Meibomian gland neoplasms in dogs. Eyelid tumors in dogs and cats: melanoma, sebaceous adenoma and other diseases Sebaceous hyperplasia in dogs

Text of the article and photo from the book
SMALL ANIMAL DERMATOLOGY
A COLOR ATLAS AND THERAPEUTIC GUIDE
KEITH A. HNILICA, DVM, MS, DACVD, MBA 2011

Translation from English. veterinarian Vasiliev AB

Peculiarities

nodular hyperplasia sebaceous glands, epithelioma of the sebaceous glands and adenoma of the sebaceous glands are benign tumors of the secretory cells of the sebaceous glands. They are common in older dogs with the highest incidence in Poodles, Cocker Spaniels, Miniature Schnauzers and Terriers (sebaceous adenoma/hyperplasia) and in Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, Siberian Huskies and Irish Terriers (sebaceous epithelioma). Benign sebaceous tumors are uncommon in older cats, with a possible predisposition in Persian cats. Sebaceous adenocarcinomas are rare malignant tumors of older dogs and cats. Among dogs, Cocker Spaniels are predisposed.

Benign sebaceous tumors in dogs and cats are usually solitary, firm, raised, cauliflower or warty in appearance, and vary from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. Lesions may be yellowish or pigmented, hairless, greasy, or ulcerated. Nodules with hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands can be multiple. Sebaceous adenocarcinomas tend to appear as solitary, hairless, ulcerated, or erythematous intradermal nodules less than 4 cm in diameter that invade subcutaneous tissue. Tumors of the sebaceous glands of dogs and cats occur most frequently on the trunk, paws, head and eyelids in dogs and on the head in cats.

Diagnosis

1 Distinct growth in the form of warts or cauliflower

2 Cytology:

Hyperplasia / adenoma of the sebaceous glands: Cells slough off in clusters and look similar to normal sebaceous gland cells with foamy pale blue cytoplasm and small dark nucleoli.

Epithelioma of the sebaceous glands: small, homogeneous, sometimes melanotic epithelial cells with a small amount of sebaceous gland cells.

sebaceous gland carcinoma: Extremely basophilic basal-type cells with nuclear and cellular pleiomorphism.

3 Dermatohistopathology:

Hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands: multiple enlarged mature sebaceous gland lobules with one peripheral layer of basalioid germ cells and a central duct. Mitotic figures are not observed.

Adenoma of the sebaceous glands: similar to hyperplasia, but with increased numbers of basalioid germ cells and immature sebaceous cells. Around the central duct, low mitotic activity and loss of organization are visualized.

Epithelioma of the sebaceous glands: multiple basalioid lobules epithelial cells interspersed with reactive collagenous tissue and secondary inflammation. Early high mitotic activity is observed. Scattered areas of sebaceous cell differentiation, squamous metaplasia, or melanization may be seen.

Adenocarcinoma of the sebaceous glands: poorly defined lobules of large epithelial cells with varying degrees of differentiation and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The nucleoli are large and mitotic activity is moderately high.

Treatment and prognosis

1 For benign tumors of the sebaceous glands of dogs and cats, observation without treatment is reasonable.

2 Surgical removal (laser ablation or cryosurgery) of benign sebaceous tumors is usually indicated and sufficient for cosmetically unacceptable tumors or tumors

that disturb the animal.

4 The prognosis is good. Benign tumors of the sebaceous glands of dogs and cats do not invade locally, do not metastasize, and rarely recur after surgical removal. Sebaceous adenocarcinomas locally infiltrate surrounding tissues and occasionally involve regional lymph nodes, but distant metastasis is rare.

Photo 1 Tumors of the sebaceous glands of dogs and cats. This sebaceous gland adenoma on the nose shows a characteristic "cauliflower" appearance.

Photo 2 Tumors of the sebaceous glands of dogs and cats. This sebaceous adenoma persisted for several years with little progression.

Photo 3 Tumors of the sebaceous glands of dogs and cats. This adenoma of the sebaceous glands auricle shows the characteristic size and shape of these tumors.

In dogs, neoplasms of the eyelids are very common. They are not highly invasive and, as a rule, are easily removed surgically, provided that the size of the neoplasm is insignificant. Eyelid neoplasms rarely give distant metastases, in this aspect they should be distinguished from conjunctival neoplasms, which often recur and metastasize (Fig. 1). Eyelid neoplasms occur mainly in dogs older than 6–8 years, regardless of gender. There is no particular breed predisposition. The most common are adenoma, papilloma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, histiocytoma.
The most common eyelid neoplasms are meibomian gland neoplasms, usually adenomas or adenocarcinomas.
The meibomian gland is a modified sebaceous gland of the skin that secretes a fat-like secret that is involved in the formation of the tear film necessary for the normal functioning of the cornea.

Meibomian glands are located in the thickness of the eyelid, in the region of the rib at a depth of about 3 mm from its edge. Their excretory ducts open directly on the edge of the eyelid.

Neoplasms of the meibomian glands arise in the gland itself, then the tumor tissue grows along the excretory duct of the gland and appears on the edge of the eyelid.
The source of the neoplasm is located in the thickness of the eyelid - in the meibomian gland itself. The tissue that appears above the surface of the eyelid rib is a small part of the neoplasm. This tissue causes irritation of the cornea, may bleed, ulcerate. Typical symptoms are blepharospasm, epiphora, conjunctival hyperemia. In severe cases, corneal vascularization and pigmentation are observed (Fig. 2).

Often the wrong decision of the veterinarian is to remove the protruding part of the tumor - it is simply cut off with scissors, which leads only to a temporary cosmetic elimination of the problem.

The only correct tactic in the treatment of these neoplasms is their complete removal immediately after detection. That is why it is so important to give Special attention neoplasms of small size and do not wait for the growth of their tissue.

The removal technique depends on the volume, nature of the neoplasm and its localization. If a neoplasm affects up to 30% of the eyelid length (Fig. 3), it is removed by wedge-shaped resection of the eyelid area (V-plasty) and does not require additional manipulations. Removal of 30% of the length of the eyelid does not affect its functionality. The cosmetic result is usually excellent or good (Fig. 4).

Removal is carried out either with scissors or a scalpel. To make precise, even cuts, it is convenient to use a special tool - a JAEGER plate (Fig. 5). After performing a wedge resection, the wound is sutured in two stages. The suture material used is thin - 5-0, 6-0. Internal sutures are made with absorbable material. For skin sutures, it is desirable to use monofilament suture material.

The eyelid rib is sutured with an intramarginal suture (Fig. 6). Such a suture allows minimizing the scar in the area of ​​the rib and preserving its function, and the knot from this suture will not come into contact with the cornea and irritate it. Postoperative care does not require much effort: local and systemic antibiotic therapy and the use of a protective collar. seams and protective collar removed on the 10-14th day.
If the neoplasm affects the eyelid by more than 50% of its length after its removal, the resulting defect must be compensated. For this, various options for reconstructive blepharoplasty are used. A similar case is shown in Figures 7, 8. The neoplasm was removed by wedge resection. As a result, an extensive defect was formed in the center of the upper eyelid and two areas appeared with a normal eyelid rib on the inner and outside palpebral fissure. The section of the eyelid rib from the outer side was transferred to the central part of the eyelid, and the defect in the area of ​​the outer edge of the eyelid was replaced with skin from the temple. Thus, it was possible to maintain the normal structure and function of the eyelid in the central, most important area and obtain a satisfactory cosmetic result (Fig. 9).

When removing the neoplasm, which is located in the area of ​​the medial canthus, a special technique is used (Fig. 10, 11). Removal of a large amount of tissue directly next to the rib requires additional reconstructive blepharoplasty. Otherwise, the defect creates a significant tissue tension and deforms the eyelid, changing its normal position relative to the cornea. The most commonly used so-called H-plasty (Fig. 12). After removal of the neoplasm, the defect is compensated with the help of nearby tissues (Fig. 13, 14).

There are some diseases that very often "walk" in pairs. They have similar symptoms, the same treatment, and by and large, one disease flows smoothly into another. and prostate adenoma is just such a case.

Excursion into the anatomy of the prostate gland in dogs

The prostate, or prostate gland, is a secretory organ located on either side of the bladder neck.

The genitourinary system of the dog.

His duties include the production of a secret, which dilutes the seminal ejaculate. In addition to the fact that the secret makes the ejaculate thinner, it also activates the spermatozoa, helping them to become more mobile, which in turn contributes to a better fertilization of the egg.

The secret enters the urogenital canal through many excretory ducts.

Norms

Normally, iron has a size of no more than a hazelnut, in a dog, whose weight is up to 10 kg . With age, the gland can grow and reach the size of an egg or even an apple.

Dogs weighing up to 10 kg have a gland no larger than a nut.

Causes of pathologies (adenoma and inflammation)

Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland, it can also lead to benign tissue growth (hyperplasia) or adenoma. In turn, growing, the gland can become infected, which will lead to inflammation.

If the prostate gland becomes inflamed, it leads to prostatitis.

Normally, the secretion of the gland has bactericidal properties, which suppress the infectious onset, but under the influence of various factors, this function ceases to be performed and pathogenic microorganisms increase their virulence, causing inflammation of the organ.

Thus, talking about only one pathology is not entirely correct, especially if the diagnosis is not carried out in full.

infections

Both infections and hormonal imbalance can lead to pathological processes, which often occurs in older animals.

Infections are more common in older dogs.

In young males, pathology can manifest itself as a result of a violation of embryonic development.

Symptoms of adenoma

The causes of the proliferation of gland cells are not fully understood.

An overgrowth of the gland can cause constipation in a dog.

However, experimentally, back in the middle of the last century, it was proved that testosterone mainly affects tissues, which is why castration of animals is recommended as a method of eliminating the source of the hormone. Pathology in non-castrated animals up to 4 years old was recorded within 6%, in dogs from 4 to 7 years old this figure is 15%, from 7 to 10-35%. But at the age of over 10 years, a benign growth of the gland is diagnosed in 90% of cases. That is why benign growth is not a serious pathology and requires intervention only in the presence of clinical signs.

1. When tissue grows, the blood supply is disrupted and blood is released into the lumen of the urethra. Blood droplets stain urine and ejaculate reddish, sometimes brown.
2. Gland enlargement causes pain , and they are reflected when the dog moves, which is why lameness occurs and, as it were, “tightening” of the limbs. Sometimes there is a "horse", stiff gait.
3. iron, according to their own anatomical features placed in a hard capsule, so growing, she squeezes her urethra which leads to urinary incontinence.
4. An overgrown gland can also compress the lumen of the rectum , as a result, constipation will be observed, and feces will stand out filiformly. At the same time, the act of defecation can be painful and cause anxiety in the dog.

Treatment of inflammation of the prostate in dogs

Treatment has been developed and with timely access to a specialist, the prognosis is favorable.

Since inflammation and adenoma go together, then for any symptomatology, treatment is prescribed in a complex manner and includes the use of fluoroquinolones, antibiotics and progestogens.

Antibiotics are prescribed for treatment.

Inflammation of the prostate gland cannot be cured with antibiotics that quickly leave the body, and metabolites do not act on the genitourinary system. Only those antibacterial agents that linger in the gland for a long time and create a persistent antibacterial effect are able to suppress the infection and help relieve inflammation.

In addition, the volume of the gland must be brought to anatomical norms and progestogens help with this.

Antibacterial agents

If it is not possible to sow swabs from the urethra and identify the sensitivity of the microflora to antibiotics in a veterinary laboratory, then they resort to the help of broad-spectrum drugs.

For a medium-sized dog (up to 10 kg), it is enough to apply a quarter of a tablet ciprofloxacin . You can feed the drug in a mixture with food in the morning and evening. In the absence of this drug, you can use enrofloxacin, clindamycin, marbofloxacin, trimethaprim .

A quarter tablet of Ciprofloxacin is intended for small dogs.

The course of treatment for prostatitis cannot be less than 2 months. Even Clinical signs disappeared and your pet is cheerful and cheerful, the treatment must be continued. When the process is running, the course of treatment can be extended up to 2.5 months.

Antiandrogen therapy

Megestrol acetate should be given daily to the dog.

The use of hormonal, antiandrogenic therapy is mandatory. Drugs that block the effect of the hormone on prostate cells will allow the glandular tissue to return to the anatomical and physiological norm.

Treatment with these drugs also can not pass quickly. Daily administration of the drug in small doses will slowly but smoothly bring the body to an optimal state.

If the appointment was made by a doctor after a comprehensive examination, then subcutaneous administration of the drug at home does not, as a rule, cause problems.

You can resort to oral dacha medicines. Among these are recommended: chlormadinone acetate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate . If the choice fell on megesterone acetate, then the dose is calculated per kilogram of animal weight and is 0.5 mg / kg. Set medicine required daily for two months.

Drugs in this group do not affect spermatogenesis and do not change the function of the gland, but slowly and confidently bring it back to normal.

knitting

If the dog is valuable, as a carrier of pedigree qualities, and it needs to be prepared for mating, they resort to treatment with finasteride. The drug is administered orally at a dose of 0.1-0.5 mg / kg of body weight. The course of treatment lasts up to 4 months.

The drug Finasteride is used to treat dogs that are preparing for mating.

Video about prostate adenoma in dogs

Dogs from A to Z Rychkova Yuliya Vladimirovna

Tumors of the perianal glands (perianal adenomas)

This is a fairly common disease. The glands are affected only in males. External signs These neoplasms are multiple tumors with no hair, located around the anus. Due to this typical location, diagnosing this type of tumor is quite simple.

Over time, deep fistulas with necrosis and purulent secretions which poses the greatest risk in this disease. It should also be noted that perianal adenomas interfere with dog stools and may block anus which will lead to intoxication.

With surgical intervention, the effect is practically not observed, adenomas reappear. This is due to the fact that perianal neoplasms occur due to an imbalance of hormones in the dog's body. In sick animals, there is an excess of male sex hormones (androgens).

Abscess of the anal gland

Most often, an excess of sex hormones can indicate hyperplasia of the cells that produce these hormones or a testicular tumor.

At proper treatment and subsequent regular administration of female sex hormones (estrogens), the ulcerated surface of the skin epithelizes, the tumor nodes decrease, and the smallest ones resolve, relapse does not occur when large neoplasms are removed.

Treatment of perianal adenomas is reduced to castration of the male, removal of large tumor nodes and the subsequent administration of the female sex hormone sinestrol at 1 mg per 5 kg of the dog daily. Well hormonal treatment is established by a veterinarian and lasts at least 3-4 months.

When diagnosing near-anal adenomas, it is worth remembering that a dog may not have a tumor at all, but an abscess of the anal gland. In this case, only one or two (depending on whether only one or both glands are clogged) swelling is formed, which can also ulcerate when the process is running. Clinical picture abscess and adenoma differs, it is especially noticeable on palpation. Adenomas do not cause pain, but an abscess does pain at the dog.

Inflammation of the paraanal glands Near the external opening of the rectum, under the skin, at about four and eight hours of the conventional dial, there are anal glands that normally perform several functions: their secret softens the passage stool during a bowel movement

Perianal fistulas Fistulas are functioning purulent passages and wounds in the perianal skin. The internal opening is in the anorectal canal. It usually occurs in German Shepherds. The symptoms are similar to those of an anal sac abscess. Usually treatment

Tumors of the perianal glands (perianal adenomas) This is a fairly common disease. The glands are affected only in males. The external signs of these neoplasms are multiple tumors with no hair, located around the back

Breast tumors As a rule, malignant tumors of the mammary gland are observed in females, although sometimes there are cases when they develop in males. Dogs aged 6 years and older get sick, not a single case of development

Tumors of the mammary glands As a rule, malignant tumors of the mammary gland are observed in female Central Asian Shepherd Dogs, although sometimes there are cases when they develop in males. Dogs aged 6 years and older get sick, not a single one is registered.

Inflammation of the eyes and lacrimal glands Commonly referred to as inflammation of the eyes, the disease is most commonly an inflammation of the conjunctiva. eyeball.The cause of eye inflammation is usually a bacterial infection, but sometimes it is combined with

Diseases of the endocrine glands Violation of the functioning of the endocrine glands occurs due to an unbalanced diet for nutrients, complications after infectious

Inflammation of the anal glands Sometimes the dog sits on hind legs and, pressing the anus to the floor or to the ground, moves with the help of the front paws. She has visibly painful stools. She may bite her anus to relieve itching. Dog owners tend to

Inflammation of the lacrimal glands This disease is often the result of inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eyeball. Treatment is carried out with the help of ointments prepared on the basis of antibiotics. Medicines are prescribed according to the doctor's prescription. After the course of treatment in birds

Inflammation of the anal and circummanal glands Often, inflammation of the paraanal glands begins as a result of injury. It is accompanied by the appearance of protrusions on the side of the anus in the lateral and middle parts of the perineum. The cause of the disease may be

Tumors of the perianal glands (perianal adenomas) This is a fairly common disease. The glands are affected only in males. The external signs of these neoplasms are multiple tumors with no hair, located around the back

Mammary tumors As a rule, malignant tumors of the mammary gland are observed in bitches, although sometimes there are cases when they develop in males. Dogs aged 6 years and older get sick, not a single case of development

What tumors are most common in dogs?

In dogs, the most common neoplasms are on the eyelids. The tumor can develop in any area of ​​the eyelid. Most common benign tumor century - meibomian gland adenoma. The cells of this unique gland produce a lubricant that prevents tear fluid from evaporating from the surface of the eyeball. Meibomian gland adenoma occurs as single or multiple formations.

Meibomian gland adenoma on the upper eyelid. Metis, 7 years old.

Meibomian gland adenoma is a benign tumor, but if it long time if not operated on, it can degenerate into a malignant neoplasm - melanoma, which can threaten the life of the animal.

Melanoma on upper eyelid due to degeneration of the meibomian gland. Dog German Shepherd, 9 years.

Other tumors can also develop on the eyelids of dogs: adenomas of the sebaceous glands, which are observed in older dogs; melanomas and papillomas.

In addition to eyelid tumors, intraocular and retrobulbar (rear eye) neoplasms are quite common in dogs. Tumors of the vascular membrane predominate among intraocular tumors. They develop quite quickly, germinate all the shells of the eye and lead it to the gobel in a matter of weeks. Retrobulbar neoplasms are mostly malignant and often move to the walls of the orbit, causing their destruction. In dogs, the following, but not 100%, correlation can be traced - the older the animal, the higher the risk of malignancy.

What neoplasms are most common in cats?

In older cats, the most common neoplasm is melanoma - malignant tumor, which develops from pigment cells that produce melanin. Usually it is a dark-colored neoplasm with jagged edges. Pigmentless light melanomas also occur. Its characteristic feature is the tendency to decay.

Pigmentless melanoma of the iris. Cat, 10 years old.

Melanoma is characterized by rapid and early metastasis (from 2 months or more). Metastases spread by blood can occur in any organ, but the lungs, liver, brain, and adrenal glands are commonly affected.

How is a tumor diagnosed?

Diagnosis of tumors and organs of vision requires a particularly careful approach. For accurate diagnosis of intraocular and retrobulbar tumors, many various methods examinations. In addition to standard biomicroscopy and eye examination, intraocular pressure is measured.

Neoplasm of the lower eyelid.

Reformation of the third century.

An enlarged or protruding eye can be both with glaucoma and with a tumor. To exclude glaucoma, intraocular pressure is measured by two methods - using the Tonovet device and the Maklakov tonometer. With glaucoma, intraocular pressure is always elevated, and with tumors, intraocular pressure is within the normal range.

It needs urgent removal to save a life. Returned late.

• To clarify the size of the localization and density of the neoplasm, an ultrasound examination of the eye is necessary. Ultrasound also helps to differentiate neoplasms from various intraocular or postorbital inflammatory diseases.
• If a postorbital tumor is suspected, an x-ray of the orbit and x-ray of the lungs are performed. An x-ray of the orbit shows the involvement of the bone walls of the orbit in the tumor process.
• x-ray chest necessary to exclude metastases in the lungs (it is in the lungs that metastases most often penetrate in case of tumors of the organs of vision in animals)
• ultrasound abdominal cavity also needed to detect secondary tumors internal organs(liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys)

Intraocular neoplasm.

What should you do if your animal has a neoplasm of the eyelid?

As soon as possible, you need to come to the doctor - an ophthalmologist. Tumor treatment is surgical removal. V-eyelid plasty is being performed. It is very important to perform complete removal of the tumor, including the growth zone. If only the upper part of the tumor is removed, and the “leg” is left, then a tumor of a much larger size will grow in the same place after a short time. After the operation, it is advisable to send the neoplasm for a histological examination to confirm the diagnosis and the possibility of further prognosis.

Figure 1. V-eyelid plasty. A) B) removal of the affected area of ​​the eyelid; C) suturing of a skin defect; D) eyelid after healing.

How to treat an eye tumor?

The only way to combat ophthalmo-oncology is surgery! Neoplasms of the conjunctiva, cornea and third eyelid are successfully operated on and do not require removal of the eye. In cases where the neoplasm has an intraocular localization, in most cases it is necessary to resort to enucleation (removal of the eyeball). If a neoplasm is suspected, surgical intervention recommended as soon as possible. Otherwise, metastasis to internal organs is possible.

You can still save the eye by removing only the tumor, as the owners applied on time.

How to prevent neoplasms?

All animals older than 5 years must be taken to an ophthalmologist once every six months for preventive examination. The sooner a neoplasm is diagnosed and operated on, the more likely it is to save the life of the animal.

Even such a slight change in eye color can be a severe tumor with a high risk of metastasis.

Come to us for a consultation WITH ANYONE even a minor pathology, OTHERWISE IT WILL BE LATE!