.

Causes of a rash

The main causes of a rash can be divided into four groups:

• infectious and parasitic diseases
• allergic reaction
• violation proper care for a child
• diseases of the blood and blood vessels

Let's take a closer look at each of them.

If the cause of the rash in a child was one or another infectious disease, then in most cases the rash is accompanied by other symptoms - fever, chills, malaise and loss of appetite.

Chickenpox (chickenpox)

The rash appears after two to three days elevated temperature. The number of rashes at the beginning of the disease is small, however, over time, more and more spots appear. It is characteristic that the spots quickly turn into tubercles, then into bubbles and finally burst, forming crusts. The rash is distributed throughout the body, even on the mucous membranes.

Measles

It appears on the fourth or fifth day after fever, cough and conjunctivitis. Spots appear on the body of the child, prone to merging.

With measles, the rash appears on the fourth or fifth day after the temperature rises.

A feature of measles is that on the first day rashes appear on the face, then after a short time on the trunk, and, after about a day, on the legs. By that time, the rashes on the face may already have disappeared.

Rubella

Spots with rubella spread like with measles - from top to bottom. However, unlike measles, they spread much faster. The disease is accompanied by inflammation of the occipital lymph nodes. The spots disappear without a trace.

Rubella rash spreads like measles - from top to bottom

Pregnant women should avoid contact with children who are sick with croachene, especially in the first months of pregnancy.

Scarlet fever

The rash with scarlet fever begins within a few hours after raising the temperature, sore throat and sore throat. Most often, a small-dotted rash appears in places of skin folds. In the second week of the disease after the rash, peeling is formed. A characteristic sign of scarlet fever is a "grainy" tongue of bright red color, 2-4 days after the disease.

With scarlet fever, the rash begins a few hours after the temperature rises.

Patients are prescribed antibiotics to prevent complications in the kidneys and heart. Bed rest and plenty of fluids are indicated.

Infectious erythema

Before the rash, the child shows signs of acute respiratory infections - fever, runny nose. Initially, the rash appears as small dots on the face, which then merge. Gradually, the rash spreads throughout the body, uniting and forming spots. After about a week, the rash disappears, but sometimes it can reappear.

Before rashes with infectious erythema, the child develops signs of acute respiratory infections

Roseola

In children, the temperature rises, the lymph nodes increase and the throat becomes inflamed. Then small rashes appear, which quickly spread throughout the body.

With roseola, the child has a fever, lymph nodes increase

No specific treatment is required for roseola.

Meningococcal infection

Typical symptoms of meningitis are fever, vomiting, drowsiness, neck stiffness, and rashes. The rash first appears on the buttocks and feet, then spreads throughout the body. The rash looks like mosquito bites or injection marks.

With meningitis, the rash first appears on the buttocks and feet, then spreads throughout the body.

The disease develops very rapidly, so at the first sign of meningitis, immediately call a doctor.

Scabies

Scabies cause subcutaneous mites and most often it appears on the stomach, between the fingers, on the wrists. The rash is accompanied by severe itching, rashes are often paired.

Most often, a rash with scabies appears on the abdomen, between the fingers, on the wrists.

This is a very contagious disease - when it appears, you should contact a dermatologist.

Insect bites

In the case of insect bites, the affected areas are accompanied by itching, bite marks are visible. Insect bites, as a rule, do not affect the general condition of the child, unless they cause allergic reaction. Let's say wasp venom is very allergenic.

allergic rash

One of the important differences between an allergic rash and an infectious rash is that the general condition of the child does not suffer. He may become irritable if he is very itchy, but there is no fever or other signs. First of all, it is worth reviewing the diet of the child and mother, if she is breastfeeding, and also pay attention to baby care products and his clothes - they must be hypoallergenic. If a allergic rash does not go away - consult a doctor.

With an allergic rash, the general condition of the child does not suffer

If the allergen is not removed, the child may experience anaphylactic shock.

Rash caused by poor child care

Due to improper care of the child, prickly heat may occur, diaper dermatitis and rashes. Try not to wrap your baby too tightly and change his diapers and diapers on time. Children are shown air baths.

Improper child care provokes the appearance of prickly heat

Rash due to disease of the blood and vessels

The rash occurs due to bleeding under the skin. Its main feature is that when pressed, the spots do not turn pale and do not disappear. With such a rash, the child is shown bed rest until the doctor arrives.

Rash occurs due to bleeding under the skin

What to do if your child has a rash on his body?

• Call a doctor at home. So, in the event of an infection, you will not infect people in transport and the clinic. Until the diagnosis is known, limit your child's contact with pregnant women
• If you suspect meningitis or you find a hemorrhagic rash on your child's body, call an ambulance immediately
• Until the doctor arrives, you should not lubricate the rash, especially with coloring matter (green paint, for example) - this will only complicate the diagnosis.

Any rash on the body of a child requires timely treatment, be sure to consult a pediatrician when a rash appears, because a rash that appears on your baby's body can be either a normal sweatshop or a sign of a serious illness.

The child may develop a rash different reasons- it can be called as a banal food allergy and severe infectious disease. How to determine: when you can treat a skin rash on your own, and when a child urgently needs medical help?

It is difficult to find at least one adult in the world who never had a rash on his body in childhood. Fortunately, in the vast majority of cases, this rash is just a "response" to the appearance of a new product in the baby's diet ...

Causes of a rash in a child

By itself, a rash in a child (whether on the face, on the abdomen, or on any other part of the body) is a local change in the normal state of the skin. The rash may be different types- just a red spot (and not only red, by the way, but almost any shade from pale pink to bright brown), a bubble, a tubercle, and even in the form of a hemorrhage or a bruise.

A skin rash is never a separate disease and is never the cause of any disease. A rash on the body of a child (like an adult) is always a symptom, a consequence of certain circumstances: for example, the baby ate “something wrong”, rubbed his skin with “wrong” clothes, he was bitten by mosquitoes or he became infected.

According to the frequency of reasons causing a rash on children's skin, we can distinguish several of the most common:

• Insect bites (the most common and "malicious" culprits of a child's rash are mosquitoes);
• Infection (for example: rubella, and even as dangerous as meningitis);
• Blood clotting disorders, one of the most common in this category is hemophilia (in this case, the rash usually manifests itself in the form of small bruises);
• Mechanical damage (most often - tissue friction);
• The so-called allergy to the sun (more correct name - photodermatitis);

The vast majority of cases of a rash in a child are associated either with allergic reactions or with light forms(not life-threatening) various infections. In third place are mosquito bites.

Interestingly, not every rash on the body of a child is accompanied by itching - there is one that does not itch at all. As a rule, the most severe itching causes an allergic rash and a rash from insect bites.

In addition, some infections can cause itchy rashes, a prime example of which is chickenpox. But almost always, such a rash does not itch at all at first (the first 1-2 days), but it starts to itch a lot later (because sweat acts on the elements of the rash as an irritant).

Allergic rash on the child's body

A rash in a child that appears as an allergic reaction is mainly of two types:

• Food (the child ate some product, and within 24 hours a rash appeared on his face, or on his stomach, or on his arms and legs);
• Contact (the baby was dressed in clothes made of inappropriate fabric, or these clothes were washed with too “aggressive” powder; the water in the pool where you swam was with bleach, etc.).

In the case of manifestations of an allergic rash in a child, it is moms and dads (and sometimes even nannies) who are the best experts, because it is they who have the opportunity to vigilantly observe and analyze: in response to what exactly the reaction occurred, how much the child was “sprinkled”, where exactly patches of rash appear, how long does it last, etc. After analyzing these circumstances and making the right conclusions, parents themselves can quite easily rid the child of the rash - you just need to exclude the allergen from his life (remove food from the diet, change washing powder, etc.)

Infectious rash in a child: what to do

Often, the appearance of a rash on the body of a child indicates that the baby was "slain" by one or another infection. Most often, these are viral infections (like chickenpox, rubella or measles), which do not require any special complex treatment and after a while (but under the supervision of a doctor!) They go away on their own. The disease passes - the rash disappears.

For bacterial infections (for example,) antibiotic treatment is usually performed.

Fungal infections also occur in children, which are accompanied by a rash. For example - . Only in this case, the rash does not affect the skin, but the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.

One way or another, but if you have reason to believe that the child's rash appeared against the background of an infection, you should consult a doctor.

If a skin rash is one of the symptoms of an infection, then there will definitely be other signs: fever, loss of appetite, general weakness, etc. In this case, the child must be immediately shown to the doctor - to determine exactly what kind of infection " attacked” the baby and, in accordance with the diagnosis, choose an adequate treatment plan.

In addition, one of the most compelling reasons to suspect the infectious nature of the appearance of a rash is the likely contact of the child with an infectious patient. For example, if you know that someone in a kindergarten or school was diagnosed with or - you can safely assume that your baby also “picked it up” along the chain ...

What you can do before the doctor arrives:

• create a humid and cool climate in the room (while dressing the child adequately);
• do not feed, but drink plenty of water;
• give an antipyretic (if the temperature has exceeded the threshold of 38 ° C).

Under all other circumstances, the appearance of a rash on the child’s body (when you know for sure that there are no signs of infection in the baby), you can treat the skin yourself - at least until some other alarming symptoms appear (the temperature suddenly rises , behavioral disorders appeared - for example, the child became capricious, lethargic, drowsy, his speech is disturbed, etc.).

A dangerous disease, the symptom of which is often a rash

We have already mentioned that if a child has some other symptoms along with a rash - heat, behavioral disorders and others - then the baby must be shown to the doctor. Since the chances are high that in this case the rash is one of the signs of an infectious infection.

But there is an infectious disease, which is also expressed, among other symptoms, by a rash on the body, but in which you need to rush to the doctor with your child not just quickly, but with lightning speed! This disease is called meningococcal meningitis - a very dangerous variant of severe neuroinfection.

This disease causes a terrible microbe in all respects - meningococcus. It enters the child's throat, then enters the bloodstream and makes its way to the brain with the bloodstream, causing meningitis. It is important to remember here that this infection is not fatal and can be treated - but only if you quickly got to the doctor, he correctly diagnosed and prescribed antibiotic treatment in a timely manner.

Before the advent of antibiotics in human history, 100% of children who contracted meningococcal meningitis died. Today, the vast majority of infected children who have undergone antibiotic therapy on time recover without consequences. But it is extremely important to organize an examination of the child by a qualified physician as soon as possible and begin treatment.

Often when meningococcal meningitis there is a specific infection of the blood - that's it, and it manifests itself as a rash on the child's body in the form of numerous hemorrhages.

So, if you notice a rash on the child's skin in the form of small hemorrhages (outwardly, they look like varicose "asterisks") or any kind of skin rash, but accompanied by a sharp rise in temperature and vomiting - immediately run with the child to the doctor!

Preferably immediately to an infectious disease specialist. The above symptoms are direct indications for emergency care to kid. Moreover, the account goes not for hours, but for minutes!

By the way, with meningococcal meningitis, the rash is never accompanied by itching.

How to reduce itching and rash on the child's body

The first step is to take measures to eliminate the causes of the rash itself. After all, itching does not occur on its own, but against the background of rashes. If the skin rash is allergic, it is necessary to identify the allergen and “separate” it from the child. If this is a rash from insect bites, finally put a fumigator or something similar that will prevent bites.

In addition, the cause of the itching itself can be a specific disease (for example, scabies, the causative agent of which is a microscopic mite), in this situation, any attempts to relieve itching will not give any result until the active treatment of the disease itself begins.

The second step in reducing itching in a rash is to try to eliminate the various irritants that act on the foci of the rash and thereby provoke itching. For example, fabric. Dress your child in loose, light, cotton clothes - he will itch much less.

But the most "violent" irritant that causes severe itching with skin rashes is sweat. The more the child sweats, the more itchy the skin on which the rash appears. What's more, on sensitive skin, even sweat alone (without other causes) can cause a short-term rash - commonly referred to as "sweating" by parents. Accordingly, any prevention of reducing sweating will lead to a decrease in rash and itching. For this you can:

• bathe the child twice a day (and the water should be no more than 34 ° C);
• maintain a cool climate in the room (in general, make sure that the child does not overheat);

In addition, there are various drugs (most often - local action) that successfully relieve itching and reduce the manifestations of the rash. However, it is highly desirable that such a remedy (most often it is an ointment or gel) for your child is chosen by a doctor, and not a pharmacist, a neighbor on the porch or an elderly relative.

Recall that in the vast majority of cases, a rash in a child is not a dangerous and relatively quickly passing symptom. There are only two situations (they happen relatively rarely in life) when a child with a rash needs to be delivered at lightning speed to medical institution or call for emergency help:

• the rash manifested itself in the form of hemorrhages (which look like varicose "asterisks");
• the rash is accompanied by vomiting and/or high fever.

However, most often a child's rash appears only as an allergic reaction to one of the products or drugs, or "undesirable" contacts (with a hard cloth, with the remnants of any cleaning agent, with mosquitoes, etc.). To cope with such manifestations of the rash is not difficult for parents, it is enough just to exclude the allergen from the child's life.

But if you are in doubt - what exactly caused the appearance of a rash on the body of a child, or if the rash is accompanied by any other symptoms that bother you, do not hesitate to consult a doctor. He will be able to establish the exact reasons and give specific recommendations - what to do with the child, what to do with the rash, and how to behave so that these "two" will never "meet" again.

Update: October 2018

Any mother, seeing suspicious rashes on her baby's skin, begins to look for their cause. Some almost always urgently call a doctor, having previously fed the child with unnecessary medicines. Other parents try to ignore the rash, especially if the child feels well. But both of them are wrong. You just need to navigate the main types of rashes in order to make the right decision.

What a rash might look like - basic elements

• - a limited area of ​​​​skin of a changed color (red, white and others). It does not protrude above the skin, it cannot be felt.
• - tubercle up to 0.5 cm in diameter, without a cavity inside. The element protrudes above the skin, it can be felt.
• - a formation with a large area, raised above the skin and having a flattened shape. Large plaques with clear skin patterns are called lichenification.
• Vesicles and blisters- formations with liquid inside. They differ in size (a vesicle larger than 0.5 cm is called a bubble)
• - limited cavity with pus inside

Diseases accompanied by a rash

Rash in newborns

Eruptions of toxic erythema affect half of all full-term newborns. The main elements are white-yellow papules or pustules with a diameter of 1-2 mm, surrounded by a red rim. In some cases, only red spots appear, from a few pieces to an almost complete skin lesion (except for the palms and feet). The maximum rash appears on the 2nd day of life, then the rash gradually disappears. The exact causes of toxic erythema are unknown, the rash resolves on its own.

A condition that affects 20% of all babies by the age of three weeks. On the face, less often on the scalp and neck, a rash appears in the form of inflamed papules and pustules. The cause of the rash is the activation sebaceous glands maternal hormones. Most often, newborn acne does not require treatment, careful hygiene and moisturizing with emollients are necessary. Unlike juvenile acne, newborn acne does not leave spots and scars behind, and disappears up to 6 months.

Frequent rash in newborns, especially in the warm season (see). It is associated with a difficult exit of the contents of the sweat glands and increased moisture of the skin during bandaging. typical place appearances consider the head, face and diaper rash areas. Bubbles, spots, and pustules rarely become inflamed, cause no discomfort, and resolve with good care.

A synonym for this disease is atopic eczema or. Every 10th child suffers from this disease, but not everyone develops a typical triad of symptoms. The triad includes allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma and eczema itself.

The first signs of the disease appear in the first year of life and more often the rash appears on the face, cheeks, extensor surfaces of the arms and legs. The child is worried about unbearable itching, aggravated at night and with temperature, chemical effects on the skin. AT acute stage rashes have the appearance of red papules with scratching and liquid discharge.

In the subacute period, it is characteristic, sometimes its thickening. This is due to the constant combing of the affected areas.

Most children recover from this disease without consequences.
Only with a hereditary predisposition can the disease become chronic with the addition of asthma and allergic rhinitis(cm. ).

allergic rash

With individual intolerance to drugs and foods, a child may develop allergic rashes. They have different shape and size, the rash can be located throughout the body, on the arms, legs, back, stomach. The main distinguishing feature of an allergic rash is its intensification under the action of an allergen and disappearance after the abolition of the latter. Usually severe itching is the only unpleasant effect of such rashes.

• Quincke's edema - in rare cases, a severe reaction of the body to an allergen may occur, most often occurs on medicines or products (see more). In this case, the rash lasts for quite a long time, and edema forms on the body up to the inability to breathe due to the overlap of the larynx. With a family predisposition to allergies, it is necessary to exclude intolerable foods and medicines.
• Urticaria - can also occur on food, medicines and under the influence of temperature factors (,), sometimes the cause of urticaria is not found (see more details).

Very often, insect bite marks horrify parents and force them to look for infectious causes of such rashes. When any skin rashes appear, you need to analyze where and how long the child spent time. Perhaps the weekend in the village with my grandmother was accompanied by a trip to the forest and a massive attack of midges, so most often bite marks appear on open areas of the skin - in the form of a rash on the arms, legs, face, and neck.

Typical bite marks are caused by the following processes:

• response to toxins
• mechanical injury to the skin
• infection in the wound when combing
• sometimes - infectious diseases transmitted through bites

Bite symptoms:

A rash in a child that requires immediate medical attention

• Accompanied by a fever above 40 degrees
• Covers the entire body, causing unbearable itching
• Associated with vomiting, headache and confusion
• Has the appearance of stellate hemorrhages
• Accompanied by swelling and difficulty breathing

What not to do with a rash in a child

• Squeeze pustules
• burst bubbles
• Allow rashes to comb
• Lubricate with preparations with a bright color (so as not to complicate the diagnosis)

A rash on the body of a child is an important symptom of many diseases. Some of them do not even require treatment and go away on their own, while others threaten health and life. little man. Therefore, in case of any suspicious symptoms, you should consult a doctor and do not self-medicate.

Rash caused by infection

The most common cause of a rash on a child's body is a viral or bacterial infection. In turn, among them there are 6 main diseases.

The disease is caused by parvovirus B19, which is common throughout the world. The virus is transmitted by airborne droplets, contact transmission is possible in close children's groups. Symptoms of infectious erythema:

The rash forms on the extensor surfaces, the hands and feet are usually not affected. The fading of the spots occurs gradually, within 1-3 weeks. The rash is usually an immune post-infection complication, so children with erythema patches are not contagious and isolation is not required.

Herpes virus type 6 causes a typical childhood disease- sudden exanthema (roseola). The peak incidence occurs between the ages of 10 months and 2 years, and it is rarely possible to identify contacts with sick children. Transmission usually occurs from adults, by airborne droplets. Symptoms:

Roseola is a very specific disease, but it often goes unrecognized by pediatricians. Since teeth are actively cut at the age of 1 year, fever is attributed to this condition. It must be remembered that from teething there is never a temperature above 38 degrees. In this heat, there is always another reason!

Chicken pox

Chicken pox(chickenpox) - primary infection with the varicella zoster virus, similar in structure to the herpes simplex virus. Most children become infected before the age of 15. Transmission of the disease occurs through the air or contact (the virus is present in the discharge from the rash). Symptoms:

The varicella-zoster virus in the majority of children who have been ill passes into a latent form, firmly strengthening in nerve cells. Subsequently, a second wave of the disease may occur in the form (Fig. 2), when bubbles form along the nerve trunk, more often on the lower back.

Complications of the disease are rare, mainly in debilitated children with primary immunodeficiency and AIDS. With congenital chickenpox, there is a possibility of disability and death of the newborn. In 2015, in Russia, the varicella vaccine should be included in the national vaccination schedule.

Meningococcal infection

Meningococcus is a bacterium that normally occurs in the nasopharynx in 5-10% of people without causing serious problems. But under certain conditions, this microbe can cause life-threatening conditions, especially in young children. Meningococcus is transmitted by air, settling in the nasal cavity. With viral infections or a decrease in the quality of life, carriage can turn into active disease. If meningococci are detected in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid, urgent antibiotic treatment is necessary in an intensive care unit.

After entering the blood, the bacterium can cause:

• sepsis (blood poisoning)
• meningitis
• combination of these conditions

Sepsis - the disease begins with an increase in temperature to 41 degrees, indomitable vomiting. During the first day, against the background of pale gray skin, a characteristic petechial rash appears (small bruises that grow and become star-shaped).

Eruptions are located on the limbs, trunk, may rise above the skin, often ulcerate and form scars. At the same time, purulent foci may appear in organs (heart, pericardium, pleural cavity). In young children, sepsis is often fulminant, leading to shock and death.

Meningitis is a more common manifestation of infection. Patients complain of photophobia, headache, impaired consciousness, tension of the occipital muscles. With isolated meningitis, there is no characteristic rash.

Measles

- a previously common viral disease, which now occurs in the form of short outbreaks in some regions. AT last years The virus has reared its head again due to massive anti-vaccination agitation. Most people have a high susceptibility to the measles virus, so if one child falls ill in the children's team, then 90% of the remaining unvaccinated children are at risk of becoming infected.

The disease proceeds in three stages:

• Incubation (hidden), which lasts 10-12 days. By the 9th day, a sick child is contagious.
• Prodromal (general malaise), lasting 3-5 days. It starts acutely, proceeds with fever, dry cough, runny nose, redness of the eyes. Filatov-Koplik spots appear on the mucous membrane of the cheeks on the 2nd day: whitish-gray dots with a red rim, disappearing within 12-18 hours.
• Eruption period. In parallel with an increase in temperature to 40 degrees, maculopapular points appear behind the ears and along the hairline. During the day, the rash covers the face, descends to the upper chest. After 2-3 days, it reaches the feet, and turns pale on the face. Such a staging of rashes (1 day - face, 2 day - torso, 3 day - limbs) is typical for measles. All this is accompanied by mild itching, sometimes small bruises appear at the site of the rash. After the spots disappear, peeling and a brownish mark may remain, which disappears within 7-10 days.

Complications (usually occur in unvaccinated children):

• otitis media
• pneumonia
• encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)

Diagnosis is usually based on characteristic symptoms, sometimes blood is taken to determine immunoglobulins. Treatment directly against the virus has not been developed, so you just need to alleviate the child's condition with antipyretics. There is evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children with measles significantly mitigates the course of the infection. Vaccination of children can reduce the incidence of the disease and the risk of severe complications. It must be remembered that on the 6-10th day after the introduction of the vaccine, mild signs of the disease may appear (low temperature, small rash on the body of the child), which pass quickly and do not pose a health hazard.

Rubella

Acute viral infection, which affects mainly 5-15 years. Rubella symptoms:

• The latent period is from 2 to 3 weeks. There are no symptoms at this stage, but the child may already be contagious.
• prodromal period. There is a slight malaise, a low rise in temperature, very often this stage goes unnoticed. The occipital and posterior cervical lymph nodes are markedly enlarged.
• Eruption period. A pale pink rash appears on the face, spreads downward quickly, and disappears just as quickly, usually after 3 days. May be accompanied by mild itching. Peeling usually does not remain.

Often, rubella occurs without a rash at all, so it is difficult to distinguish it from other infections. The virus is dangerous mainly for expectant mothers. When infected before the 11th week of pregnancy, most children have congenital malformations. After 16 weeks, the risk of anomalies is low, but there is a possibility of congenital rubella with damage to the brain, skin, eyes. Therefore, when planning a pregnancy, all women need to know the level of antibodies to rubella in order to vaccinate in their absence.

Scarlet fever

- a disease caused by group A streptococci. This means that the source of infection is not only patients or carriers of scarlet fever, but also people with any pathology caused by these bacteria (tonsillitis, for example). Scarlet fever is transmitted by airborne droplets. Symptoms:

• The hidden period is 2-7 days.
• The prodromal period begins with a rise in temperature, malaise.
• Already on the 1-2 day of the disease, a rash appears that does not affect the nasolabial triangle. The appearance of a child with scarlet fever is characteristic: shining eyes, flaming cheeks, a pale nasolabial triangle. On the body, the rash is more intense in the folds. After 3-7 days, all rashes disappear, leaving peeling behind. Another feature of the disease is the "crimson" tongue - bright, with pronounced papillae.

Infectious mononucleosis

The Epstein-Barr virus, which causes, belongs to a large group of herpes viruses. The disease often affects children and young people, often without a rash or other characteristic symptoms. The degree of contagiousness of patients with mononucleosis is low, so there are no outbreaks in children's groups. Symptoms:

• The main symptom of the disease is an increase lymph nodes, especially posterior cervical, at the same time the liver and spleen increase.
• From the 3rd day of illness, tonsillitis with a white coating on the tonsils, a rise in temperature is possible.
• On the 5th-6th day, a rash occurs infrequently, different in shape and size, disappearing without a trace. If a patient with mononucleosis was prescribed ampicillin, then the likelihood of a rash increases.
• The blood test will show feature: atypical mononuclear cells, in addition, antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus can be detected.

Differential diagnosis of a rash of infectious origin

Surely every parent is familiar with a rash on the body of a child. This may be a sign of some disease or other condition of the body, and some of them can be very dangerous. Therefore, for any rashes on children's skin, you should contact your pediatrician.

A photo

The reasons

The main causes of rashes in a child include the following types of conditions and diseases:

If the cause of the rash is an infectious disease, the child's temperature rises, a runny nose and cough appear, the throat may hurt, and chills appear. The child loses his appetite, he may develop diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and stomach pain. In such cases, the rash occurs immediately or for 2-3 days.

Rashes include measles, rubella, chicken pox, scarlet fever, enterovirus infection and other types of similar diseases. The most dangerous among them is meningococcal infection, which is a dangerous complication such as meningitis.

Diseases accompanied by a rash

Meningococcal infection

The rash in the child at the same time resembles hemorrhages. The child is very feverish. The disease is very dangerous, as it develops instantly. With a quick start of treatment, a favorable outcome shines in 80-90% of patients.

For example, scabies, which is provoked by the scabies mite. The main places of damage: between the fingers, wrists, abdomen, groin and genitals, other parts of the body. The skin is very itchy. Rash - dotted acne, which are located a few millimeters from each other. The disease is contagious and requires mandatory treatment.

Vascular diseases

Children's rash in diseases of the blood and blood vessels is hemorrhagic in nature and occurs due to hemorrhage into the skin. Occurs due to injury. It can be multi-colored bruises or a small rash that appears all over the body.

Measles

Rashes on children's skin appear a few days after infection with measles, that is, when the temperature rises, the throat turns red, a runny nose and cough appear. The rash travels down the child's body, starting on the face, then on the torso and arms, ending on the legs. And all this in just 3 days. It usually rashes in spots that rise above the surface of the skin. The spots are large and merge with each other.

Chicken pox or chickenpox

Chickenpox rashes often appear on the face, hair and torso. At first, red spots are slightly raised above the skin, then gradually become bubbles. The latter contains a clear liquid. The size of the redness is 4-5 mm. Gradually they dry up and turn into crusts. The skin is itchy. Often, the appearance of new formations is accompanied by a rise in temperature.

Rubella

The main signs: fever, swollen lymph nodes at the back of the head, intoxication and the appearance of small spots on the skin. The rash spreads from head to toe during the day. The rash on the body lasts for about three days, after which it disappears without a trace. The main places of its placement: places of bending of the arms and legs, buttocks. This viral infection adversely affects the fetus during pregnancy.

Scarlet fever

The disease resembles a sore throat. A rash in a child appears on the 2nd day and is a small elements that are distributed throughout the body. Most small pimples occur in the groin, on the inside of the elbows, in the lower abdomen and under the arms. The skin is red and hot, slightly swollen. After 3 days, the symptoms of the disease disappear, leaving behind a strong peeling of the skin.

In addition to the above diseases, a rash can occur with a herpes infection. Bubbles appear on the skin, the skin itches. Infectious monoculosis with rash symptoms occurs as a result of taking antibiotics.

Enterovirus

Enterovirus infection, in addition to fever and general malaise, is characterized by rashes on the face and body. The child may have nausea and diarrhea.

Redness appears on about the third day and disappears after 1-3 days. Enteroviral infection most often occurs at the age of 3-10 years.

If it's an allergy

An allergic reaction in the form of a rash can be caused by anything: food, household chemicals, airborne allergens.

The cause of the rash is the ingestion of certain foods or contact with an allergen. An allergen can be chocolate, dairy products, eggs, medicines, animal hair, household chemicals, fabric, and much more. Touching nettles or jellyfish can also cause a rash. A mosquito bite can also cause an allergic reaction in a child.

An allergic rash appears immediately along with a runny nose, lacrimation and itching. Eruptions all over the body are embossed and clearly visible. Usually occur on the face, behind the ears, buttocks.

Poor hygiene

Since the skin of very young children is delicate, even minor violations in caring for it can cause rashes. These are prickly heat, diaper rash and diaper dermatitis. Sometimes redness appears on the face and behind the ears. The child should not be tightly wrapped up and try not to leave the baby in wet diapers and diapers. Young children should be washed and bathed more often, air baths should be given to them.

Insect bites

Very often bites from mosquitoes or other insects are confused with a rash. infectious diseases. A tubercle appears at the site of the bite, which itches and itches. The time of year, localization and asymptomaticity will help to identify the cause of the appearance of such redness.

What to do first

Before the main course of treatment is carried out, you should visit a doctor.

If a child has any skin rash, moms and dads should do this:

• Call a doctor at home. In the case of an infectious rash (enterovirus infection, chickenpox, rubella), this will help to avoid infecting others. You should try to isolate the child, in particular from expectant mothers. The doctor must make sure that it is not rubella or another dangerous disease.
• If there is a suspicion of a meningococcal infection, it is very necessary to call an ambulance as soon as possible.
• Do not touch the rash before the arrival of the doctor, lubricate them with any agent. This will not improve the baby's condition, since the main and common cause rashes - internal problems of the body. And it will not be easy for a doctor to determine the diagnosis.

Reddening of the skin can also be caused by contact with clothing. Often this is due to the material, but also due to residues of detergent or fabric softener. The child should choose hypoallergenic washing powders, and it is better to use baby soap in general.

How can a doctor help

According to the clinical data and examination of the child, the specialist can determine the exact diagnosis and prescribe treatment. In the event of a viral infection special treatment not required. For a bacterial rash, the main treatment is antibiotics. If it is an allergy, you should not contact the source of its occurrence.

Doctors prescribe antihistamines, glucocorticosteroids and other drugs. Ointments, tablets and injections may be prescribed. The help of a hematologist will be needed if the cause of the rash is a disease of the blood or blood vessels. A dermatologist treats scabies by prescribing a series of anti-epidemic measures.

Prevention

To avoid infectious diseases in children, you should be vaccinated. There is also a vaccine for meningococcal infection, against which a child can also be vaccinated. The pediatrician will tell you if this is necessary and when it is better to do it.

Very often, allergies occur in childhood and this is due to the not yet fully formed immune system. The body can react too actively to any irritant. Therefore, you should feed your child with hypoallergenic foods, introduce new foods gradually and one at a time. With age, the allergy in children disappears and the irritant is not perceived by the child's body superstrongly as before.

• Rash
• On the face
• On the body
• On the stomach
• On the back
• On the neck
• On the buttocks
• On foot

Parents always perceive the appearance of a rash on the skin of a child with anxiety, because everyone knows that the condition of the skin reflects the state of the work of the whole organism. Is a baby rash always a cause for concern, how to understand what is happening with the child and how to help him, we will tell in this article.

Features of children's skin

The skin of children is not like the skin of adults. Babies are born with very thin skin - the dermis of newborns is about two times thinner than the middle skin layer of adults. The outer layer - the epidermis, thickens gradually, as the crumbs grow older.

In the first month of life skin may be red or purple. This is due to the fact that the blood vessels in babies are located close to the surface, and subcutaneous tissue not enough, it can make the skin look "transparent". This is especially noticeable when the newborn is cold - a marble vascular network appears on the skin.

The skin of babies loses moisture faster, it is more vulnerable to bacteria, viruses, fungi and mechanical stress. It begins to thicken only at 2-3 years and this process lasts up to 7 years. The skin of younger schoolchildren is already beginning to resemble the skin of adults in terms of its characteristics and functionality. But after 10 years, children's skin is waiting for a new test - this time puberty.

There is nothing surprising in the fact that thin children's skin reacts to any external influence or internal processes with rashes of a very different caliber, color and structure. And not every baby rash can be considered harmless.

It is important to understand that there is no causeless rash in children, any pimple or pigmentation change has a reason, sometimes pathological.

What is a rash?

A rash with medicine is considered to be a variety of rashes on the skin, which in one way or another change appearance skin by color or texture. For parents, the whole rash is about the same, but doctors always distinguish primary rashes that formed first, and secondary ones - those that formed later, in place of the primary ones or nearby.

Different childhood diseases are characterized by different combinations of primary and secondary elements.

hormonal.

Causes

The reasons that cause the development of skin rashes can be varied. Much depends on age and general condition child.

In newborns and children up to a year

In newborns and babies of the first year of life, the rash is quite often physiological, which should not cause much concern on the part of adults. The skin of the crumbs adapts to a new habitat for itself - anhydrous, and this process is often given to the baby with great difficulty. Therefore, any adverse effect can cause rashes all over the body.

The most common rash at this age is acne hormonal, in which white or white pimples may appear on the face and neck yellow color. In this phenomenon, the maternal hormones estrogens, which the child got in the last months of the mother's pregnancy, are "guilty". Gradually, their effect on the body decreases, hormones leave the body of the child. By six months, there is no trace of such pimples.

Babies often react allergic rash on unsuitable food products, substances, medicines, and even household chemicals that mother uses to wash clothes and bedding and wash floors and dishes.

Another common cause of rash in infancy is diaper rash and sweating. Rash on the body, head, arms and legs in early age appears in infectious diseases, as well as due to violation of hygiene rules.

Too dry air in the room where the baby lives, heat, excessive diligent washing of the skin with soap and other detergents provoke the drying of the skin, which only contributes to the development of different types of rashes.

A slight dryness of the skin in the first 3-4 weeks after birth is a variant of the physiological norm.

The skin of an infant from birth is covered with a lipid "mantle", the so-called fatty protective layer. The "mantle" is gradually washed away and erased. With proper care, this temporary natural dryness is easily compensated by the child's body - sebaceous glands gradually begin to produce the right amount of protective lubricant.

In children older than 1 year

Physiological reasons for the appearance of a rash after a year is not so much. In rare cases, a hormonal imbalance caused by exposure to maternal sex hormones persists. All other cases mostly have pathological causes. At preschool age, children have an increased incidence of viral infections, which are characterized by a rash. These are chickenpox, measles, scarlet fever and other childhood diseases.

In a one year old child who has not yet started attending Kindergarten and organized children's groups, the risks of contracting herpes or other viral infection lower than in children aged 3 to 7 years. Local immunity at this age begins to work better than in infants, for this reason many bacterial skin ailments can be successfully avoided.

Up to 3 years the impact of allergens on the children's body is still strong, and therefore the appearance of a rash on different parts of the body - on the face, head, stomach, elbows and even on the eyelids and ears - is a fairly common phenomenon after eating a product containing an allergen, one or another medicinal product, contact with pollen, animal hair, household chemicals.

But acne in preschool age is rare. And even if it takes place, then we are most likely talking about a metabolic disorder, a lack of vitamins, minerals, a disease of the internal secretion organs.

In children over 10 years old

After 10 years, children have only one type of physiological rash - acne teenage rashes. Under the influence of sex hormones, which begin to be produced in the body of girls and boys, the sebaceous glands are activated.

Excessive production of sebum leads to blockage of the duct of the glands and the gland itself and the hair follicle become inflamed.

The immunity of children is already sufficiently formed, preventive vaccinations have not gone unnoticed for the body, and therefore the risk of getting sick with "childhood diseases" in adolescence is much lower. Many children have already been ill with them before.

A rash in 15-16 year old teenagers can also be a symptom of a sexually transmitted disease, since quite a lot of boys and girls at this age begin to actively sexual life. Rashes on the skin of the face and upper body can also be a consequence of taking steroids, with the help of which young men, and sometimes girls, try to create a “beautiful embossed” body for themselves when doing fitness.

allergic rash in adolescence- a phenomenon not as common as in younger children. Usually, if a teenager is allergic, parents know about it and the appearance of rashes will not surprise or frighten them at all, since they already have a good idea of ​​​​how to deal with it.

At any age, the cause of a rash can be metabolic disorders, lack of vitamins A, E, C, PP, as well as dysbacteriosis, disruption of the stomach and intestines, and kidneys.

Diagnostics and self-diagnosis

A pediatrician, an allergist, a gastroenterologist and an infectious disease specialist can understand the causes of a rash.

For diagnosis, standard methods are used - blood, urine, feces tests. Quite often, skin scrapings, samples of the contents of vesicles and pustules are taken for analysis. This allows you to establish not only an accurate diagnosis, but also the type and type of pathogen, if we are talking about an infection, as well as what drugs the pathogens are sensitive to.

Self-diagnosis includes a set of simple actions to assess the situation.

Parents should undress the child, examine the skin, note the nature of the rash (vesicles, pustules, papules, etc.), its vastness. After that, you should measure the child's body temperature, examine the throat and tonsils, note the remaining symptoms, if any, and decide on calling a doctor.

small red

On the body

A small rash without suppuration on the abdomen, back, buttocks can be bright and characteristic symptom allergies. In children under one year old, a small red rash under the armpits, on the shoulders, on the buttocks and in the perineum can also indicate the presence of prickly heat, diaper rash.

If red skin rashes capture a large area of ​​the body, it is worth thinking about toxic erythema.

It is important to remember and analyze what preceded the appearance of bodily rashes.

If the child felt sick, vomited, he had diarrhea, then we can talk about pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, if the rash appeared after the temperature and it is red-pink, then it is probably a herpes virus that causes childhood exanthema.

In most cases, the appearance of a small red rash on the body is a sign of an infectious disease, such as rubella.

On the face

Such a rash on the face may indicate an allergic reaction to food, medicines or cosmetics. The rashes themselves in case of allergies do not have purulent cavities, blisters.

Most often in young children, an allergic rash is localized on the chin, cheeks and behind the ears, and in older children it is on the forehead, in the eyebrows, on the neck, on the nose. Rarely, allergic rashes affect only the face, usually the rash is found on other parts of the body.

A red rash appears on the face with some viral diseases. If the child did not eat anything suspicious and new, did not take medication, led a normal life, then with rashes on the face, it is necessary to measure the temperature and call a doctor. The temperature usually rises, and the doctor diagnoses chickenpox, measles, or another infection.

At the same time, the child has signs of SARS - malaise, headache, runny nose, cough.

On arms and legs

In children of the first year of life, a reddish small rash on the limbs can be a sign of an allergy (like urticaria), as well as a consequence of overheating and violation of hygiene rules - diaper rash.

The rash is usually located in skin folds- under the knees, on the bend of the elbow with inside, in the groin area.

A red rash of various sizes and types can affect the arms and legs of a child with viral and bacterial infections, scarlet fever, and leukemia. With measles, the rash appears on the palms and feet. The appearance of red rashes on the limbs is always a reason to call a doctor at home.

On the head

red rash hairy part the head is usually covered for allergic reactions, including to hair care products, to soap. In babies, the most likely cause of the rash is different - prickly heat. Since babies carry out thermoregulation with the help of the scalp, it is she who reacts to overheating and sweating. Also, this symptom may indicate a viral infection.

Colorless

It can be difficult for parents to notice a colorless rash, but this is fixable, since any colorless rash will sooner or later manifest itself more clearly. Most often, a rash without a pronounced color signals the starting stage of an allergy.

On the body. An almost imperceptible rash without a definite color or very pale, which appeared on the body, can cause a sensation of rough "goosebumps" when touched. It looks like goosebumps that “run” over the skin when frightened or chills. Rashes are located close to each other and sometimes are massive. There is an assumption that such a rash is a consequence of hormonal “bursts”.

On the head. On the face and head, a rough, colorless rash usually appears with lactose deficiency. This is usually accompanied by intestinal disorders, the child often has a frothy with an unpleasant odor liquid stool greenish color.

watery

A watery rash can be a striking symptom herpetic infection, as well as impetigo, streptococcal angulitis and even sunburn.

On the body. If fluid-filled blisters appear on the sides and limbs, it is likely that the child has developed bullous impetigo. Long exposure to the sun also causes blistering skin lesions in children, but the skin will look reddened and somewhat swollen. Blisters can appear on the stomach and back with chickenpox.

Often blisters on the body occur due to an allergic reaction, as well as from insect bites.

• On the face. Watery rashes on the face appear as herpes diseases. In the nasolabial triangle, around the lips, in the nose, the herpes simplex virus appears. Similarly, streptoderma and erysipelas may appear.

Infectious bacterial

A pustular-type rash caused by pathogenic bacteria is treated with antibiotics and antiseptics. Moreover, antibiotics are selected after an analysis for bacteriological culture, when the doctor has clear information about which bacteria caused suppuration and to which antibacterial agents they demonstrate sensitivity.

Children are usually given penicillins, rarely cephalosporins. With a mild infection, local treatment with ointments with antimicrobial action is sufficient - Levomekol, Baneocin, erythromycin ointment, gentamicin ointment, tetracycline ointment.

In some cases, with a large and severe infection, or an infection that is at risk of spreading to internal organs, appoint antibiotics inside - for babies in the form of a suspension, for preschoolers and adolescents - in tablets or injections.

Preference is given to broad-spectrum drugs, usually penicillin group- "Amoxiclav", "Amosin", "Amoxicillin", "Flemoxin Solutab". With the ineffectiveness of this group of drugs, cephalosporin antibiotics or macrolides may be prescribed.

As antiseptics well-known aniline dyes are often used - a solution of brilliant green (brilliant green) for staphylococcal infections or Fukortsin for streptococcus. Damaged skin is treated with salicylic alcohol.

Simultaneously with antibiotics, if they are prescribed orally, the child is recommended to take drugs that will help avoid the occurrence of dysbacteriosis - Bifiborm, Bifidumbacterin. It is also useful to start taking vitamin complexes appropriate for the age of the child.

Some purulent eruptions, such as boils and carbuncles, may need surgical intervention, during which the formation is incised crosswise under local anesthesia, the cavity is cleaned and treated with antiseptics and antibiotics. There is no need to be afraid of such a mini-operation.

The consequences of refusing it can be very deplorable, because staph infection can lead to sepsis and death.

Sweating and diaper rash

If the baby has prickly heat, then this is a signal for parents to change the conditions in which the child lives. The temperature regime should be at the level of 20-21 degrees of heat. The heat only makes it worse. Irritation from sweat, although it gives the child a lot of painful sensations and pain, can be treated quite quickly.

The main medicine in this case is cleanliness and fresh air. The child should be washed with warm water without soap and other detergents. cosmetics. Several times a day you need to arrange air baths for the baby naked. You should not wrap the child, and if he still sweats, for example, while walking on the street in warm overalls in winter, then immediately upon returning home, bathe the child in the shower and change into clean and dry clothes.

At severe diaper rash damaged skin is treated 2-3 times a day. Most carefully and thoroughly - after daily evening bathing. After it, Bepanten, Desitin, Sudocrem are applied to still wet skin with signs of prickly heat. You need to use powder with great care, because talc dries the skin very much.

Baby cream or any other greasy creams and ointments should not be applied to the skin of a child with prickly heat, as they moisturize, not dry. You should also avoid getting massage oil on diaper rash during evening restorative procedures.

allergic

If the rash is allergic, treatment will be to find and rule out the child's interaction with the allergen that caused the skin rash. To do this, the allegologist conducts a series of special tests using test strips with allergens. If it is possible to find the protein that caused the rash, the doctor makes recommendations to exclude everything that contains such a substance.

If the antigen protein cannot be found (and this happens often), then parents will have to try and exclude from the child’s life everything that poses a potential threat - plant pollen, food (nuts, whole milk, chicken eggs, red berries and fruits, some types of fresh greens and even some types of fish, an abundance of sweets).

Pay special attention to baby skin care products.

Usually, eliminating the allergen is more than enough for the allergy to stop and the rash to disappear without a trace. If this does not happen, as well as in case of severe allergies, the doctor prescribes antihistamines("Tavegil", "Tsetrin", "Suprastin", "Loratadin" and others).

At the same time, it is desirable to take calcium preparations and vitamins. Locally, if necessary, the child is used hormonal ointments- "Advantan", for example. severe forms allergies, in which, in addition to a skin rash, there are pronounced respiratory manifestations, as well as internal pathologies, treatment of the child is carried out permanently.

Fungal lesions

Fungal infections are highly contagious, so the child must be isolated. Babies are treated in a hospital. Older children will be admitted to the infectious diseases hospital in case of moderate and severe illness. As a topical treatment, antifungal ointments- Lamisil, Clotrimazole, Fluconazole and others.

With an extensive lesion, when colonies of fungi "settled" not only on the limbs, on the wrist, on the legs or on the neck, but also on the back of the head in the scalp, the child is prescribed, in addition to ointments antifungals in tablets or injections.

At the same time, doctors recommend taking immunomodulators, as well as antihistamines, since the waste products of fungal colonies quite often cause an allergic reaction. Treatment for fungi is the longest, after the first course, which lasts from 10 to 14 days, a second, "control" course, which must be carried out after a short break, must be prescribed.

AT at home all things and bedding of a sick child are subject to thorough washing and ironing. It is impossible to bathe him during treatment.

The time has passed when the treatment of such diseases was quite painful. There is no need to sprinkle the head with lice dust or smear the skin with kerosene.

Most children's remedies for lice and nits need only a single application. Most effective in pediatric practice permethrin-based products.

When treating, it is important to observe safety measures. Almost all products are toxic, they should not be allowed to get into the eyes and ears, into the mouth and mucous membranes of the baby.

Worm infestations

What exactly to treat with giardiasis, ascaris or pinworms, the doctor decides. Not all drugs that are effective in adolescence are suitable for treating babies and younger students. The most commonly prescribed drugs are Pirantel, Albendazole, Levamisole and Piperazine.

Acne in teenagers

There is no cure for teenage acne, but it can be alleviated. To do this, parents should explain to the teenage child that it is impossible to squeeze out acne, it is also undesirable to treat them with alcohol or lotions.

They treat pubertal acne in a complex way, changing the diet of the child, excluding fatty, fried, smoked and pickled foods, fast food from it. The skin affected by acne is lubricated twice a day with salicylic alcohol and one of modern means in the form of a cream or ointment.

Very effective zinc ointment, "Zinerit". If acne is complicated by a purulent bacterial infection, antibiotic ointments are used - chloramphenicol, erythromycin.

Baby cream and other oily creams should never be used on acne-prone skin.

Other effective drugs from teenage rash on the face, back and chest - "Baziron AS", "Adapalen", "Skinoren". In some cases, the doctor may advise hormonal ointments - "Advantan", "Triderm". This is true for deep and very severe rashes.

Simultaneously prescribe vitamins A and E in oil solution or as part of vitamin and mineral complexes. Treatment of pubertal acne takes a very long time. Subject to all the recommendations of a dermatologist, it sometimes takes from 2 to 6 months to achieve the effect.

Neonatal hormonal rash

Newborn acne or a three-week rash does not need treatment. All skin rashes will disappear after the baby's hormonal background returns to normal. It usually takes about a month or two. It is useful for a child to wash with a decoction of chamomile, apply baby cream to pimples on the face and neck, sprinkle them with powder. Trying to squeeze or cauterize with alcohol is strictly prohibited.

Prevention

Since the skin of a child needs special care and protection, proper hygiene and an understanding of the approach to treating dermatological ailments in children will be an excellent prevention of the appearance of a pathological rash.

A home microclimate that is favorable for the health of the skin will help to avoid 90% of skin problems. The air temperature should be no higher than 21 degrees Celsius, and air humidity - 50-70%. Such conditions will not allow the child's skin to dry out, crack, which means that there will be less prerequisites for the development of severe bacterial infections. It is especially important to follow this rule if there is a small child in the house.

It is necessary to do all the preventive vaccinations prescribed for the child by age in a timely manner. This will help protect him from dangerous infectious diseases - measles, diphtheria and a number of others. Vaccination is not a guarantee that the child will not get sick with this infection at all, but it guarantees that in the event of a disease, the disease will proceed more easily and with fewer health consequences.

• When going to the sea, it is important to make sure that the skin of the child is protected. To do this, you need to buy a sunscreen that is appropriate for your age and skin type. And in order to protect the baby from rotavirus, it makes sense to vaccinate in a paid clinic, which is not included in the list of mandatory ones - a vaccine against rotavirus infection.

Proper hygiene- the key to the health of children's skin at any age. It is a mistake to wash a baby rarely, but it is equally wrong to wash him too often. Soap for babies should be used no more than once every 4-5 days, it is better not to use shampoos at all for up to a year.

It is important to choose child care products that are designed specifically for childhood and are hypoallergenic. Antibacterial soap kills not only pathogenic bacteria, but also beneficial ones, and therefore its use without need is not justified at all.

Children's skin should not be exposed to hard washcloths, bath brushes, brooms. After bathing, the skin should not be wiped, but blotted with a soft towel, this will keep the skin intact and sufficiently moisturized.

Wash your baby when changing a diaper it is necessary only under running water, and not in a basin or in a bathtub, to avoid getting intestinal microbes on the skin, external genitalia and urinary tract. Girls are washed in the direction from the pubis to the anus.

When a rash appears cannot self-medicate.

In the house where the children grow up should never be free chemicals, acids and alkalis, aggressive household cleaners.

Young children should buy bed linen and clothes only from natural fabrics. Let them look more modest and discreet, but there will be no irritating effect on the skin of synthetic fabrics, seams and textile dyes, which are used to color bright and alluring children's things.

For skin health in a child's diet, always should be enough vitamins A and E. From childhood, you need to teach your son and daughter to eat orange and red vegetables in fresh, greens, sea fish, lean meat, dairy products with sufficient fat content, butter, oatmeal and buckwheat porridge.

The skin of a child from the very early childhood should protect from excessive exposure to strong wind, frost, direct sunlight. All these factors dry it out, dehydrate it, as a result, it becomes more vulnerable and prone to various infections.

No crusts, pustules and vesicles on the child's skin cannot be mechanically removed and opened at home, far from sterility. Most of the cases with the addition of an infection to a seemingly harmless rash are associated precisely with the attempts of parents to rid the child of pimples or vesicles on their own. On the neck