The most effective antihistamines for children and adults - a list of medicines with instructions and prices. The most effective antihistamines: an overview of the most effective anti-allergy drugs

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pharmacology of Guyan copper-

ANTI-ALLERGIC MEDICINES.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-ALLERGIC DRUGS.

1. Antihistamines: H-1 blockers.

2. Glucocorticoids.

3. Mast cell membrane stabilizers.

4.α-,β-agonists of direct action.

5. Calcium preparations.

1.Allergy- an immunopathological process, which is a consequence of a sensitized organism to the action of various substances with antigenic properties (allergens). Allergy-- excessive perverted reaction immune system contact with a foreign substance. allergies it's allergic lung disease and moderate severity: urticaria, hay fever, Quincke's edema, bronchial asthma, serum sickness, allergic dermatitis, exanthema, photodermatosis.

Acute urticaria- immediate type reaction, this is a humoral reaction. Caused by drugs (penicillin, aspirin food (fish, nuts, eggs), environmental antigens (animal hair, dust, fungi), insect bites. Characterized by skin hyperemia, swelling, itching, blistering. Histamine plays a decisive role in the last link reactions Called within 15-20 minutes.

Pollinosis (hay fever) - caused by pollen from flowering plants. Clinical picture: swelling of the nasal mucosa, "sheet syndrome" (profuse rhinorrhea), lacrimation, headache, sometimes itching of the mucous membrane of the eyes, nose, palate at the beginning of flowering plants. In severe cases, coughing fits and asthmatic breathing may develop.

Allergic rhinitis-s combination allergic rhinitis with sneezing, itching, rhinorrhea with conjunctivitis, laryngitis. Caused by fungal spores, animal dander, dust, plant pollen, airborne particles.

Allergic conjunctivitis- swelling and hyperemia of the conjunctiva, sometimes with profuse lacrimation, severe itching. On the cosmetics, exposed to ultraviolet rays.

Serum sickness- immunocomplex reaction type 3. When an antigen enters the body, an antigen-antibody immune complex is formed, which settles on the walls of blood vessels, joints, symptoms appear 6-9 days after the body encounters the antigen. Fever is characteristic skin manifestations, swelling in the joints and lymph nodes, vasculitis. It is caused by drugs (penicillin, streptomycin, serum, radiopaque agents).

Quincke's edema angioedema, captures deep-lying tissues, including the skin and subcutaneous loose connective tissue. More often tissues of the back of the hands or feet, eyelids, lips, genitals, mucous membranes. Swelling of the upper airways (around the throat) can lead to respiratory failure and death.

Anaphylactic shock- immediate allergic reaction of the humoral type. It often develops after an injection of a drug or vaccine, sometimes with an insect bite in a matter of minutes. The patient experiences fear, anxiety, dizziness, accompanied by tinnitus, hearing loss and vision loss, headache, feeling hot, itching, cold sweat, goosebumps. Experiencing a feeling of compression, heaviness behind the sternum, pain in the heart, or pain in abdominal cavity. Possible motor excitation or convulsions of the limbs, the pupils dilate. There is a sharp decrease in blood pressure, respiratory failure as a result of bronchospasm and laryngeal edema, without timely medical care a person can die in 5-10 minutes (adrenaline, prednisolone are administered). Anafil. shock can take many forms clinical symptoms, depending on the localization of the stages anaphylactic shock in the organs.

Cases of the development of anaphylactic shock in 30 minutes - 2 hours after ingestion of nuts, honey, strawberries, raspberries are described. Allergenic properties are expressed in antibiotics: penicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, novocaine, vitamins B1 and B6, salicylates and pyrazolones (analgin, aspirin), more common allergic reactions.

REMEMBER: allergic reactions of varying severity up to shock can be caused by drugs used to treat allergies! There are cases with prednisolone, calcium chloride, pipolfen.

REMEMBER: under certain conditions any drug can cause the development of anaphylactic shock even with prolonged use.

REMEMBER: the medicinal product contains various excipients that do not have pharmacological activity, or combined preparations from medicinal substances --- they can also cause an allergic reaction.

Bronchial asthma- chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract, causing a concomitant increase in hyperactivity

respiratory tract, leading to episodic bouts of bronchospasm, expiratory dyspnea(difficulty exhaling), the development of asthmatic status, threatening the life of the patient. Inductors in a sensitized organism are household allergens (household dust, animal hair and dander, fungal allergen, bed mites), external allergens (plant pollen), medicines (aspirin), chemical compounds (chloramine, rosin, washing powder, formaldehyde and etc.).

"Triggers" (provoking factors) are inductors that can play, respiratory infections, weather, physical exercise, drugs from the group of β-blockers. A decisive role in the development of bronchial asthma is played by mast cells, eosinophils, T-lymphocytes. Consider the mechanism of development of the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. There are 3 stages:

Stage 1: Immunopathological.

An allergen (antigen) enters the body, has a foreign protein structure for the body. B- and T-lymphocytes (these are types of immunocompetent cells in the submucosal and mucous layer of the bronchi) study the antigen, take a “cast” of the structure from it and turn into plasma cells (plasmocytes), “antibody factories”, which synthesize antibodies to it, able to neutralize the antigen by combining with it. Until the re-entry of the antigen (allergen) in the body, any Clinical signs allergies. See fig.1.

Antagonism" href="/text/category/antagonizm/" rel="bookmark">by antagonists of allergy mediators.

Histamine antagonists or antihistamines, or histamine H-1 blockers. Preparations: diphenhydramine, suprastin, diprazine, fencarol, astemizole, loratadine, allergodil and others;

Leukotriene antagonists: montelukast, zafirlukast;

Bradykinin antagonists: parmidin.

3.Drugs that prevent the release of mediators of allergy and inflammation from mast cells.

Mast cell membrane stabilizers: ex. cromoglycic acid. Preparations: intal (cromolyn sodium), cromohexal, nalcrom, haikrom, nedo-cromil (Tyled) and others;

Mast cell membrane stabilizers with a different chemical structure: ketotifen. With a less pronounced effect in eufillin, β-2-agonists. In bronchial asthma, they are used more often by inhalation (intal, ketotifen, β-2-agonists.)

4. Functional antagonists of allergy mediators or symptomatic therapy.

4.1. anticongestants (decongestants) or vasoconstrictors:

--α-2-adrenergic agonists: naphthyzinum, xylometazoline, nazivin, ephedrine, sunoref ointment. Drops in the nose, eyes with allergic rhinitis, hay fever, allergic conjunctivitis. "Sunoref" --- ointment for the nose.

Vasoconstrictor α-1-agonists: mezaton, fetanol for injection in anaphylactic shock to increase blood pressure.

Vasoconstrictor α-and β-agonists (norepinephrine and adrenaline hydrochloride) or sympathomimetics (ephedrine) to increase blood pressure, relieve bronchospasm;

Mimetic bronchodilators: epinephrine, ephedrine, β-2-salbutamol, fenoterol.

Long-acting β-2-agonists: formatrol, salmeterol.

Glucocorticoids (prednisolone, fluocinolone acetonide, hydrocortisone,

dexamethasone, beclomethasone) have a powerful immunosuppressive effect on allergic processes, membrane-stabilizing effect, bronchodilator, anti-edematous effect;

5.Auxiliary means.

Calcium preparations: calcium chloride, calcium gluconate and lactate for various allergies. The anti-allergic effect is associated with the sealing of the vascular wall and the reduction of tissue edema, the stabilization of the mast cell membrane. When administered intravenously, they cause a feeling of heat due to the release of histamine from mast cells --- "locking effect" leads to the depletion of mast cells.

6.Means used to suppress immune responses of a delayed type with cytotoxic reactions.

Immunosuppressants, cytostatics: chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, krizanol.

ANTIHISTAMINES.

Block histamine H-receptors. They are divided into H-1 and H-2 receptors, respectively, antihistamines are called H-1 blockers and H-2 blockers. Consider the localization of histamine receptors and their effects during excitation according to table No. 1.

Table number 1.

Antagonists or blockers of histamine receptors cause opposite effects. H-2 blockers (ranitidine, famotidine) are used to treat hyperacid gastritis, gastric ulcer, reflux esophagitis, accompanied by severe heartburn. They inhibit the secretion of acid and pepsin, are considered antisecretory agents.

H-1-BLOCKERS.

Medicines with antiallergic action, eliminate the effects of histamine. They are divided into 1st and 2nd generation. See table. No. 2.

H-1 blockers potentiate the effects of CNS depressants narcotic, narcotic analgesics, tranquilizers, hypnotics, antipsychotics, ethyl alcohol, sedatives), except for diazolin.

1st generation of H-1-histamine blockers.

Dimedrol.Dimedrolum. action substance diphenhydramine.

Release form: 1). tablets, powders, 0.02-0.03-0.05 g each. 3-4 times a day;

2) rectal suppositories with diphenhydramine, 0.01-0.02-0.015-0.005 gr;

3).solution 1% - 1ml for injection s / c, vn / mice, iv.

Children's dosages are from 0.005 to 0.05 grams.

Effects: local anesthetic (numbness in the mouth), antiallergic (antipruritic, decongestant, etc.), sedative, hypnotic in large doses, antiemetic, slight antispasmodic and even hypotensive due to ganglionic blocking effect. The effects of diphenhydramine are not only due to the blockade of H-1 receptors, but also due to the blockade of H-(nicotinic) and M-cholinergic receptors.

P: Mild to moderate allergies (serum sickness, urticaria, hay fever), insect bites, allergic drug reactions, pruritic dermatoses, o. and chron. eczema.

PE: Drowsiness, lethargy, dizziness, dry mouth, dyspepsia. disorders (constipation or diarrhea), daytime weakness, difficulty urinating, allergic reactions. Rarely: oppression of hematopoiesis.

ETC: Increased sensitivity, acute asthma attack, pregnancy, newborns up to 2 months, be careful with prostate adenoma, glaucoma. Not allowed for drivers during work or people with a profession that requires heightened attention and reactions (mental and motor). Cannot be used with alcohol.

1% solution of Diphenhydramine is administered with 50% solution of analgin and 2% solution of novocaine together with pains vn / mice. often in a hospital (analgesic mixture"), while both analgin and novocaine often cause allergic reactions.

Suprastin.suprastinum. action substance is chloropyramine.

Release form: 1). Tablets of 0.025 g. adults inside during meals 3-4 times a day. 2) 2.5% solution, 2 ml vn / mouse. or intravenously in saline for severe anaphylactic and allergic reactions.

effects Suprastin has a pronounced antipruritic, antihistamine, antispasmodic effect and sedative due to the M-cholinergic blocking effect.

Suprastin increases the binding of histamine to plasma proteins and reduces its release from mast cells. It is advisable to appoint

when using histamine liberators, which increase

release of histamine from mast cells.

P: Various allergies of moderate, severe and mild degree, skin diseases(neurodermatitis, contact dermatitis) and etc.

PE: Drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, incoordination, dry mouth are possible.

ETC: Similar to diphenhydramine, additionally: not for children under 1 month old, with peptic ulcer in the acute phase, simultaneous use of MAO inhibitors.

Tavegil.Tavegilum. Synonym for clemastine.

Release form: 1). Tablets by 0.001 gr.

retard tablets contain 0.0025gr. №20.

effects tavegila: sedative, slight antispasmodic, pronounced antiallergic and antipruritic effect, characterized by a rapid onset and a significant duration of up to 12 hours. It is advisable to use in the treatment of short-term allergic reactions, such as food or drug allergies.

P: various allergies.

PE: Similar to suprastin and diphenhydramine, palpitations, arrhythmia and a decrease in blood pressure were rarely observed in older people.

ETC: Children under 1 year old, not allowed with MAO inhibitors, lactation, during pregnancy strictly according to the doctor's indications. Not allowed with alcohol; it is impossible for people with a profession that requires increased attention and reaction during work.

Fenkarol. Phencarolum. The active substance is chifenadine hydrochloride.

Release form: 1). Tablets of 0.025-0.05 grams.

Effects and Benefits phencarol: anti-allergic and antipruritic, unexpressed sedative effect due to poor penetration through the BBB, due to some M-anticholinergic effect, a slight antispasmodic effect on the smooth muscles of the bronchi and intestines, blocks H-1 and H-2 receptors of the gastric glands , thereby providing local protection of the gastric mucosa during food allergies. Reduces vascular permeability and reduces the hypotensive effect caused by histamine, a slight antiserotonin effect and an antiarrhythmic effect on the myocardium --- the sum of protective effects on the cardiovascular system! Therefore, it is advisable to use for the prevention of possible anaphylactic reactions to the introduction of a vaccine or drug for children and allergy sufferers. The positive quality of fenkarol has been established: it does not enhance the inhibitory effect on the central nervous system of alcohol and hypnotics.

P: Various allergies: hay fever, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, food allergies, children before vaccination 3 days before, drug allergies, bronchial asthma, angioedema.

PE: Dry mouth, slight sedation, dyspeptic symptoms.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, drivers or people with a profession that requires attention, mental and motor reactions; breastfeeding period, serious illnesses of cardio-vascular system, liver and kidneys, peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum 12. During pregnancy (especially in the 1st trimester), use carefully strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

Diprazine.Diprazinum. The active substance is promethazine.

Synonym for pipolfen.

Release form: 1). Dragee 0.025-0.05 grams at night or 2 times a day before meals.

2). 0.025% solution for injections of 2 ml for vn / mice. injections.

The drug passes the BBB, depresses the central nervous system, blocks H-1 receptors, α-adrenergic receptors, serotonin, cholinergic receptors.

Effects of diprazine: antiallergic, antipruritic, antiemetic, hypnotic and sedative action. Also hypotensive, hypothermic in doses above average. Diprazine reduces excitability vestibular system, inhibits the functions of the labyrinth and trigger zones of the medulla oblongata, therefore, is prescribed for dizziness and nausea during travel, Meniere's disease.

Diazolin is used in lytic mixtures to potentiate anesthesia, the doses of analgesics and anxiolytics are reduced. It is advisable to use diprazine in situations where a combination of anti-allergic and sedative effects is necessary: ​​pre - or postoperative period, burn disease.

P: Various allergies, excruciating itching, angioedema, prevention and relief of vomiting, nausea during and after anesthesia,

with analgesics in the mixture, Meniere's disease, dizziness, tone while traveling by transport.

PE: Drowsiness, anxiety, dry mouth, in young children, increased sleep apnea, dyspeptic disorders, hematopoiesis suppression (rare cases), decreased blood pressure, tachycardia or bradycardia, allergic reactions, difficulty urinating, extrapyramidal disorders when taking high doses.

ETC: Children under 2 months of age, infants under 2 years of age should not be taken orally, during lactation and pregnancy. Hypersensitivity, alcohol poisoning, intoxication with drugs that depress the central nervous system. Do not use with MAO inhibitors, alcohol, with vomiting in children of unspecified genesis. It is impossible for drivers, people with a profession that requires attention and reaction.

Very careful for young children, the elderly because of the risk side effects and apnea in children. Caution in patients with prostate adenoma, glaucoma, epilepsy, Raynaud's disease, SARS, blood diseases.

Diazolin.Diazolinum. The active substance is mebhydrolin.

Release form: 1). dragee 0.01g. inside after meals 1-2 times a day. Children ½ or 1/4 tablet per reception.

Poorly penetrates the BBB, does not cause a pronounced sedative and hypnotic effect. Weakly blocks M-cholinergic receptors, which means it does not have an antispasmodic effect. The effect can last up to 48 hours.

Effects: Antiallergic and antipruritic action, antiexudative.

P: Allergic reactions with excruciating itching, runny nose: hay fever and allergic rhinitis seasonal and chronic, urticaria, eczema, insect bites. In combination therapy of bronchial asthma, itchy dermatoses.

PE: In high doses, dry mouth, drowsiness, dyspeptic symptoms: heartburn, nausea, epigastric pain, difficulty urinating. Rarely - oppression of a hemopoiesis. Children have paradoxical reactions in the form of irritability, insomnia, tremors.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in the acute phase, inflammatory diseases Gastrointestinal tract, prostate adenoma, epilepsy, angle-closure glaucoma, arrhythmias, pyloric stenosis, drivers and people with a profession that requires attention and reaction,

Caution in pregnancy and kidney and liver disease with impaired function.

Hydroxyzine.Hydroxyzinum. Synonym for Atarax.

Release form: 1). Tablets of 0.025 g. 2). Syrup, contains in 1 ml = 0.05 g.

3). Solution for injection vn/mice. in 1 ml = 50 mg.

Passes the BBB, blocks the central H-1-histamine receptors, M-cholinergic receptors, inhibits the subcortical structures of the central nervous system.

Effects: pronounced sedative and moderate tranquilizing effect, improves memory and attention. The anti-allergic effect occurs 1 hour after ingestion and lasts from 20 hours or more, depending on age and liver diseases. Therefore, the drug is used 1 time per day or 1 time in two days. Adults are prescribed in psychiatry up to 300 mg per day, in general practice-25-100 mg per day. Children are prescribed taking into account body weight and age. From 1 year to 6 years 1-2.5 mg per day per kg of body weight in divided doses.

P: Relief of anxiety, psychomotor agitation, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, premedication, postoperative period, itching.

PE: Drowsiness, weakness, neurological disorders (headache, dizziness), urinary retention, dyspeptic disorders, tachycardia, dry mouth.

ETC: Pregnancy, lactation, hypersensitivity, porphyria.

REMEMBER! Many drugs have an antihistamine effect: ketotifen with a membrane-stabilizing effect, donormil from the group of hypnotics.

2nd generation H-1-histamine blockers.

Loratadine.Loratadinum. Synonyms: Claritin, Erolin, Klargotype.

Release form:.

1). Syrup 5 (10) mg in 1 teaspoon.

2). Tablets are simple and effervescent, 0.01g each

Take orally before meals 1 time per day, previously dissolved effervescent tablets in a glass of water, simple tablets are well washed down with water before meals.

Effects: antiallergic, antiexudative and antipruritic.

It develops in 1-3 hours and lasts up to 24 hours. BBB does not pass.

P: Allergic rhinitis, hay fever, urticaria, angioedema,

bronchial asthma, insect bites causing allergic reactions, pseudo-allergic reactions to histamine liberators.

PE: Neurological reactions: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, insomnia, impaired concentration, agitation (in children), tremor, paresthesia, dry mouth, dyspeptic disorders, jaundice, anorexia, nasal congestion, sneezing, bronchospasm, arthralgia, myalgia, palpitations, tachycardia, hypotension, hypertension, dysmenorrhea, allergic reactions, etc.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, children under 2 years of age, breastfeeding in women (lactation), drivers and people with a profession that requires attention and reaction.

REMEMBER: Histamine blockers have more undesirable side effects on almost all body systems in the presence of a highly effective anti-allergic effect compared to 1st generation drugs.

Desloratadine.Desloratadinum. Synonym for Erius.

Release form: 1). Tablets of 0.005 g. Adults inside, at the same time, 1 time per day, without chewing, drinking water, it is possible during meals.

2). Syrup containing in 1 ml = 0.0005 g. For children and teenagers.

The action occurs in 30 minutes, lasts 24 hours. The effects are similar as it is an active metabolite of loratadine. Difference: rapid onset of anti-allergic action and can be used with meals.

Cetirizine.Cetirizinum. Synonymous with "Zirtek", "Allertek", "Cetrin", "Zyncet".

Release form: 1). Tablets of 0.01 g. cetirizine. 2). Drops for oral administration. 3). Syrup, contains 5 ml = 5 mg or 10 mg of cetirizine.

Effects: Antiallergic, antipruritic and antiexudative action due to the blockade of peripheral H-1 receptors, reduces skin and vascular reactions to histamine: edema, hyperemia, blistering, alleviates the symptoms of allergic reactions caused by histamine. It inhibits the release of allergy mediators, inhibits the migration of eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils in response to the introduction of an allergen, inhibits the activity of histamine inducers, and much more.

The action of cetirizine occurs 1-2 hours after ingestion. The duration of the antiallergic effect in adults is 24 hours, in children and newborns up to 12 hours.

P: Various chronic and seasonal allergies, pruritus, eczema.

PE: Neurological disorders (similar to loratadine), drowsiness (14%), fatigue (6%), ototoxicity, tinnitus, deafness, eye hemorrhage, dyspeptic disorders: taste perversion, anorexia, inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, bleeding from the rectum, palpitations, hypertension, allergic reactions, bronchitis, respiratory tract infection, skin manifestations, abnormal liver function, etc.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, including to hydroxyzine, pregnancy, lactation, children under 2 years of age (up to 6 years in case of impaired renal and hepatic function), carefully in old age strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

Fexofenadine.Fexofenadinum. Synonym for "Telfast".

Release form: 1). Suspension for oral administration.

2). Tablets of 0.12 grams or 0.18 grams in a shell. Inside adults and children over 12 years of age, 60 mg 2 times a day, with seasonal allergic rhinitis 120 mg 1 time per day, chronic idiopathic urticaria 180 mg 1 time per day.

Effects: Antiallergic and membrane-stabilizing mast cells. Fexofenadine selectively blocks peripheral histamine H-1 receptors. The drug inhibits the release of interleukin-6 from fibroblasts, reduces the basal expression of adhesion molecules, no development of tolerance was noted when used for 28 days. The effect occurs an hour after administration, reaches a maximum after 2-3 hours and lasts for 12 hours or more. Side effects are mild and rare.

P: Allergic rhinitis vasomotor and seasonal, hay fever, angioedema, urticaria.

PE: Neurological disorders: headache, rarely dizziness, drowsiness, insomnia, dyspepsia, rhinorrhea, susceptibility to SARS, hematopoietic depression.

ETC: Increased sensitivity, children under 12 years of age. During pregnancy breastfeeding used strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

Glucocorticoids.

Hormonal drugs, identical in action with hormones-glucocorticoids of the adrenal cortex. GLA (natural hormone hydrocortisone) affect carbohydrate, protein, fat, and to a lesser extent mineral metabolism substances. Possess pronounced immunosuppressive effect : suppress both immune reactions immediate type (anaphylactic shock, angioedema, skin manifestations, etc.), and delayed-type immune manifestations associated with the precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues, the formation of killer lymphocytes, response to transplanted tissue antigens, etc. Therefore, they are classified as immunosuppressants . Glucocorticoids prevent and suppress inflammatory reactions, regardless of the cause that caused them (mechanical, chemical, radiation, infectious, immunological tissue damage): pronounced anti-inflammatory effect. GLA is suppressed not only by early manifestations inflammatory process: edema, capillary expansion, fibrin deposition, migration of leukocytes to the area of ​​inflammation, phagocytic activity; with continued therapy, they also suppress the late proliferative phase of inflammation: ingrowth of capillaries, proliferation of fibroblasts, synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides of the interstitial substance, and in the final phase of inflammation, scarring. GLA inhibit the formation of mediators of allergic reactions in leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages - monocytes, inhibiting their activation by antigens, the release of interleukins 1 and 2, prostaglandins, leukotrienes --- antiallergic action, coincides with the anti-inflammatory action in the early stages of allergic and inflammatory processes. Suppressing the activity and division of immunocompetent cells (mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, etc.), which secrete allergy and inflammation mediators, inhibit the development and growth of connective tissue cells, have a membrane-stabilizing effect on mast cells, reduce the secretion of bronchial glands by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, used to prevent allergies. Increase the sensitivity of β-2-adrenergic receptors in the bronchi to bronchodilator agonists (β-2-agonists). The sum of the effects of GLA leads to a decrease in bronchial hyperreactivity, so they are necessarily used to treat bronchial asthma, preferring aerosol dosage forms that are practically non-resorbable through the lungs (not absorbed into the blood). GLC --- the most effective drugs for the relief and treatment of acute allergic reactions, shock conditions, since their main effects are: immunosuppressive, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, decongestant, membrane-stabilizing, antipruritic and anti-shock. GLA are indispensable for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, liver cirrhosis, infectious allergic diseases.

Preparations: prednisolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, budesonide, fluticasone.

Prednisolone (tablets). Synonym "Prednisol".

Prednisolone hemisuccinate.Prednisoloni hemisuccinatis.

Release form: 1) Tablets of 1-5-20 mg. Take in the morning, taking most of the dose early in the morning, in the afternoon the rest of the dose. 2). Powder for injection in ampoules of 25 mg. Intravenously or intramuscularly, previously dissolved with water for injection, in case of severe and acute allergies.

The average dose for adults is 5-60 mg per day, for children 0.4-2 mg per day in 3-4 doses.

P: Acute allergic reactions, bronchospasm, anaphylactic shock, cardiogenic, infectious-toxic shock, burn scab, thyrotoxic crisis, o. adrenal insufficiency, infectious-allergic myocarditis, rheumatism and deforming arthrosis, systemic and lupus erythematosus, o. hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, bronchial asthma.

PE: Edema, increased blood pressure, increased blood clotting or a tendency to thrombosis, increased blood sugar (steroid diabetes), leaching of calcium from the bones (osteoporosis), insomnia, excitability, virilization and amenorrhea in women, obesity, tendency to infections, syndrome " cancellation”, gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

ETC: Peptic ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract, hypersensitivity, hypertension, steroid diabetes, thrombosis, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, renal failure, viral, fungal infections, tuberculosis, epilepsy, pregnancy, lactation, steroid osteoporosis, thromboembolism, psychosis. Children under 6 years of age strictly according to the doctor's indication for cupping, children over 6 years of age strictly according to the doctor's indication.

Betamethasone. Synonym "Celeston", "Betazon", "Celestoderm", "Diprospan".

Betamethsonum.

Contains a fluorine atom, is a highly active hormonal drug, has the same effects as prednisolone.

Release form: 1). Ointment or cream is applied topically, applied in a thin layer 2-6 times a day until clinical improvement, then 2 times a day.

2). Eye and ear drops. Subconjunctival in an average dose of 2 mg.

3). Suspension "diprospan" for injection: adults and adolescents intravenously / bolus and slowly drip at 4-8 mg per day, then maintenance doses of 2-4 mg; or intramuscularly 4-6 mg (up to 9 mg) per day. Injected intraarticularly, into the ganglia and soft tissues, the lesion, mixing if necessary with anesthetic solutions.

P: Various allergies acute and chronic, autoimmune diseases, shock states of various origins, systemic connective tissue diseases (arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis, Bechterew's disease, myositis, lupus, etc.), cirrhosis of the liver, itching, pruritus, eczema, diaper rash, keratitis, iridocyclitis, iritis, dermatosis of the external ear canal, breast and prostate cancer.

PE: Same.

ETC: Same as prednisone.

For the prevention of bronchospasm, reducing bronchial hyperreactivity, aerosols of the 1st and 2nd generations of GLA are used.

Ointments, creams should not be applied to ulcerative and wound surfaces, to the edges of wounds, as they prevent healing and scarring.

Dexamethasone.Dexamethasonum. Synonym for Dexon.

Release form: 1). Eye drops with suspension. In the first days in case of acute inflammatory diseases, the eyes are instilled 1-2 drops 4-5 times a day for 2 days, then 3-4 times a day for 4-6 days.

In chronic conditions, instill 2 times a day, 1-2 drops.

It is part of the combined drops for the treatment of the outer and middle ear "Polydex".

P: O. and hr. allergic, inflammatory processes eyeball anterior and posterior parts of the eye: conjunctivitis, scleritis, deep keratitis without damage to the epithelium, choroiditis, retinitis, neuritis optic nerve, uveitis, conditions after trauma and surgery (not earlier than 7 days after injury or surgery), chemical and thermal burns in the later period.

PE: Burning sensation, conjunctival hyperemia, lacrimation, increased intraocular pressure.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, viral, bacterial and fungal infections of the eyes, glaucoma, violation of the integrity of the cornea of ​​​​the eye. It should not be used by drivers and people whose profession is associated with increased concentration of attention.

PRECAUTIONS: Remove eye pads before use. contact lenses; install no earlier than 15 minutes. Intraocular pressure should be measured and the condition of the cornea should be monitored.

Budesonide. Synonym for "budesonide", "benacort", "budenofalk".Budesonidum.

1000 times stronger than cortisol (natural hormone) when applied locally to inflammation or allergic manifestations, when administered subcutaneously 40 times, when taken orally 25 times more active than cortisol.

Release form: 1). Powder for inhalation, the dose is selected for an adult individually, taking into account the severity of the disease. Adults: 200-800mcg per day, sometimes up to 1600mcg per day. Children, depending on age. 2). Drops in the nose: intranasally, 2-3 drops in each nasal passage for adults for 10-14 days. 3). Capsules whole inside: 30 minutes before meals, 3 mg 3 times a day, washed down well with water.

P: Bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, Crohn's disease.

PE: Candidiasis of the oral mucosa, dry mouth, paradoxical bronchospasm, vasculitis, gastrointestinal ulcer, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, hypokalemia.

ETC: lactation period, active form tuberculosis, candidiasis, viral and bacterial infections, childhood, diabetes, glaucoma,

pregnancy (strictly under the supervision of a doctor in case of a threat to the life of a pregnant woman).
Beclomethasone dipropionate in aerosols of 200 doses, contains 1 dose of 50 mcg, or 100 mcg or 250 mcg. It is used inhalation for bronchial asthma, the dose is selected individually for the patient, depending on the severity and course of the disease, age. Basic therapy: 100-400 mcg 2 times a day with moderate bronchial asthma, in severe form from 800-1600 mcg per day in several doses, etc.

More active aerosols of the 2nd generation of GLA, 2-3 times stronger than beclomethasone and its analogues (beclocort, becotide), containing a fluorine atom in their molecule:

fluticasone, flunisolide . The segment "flu" means fluorine.

Fluticasone. Synonymous with "flixotide", "cutiveit", "flixonase".

Fluticasonum.

Release form: 1) Nasal spray: in the morning, 100 mcg (children under 12 years old, 50 mcg) in each nasal passage.

2). Aerosol for inhalation 2 times a day, 100-250 mcg for mild asthma, 250-500 mcg for moderate, and severe asthma, 500 mcg, respectively.

3) Cream or ointment is applied in a thin layer to the affected area of ​​the skin 2 times a day.

P: Allergic rhinitis, prevention of asthma exacerbations, eczema, nodular pruritus, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, insect bites, prickly heat, seborrheic dermatitis.

PE: Irritation of the nasopharynx, perforation of the nasal septum (nasal spray), paradoxical bronchospasm, allergic contact dermatitis.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, pregnancy, breast-feeding, acne, itching in the genital area, skin lesions of infectious origin, infancy up to 1 year, spray and aerosol for children up to 4 years.

REMEMBER: ointments and creams are prescribed according to the doctor's indication for allergic and inflammatory lesions in the initial stage, they are prescribed for itching, provided that the skin is intact. Do not apply to open wounds, ulcers, edges of wounds and burns. Do not use for bacterial, fungal, viral skin lesions. According to the doctor's prescription, if necessary, ointments with GLA and antiseptics are used for treatment: "Lorinden-S" or "Lorinden-A".

REMEMBER: For GLA aerosols, use a spacer to minimize dispersion of the aerosol droplets into the oral cavity, which leads to a decrease in the immunity of the mucous membrane to a fungal infection. If there is no spacer or aerosol is dispersed in the mouth ---- the patient should rinse the mouth and spit it out.

REMEMBER: GLA drops are widely used in early stages acute inflammatory or allergic processes in the eye and ear diseases. In the early days, to reduce inflammation, swelling, itching, it should be instilled more often up to 4-5 times a day, in the following days, as inflammation subsides, swelling is reduced, it is used less often 2-3 times a day. Long-term external dosage forms with GLA should not be used because of their pronounced immunosuppressive effect, the effect on connective tissue.

Mast cell membrane stabilizers.
They include derivatives of cromoglycic acid (cromoglycates ): intal, nalcrom, cromohexal, cromoglin, hycrom, nedocromil, lecrolin, cromogen, bicromat, ifaral. They are easily destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract, absorbed into the blood about 1%, therefore, they are often used topically ( eye drops, nasal sprays) and inhalation, capsules are used for food allergies and some intestinal lesions. They give a quick anti-allergic effect, however, in the treatment of bronchial asthma (BA), a course of treatment should be followed.

Mechanism of action: they have the ability to block the entry of calcium ions into mast cells (according to some reports, they stimulate the release of calcium), leads to a locking effect of the membrane, degranulation of mast cells is suppressed, allergy mediators are located in the granules of mast cells and cannot go out through the membrane. Membrane stabilizers block the activity of the phosphodiesterase enzyme, which causes the breakdown of c-AMP, as a result of the accumulation of the c-AMP substrate of the bronchi

gradually relax. The drug also has a membrane-stabilizing effect. ketotifen, some β-2-agonists, aminofillin. Cromolyns are well tolerated and prescribed for the prevention of BA bronchospasm.

Intal.intal. Synonyms "kromoheksal", "kromoglin", "hykrom".

Contains cromoglycic acid.

Release form: 1). Capsules for inhalation of 0.02 grams, attached inhaler. Dissolve 1 capsule in solution for injection and inhale 3-4 times a day. 2) Eye drops 3). Spray nasal..

Effects: membrane-stabilizing and anti-allergic.

P: Prevention of bronchospasm (inhalation), acute and chronic allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis and hay fever (for plant pollen).

PE: When inhaled, irritation of the pharynx, larynx, rarely allergic reactions, dermatitis, malaise, insomnia, tinnitus, dyspeptic disorders, myositis, chest pain, vasculitis.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, pregnancy (especially the 1st trimester), children under 2 years of age, lactation.

Ketotifen. Synonym for Zaditen. Ketotifen.

Release form: 1). Capsules or tablets of 1 mg or syrup for children. Take orally with meals for adults and children over 3 years old for the first 3-4 days, 1 mg in the evening, then 2 mg per day (1 mg in the morning and evening).

If necessary, the dose is increased to 4 mg per day. It should be used for more than 1-1.5 months to achieve a pronounced membrane-stabilizing effect. Effects of ketotifen: membrane-stabilizing, anti-allergic, antihistamine (H-1-blocking), anti-asthma.

P: Prevention of bronchospasm of any form of asthma, allergic bronchitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis.

PE: Sedation (lethargy, drowsiness, lethargy), dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, constipation, allergic skin reactions, thrombocytopenia and cystitis are rare.

ETC: Hypersensitivity, pregnancy, lactation, children under 3 years (tablets) and syrup for children under 6 months.

PRECAUTIONS: It is impossible for people with a profession that requires attention and mental and motor reactions. Do not use in conjunction with oral antidiabetic drugs. Enhances the effect of drugs and ethanol that depress the central nervous system .

Calcium preparations.

In medicine, calcium chloride and calcium gluconate are used. Calcium compensates for the deficiency of calcium in the body, which is necessary for blood clotting, for contraction of muscles and myocardium, blood vessels, and for the formation of dental and bone tissue. Calcium reduces the permeability of cell membranes and vascular wall, prevents the development of inflammatory reactions, increases the body's resistance to infections can significantly enhance phagocytosis. When administered intravenously, it stimulates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. It enhances the secretion of adrenaline by the adrenal glands, providing a moderate diuretic effect.

calcium chloride.Calcium chloridum. Common list.

Release form:% solution of 10 ml for intravenous injection. injections on saline slowly.2). 5--10% oral solution after meals, 10-15 ml 2-3 times a day, children 5-10 ml per reception

P: Increased need for calcium (pregnancy, lactation), bleeding of various localization (uterine, intestinal, pulmonary, nasal), allergies and allergic manifestations, bronchial asthma, tetany, spasmophilia, osteoporosis, hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, hepatitis, nephritis, eclampsia, poisoning with magnesium salts , oxalic and fluoric acid, psoriasis, weakness of labor activity, inflammatory and exudative processes (pneumonia, pleurisy, adnexitis, endometritis).

PE: When ingested, heartburn, pain in the epigastric region. With intravenous administration, a feeling of heat, flushing of the face, bradycardia, with rapid administration --- ventricular fibrillation of the heart.

ETC: Hypercalcemia, atherosclerosis, tendency to thrombosis.

REMEMBER! You can not enter subcutaneously and intramuscularly --- tissue necrosis is possible, high concentrations of the solution, starting from 5%, cause severe irritation of the subcutaneous tissues.

calcium gluconate is available in tablets of 0.5 grams for adults, for children with cocoa at 0.25 grams, 5% solution with fruit syrup and 10% solution for intramuscular mice. and intravenous injections of 5 and 10 ml.

Assign adults 1-3 grams and more 2-3 times a day; children under 1 year old - 0.5 grams each; from 2 to 4 years --- 1g; from 5 to 6 years --- 1-1.5 grams; from 10 to 14 years old - 2-3 grams each. 2-3 times a day.

calcium lactate in tablets of 0.5 grams orally, 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day, previously dissolved in warm water.

The indications are the same as for calcium chloride.

Symptomatic remedies for allergic diseases. Read the definitions of allergies at the beginning and fix the main symptoms in your memory.

There are several groups of drugs used in allergic diseases. It:

• antihistamines;
• membrane stabilizing drugs - preparations of cromoglycic acid () and ketotifen;
• topical and systemic glucocorticosteroids;
• intranasal decongestants.

In this article, we will only talk about the first group - antihistamines. These are drugs that block H1-histamine receptors and, as a result, reduce the severity of allergic reactions. To date, there are more than 60 antihistamines for systemic use. Depending on the chemical structure and the effects on the human body, these drugs are combined into groups, which we will discuss below.

What is histamine and histamine receptors, the principle of action of antihistamines

Histamine is a biogenic compound formed as a result of a number of biochemical processes, and is one of the mediators involved in the regulation of vital body functions and playing a leading role in the development of many diseases.

Under normal conditions, this substance is in the body in an inactive, bound state, however, with various pathological processes (hay fever, and so on), the amount of free histamine increases many times, which is manifested by a number of specific and nonspecific symptoms.

Free histamine has the following effects on the human body:

• causes spasm of smooth muscles (including the muscles of the bronchi);
• dilates capillaries and lowers blood pressure;
• causes stagnation of blood in the capillaries and an increase in the permeability of their walls, which entails thickening of the blood and swelling of the tissues surrounding the affected vessel;
• reflexively excites the cells of the adrenal medulla - as a result, adrenaline is released, which contributes to the narrowing of arterioles and an increase in heart rate;
• enhances the secretion of gastric juice;
• plays the role of a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Externally, these effects are manifested as follows:

• bronchospasm occurs;
• the nasal mucosa swells - nasal congestion appears and mucus is released from it;
• itching, redness of the skin appears, all kinds of elements of a rash form on it - from spots to blisters;
• the digestive tract responds to an increase in the level of histamine in the blood with a spasm of the smooth muscles of the organs - there are pronounced cramping pains throughout the abdomen, as well as an increase in the secretion of digestive enzymes;
• from the side of the cardiovascular system, and can be noted.

In the body, there are special receptors for which histamine has an affinity - H1, H2 and H3-histamine receptors. In the development of allergic reactions, mainly H1-histamine receptors located in smooth muscles play a role. internal organs, in particular, the bronchi, in the inner shell - the endothelium - of the vessels, in the skin, as well as in the central nervous system.

Antihistamines affect precisely this group of receptors, blocking the action of histamine by the type of competitive inhibition. That is, the drug does not displace histamine already bound to the receptor, but occupies a free receptor, preventing histamine from attaching to it.

If all receptors are occupied, the body recognizes this and gives a signal to reduce the production of histamine. Thus, antihistamines prevent the release of new portions of histamine, and are also means of preventing the occurrence of allergic reactions.

Classification of antihistamines

Several classifications of drugs in this group have been developed, but none of them is generally accepted.

Depending on the characteristics of the chemical structure, antihistamines are divided into the following groups:

• ethylenediamines;
• ethanolamines;
• alkylamines;
• quinuclidine derivatives;
• alphacarboline derivatives;
• phenothiazine derivatives;
• piperidine derivatives;
• piperazine derivatives.

In clinical practice, the classification of antihistamines by generations has become more widely used, which are currently distinguished by 3:

1. 1st generation antihistamines:

• diphenhydramine (diphenhydramine);
• doxylamine (donormil);
• clemastine (tavegil);
• chloropyramine (suprastin);
• mebhydrolin (diazolin);
• promethazine (pipolphen);
• quifenadine (fencarol);
• cyproheptadine (peritol) and others.

1. 2nd generation antihistamines:

• acrivastine (semprex);
• dimethindene (fenistil);
• terfenadine (histadine);
• azelastine (allergodil);
• loratadine (lorano);
• cetirizine (cetrin);
• bamipin (soventol).

1. 3rd generation antihistamines:

• fexofenadine (telfast);
• deslorathodine (erius);
• levocetirizine.

1st generation antihistamines

According to the predominant side effect, drugs in this group are also called sedatives. They interact not only with histamine receptors, but also with a number of other receptors, which determines their individual effects. They act for a short time, which is why they require multiple doses during the day. The effect comes quickly. Available in different dosage forms - for oral administration (in the form of tablets, drops) and parenteral administration (in the form of a solution for injection). Affordable.

With prolonged use of these drugs, their antihistamine effectiveness is significantly reduced, which necessitates a periodic change of the drug - once every 2-3 weeks.

Some 1st generation antihistamines are included in combination medicines for the treatment colds as well as sleeping pills and sedatives.

The main effects of 1st generation antihistamines are:

• local anesthetic - associated with a decrease in membrane permeability to sodium; the most powerful local anesthetics from the drugs of this group are promethazine and diphenhydramine;
• sedative - due to a high degree of penetration of drugs of this group through the blood-brain barrier (that is, into the brain); the degree of severity of this effect in different drugs is different, it is most pronounced in doxylamine (it is often used as a sleeping pill); the sedative effect is enhanced with the simultaneous use of alcoholic beverages or the use of psychotropic drugs; when taking extremely high doses of the drug, instead of the effect of sedation, marked excitement is noted;
• anti-anxiety, calming effect is also associated with the penetration of the active substance into the central nervous system; maximally expressed in hydroxyzine;
• anti-sickness and antiemetic - some representatives of the drugs of this group inhibit the function of the labyrinth inner ear and reduce the stimulation of the receptors of the vestibular apparatus - they are sometimes used for Meniere's disease and motion sickness in transport; this effect is most pronounced in drugs such as diphenhydramine, promethazine;
• atropine-like action - cause dryness of the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, increased heart rate, visual disturbances, urinary retention, constipation; may exacerbate bronchial obstruction, lead to exacerbation of glaucoma and obstruction in - with these diseases are not used; these effects are most pronounced in ethylenediamines and ethanolamines;
• antitussive - drugs of this group, in particular, diphenhydramine, have an effect directly on the cough center located in the medulla oblongata;
• the antiparkinsonian effect is obtained by inhibiting the effects of acetylcholine by the antihistamine;
• antiserotonin effect - the drug binds to serotonin receptors, alleviating the condition of patients suffering from migraine; especially pronounced in cyproheptadine;
• dilatation of peripheral vessels - leads to a decrease in blood pressure; maximally expressed in phenothiazine preparations.

Since drugs in this group have a number of undesirable effects, they are not the drugs of choice for the treatment of allergies, but they are still often used for it.

Below are the individual, most commonly used, representatives of the drugs in this group.

diphenhydramine (diphenhydramine)

One of the first antihistamines. It has a pronounced antihistamine activity, in addition, it has a local anesthetic effect, and also relaxes the smooth muscles of the internal organs and is a weak antiemetic. Its sedative effect is similar in strength to the effects of neuroleptics. In high doses, it also has a hypnotic effect.

Rapidly absorbed when taken orally, penetrates the blood-brain barrier. Its half-life is about 7 hours. Undergoes biotransformation in the liver, excreted by the kidneys.

It is used for all kinds of allergic diseases, as a sedative and hypnotic, as well as in complex therapy radiation sickness. Less commonly used for vomiting of pregnant women, seasickness.

Inside is prescribed in the form of tablets of 0.03-0.05 g 1-3 times a day for 10-14 days, or one tablet at bedtime (as a sleeping pill).

Intramuscularly injected 1-5 ml of a 1% solution, intravenous drip - 0.02-0.05 g of the drug in 100 ml of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

Can be used in the form eye drops, rectal suppositories or creams and ointments.

Side effects of this drug are: short-term numbness of the mucous membranes, headache, dizziness, nausea, dry mouth, weakness, drowsiness. Side effects go away on their own, after a dose reduction or complete discontinuation of the drug.

Contraindications are pregnancy, lactation, prostatic hypertrophy, angle-closure glaucoma.

Chloropyramine (suprastin)

It has antihistamine, anticholinergic, myotropic antispasmodic activity. It also has antipruritic and sedative effects.

Quickly and completely absorbed when taken orally, the maximum concentration in the blood is observed 2 hours after ingestion. Penetrates through the blood-brain barrier. Biotransformirovatsya in the liver, excreted by the kidneys and faeces.

It is prescribed for all kinds of allergic reactions.

It is used orally, intravenously and intramuscularly.

Inside should be taken 1 tablet (0.025 g) 2-3 times a day, with meals. The daily dose may be increased to a maximum of 6 tablets.

In severe cases, the drug is administered parenterally - intramuscularly or intravenously, 1-2 ml of a 2% solution.

When taking the drug, side effects such as general weakness, drowsiness, decreased reaction rate, impaired coordination of movements, nausea, dry mouth are possible.

Enhances the effect of sleeping pills and sedatives, as well as narcotic analgesics and alcohol.

Contraindications are similar to those of diphenhydramine.

Clemastine (tavegil)

By structure and pharmacological properties very close to Diphenhydramine, however, it acts more continuously (within 8-12 hours after administration) and is more active.

The sedative effect is expressed moderately.

It is used orally 1 tablet (0.001 g) before meals with plenty of water, 2 times a day. In severe cases, the daily dose can be increased by 2, maximum - 3 times. The course of treatment is 10-14 days.

It can be used intramuscularly or intravenously (within 2-3 minutes) - 2 ml of a 0.1% solution per dose, 2 times a day.

Side effects with this drug are rare. Headache, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, constipation are possible.

Be wary appoint persons whose profession requires intense mental and physical activity.

Contraindications are standard.

Mebhydrolin (diazolin)

In addition to antihistamine, it has anticholinergic and. Sedative and hypnotic effects are extremely weak.

When taken orally, it is slowly absorbed. The half-life is only 4 hours. Biotransformed in the liver, excreted in the urine.

It is used orally, after meals, in a single dose of 0.05-0.2 g, 1-2 times a day for 10-14 days. The maximum single dose for an adult is 0.3 g, daily - 0.6 g.

Generally well tolerated. Sometimes it can cause dizziness, irritation of the gastric mucosa, blurred vision, urinary retention. In very rare cases - when taking a large dose of the drug - a slowdown in the rate of reactions and drowsiness.

Contraindications are inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, angle-closure glaucoma and prostatic hypertrophy.

2nd generation antihistamines

The purpose of the development of drugs in this group was to minimize sedative and other side effects while maintaining or even stronger antiallergic activity. And it succeeded! Antihistamine drugs of the 2nd generation have a high affinity specifically for H1-histamine receptors, with virtually no effect on choline and serotonin receptors. The advantages of these drugs are:

• rapid onset of action;
• long duration of action active substance binds to protein, which ensures its longer circulation in the body; in addition, it accumulates in organs and tissues, and is also slowly excreted);
• additional mechanisms of anti-allergic effects (suppress the accumulation associated with the intake of the allergen in the body in respiratory tract eosinophils, and also stabilize mast cell membranes), causing a wider range of indications for their use ( , );
• with prolonged use, the effectiveness of these drugs does not decrease, that is, there is no effect of tachyphylaxis - there is no need to periodically change the drug;
• since these drugs do not penetrate or penetrate in extremely small quantities through the blood-brain barrier, their sedative effect is minimal and is observed only in patients who are particularly sensitive in this regard;
• do not interact with psychotropic drugs and ethyl alcohol.

One of the most adverse effects of 2nd generation antihistamines is their ability to cause fatal arrhythmias. The mechanism of their occurrence is associated with blocking the potassium channels of the heart muscle with an antiallergic agent, which leads to a prolongation of the QT interval and the occurrence of arrhythmia (usually ventricular fibrillation or flutter). This effect is most pronounced in drugs such as terfenadine, astemizole and ebastine. The risk of its development increases significantly with an overdose of these drugs, as well as in the case of a combination of taking them with antidepressants (paroxetine, fluoxetine), antifungals (itraconazole and ketoconazole) and some antibacterial agents (antibiotics from the macrolide group - clarithromycin, oleandomycin, erythromycin), some antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, quinidine), when the patient consumes grapefruit juice and severe.

The main form of release of antihistamines of the 2nd generation is tableted, while parenteral ones are absent. Some drugs (such as levocabastine, azelastine) are available as creams and ointments and are intended for topical administration.

Consider the main drugs of this group in more detail.

Acrivastine (semprex)

Well absorbed when taken orally, begins to act within 20-30 minutes after ingestion. The half-life is 2-5.5 hours, it penetrates the blood-brain barrier in a small amount, is excreted in the urine unchanged.

Blocks H1-histamine receptors, to a small extent has a sedative and anticholinergic effect.

It is used for all kinds of allergic diseases.

Against the background of admission, in some cases, drowsiness and a decrease in the reaction rate are possible.

The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy, during lactation, with severe, severe coronary and, as well as children under 12 years of age.

Dimetinden (Fenistil)

In addition to antihistamine, it has a weak anticholinergic, anti-bradykinin and sedative effects.

It is quickly and completely absorbed when taken orally, while bioavailability (degree of digestibility) is about 70% (in comparison, when using cutaneous forms of the drug, this figure is much lower - 10%). The maximum concentration of the substance in the blood is observed 2 hours after ingestion, the half-life is 6 hours for the usual and 11 hours for the retard form. Through the blood-brain barrier penetrates, excreted in the bile and urine in the form of metabolic products.

Apply the drug inside and topically.

Inside, adults take 1 capsule of retard at night or 20-40 drops 3 times a day. The course of treatment is 10-15 days.

The gel is applied to the affected areas of the skin 3-4 times a day.

Side effects are rare.

Contraindication is only the 1st trimester of pregnancy.

Enhances the effect on the central nervous system alcohol, sleeping pills and tranquilizers.

Terfenadine (histadine)

In addition to antiallergic, it has a weak anticholinergic effect. It does not have a pronounced sedative effect.

Well absorbed when taken orally (bioavailability delivers 70%). The maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is observed after 60 minutes. It does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Biotransformed in the liver with the formation of fexofenadine, excreted in faeces and urine.

The antihistamine effect develops after 1-2 hours, reaches a maximum after 4-5 hours, and lasts for 12 hours.

Indications are the same as for other drugs in this group.

Assign 60 mg 2 times a day or 120 mg 1 time per day in the morning. The maximum daily dose is 480 mg.

In some cases, when taking this drug, the patient develops side effects such as erythema, fatigue, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, dry mucous membranes, galactorrhea (milk flow from the mammary glands), increased appetite, nausea, vomiting, in case of an overdose - ventricular arrhythmias.

Contraindications are pregnancy and lactation.

Azelastine (allergodil)

It blocks H1-histamine receptors, and also prevents the release of histamine and other allergy mediators from mast cells.

It is rapidly absorbed in the digestive tract and from the mucous membranes, the half-life is as long as 20 hours. Excreted as metabolites in the urine.

They are used, as a rule, for allergic rhinitis and.

When taking the drug, side effects such as dryness and irritation of the nasal mucosa, bleeding from it and taste disorders during intranasal use are possible; irritation of the conjunctiva and a feeling of bitterness in the mouth - when using eye drops.

Contraindications: pregnancy, lactation, children under 6 years of age.

Loratadine (lorano, claritin, lorizal)

Long-acting H1-histamine receptor blocker. The effect after a single dose of the drug lasts for a day.

There is no pronounced sedative effect.

When taken orally, it is absorbed quickly and completely, reaches a maximum concentration in the blood after 1.3-2.5 hours, and is half excreted from the body after 8 hours. Biotransformed in the liver.

Indications are any allergic diseases.

It is usually well tolerated. In some cases, dry mouth may occur, increased appetite, nausea, vomiting, sweating, joint and muscle pain, hyperkinesis.

Contraindication is hypersensitivity to loratadine and lactation.

Be wary appoint pregnant women.

Bamipin (soventol)

H1-histamine receptor blocker for local application. It is prescribed for allergic skin lesions (urticaria), contact allergies, as well as for frostbite and burns.

The gel is applied in a thin layer to the affected areas of the skin. After half an hour, it is possible to re-apply the drug.

Cetirizine (Cetrin)

Metabolite of hydroxyzine.

It has the ability to freely penetrate the skin and quickly accumulate in it - this leads to a rapid onset of action and high antihistamine activity of this drug. There is no arrhythmogenic effect.

It is rapidly absorbed when taken orally, its maximum concentration in the blood is observed 1 hour after ingestion. The half-life is 7-10 hours, but in case of impaired renal function, it is extended to 20 hours.

The spectrum of indications for use is the same as for other antihistamines. However, due to the characteristics of cetirizine, it is the drug of choice in the treatment of diseases manifested by skin rashes - urticaria and allergic dermatitis.

Take 0.01 g in the evening or 0.005 g twice a day.

Side effects are rare. This is drowsiness, dizziness and headache, dry mouth, nausea.

3rd generation antihistamines

These drugs are active metabolites (metabolites) of the previous generation. They are devoid of cardiotoxic (arrhythmogenic) effect, but retained the advantages of their predecessors. In addition, 3rd generation antihistamines have a number of effects that enhance their antiallergic activity, which is why their effectiveness in treating allergies is often higher than that of the substances from which they are produced.

Fexofenadine (Telfast, Allegra)

It is a metabolite of terfenadine.

It blocks H1-histamine receptors, prevents the release of allergy mediators from mast cells, does not interact with cholinergic receptors, and does not depress the central nervous system. It is excreted unchanged with feces.

The antihistamine effect develops within 60 minutes after a single dose of the drug, reaches a maximum after 2-3 hours, lasts for 12 hours.

Side effects such as dizziness, headache, weakness are rare.

Desloratadine (erius, edema)

It is an active metabolite of loratadine.

It has anti-allergic, anti-edematous and antipruritic effects. When taken in therapeutic doses, it practically does not have a sedative effect.

The maximum concentration of the drug in the blood is reached 2-6 hours after ingestion. The half-life is 20-30 hours. Does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Metabolized in the liver, excreted in the urine and feces.

In 2% of cases, against the background of taking the drug, headache, increased fatigue and dry mouth may occur.

In renal failure appoint with caution.

Contraindications are hypersensitivity to desloratadine. As well as periods of pregnancy and lactation.

Levocetirizine (Aleron, L-cet)

A derivative of cetirizine.

The affinity for H1-histamine receptors of this drug is 2 times higher than that of its predecessor.

Facilitates the course of allergic reactions, has anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic effect. Practically does not interact with serotonin and cholinergic receptors, does not have a sedative effect.

When taken orally, it is rapidly absorbed, its bioavailability tends to 100%. The effect of the drug develops 12 minutes after a single dose. The maximum concentration in blood plasma is observed after 50 minutes. It is excreted mainly by the kidneys. It is allocated with breast milk.

Contraindicated in hypersensitivity to levocetirizine, severe renal failure, severe galactose intolerance, deficiency of the lactase enzyme or impaired absorption of glucose and galactose, as well as during pregnancy and lactation.

Side effects are rare: headache, drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, nausea, dry mouth, muscle pain, palpitations.

Antihistamines and pregnancy, lactation

Therapy of allergic diseases in pregnant women is limited, since many drugs are dangerous for the fetus, especially in the first 12-16 weeks of pregnancy.

When prescribing antihistamines to pregnant women, the degree of their teratogenicity should be taken into account. All medicinal substances, in particular anti-allergic ones, are divided into 5 groups depending on how dangerous they are to the fetus:

A - special studies have shown that there is no harmful effect of the drug on the fetus;

B - when conducting experiments on animals, no negative effects on the fetus were found, special studies on humans have not been conducted;

C - animal experiments have revealed a negative effect of the drug on the fetus, but it has not been proven in relation to humans; drugs of this group are prescribed to a pregnant woman only when the expected effect exceeds the risk of its harmful effects;

D - the negative effect of this drug on the human fetus has been proven, however, its administration is justified in certain life-threatening situations for the mother, when safer drugs were ineffective;

X - the drug is certainly dangerous for the fetus, and its harm exceeds any theoretically possible benefit to the mother's body. These drugs are absolutely contraindicated in pregnant women.

Systemic antihistamines during pregnancy are used only when the expected benefit outweighs the possible risk to the fetus.

None of the drugs in this group is included in category A. Category B includes drugs of the 1st generation - tavegil, diphenhydramine, peritol; 2nd generation - loratadine, cetirizine. Category C includes allergodil, pipolfen.

Cetirizine is the drug of choice for the treatment of allergic diseases during pregnancy. Loratadine and fexofenadine are also recommended.

The use of astemizole and terfenadine is unacceptable due to their pronounced arrhythmogenic and embryotoxic effects.

Desloratadine, suprastin, levocetirizine cross the placenta, and therefore are strictly contraindicated for pregnant women.

With regard to the lactation period, the following can be said ... Again, uncontrolled reception of these drugs by a nursing mother is unacceptable, since no human studies have been conducted on the degree of their penetration into breast milk. If necessary, in these drugs, a young mother is allowed to take the one that is allowed to be taken by her child (depending on age).

In conclusion, I would like to note that even though this article describes in detail the most commonly used drugs in therapeutic practice and indicates their dosages, the patient should start taking them only after consulting a doctor!

Which doctor to contact

When acute symptoms allergies, you can consult a general practitioner or pediatrician, and then an allergist. If necessary, a consultation of an ophthalmologist, dermatologist, ENT doctor, pulmonologist is appointed.

Reading time: 18 min

Today we will talk about new antihistamines, latest generation, their list, how effective they are, pharmacological action, how to take, side effects and much more.

The prevalence of allergic diseases among the population is steadily increasing every year.

In order to stop the symptoms of allergies, improve well-being and completely eliminate the likelihood of severe and sometimes fatal complications, the use of antiallergic drugs is required.

Second generation antihistamines

There is no pronounced sedative effect and most of these drugs have a prolonged action, that is, they can be taken once a day.

The appointment of such drugs should be carried out with caution, as they have a cardiotoxic effect. That is, their intake is completely contraindicated for those who have a history of cardiovascular pathologies.

An example is a drug.

Pharmacological action of drugs

Antihistamines from the latter group are selective in their action - they act only on H1 - histamine receptors.

The anti-allergic effect on the body occurs due to several changes.

These medicines:

• They inhibit the production of mediators (including cytokines and chemokines) that affect systemic allergic inflammation;
• Reduce the total number and change the functioning of adhesion molecules;
• Reduce chemotaxis. This term refers to the release of leukocytes from the vascular bed and their penetration into the damaged tissue;
• Inhibit the activation of eosinophils;
• Prevent the production of superoxide radical;
• Reduce bronchial hypersensitivity.

All the changes that occur under the action of the latest generation of antihistamines lead to a decrease in the permeability of the walls of blood vessels. As a result, swelling, hyperemia, itching of the skin and mucous membranes disappear.

The absence of an effect on histamine receptors of types 2 and 3 determines the absence of pronounced side changes in the form of drowsiness and toxic effects on the heart muscle.

The latest anti-allergic drugs do not interact with choline receptors, and therefore patients are not bothered by dry mouth and blurred vision.

Due to the high anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect, antihistamines of the third group can be prescribed when necessary.

Possible side effects

Patients taking the latest generation of antihistamines rarely notice adverse reactions. But it cannot be said that they do not exist at all.

When treating with these drugs, the occurrence of:

• headaches;
• Increased fatigue;
• Periodic dizziness;
• Severe drowsiness or vice versa insomnia;
• hallucinations;
• tachycardia;
• Dryness in the mouth;
• Dyspeptic disorders in the form of nausea, colic and abdominal pain, vomiting;
• Pain in different muscle groups;
• Rash on the skin.

Very rare when long-term treatment developed hepatitis. With a predisposition to allergies, the likelihood of body itching, anaphylactic reactions, including Quincke's edema, is increased.

List of drugs

To antihistamines newest generation include:

• fexofenadine;
• Levocetirizine;
• cetirizine;
• Desloratadine;
• Hifenadine;

It must be remembered that the funds listed are also available under other names, but their main active ingredient does not change.

Norastemizol and a number of other drugs, which are still better known abroad, are under development.

Indications for use

The effectiveness of the treatment of allergies is largely determined by the correct selection of the drug, which must be entrusted to the doctor.

Third generation antiallergic medicines are used to treat patients with:

1. Seasonal and year-round;
2. Conjunctivitis that occurs under the influence of allergens;
3. contact dermatitis;
4. Urticaria of acute and chronic course;

The latest generation drugs can be used in the course and after the elimination of acute symptoms of anaphylactic shock, drug allergy, angioedema.

General contraindications to their appointment is considered only intolerance by the patient of the main or additional components of the drug.

Fexofenadine

The drug is available in two dosage forms. Tablets have a dosage of 30, 60, 120 and 180 mg.

The suspension contains 6 mg of the main anti-allergic substance in one ml.

Allergy symptoms begin to subside about an hour after oral ingestion.

The maximum effect begins to appear after 6 hours and then keeps at the same level during the day.

You should take the medicine, observing the following rules:

• Patients over 12 years of age need a daily dose of the drug at a dose of 120 and 180 mg. The tablet is drunk once a day, preferably at the same time.
• From 6 to 11 years, the daily dose is 60 mg, but it is recommended to divide it into two doses.
• The tablet does not need to be chewed. Drink it with one glass of clean water.
• The duration of therapy depends on the type allergic reaction and its expression.

Fexofenadine was successfully taken by a group of patients for a month or more without the development of symptoms of its intolerance.

The drug is best to cope with allergic rhinitis, it is recommended to prescribe it for hay fever, rashes on the body and urticaria.

Fexofenadine is not prescribed if the child is under 6 years of age. Caution in the treatment of this drug should be shown to those who have a history of renal or hepatic pathology.

The components of the drug pass into breast milk, and therefore it cannot be used during lactation.

How Fexofenadine acts on the course of pregnancy has not been clarified, therefore this remedy is prescribed to expectant mothers only in exceptional cases.

It is distinguished by the most rapid development of anti-allergic effects on the body - some patients note a decrease in allergy symptoms within 15 minutes after ingestion.

In most people taking the drug, improvement in well-being occurs after 30-60 minutes.

The maximum concentration of the main active substance is determined within two days. The drug passes into breast milk.

Levocetirizine is prescribed for the treatment different forms allergic rhinitis, the drug helps with, urticaria and.

Accept it, guided by the following rules:

• The tablet form is prescribed for children over 6 years of age and adults.
• Per day, you need 5 mg of the drug, which are contained in one tablet. It is drunk regardless of when a meal is planned, but the drug should definitely be washed down with a glass of water.
• The drug in drops from 6 years old is prescribed 20 drops per day. If the age of the child is less, then the dosage is selected depending on his weight.
• The duration of the course of treatment depends on the type and severity of the allergic reaction. Patients with pollinosis Levocetirizine can be prescribed for up to 6 months. In chronic allergies, the drug is sometimes continued for a year. In the event that possible contact with the allergen is expected, the medicine can be drunk within a week.

Levocetirizine is not prescribed in pediatric practice children under two years of age. Pregnancy is also considered a contraindication to its use. kidney failure severe degree, congenital pathologies carbohydrate metabolism.

For patients with impaired renal function, the dose of the drug is selected after passing the tests. In cases of mild to moderate pathology, a dose of 5 mg can be drunk once every two or three days.

Analogues of Levocetirizine are considered -, Alerzin, Aleron Neo, L-cet, Glenset, Zilola.

cetirizine

Available in the form of tablets, drops, syrup. The drug is a metabolite of hydroxyzine.

Cetirizine relieves itching well, so its action is optimal in the treatment of urticaria and itchy dermatoses.

The agent shows high efficiency in eliminating the symptoms of acute and chronic rhinitis caused by the influence of allergens, in particular ragweed.

The medicine eliminates the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis - lacrimation, itching, redness of the sclera.

The anti-allergic effect occurs after two hours and lasts for at least one day.

The drug is prescribed depending on the age of the patient:

Adjust the dose of the drug is necessary for patients with impaired renal function.

Cetirizine treatment is contraindicated during breastfeeding, with congenital disorders in the metabolism of carbohydrates, with individual hypersensitivity.

This medicine should be used with caution in those who have a history of epilepsy and convulsions.

During pregnancy, the drug is prescribed only in extreme cases.

The most famous analogues of Cetirizine include Rolinoz, Allertec, Amertil, Cetrinal.

Desloratadine

Available in tablet form and as a solution for oral administration.

When choosing pills for allergies, many people do not know which medicine will be the most effective and effective. The pharmaceutical market today offers a huge variety of medicines that can quickly relieve skin irritation, eliminate itching and burning. skin, remove the process of inflammation inside the body.

Modern third-generation antihistamines do not cause drowsiness, which is important for allergy sufferers who have to work. They are also safe during pregnancy, but only a doctor who will monitor the health of the expectant mother should prescribe them.

Good allergy pills contribute to the rapid removal of inflammation inside the body and a speedy recovery. Modern and effective antihistamines-metabolites do not have cardiotoxic effects, do not cause drowsiness. They are safely prescribed to young children.

Allergy medications are divided into three groups.

3rd generation antihistamines

cetirizine

A very effective drug that quickly removes all existing symptoms. Perfectly penetrates the skin, is not metabolized in the body. Long-term use of this drug in atopic dermatitis in children can reduce the risk of further development of atopic reactions.

A persistent therapeutic effect from the effects of the drug occurs within two hours after taking the medicine. For the treatment of allergies, it is enough to take only one tablet per day. It has a minimal sedative effect, it is prescribed with caution to patients with impaired renal function. The average price of the drug is 100 - 200 rubles

Cheap analogues of allergy pills Cetirizine - Cetrin, Zirtek, Letizen, Zodak, Parlazin. These drugs have the same therapeutic effect as Cetirizine.

Fexofenadine

The drug does not interact with other drugs, which distinguishes it from many allergy medications. It is a metabolite of terfenadine. It is not metabolized in the body, does not cause drowsiness and disturbances of psychomotor reactions at all. Absolutely safe remedy in the treatment of allergies. There are analogues of the drug - Fexofast, Telfast, Feksadin.

Very popular cheap pills from allergies. The drug has an affordable cost and is indicated for any age group. The effectiveness of the drug is much higher than that of metabolites. The drug produces a minimal sedative effect, does not interact with other drugs. Well tolerated by adults and children. The price is 15-20 rubles.

The most powerful analogue is Erius, but you should know that Erius is contraindicated during pregnancy. Also, cheap analogues of Loratadine include:

• Lorahexal,
• Desloratadine,
• Desal,
• lordestin,
• Clarotadine,
• lomilan,
• Claricens.

Dimethenden

In terms of its effect on the body, this drug is close to the first generation drugs. However, Dimethenden has a longer and active action.

It has a slight sedative effect, perfectly removes the symptoms of an allergic reaction, eliminates itching, burning, redness of the skin. The analogue of the drug is Fenistil.

First-generation drugs have recently been used rarely in the treatment of allergies, since these drugs produce a strong sedative effect, help to reduce muscle tone, do not have a prolonged action. When using first-generation drugs, a sick person may experience psychomotor agitation, and first-generation drugs should not be taken when driving, during training, or when working with complex mechanisms.

Some drugs cause severe drowsiness. These drugs should also not be taken with alcohol, because they increase its effect on the body.

Often, with long-term use of first-generation drugs, their effect may decrease, so the drugs need to be replaced with others after a certain period of time. In many countries, first-generation drugs have been discontinued.

1st generation allergy pills include:

• Chloropyramine;
• Tavegil;
• Diazolin;
• Peritol;
• Pipolfen;
• Diphenhydramine;
• Fenkarol;
• Suprastin.

However, some allergy pills during pregnancy can be prescribed to a woman under the supervision of a doctor, since they do not act on the walls of the uterus. When carrying a fetus, you can take Suprastin and Diazolin for allergies. Third generation drugs are not always prescribed to pregnant women.

Cell membrane stabilizers

Stabilizers are used in allergic rhinitis. The mechanism of action is based on the inhibition of histamine production in the body and the protection of mast cell membranes.

Ketotifen

The drug perfectly suppresses the allergic reaction, eliminating its symptoms. However, the therapeutic effect of this drug appears gradually. That is why the drug is prescribed for a long time, especially with manifestations of atopic dermatitis in children and adults. The drug is taken at night due to its hypnotic effect. A fairly affordable medicine at its cost.

When treating with Ketotifen, abrupt cancellation of the previous treatment is not desirable. Ketotifen is contraindicated during pregnancy and childhood before three years. It is metabolized in the liver and passes into breast milk, so a nursing woman should refrain from taking this drug. The cost of tablets is 60-80 rubles.

Intal

It has a membrane-stabilizing effect in the body and prevents the release of histamine. Available in various dosage forms. The drug helps to prevent the development of bronchospasm in case of allergies and can be used in the prevention of bronchial asthma.

Contraindications for use are pregnancy, lactation, age category up to 5 years. May cause minor side effects during treatment - dizziness, dry mouth, headache. Interacts with certain drugs that enhance its effect. Price 650 - 800 rubles. The analogues of the drug are:

• Vividrin,
• Bikromat,
• Ifiral,
• Cromosol,
• Cromogen,
• Lecrolin.

The drug blocks the entry of calcium ions into mast cells and stabilizes their membranes, preventing the production of histamine. Also prevents the release of prostaglandins, bradykinin and other biological substances. Especially effective in the prevention of allergies. Therapeutic effect occurs after several days of treatment. It is not metabolized in the body and does not interact with other drugs.

It is prescribed with caution during pregnancy and lactation. Contraindicated for children under two years of age.

Corticosteroids: an overview

Corticosteroid preparations are divided into two groups. They contain certain hormones that can reduce the inflammatory process and eliminate the allergic reaction. Corticosteroid agents are very effective in the treatment of various dermatological conditions and are often used in the treatment of allergies.

Celeston

Celeston can be used in tablets in the treatment of various kinds allergies, but in especially severe cases, it is prescribed by injection. The drug effectively removes all the symptoms of an allergic reaction, relieves inflammation of the skin, eliminates itching and burning of the skin. When taking the drug, it is important to observe the daily rhythm of the use of the drug and the correct dosage.

Florinef

This drug is effective in the treatment of various allergic reactions, including allergic eye diseases. Effective and neurodermatitis. Released by prescription. In the patient's body, the drug has a powerful anti-inflammatory effect, inhibits the breakdown of proteins.

With the simultaneous appointment of cardiac glycosides, it can enhance side effects. The effect of the drug is enhanced by alcohol and psychotropic drugs.

When taking this remedy, it is necessary to limit salt intake in the diet, take potassium in parallel and control glucose and potassium in the blood.

Allergy pills without sedation

Allergy pills that do not cause drowsiness are especially popular in the treatment of an allergic reaction. But these drugs also come at a high cost. These funds should be prescribed only by a doctor. Drugs that do not have a sedative effect include second and third generation drugs. The absence of drowsiness is caused by the gradual action of the drug in the body, resulting in decomposition into the active substance and the radical. Drugs that do not cause drowsiness are not available in injections. This group includes drugs such as:

Erius

An effective new generation drug that can cope with any allergic reaction, quickly eliminating its symptoms, allergic rhinitis and other manifestations of allergies. Active substance- desloratadine.

The drug must be taken at the same time. The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation. Children are appointed from three years. The price of the medicine is about 500 rubles.

Fenistil is so safe that it can be used even in childhood from one month. Produced for young children dosage form drug in drops. The tool is effective in the treatment of various skin reactions, eczema, neurodermatitis, insect bites. In the body, the drug shows its active effect after 45 hours. Most doctors recommend this particular drug in the treatment of allergies, thanks to its therapeutic effect. The drug quickly copes with allergic rhinitis, food and drug allergies.

These allergy pills on the skin have a prolonged action. The active substance of the drug is dimethindene maleate. Once in the body, the drug acts gradually, preventing the production of histamine. The total duration of the effect of the drug is about a day. The medicine has a low cost. The price in Moscow pharmacies is from 230 rubles.

Allergy pills without side effects

There are also drugs that do not cause side effects after taking them. Basically, these tablets belong to the latest generation of drugs. Ksizal and Telfast medicines are especially effective, which do not cause any side effects from all body systems.

Telfast

Telfast is recommended by doctors in especially severe cases of an allergic reaction. It is also prescribed for urticaria, dermatitis, neurodermatitis. The wide spectrum of action of the drug allows it to be used to eliminate the symptoms of various types of allergic reactions - from reactions to allergenic irritants to Quincke's edema.

The listed drugs should be prescribed only by the attending physician, who will establish the cause of the allergy and the allergen. It is necessary to select an effective drug for the treatment of the disease, taking into account the symptoms and characteristics of the disease. It is important that the drug quickly relieves itching and burning of the skin, eliminates redness of the skin, removes tearing, sneezing, allergic rhinitis and coughing. Price - 500-600 rubles.

Many expectant mothers are interested in what allergy pills can be taken during pregnancy? Any drug, of course, has its effect on the developing inside female body fetus. It is very important to choose exactly the drug for the treatment of allergies that will not have a negative impact on the unborn child and will minimize the possibility of developing pathologies.

The appointment of allergy pills to a pregnant woman helps to relieve allergic reaction syndromes and improve general condition health of the expectant mother. During pregnancy, a woman's body becomes most sensitive to a variety of allergen irritants.

By medical statistics the number of allergic reactions is steadily growing - this is associated with the constant deterioration of the environmental situation and a decrease in immunity in the conditions of civilization.

Suprastin perfectly relieves itching, accelerates the process of getting rid of skin rashes. This drug is approved for the treatment of infants (from 30 days of age), but the dosage should be selected on a strictly individual basis - the doctor will take into account the age and weight of the baby.

The considered antihistamine is used as a component of complex therapy against chickenpox(relieves itching), is part of the "troychatka" - a substance used to reduce body temperature.

Note:Suprastin is categorically contraindicated for use by pregnant women and women who are in the lactation period.

Tavegil

It is used in the same cases as suprastin. It has a long antihistamine effect - the effect persists for 12 hours. Tavegil does not cause a decrease in blood pressure, and its hypnotic effect is less pronounced than that of Suprastin.

In childhood, the drug in question is used from the age of 1 - babies are prescribed syrup, and children over 6 years old can also use tablets. The dosage is selected by the attending physician, taking into account the age and weight of the patient.

note:Tavegil is strictly prohibited for use during pregnancy.

Fenkarol

From this drug, the antihistamine effect is longer, since it not only blocks histamine receptors, but also triggers a specific enzyme that is able to utilize histamine. Fenkarol does not cause a hypnotic and sedative effect, it can be used as an antiarrhythmic agent.

The considered antiallergic drug is used to treat all types of allergies, it is especially valuable in the treatment. Fencarol is part of the complex therapy for parkinsonism, it is also used in surgery - they are given medical preparation for anesthesia.

In childhood, this drug is prescribed from 12 months, it is advisable to give babies a suspension that has an orange flavor. The dosage and duration of taking the drug is determined by the attending physician.

Note:Fenkarol is categorically contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy, and in the second and third trimesters it can be used to treat allergies only under the supervision of a specialist.

Fenistil

This drug is used to treat:

• all types of allergies;
• (relieves itching);

Fenistil causes drowsiness only at the very beginning of treatment, literally after a few days the sedative effect disappears. Fenistil has several side effects:

• severe dryness of the oral mucosa;
• muscle spasms.

Issued this remedy in the form of tablets, drops for children, gel and cream. Latest pharmacological forms Fenistila are used for insect bites, and.

Fenistil is prescribed for children with one month old in the form of drops, if the patient is older than 12 years, then he is prescribed tablets.

Note:during pregnancy, Fenistil can be used in the form of a gel and drops, from the second trimester such appointments can only take place if there are conditions that threaten the woman's life - Quincke's edema, acute food allergies.

Diazolin

It has a low antihistamine activity, but it has a lot of side effects:

• dizziness;
• cardiopalmus;
• frequent urination.

Diazolin also has a certain advantage - it does not cause drowsiness, therefore it can be prescribed to treat an allergic reaction in pilots and drivers. The duration of the antiallergic action of the drug in question is a maximum of 8 hours.

Diazolin can be prescribed for children from 2 years old, up to 5 years it is better to give children the drug in the form of a suspension, older ones can also be offered tablets.

Note:Diazolin is categorically contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Despite the fact that first-generation antihistamines have a lot of drawbacks, they are actively used in medical practice: each remedy is well studied, in most cases they are approved for use by children.

Second generation antihistamines

They are called non-sedative, have a pronounced antihistamine effect, the duration of which often reaches 24 hours. Such drugs are taken 1 time per day, do not cause drowsiness and impaired attention.

Most often, these funds are used to treat eczema, urticaria, Quincke's edema and hay fever. Often, second-generation antihistamines are used in treatment - they perfectly relieve itching. Distinctive advantage of the group under consideration medicines- they are not addictive. There is also a nuance in the use of second-generation antiallergic drugs - they are not recommended for older people and those who have a history of heart disease.

Loratadine

The drug acts selectively on histamine receptors, which allows you to achieve a quick effect. Produced in the form of tablets and syrup, it can be sold under the name "Claritin" or "Lomilan". The syrup is very easy to dose and give to children, and the effect of the drug begins to appear within an hour after consumption.

In childhood, Loratadin is prescribed from the age of 2, the dosage and duration of administration should be selected only by the attending physician.

Note:the antihistamine in question is not recommended for pregnant women early dates(up to 12 weeks). In extreme cases, the use of Loratadine must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist.

Kestin

The drug has a number of pronounced advantages:

• selectively blocks histamine receptors;
• does not cause drowsiness;
• the effect is noticeable within an hour after use;
• antiallergic effect persists for 48 hours.

In pediatric practice, Kestin has been used since the age of 12, but it can have a toxic effect on the liver and reduce heart rate.

Kestin is absolutely contraindicated in pregnancy.

Rupafin

The drug is most often used for treatment, after ingestion it is rapidly absorbed, and the simultaneous intake of food greatly enhances the effect of Rupafin.

The medicinal product in question is not used for children under 12 years of age and pregnant women. If the use of the drug in children who are breastfed is required, then this is possible only under strict medical supervision.

Antihistamines of the second generation fully meet the modern requirements that apply to medicines- have high efficiency, have a long-term effect, are easy to use. It should be remembered that such drugs should be used in a strictly prescribed dosage, because its excess leads to drowsiness and increased side effects.

Third generation antihistamines

It is worth mentioning right away that you can find the division of antihistamines into the third and fourth generation - it is very conditional and carries nothing but a beautiful, effective marketing slogan.

Antihistamines of the third generation are among the most modern, they do not have a sedative effect, they do not affect the functioning of the heart. Such funds are actively used to treat all types of allergies, dermatitis, even in children and people with a history of heart disease.

Allegra, Cetirizine, Xizal and Desloratadine - these drugs belong to the third generation antiallergic drugs. All these funds should be used with extreme caution by pregnant women - for the most part they are contraindicated. In addition, the prescribed dosage must be strictly observed, since its excess can result in headaches, dizziness and too frequent heartbeats.

Antihistamines should be prescribed by a doctor, he will also select the dosage, give recommendations on the duration of the course of treatment. If the patient violates the treatment regimen, then this can provoke not only the appearance of side effects, but also an increase in the allergic reaction.