What does a dermatologist treat in women. Who is a dermatologist and what does he do? Does a private dermatologist come to the house

Who is a dermatologist? First of all, this is a certified specialist in the field of medicine, namely in dermatology. doctor treat various diseases that are directly related to the skin. But, in addition to this, a dermatologist can treat other pathologies that bother the patient.

Often, a doctor is treated with a fungal infection of the hair or nail plates.

Competence of a dermatologist

If there are diseases in which the skin is affected, it is urgent to contact the clinic to a dermatologist. Please note that the dermatologist is engaged in the treatment of the patient only in medical institutions. You should not ask a doctor you know on the street what I have. Such a specialist will not be able to make an accurate diagnosis.

In order for the dermatologist to be able to determine the cause and severity of the disease, it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination of the patient using medical equipment. The doctor conducts additional methods examinations in a polyclinic or outpatient clinic in order to confirm the diagnosis. This is how a qualified doctor with higher medical education works.

In addition to this examination, the competence of the doctor includes additional measures with the patient.

A skin allergy test is used. This will allow the doctor to identify allergies to medications. If this is not done, the patient may develop a serious allergy or other side effect, which is a complication of the underlying dermatological disease.

The doctor can also individually deal with the patient about the arrangement of the correct lifestyle. In particular, this applies to nutrition. Your doctor will help you decide on a diet, if necessary in your case. Answers questions about this disease, and will also give good advice and recommendations. All these requirements must be met by a dermatologist.

What tests does a dermatologist prescribe? The list of laboratory studies is extensive. Therefore, we present only a few analyses. After all, with every disease, it is prescribed different type examinations.

May appoint:

Standard examination: blood and urine, blood test from a vein.
Allergological panel Ig G.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE).
Tests for herpetic infections.
Allergy screening.
Scrapings from the affected area.

In addition, if necessary, the doctor conducts diagnostic examination. What does a doctor do in terms of diagnosis? As a rule, each disease is assigned its own diagnosis. Therefore, it is impossible to say exactly which diagnostic method will be used. One or more methods are assigned.

Cytology

With the help of such an examination, the doctor reveals the structure of the cells. Often prescribed for skin cancer or blistering dermatoses.

PCR

Complete diagnosis of the skin for the presence of infection.

Histology

A sample is taken and a skin biopsy is analyzed. This is necessary for a clear diagnosis.

Immunofluorescent study

Identification of autoimmune diseases.

In addition, if necessary, diagnostics of diseases of the liver, pancreas and rheumatoid factor are carried out.

All methods of examination of the patient will help to make the correct diagnosis and prescribe the necessary treatment.

What diseases does a dermatologist treat?

Many patients are interested in the question: what to treat a dermatologist, does he have a certain range of diseases or not? Let's answer right away that there is no definite circle. The doctor treats all diseases that are directly related to the human skin.

Therefore, we cannot list all diseases, since this list is very extensive.

What to treat a dermatologist: common diseases?

Diverse kind. it inflammatory disease skin, which occurs under the influence of chemical, bacteriological and other factors.

Balanoposthitis - inflammatory process, which flows to foreskin and head of the penis. This disease often occurs in children.

Warts are benign growths on the skin. This disease has a viral etiology, so it is difficult to treat.

The doctor treats gonorrhea, with such a disease, the mucous membranes of the organs are damaged, which in turn are lined with a cylindrical epithelium.

Psoriasis and leprosy or Hansen's disease are common dermatological diseases. The doctor with such ailments conducts a system of treatment according to the scheme. It is worth noting that Hansen's disease is an ailment that is caused by mycobacterium Leprosy. Therefore, with such a disease, the nervous system and the skin are affected. The doctor involved in the treatment of such an ailment conducts complex treatment.

A dermatologist also treats such diseases as:

ichthyosis;
candidiasis;
urticaria;
various forms of lichen;
skin cancer;
syphilis;

As you have noticed from some written diseases, a doctor can treat not only skin diseases. The doctor also helps to cure diseases that occur on the mucous membranes, treats diseases of the hair and nails.

Young parents are interested in the question: is there a pediatric dermatologist who can cure a child?

In principle, there is no pediatric dermatologist. In the conditions of a polyclinic, “children's dermatologist” is currently written on the cabinets. Basically the same doctor. But, a pediatric dermatologist, undergoes an additional short pediatric course. That's why they call it a pediatric dermatologist.

When is it necessary to go to the doctor?

If the following signs appear on the skin, it is a reason for an urgent appeal to a dermatologist.

Violation of the natural color of the skin.
Increased oiliness of the skin.
Dryness.
The presence of neoplasms on the epidermis.
Puffiness.
Pimples, spots, blackheads.
Rash.
Cracks, wrinkles on the skin.
The formation of "bags".
Vascular stars.
Cellulite.

All the above diseases and other dermatological manifestations are treated by a doctor in both women and men and children. It is with these symptoms that you need to seek help from a doctor.

Now you know what is within the competence of the doctor, what heals and when to turn to him.

Video, Fungal infections

Since some venereal diseases are characterized by lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, the dermatologist's competence also includes the treatment of venereal diseases.

Since the skin, which performs a respiratory and protective function, reflects a variety of changes in the external environment and work internal organs, with persistent changes in the epithelium, it is advisable to visit a dermatologist.

Diseases of the skin and mucous membranes can be the result of damage to internal organs or infectious diseases, so a dermatologist can refer the patient to doctors of other specialties (to, etc.).

In addition, a dermatologist deals with the treatment of malignant skin diseases.

What does a dermatologist treat in adults?

A dermatologist treats:

Epidermophytosis - contagious (contagious) infection, which occurs when fungi of the genus dermatophytes are affected. Inguinal epidermophytosis is distinguished, which is caused by the fungus Epidermophyton inguinale, as well as epidermophytosis of the feet, which occurs when the fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes is affected. With inguinal epidermophytosis, the femoral-scrotal folds, the inner surface of the thighs, the pubis and armpits are affected (with advanced disease or obesity of the patient, the pathological process may affect the skin of the chest and abdomen). With epidermophytosis of the feet, not only the skin of the foot, but also the nails are affected. Both types of fungi are very contagious, and since they prefer high humidity and elevated temperature, infection often occurs when visiting a bath, pool, etc.
Trichophytosis or " ringworm"- fungal diseases that cause fungi of the genus Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. Fungi are transmitted from a sick person or animal through direct contact, the use of shared clothing and other items. The fungus affects the skin, including under the hairline, and in some cases affects the nails. Signs of the disease are reddish ring-shaped itchy spots, damage to the hair roots and hair loss in the anterior region of the skull.
Microsporia (a type of "ringworm") is a contagious disease of animals and humans, which is caused by fungi of the genus Microsporum. The fungus mainly affects the skin and hair, but sometimes the lesion can also affect the nail plates. The causative agent of the infection is transmitted from sick animals to humans with fungal hair that has fallen on care items, etc. The pathogen can be transmitted from person to person with hats and household items.
Multicolored lichen, which occurs when the fungus Malassezia furfur is affected. The fungus normally lives on the skin of humans and animals, but with increased sweating and a change in the pH of the sweat-fat mantle, it affects the mouths of the follicles and the stratum corneum of the epidermis, forming spots on the skin (on the skin of a light shade a spot of the shade of coffee with milk, on the dark - a whitish shade). In most cases, the disease is not contagious.
Rubrophytosis is the most common contagious fungal disease (80-90% of all mycoses of the feet), which affects smooth skin, nails and vellus hair. The causative agent of the disease is the fungus Trichophyton rubrum, which is transmitted from person to person in conditions of high humidity (baths, pools, etc.) and with the help of common household items.
Scab (favus) is a fungal disease that, when the scalp or skin is affected, forms a hard crust. With this disease, nails are also affected, damage to internal organs is possible. The disease can have a scutular form (accompanied by dry hair, loss of their luster and elasticity, baldness), a squamous form (accompanied by diffuse peeling, tiny scutulae may be present) and an impetiginous form, in which yellow-brown crusts form. Infection occurs through contact with a sick person or through the use of common household items.
Candidiasis, which is caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida with endocrine disorders, hypovitaminosis, gastrointestinal diseases and personal hygiene. The fungus is part normal microflora oral cavity, vagina and colon, multiplying in large numbers only when immunity is weakened.
Deep mycoses (blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis, sporotrichosis, etc.), which are located in the skin and underlying tissues, affecting the internal organs.
- a contagious disease in which the skin is affected by streptococci and staphylococci. The disease can be primary (occurs when pathogenic strains get on the skin in the presence of microtraumas or softening of the skin under the influence of liquid (maceration)) and secondary (it is a complication of dermatoses). With streptococcal lesions, slight reddening of the skin and foci with small-lamellar peeling (dry pyoderma) are observed. A variety of streptococcal impetigo are streptococcal seizures, which often occur in children.
Papilloma - benign tumor-like formations of the skin and mucous membranes, which are warty in nature. The formation of papillomas occurs when the human papillomavirus (HPV) is affected against the background of a decrease in immunity. Infection occurs by contact, the virus is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person in the presence of skin lesions (usually this is the spread of vulgar, filiform and flat warts) or sexually (genital warts, which are rarely transmitted by household). The virus often enters the body in childhood.
Herpes is a viral disease characterized by a rash in the form of grouped vesicles located on the skin and mucous membranes. Caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Contact with the first type of virus in almost all people occurs by the 18th month of life. The virus usually enters the body through the respiratory tract, after which it enters the trigeminal nerve and in the cells of the ganglion it remains in a latent form for an indefinitely long period. The herpes virus type 2 enters the body sexually, and also goes into a latent form in the cells of the sacral ganglion. Activation of the virus is provoked by impaired immunity, stressful situations and other diseases.

A dermatologist also treats non-contagious inflammatory skin diseases:

Eczema, which is accompanied by a rash and itching and can occur in acute or chronic form. Occurs under the influence of external (thermal, mechanical, etc.) and internal (gastrointestinal disease, etc.) factors. It can be true (idiopathic), microbial, mycotic, seborrheic, professional, childish, varicose and sycosiform.
Neurodermatitis is a chronic disease that occurs as a result of a violation in the functioning of the nervous system, with metabolic disorders and diseases of internal organs. Harmful factors also provoke the disease environment. Neurodermatitis is accompanied by severe constant itching, infiltration and, its redness and the presence of a rash or lesions with epidermal-dermal papules.
Allergic dermatitis resulting from contact with an allergen (allergic contact dermatitis, atopic and drug-induced dermatitis) or natural skin irritants (simple contact and actinic dermatitis).
Urticaria - skin diseases in the form of pale pink itchy blisters that quickly appear on the skin after a person comes into contact with an allergen (reminiscent of a nettle burn).
Seborrhea is a painful chronic skin condition that occurs as a result of increased sebum secretion associated with impaired nervous and neuroendocrine regulation of functions. sebaceous glands and etc.

scabies caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei;
demodicosis, which is caused by the mite Demodex follikulorum;
pediculosis, which occurs when lice are affected;
leishmaniasis caused by mosquito bites;
strongyloidiasis, which is caused by worms of the genus Strongyloides, etc.

Pediatric dermatologist

Since the skin of children is more delicate, and on the outer and internal factors the child reacts more sharply, inflammatory processes on the child's skin require consultation of a pediatric dermatologist.

A pediatric dermatologist treats:

inflammatory and pustular skin diseases (diaper rash, etc.);
dermatitis ( common cause referral to a doctor is atopic dermatitis);
fungal skin lesions ("ringworm" in most cases is observed in children);
acne (youthful acne);
various diseases of the hair and scalp;
fungal and non-fungal nail diseases.

Dermatologist-cosmetologist

A cosmetologist-dermatologist is a doctor who has medical education, thanks to individual means treatments are selected after diagnosing the condition of the skin and hair.

A dermatologist-cosmetologist treats a variety of skin and hair diseases, and also eliminates minor skin defects (acne, papillomas, spider veins, moles).

It is this specialist who helps to eliminate skin defects with the help of peelings, cryotherapy and other methods, and also performs rejuvenation procedures. skin.

If the malignancy of the detected neoplasm is suspected, the procedures are postponed, since the patient needs additional diagnostics, which is performed by a dermatologist-oncologist.

Dermatologist-oncologist

Since the prevalence of skin cancer worldwide has increased by 400 times in 80 years, in most cases a consultation is necessary before the removal of skin neoplasms.

A dermatologist-oncologist determines the degree of goodness of a neoplasm using a dermatoscope, which allows you to multiply the area under study. The doctor examines the symmetry, structure and appearance neoplasms. If malignancy is suspected, additional morphological studies are carried out.

When to See a Dermatologist

Consultation with a dermatologist is necessary for people who:

rashes of any shade and shape appeared on the skin;
there is swelling of the skin, which is accompanied by itching;
pustules or boils appeared;
there are numerous moles or there are moles that change in size, shape and shade;
papillomas formed;
the skin turns red and flaky, weeping inflamed areas form;
there are acne, the skin is too oily or dry.

You should also make an appointment with a dermatologist in case of changes in the nail plates, the appearance of cracks in the feet, hair loss, skin itching, which intensifies at night.

Stages of a medical consultation

Dermatologist visit includes:

study of patient complaints and medical history;
visual examination, which allows in most cases to make a diagnosis;
referral for additional examination (if necessary).

Because the skin rashes may be a symptom of diseases of the internal organs, a dermatologist may refer the patient for a consultation with other specialists.

An appointment with a dermatologist is carried out in a polyclinic or in a dermatological and venereal dispensary at the place of main registration, but it is also possible to visit this specialist in private clinics.

Since the patient is not always able to visit a doctor in the clinic (inconvenient work schedule, bedridden patient, etc.), it is possible to call a dermatologist at home. A dermatologist will also come to your home in case skin diseases with a child, as with small children it is difficult to stand in lines.

Diagnostics

Although in most cases the dermatologist makes the correct diagnosis, focusing on the clinical picture of the disease, additionally carried out:

scraping from the affected area and microscopic examination of the material, which allows to identify the causative agent of the disease;
diascopy, which allows you to examine the elements of the rash and establish their true color by pressing on these elements with a glass slide or lens;
analysis for PCR or Digene-test for the HPV virus;
ELISA - a method that helps to identify antibodies to the causative agent of the disease;
video dermatoscopy, which allows non-invasive diagnosis of skin diseases, precancerous conditions and skin tumors at the initial stage of their development.

If a tumor is suspected to be malignant, a dermatologist takes a part of the tissue from the tumor mass for morphological examination (if melanoma is suspected, the tumor is removed entirely).

Treatment methods

A dermatologist prescribes treatment, focusing on the type of disease and its pathogen.

In the presence of fungal infections, the dermatologist prescribes antimycotic drugs for external use (ointments "Mikospor", "Clotrimazole", etc.), and in case of serious inflammatory processes - combined preparations combining antimycotics and corticosteroid hormones. In severe lesions, systemic antifungal therapy (Griseofulvin, etc.) is prescribed.

With viral lesions, the dermatologist prescribes antiviral drugs (Groprinosin, Panavir, etc.) and vitamins.

If there are papillomas, a dermatologist can remove them with:

laser;
radio waves (apparatus "Surgitron");
liquid nitrogen.

Electrocoagulation and removal with a scalpel is now rarely used.

For bacterial lesions, ointments containing an antibiotic are prescribed, or general treatment antibiotic in combination with vitamin therapy.

One of the most requested medical professionals is a dermatologist. What does a dermatologist do, what does he treat? What issues should be addressed? When is a visit required? How is the reception going? Questions like these are often asked by people different ages, which is not accidental. A dermatologist is a specialist in charge of human skin.

This is a highly qualified specialist involved in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and pathologies of the skin, as well as hair, nails, mucous membranes, sweat and sebaceous glands. In his competence is the widest range of various diseases and conditions of the skin. What does this doctor treat? From hives and reactions to mosquito bites to various forms of lichen, psoriasis and leprosy.

medical profession The dermatologist has over 10 narrow specializations. In the state of large clinics and medical centers, as a rule, a sufficient number of professionals. There is a dermatologist in the district clinics general practice or a dermatologist-venereologist. These specialists should be contacted in cases of skin problems.

A dermatologist-venereologist is a narrower specialist. He is engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of not only the above diseases, but also sexually transmitted infections. Including the diagnosis of HIV infection and AIDS. In district clinics, he also sees patients suffering from non-communicable skin diseases.

You should not postpone a visit to a specialist if a teenager:

rash, itching, peeling of the skin of unknown origin;
acne and other cosmetic abnormalities;
increased sweating;
problems with hair and nails;
the skin is unnaturally bright or pale in color.

A trichologist is a doctor who specializes in the hair and scalp. What does he treat?

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Diseases of the scalp, hair loss, their brittleness and dull appearance and other shortcomings are the reason for a visit to this doctor. It will help men fight baldness, and women - always have a beautiful and well-groomed hairstyle. The trichologist solves not only aesthetic problems, it is worth contacting him in such serious cases as:

alopecia (baldness);
persistent persistent dandruff;
premature graying;
various types of lichen;
progressive fragility of hair;
mycosis;
lupus erythematosus;
pediculosis.

Mycologist - deals with the diagnosis and treatment of fungal diseases of the skin, nails, mucous membranes. First of all, this is a good specialist dermatologist who deals with accurate diagnosis of skin diseases. After conducting a series of studies, he will confirm or deny the presence of a fungal infection in the patient, prescribe the necessary treatment. The most common reason for contacting this specialist is mycosis and onychomycosis. Fungal infections of the skin are called mycoses, and nails are called onychomycosis. The spectrum of these diseases is quite wide. And they all need qualified and competent treatment. This is what a dermatologist-mycologist does.

A dermatologist-surgeon is a specialist whose competence includes:

removal of various skin neoplasms (moles, warts, papillomas, etc.);
treatment and dressing of wounds, bites, ulcers, burns.

In modern clinics, surgeons widely use such progressive methods of treatment as cryodestruction, electrocoagulation, removal of neoplasms with a laser, etc.

A dermatologist-cosmetologist works at the intersection of two professions and deals not only with aesthetic problems and skin imperfections, but also with the prevention of various pathologies. These include:

dermatitis;
premature aging and wilting of the skin;
teenage problems acne, acne);
cellulite;
scars and scars after injuries and surgical interventions.

What happens in the specialist's office?

When you sign up for an appointment with a specialist, you need to perform some simple steps. A day before the visit, refuse cosmetics on the affected areas of the face. Do not eat spicy, fatty, sweet food. It is necessary to exclude alcohol, situations that injure inflamed skin. For example, combing, tight clothing, exposure to chemicals or sunlight.

If a contagious, easily transmitted human disease is suspected, it is necessary to limit communication with loved ones. This is especially true for young children and elderly people with weakened immune systems.

It is not necessary to treat the affected areas with brilliant green, potassium permanganate or other preparations. When contacting a dermatovenereologist, do not use antibiotics and other potent drugs the day before. This may skew the test results. It will not be superfluous to have them for the last six months. A list of medications used by the patient can also help the doctor make an accurate diagnosis.

The appointment takes place individually in compliance with all norms of medical ethics and confidentiality. Parents may be present at the child's appointment. The reception of an elderly person or a disabled person may, with his consent, be carried out in the presence of relatives.

Then the doctor prescribes the studies necessary for making an accurate diagnosis and, based on their results, conducts adequate complex treatment.

Diagnostic methods

The doctor's goal at the initial and subsequent appointments is to collect as much information as possible about the patient's health status. To do this, he may prescribe the following studies:

general clinical analysis urine and blood;
tests for the presence of fungi and bacteria;
allergy tests;
hormonal blood test;
blood chemistry;
examination of the skin with a Wood's lamp;
examination of the skin with the help of special magnifying glasses;
analysis of scrapings of the affected epidermis, the contents of acne, abscesses, etc.;
PCR diagnostics, etc.

In cases where the accuracy of the diagnosis is in doubt, specialists will come to the aid of your attending physician: an immunologist, an endocrinologist, an allergist, an oncologist, a gynecologist, a psychotherapist.

The list of analyzes and tests depends on what the specialist treats. There are accurate methods for diagnosing diseases of hair, nails, sweat glands, etc.

Important information

The skin is the main protective barrier human body. It is more likely than other organs to face the aggressive effects of viruses, fungi, chemicals and adverse weather conditions. No one is immune from her defeats. Do not put off a visit to a dermatologist. Very often it is he who helps patients avoid serious health problems. You should know that:

Fungal diseases do not go away on their own. They need long-term treatment under the supervision of a specialist. This also applies to venereal diseases.
Early diagnosis of HIV infection, other severe chronic diseases and their timely treatment significantly improve the quality and duration of life.
Very often, unexpectedly appearing rashes and other changes on the skin indicate a decrease in immunity and more serious ones (oncology, diabetes) diseases.
Allergic reactions to food, chemicals, insect bites need accurate diagnosis and proper treatment.
Do not ignore teenage changes and skin problems. At this age, the foundations of her health and beautiful appearance are laid.

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If you have skin problems, you should not self-medicate or test the means on yourself. traditional medicine. This can provoke an aggravation of the disease and its transition to the chronic stage.

Only a specialist dermatologist will conduct an accurate diagnosis of the disease, select proper treatment and be able to evaluate its effectiveness.

Dermatologist is a specialist in skin diseases, nails, hair and mucous membranes. Sometimes dermatologists, especially those involved in scientific activities, are called dermatopathologists. This emphasis on the word "pathology" indicates that a dermatologist deeply studies the causes of skin diseases and is involved in clinical research and testing the effectiveness of a particular treatment method.

What does a dermatologist do?

Dermatologists are engaged in identifying the causes of skin diseases, their treatment and prevention.

Predisposing factors for the development of folliculitis include:

skin contamination;
increased sweating;
mechanical trauma and skin friction;
violation of the endocrine balance of the body;
immunodeficiency states.

Ostiofolliculitis appears as a yellowish-white vesicle riddled with hair and surrounded by reddened skin, while folliculitis appears as a painful, bright red nodule. Often in men, multiple folliculitis is formed in the area of the beard, mustache, less often - eyebrows ( sycosis vulgaris).

Furuncle and carbuncle

Furuncle ( boil) is a purulent inflammation that affects not only the hair follicle, but also the surrounding tissue, while in the process of inflammation the follicle itself becomes necrotic ( collapses). If several adjacent follicles become inflamed, then an extensive purulent inflammation develops - a carbuncle. If boils are formed at a distance from each other, but there are several of them, then the process is called furunculosis. Furuncles and carbuncles occur with the aggravation and complication of folliculitis. After opening the boil and carbuncle, pus is released, and an ulcer forms in their place, which gradually scars. All this happens within 2 weeks.

Unlike folliculitis, boils and carbuncles can develop fever.

Hydradenitis

Hidradenitis is a purulent inflammation of the sweat glands. Most often, hidradenitis is located in the armpit, around the nipples, navel, genitals and anus. The inflamed glands look like painful seals that can grow to the size of a chicken egg. The nodes are soldered to the surrounding tissue, the skin above them softens, becomes thinner, and as a result, a fistula forms, through which pus is released. Sometimes the nodes can dissolve without opening.

Impetigo

Impetigo ( from the Latin word impeto - to strike, to attack) is a superficial purulent lesion of the skin, in which flaccid blisters with thin walls form on open areas of the skin ( conflicts) filled with hazy content ( sometimes there is blood in them). A red corolla forms around these bubbles. Conflicts quickly open up, and erosions form in their place ( superficial skin defect), which are covered with crusts or scales ( due to drying of the contents of the bladder). After healing, red spots temporarily remain. This whole process lasts about a week, in severe cases - several weeks.

The cause of impetigo is purulent staphylococci ( group A beta hemolytic streptococcus).

Impetigo can affect the area around the nail ( superficial felon), corners of the mouth ( zaeda, crevice impetigo), mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, conjunctiva ( mucosal impetigo).

Ectima

Ectima ( from the Greek word ekthyma - purulent pimple) - a deep ulcerative skin lesion caused by streptococcal infection, which occurs against the background of reduced immunity.

erysipelas

erysipelas ( Latin name translates as red skin) is an acute infectious inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes. The causative agent of erysipelas is group A streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci. On the skin of the face and legs ( favorite location) a red edematous spot appears, which rapidly increases in size, acquiring the form of "tongues of flame", causes severe pain, a burning sensation. At the same time, fever, chills, a sharp and pronounced deterioration in well-being, an increase in local lymph nodes are noted.

Phlegmon

Phlegmon is an acute purulent infectious inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by streptococci and staphylococci. Subcutaneous phlegmon is an abscess without clear boundaries of bright red color, hot and painful to the touch. The skin may show a blistering rash and hemorrhages. The skin of the face and lower extremities is most commonly affected.

Lichen

Under common name"lichen" combined skin diseases in which severely scaly patches and / or dense nodules appear on the skin. Unlike other diseases, spots and nodules are the only elements of a skin rash and do not transform into other elements.

There are the following types of lichen:

Simple lichen of the face ( dry streptoderma) - the disease is caused by streptococcus, develops mainly in children in the autumn-winter period ( period of weathering and hypovitaminosis) and manifests itself as large scaly spots of pale pink color on the face, while the face becomes, as it were, “powdered”.
Red lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory presumably autoimmune) disease of the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and genital organs ( less often nails and hair are affected). Red or purple nodular rashes with a waxy sheen form on the affected area. The skin becomes bumpy, rashes take on various forms ( arc, oval, rings), there is peeling, scales, which are separated with difficulty.
Ringworm is a fungal infection of the hair trichophytosis, microsporia);
versicolor ( pityriasis versicolor ) is a mildly contagious fungal skin disease that most often occurs in young and middle-aged people. The causative agent of the disease are yeast-like fungi. Multicolored lichen appears as rounded spots of different sizes of light brown color ( color "coffee with milk"), which are located on the skin of the chest, abdomen, back ( less often - on the neck and limbs) and have clear boundaries. The spots may grow and merge with each other. With light scraping, the surface of the spots peels off. The scales are so small that they resemble bran ( hence the second name of the disease - pityriasis versicolor). Under the influence of sunlight, these spots do not darken, they stand out as white foci ( leukoderma).
Shingles- a viral disease of the skin and nervous tissue, which is caused by the herpes virus type 3 and is manifested by rashes with the formation of quickly opening painful itchy vesicles along the affected nerves. Most often, the intercostal nerves are affected, and the rash is located along the ribs, hence the name "shingles". Recurrences are usually not observed.
Pink lichen Gilbert ( pityriasis) - an infectious disease caused presumably by herpesvirus types 6 and 7). On the skin of the body along the Langer lines ( lines in the direction of which the skin is most stretchable) pink spots are formed, and the first spot is the largest and is called the parent spot. The spots quickly begin to peel off, itching is noted. The disease resolves on its own within 4 to 5 weeks, regardless of medication.
Vidal's simple chronic lichen ( limited neurodermatitis) - a neuro-allergic disease in which there is very severe itching, rashes against the background of red spots with peeling of the skin, traces of scratching.
Deprive in diseases of internal organs- lichen amyloid, lichen myxedema, lichen atrophic ( scleroderma).

Keratomycosis

Keratomycosis is a group of fungal skin diseases that affect only the surface layer of the skin ( stratum corneum) and hair.

Keratomycosis includes the following diseases:

colorful ( pityriasis) lichen- the formation of "coffee with milk" spots on the skin, which turn white when exposed to sunlight;
nodular trichosporia ( piedra) - a disease of the hair cuticle, in which areas of white or black color are formed on the hair, while the hair acquires a stony density ( "piedra" - stone).

Dermatomycosis

Dermatomycosis or dermatophytosis is a skin disease caused by mold fungi ( dermatophytes), which affect not only the skin, but also nails and hair.

There are the following types of dermatomycosis:

mycosis of large folds is a fungal infection of the inguinal folds ( inguinal epidermophytosis), as well as interdigital surfaces of the feet ( athlete's foot) caused by the fungus epidermophyton;
mycoses of the feet, hands and trunk- this is rubrophytosis and trichophytosis ( with damage to the hands and feet, the nails are partially affected);
mycosis of the scalp- microsporia, trichophytosis and favus.

candidiasis

Candidiasis is a fungal infection of the skin, nails and mucous membranes ( in severe cases, internal organs are affected), which is caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida.

There are the following forms of candidiasis:

oral mucosal candidiasis including lips and tongue);
genital candidiasis ( genital candidiasis);
nail candidiasis onychomycosis) and periungual ridge ( paronychia);
candidal diaper rash ( in the interdigital folds of the hands and feet, under the mammary glands, in the inguinal and intergluteal folds);
candidiasis of the internal organs ( pharynx, esophagus, intestines, bronchi and lungs).

Urogenital ( urogenital) candidiasis is not considered a sexually transmitted disease, since the causative agents of the disease - namely the fungi of the genus Candida - are opportunistic ( conditionally pathogenic) microorganisms of the natural microflora of the vagina. If the number of “beneficial” bacteria exceeds the number of opportunistic bacteria, then the latter do not multiply and do not cause infection. If the balance is disturbed more fungi penetrate through sexual contact), then the fungi begin to show their pathogenic qualities, causing vaginal candidiasis ( thrush), candidal balanitis ( inflammation of the glans penis), candidal urethritis ( inflammation of the urethra). With candidiasis, there is severe itching and burning in the genitourinary organs, and cheesy discharge is also noted.

herpetic infection

This term includes a large group of diseases caused by various types herpes virus ( herpes - creeping). All herpes viruses have the ability to penetrate human tissues and exist there in an inactive state until the body's immune system is weakened. Carriers of the herpes virus are 90% of people, but it manifests itself in only 50%.

There are the following types of herpes:

herpes simplex- is caused by the human herpes virus type 1 and is manifested by severely itchy painful blisters on the lips, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe wings of the nose, on the oral mucosa during or after an acute respiratory infection (SARS);
genital herpes- is caused by the herpes virus type 2 and is manifested by painful rashes in the genitourinary organs, while the vesicles quickly open and erosions form, which are covered with crusts;
herpetic felon- herpetic eruptions on the fingers, occurring mainly in medical workers ( dentists, anesthesiologists), which are in contact with the mucous membranes of patients with herpes;
herpes of newborns- observed in children who become infected with the herpes virus, passing through the birth canal of the mother.

Warts

The appearance of warts on the skin is caused by the papilloma virus ( from the Latin word papilla - papilla, polyp). Usually warts are formed with a decrease in immunity. A feature of these viruses is their potential oncogenicity - the ability to cause malignant formations skin or mucous membranes.

There are the following types of warts:

simple warts- Painless dense papillary formations of skin color, with a bumpy surface, which form in the area of \u200b\u200bthe hands and feet ( sometimes in the knee area);
flat ( youthful) warts- are formed on the face and hands, their elevation above the skin is insignificant, and the surface is smooth, therefore they are called flat;
plantar warts- are formed on the plantar surface of the feet, sometimes they are confused with corns, since they cause pain when walking;
subungual warts- are formed under the free edge of the nail plates of the fingers, less often the feet, and therefore, the free edge of the nail rises;
genital warts ( venereal warts) - finger-shaped protrusions on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes of the urinary organs ( glans penis, urethra, labia, vagina, cervix, groin and anus).

Scabies

Scabies is an infectious disease caused by the scabies mite. Infection occurs through contact with the patient's skin or through household items. It affects mainly the skin in the area of the interdigital folds of the hands, the anterior and lateral surface of the abdomen, the buttocks, lower back, mammary glands and male genital organs. In these areas there is severe itching ( aggravated at night and after swimming), blistering rashes, when combing which they open, erosions and crusts form in their place. Characteristic is the presence of scabies, which are visible to the naked eye as paired dotted rashes or crusts at a distance from each other ( tick entry and exit points).

Contact dermatitis can be caused by:

physical factors– friction, pressure, high and low temperatures, all types of irradiation, electric current and more;
chemical factors- acids, alkalis ( soaps, skin care products), topical drugs, plant juices ( poison ivy), insects and other factors.

Areas of the skin that are frequently exposed to water are most commonly affected ( hands, eyelids, lips). Patients develop burning and itching. Manifestations of contact dermatitis are different, depending on the severity and duration of exposure to the irritant on the skin. With mild damage, redness and swelling are noted. With moderate damage, large blisters with a colorless liquid appear on the skin. If the irritant affects not only the entire thickness of the skin, then tissue necrosis occurs. With chronic exposure, the skin thickens, becomes blotchy and scaly.

Allergic dermatitis

allergic dermatitis ( allergic contact dermatitis) - an inflammatory skin disease that occurs in the place where contact with the allergen occurred and develops as a result of the formation of a response allergic reaction organism. Unlike contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis involves immune cells organisms that secrete substances that stimulate a local inflammatory response. Allergic dermatitis causes severe itching, swelling, redness, and blistering rashes. Skin symptoms allergic dermatitis appear only after repeated contact with the allergen ( detergents, washing powders, medicines, skin care products, dyes).

Eczema

eczema ( from the Greek word ekzeo - boil) is an acute or chronic allergic skin disease, which is manifested by a pronounced local inflammatory reaction ( red and swollen skin), severe itching, rashes ( bubbles, knots), erosions with wetting.

Eczema can be caused by:

chemical substances;
physical factors;
medications;
food products;
autoimmune reactions of the body.

Atopic dermatitis ( neurodermatitis)

Atopic dermatitis belongs to the group allergic diseases that have a hereditary predisposition. Such diseases include bronchial asthma, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, Quincke's edema, urticaria. Allergic reactions in these diseases involve specific antibodies ( class E specific immunoglobulins), which are not found in the blood with other allergies. The disease begins with childhood (diathesis) and is manifested by severe itching, rashes and redness of the skin.

Toxic-allergic dermatitis

Toxic-allergic dermatitis or toxidermia is an acute allergic inflammation of the skin ( sometimes mucous membranes), which develops if the irritant first penetrates into the blood, and then into the skin. Allergens can enter the blood from respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract.

Toxidermia can be manifested by the following symptoms:

patchy rash- vascular, pigmented or hemorrhagic spots, the surface of which is smooth and flaky;
hives- there is a blister on the skin ( edema), itching, burning;
angioedema- when an allergic edema occurs in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, their lumen is almost completely closed, and an asthma attack develops.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease, the causes of which are not yet fully understood. It is believed that the disease has a hereditary predisposition, which manifests itself when exposed to certain environmental factors ( viruses, streptococci, alcohol, certain drugs), while in the body the balance between substances that stimulate inflammation and inhibit it is disturbed. This leads to immune disorders and allergic reactions. The disease affects not only the skin, but also the nails, joints, spine and kidneys. With psoriasis, scaly plaques of bright red color appear on the skin of the scalp, in the area of large joints, and lower back.

Pemphigus ( pemphigus)

Pemphigus or pemphigus skin disease unspecified ( presumably autoimmune) nature, in which autoantibodies are formed in the blood ( antibodies against own cells), actively attacking the cells of the skin and mucous membranes, causing their destruction.

Pemphigus causes the following symptoms:

blisters form on the skin, after opening of which erosion appears;
the top layer of the skin begins to peel off and separate in the form of brown crusts, under which ulcers form;
bad breath;
increased salivation;
pain when chewing food.

Duhring's disease

Duhring's disease ( Duhring's dermatitis herpetiformis) is a benign chronic illness, in which vesicles form on the skin, resembling a rash with herpes, with severe itching and burning. Skin symptoms associated with malabsorption in the small intestine ( celiac disease or gluten deficiency).

seborrhea

Seborrhea is a painful skin condition that occurs due to excessive secretion of altered sebum by the sebaceous glands of the skin.

Seborrhea has the following manifestations:

shiny skin- in places where a large amount of fat is released, the skin becomes shiny and moist;
black dots- pores clogged with sebaceous plugs ( ducts of the sebaceous glands);
whiteheads- sebaceous cysts in the form of small yellow-white vesicles;
dandruff- severe flaking of the scalp;
greasy hair - after washing the hair, they are quickly saturated with fat and begin to shine.

acne

Acne or acne simple is an inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles.

There are the following types of cheilitis:

contact cheilitis- occur when irritants come into contact with the lips ( cosmetics, irradiation, high or low temperatures, electric current and other factors), while bubbles are formed, which quickly open, exposing the erosive surface;
allergic cheilitis- occur with repeated exposure to an allergic factor on the lips ( pomade, toothpaste, dental substances, citrus fruits, exotic fruits, cigarettes, chewing gum), while in place of the opened bubbles, crusts and scales form;
exfoliative cheilitis- occurs as a result of an obsessive condition in which a person constantly licks his lips, as a result, the lips become dry and crusted, and the patient complains of burning and sore lips;
glandular cheilitis- occurs due to anomalies of small salivary glands, while red dots appear on the border of the mucous membrane of the mouth and lips ( orifices of dilated salivary glands), from which droplets of saliva are released, and with a long course, whitish rings appear ( areas of leukoplakia);
symptomatic cheilitis- damage to the lips with atopic dermatitis, when taking certain medications ( retinoids), at infectious diseases (herpes, streptoderma, candidiasis, tuberculosis, syphilis) and hypovitaminosis ( deficiency of vitamins A, B, C).

Skin pigmentation abnormalities

The color of the skin depends on the presence of a "dye" in it ( melanin pigment), which forms in melanocytes ( cells of the basal layer of the epidermis) from the amino acid tyrosine or under the influence of ultraviolet rays. Under the influence of various factors, the activity of melanocytes can change, which leads to a local change in skin tone.

There are the following types of skin pigmentation disorders:

Freckles- small pigment spots of a round or oval shape that appear on the face, neck, hands. Freckles appear in summer and disappear in winter. The appearance of freckles is due to hereditary predisposition.
Chloasma ( melasma) - Larger, compared with freckles, age spots that have irregular outlines. They can be light brown, dark yellow or dark brown. Chloasma appears symmetrically on the forehead, around the eyes, on the cheeks, above upper lip in women aged 30-35 years. The occurrence of chloasma is associated with changes in the hormonal background during pregnancy, taking birth control pills, with impaired liver function or the presence of a hereditary predisposition.
Moles ( nevi) and birthmarks - congenital or acquired skin marks that are usually darker than the rest of the skin. The color of birthmarks can be red, brown, black, purple. Moles may rise above the surface of the skin. Their appearance is due to hereditary causes, hormonal disorders, radiation, viruses and other factors. Most moles are harmless, but with frequent rubbing, they can develop into a malignant skin tumor.
Lentigo- benign pigment spot yellow color. Lentigo can be senile, childish and youthful solar and hereditary. Lentigo rarely becomes malignant.
Leukoderma- areas of the skin that differ from the rest of the skin in a lighter shade, due to a lack or total absence they contain melanin pigment. Leukoderma patches may be round or irregular, depending on the cause. Most often, discoloration occurs after inflammatory processes ( post-inflammatory leukoderma) or exposure to chemicals on the skin ( professional leukoderma). A special form of leukoderma is the necklace of Venus - a symptom of syphilis in the form of irregularly shaped white foci in the neck and chest.
Vitiligo ( piebald skin, white spot disease) - this is the appearance on healthy skin of white depigmented spots that tend to grow and merge. Often the discolored patches appear symmetrically. The hair in the area of the spots may retain its color, and may also become discolored. Depigmented areas are very sensitive to ultraviolet rays, under the influence of which their redness and swelling are observed ( erythema). The disease begins in childhood and progresses with age. The cause of the disease is unknown.

skin tumors

Skin tumors can be benign or malignant. Also, the skin can be affected when malignant cells spread from other organs ( metastases).

The most common types of tumors are:

Kaposi's sarcoma – malignant tumor, which is formed from the endothelium of blood vessels in the skin. Irregularly shaped red or brown spots with clear edges form on the skin of the legs and feet, which then turn into nodules and large plaques.
Skin lymphomas- arise due to the formation of a large number of lymphoid cells in the skin, are of a malignant nature. Scaly patches appear on the skin with a nodular rash or erosions;
Melanoma- a malignant skin tumor from cells that produce the pigment melanin ( melanocytes). Areas of hyperpigmentation in melanoma have black blotches, irregular shapes, sharp edges and slightly raised above the surface of the skin.
Pigmented xeroderma – dystrophic changes skin that is caused by intolerance sunlight and often become malignant;
Lipoma – benign tumor in subcutaneous adipose tissue, which consists of fat cells.
Hemangioma- a benign tumor of the blood vessels.

Syphilis

Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum. The disease is transmitted predominantly sexually and affects the skin, mucous membranes, nervous system, internal organs and bones. First manifestation of syphilis chancre) is observed at the site of treponema insertion ( usually on the genitals). A hard chancre is a smooth, painless erosion or ulcer with regular rounded outlines of a bluish-red color. There is an increase in lymph nodes near the hard chancre. Further manifestations of syphilis are different ( rash patchy, rash nodosa, alopecia, leukoderma, gumma).

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by gonococci. Gonorrhea affects the mucous membranes of the urogenital organs, rectum, mouth, and rarely the eyes.

With gonorrhea, the following complaints occur:

purulent or mucous discharge from the vagina or from the urethra;
itching, burning or pain during urination.

Chlamydia

Chlamydial infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections caused by chlamydia. The infection is transmitted mainly through sexual contact. In addition to damage to the genitourinary organs, these bacteria are the cause of diseases such as venereal lymphogranulomatosis ( purulent inflammation of the lymph nodes located near the urogenital organs), trachoma ( damage to the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye), pneumonia. Urogenital ( urogenital) chlamydia can be asymptomatic, and may have severe manifestations.

Urogenital chlamydia causes the following complaints:

mucopurulent discharge from the vagina or urethra;
bloody issues between periods;
pain during intercourse;
itching, burning, pain when urinating;

Chlamydia usually co-occurs with other genital tract infections.

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan Trichomonas. Sometimes infection can occur when sharing bed linen ( especially in girls), as well as during childbirth. Trichomonas are able to move due to the presence of flagella and carry bacteria on their surface ( most often gonococci) and viruses.

With trichomoniasis, the following complaints occur:

gray-yellow, frothy discharge from the genital tract or urethra with an unpleasant odor;
itching, burning in the genital area and urethra;
soreness during sexual intercourse;
excretion of blood with semen;
erosions or ulcers on the skin of the glans penis;
pain in the perineum or lower abdomen.

Mycoplasmosis

Urogenital mycoplasmosis is a sexually transmitted infection of the urinary tract caused by mycoplasma. Mycoplasmas lack a cell wall, as well as RNA and DNA. Mycoplasmosis is very often asymptomatic, therefore, in order to avoid complications, it is necessary to diagnose and treat the infection in time.

Mycoplasmosis can cause the following complaints:

purulent or mucous discharge from the urethra or vagina;
itching, burning in the vulva, perineum;
pain during intercourse;
itching and burning during urination;
spotting between periods.

Donovanose

Donovanose ( venereal granuloma) is a chronic, slowly progressive disease that is transmitted primarily through sexual contact. The disease develops in countries with a humid and hot climate. The causative agent of the disease is calimatobacteria or Donovan's bodies. Nodules the size of a pea are formed at the sites of introduction of bacteria, which quickly ulcerate ( ulcerative form). The resulting ulcer has a tendency to expand its boundaries. A meager purulent content with an unpleasant odor is sometimes released from the ulcer. At the bottom of the ulcer, warty growths of a pale pink color form, which bleed easily ( verrucous form), subsequently a young granular connective tissue is also formed - granulations ( flowering form). Scarring causes narrowing of the urethra, anus, and vagina. In severe cases, ulcerative lesions cover the entire thickness of the skin, subcutaneous fat, ligaments, muscles and bones, causing their necrosis ( necrosis).

chancroid

Shankroid ( synonyms - soft chancre, venereal ulcer, third venereal disease) is an acute venereal infection, which is caused by Ducrey's streptobacterium. Found in Africa, Asia, Central and South America. Registered also in some European countries ( UK, Italy, Portugal). Chancroid is a cofactor ( contributing factor) transmission of HIV, that is, it facilitates the penetration of the AIDS virus into the cells of the body ( among patients with chancroid, a high prevalence of HIV infection was noted).

At the site of introduction of Ducrey's streptobacteria, a very painful ulcer is formed, which has an irregular round shape and rapidly increases in size. After 1-2 months, in the absence of complications, the ulcer scars.

How is the appointment with a dermatologist?

You can go to an appointment with a dermatologist without prior preparation. The exception is cases when you need to take tests ( should go to the reception on an empty stomach) or conduct a study of the mucous membranes of the genital organs ( do not treat with disinfectants, ointments, douching, that is, go to the appointment, leaving everything as it is). If the skin of the face is affected, then it is better not to apply cosmetics, and if the nails change, you should first remove the varnish.

During the appointment, the dermatologist asks the patient about his complaints, examines the affected area and the entire skin, touches and scrapes the skin.
As a result, the doctor determines the dermatological status of the patient - the condition of his skin. To determine the extent of rashes, a dermatologist examines the skin under oblique light in a dark room ( transillumination).

Sometimes a dermatologist can make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment already at this stage, but in most cases, for an accurate diagnosis, the doctor will need test data ( blood test, stool test). Even if the patient has previous test results, in some cases more recent information may be required.

What symptoms are most often referred to a dermatologist?

A visit to a dermatologist is necessary for skin rashes, itching, pigmentation and other skin changes. A visit to the office of a dermatologist is mandatory for people of certain professions ( medical and service workers).

Symptoms to Seek to a Dermatologist

Symptom	Origin mechanism	How are causes identified?	What diseases are observed?
*Spotted rash*	- Vascular spots- arise due to local expansion of the superficial vascular plexus. Vascular spots may be small ( roseola) and large ( erythema) inflammatory and non-inflammatory ( telangiectasia). When pressed, the spots disappear and reappear when the pressure stops. - Hemorrhagic spots- Occurs when red blood cells are shed erythrocytes) from the vascular bed to the intercellular space of the skin. They do not disappear when pressed. - Dark spots - occur during accumulation ( hyperpigmentation) or deficiency and absence ( depigmentation) melanin pigment in a limited area of the skin. - Erythematous-squamous spots- These are reddish spots with pronounced peeling of the skin.	skin examination; dermatoscopy; pressure on the spot vitropressure); bacteriological examination of scrapings from the skin; skin tests; luminescent diagnostics; iodine test; histological examination; serological examination; general blood test and biochemical blood test;	allergic dermatitis; contact dermatitis; toxidermia; eczema; Duhring's disease; rosacea; multi-colored lichen; simple lichen of the face; pink lichen; erysipelas; syphilis; moles ( nevi) and birthmarks; freckles; lentigo; chloasma; melanoma; vitiligo; leukoderma; psoriasis; seborrhea; mycoses ( trichophytosis, microsporia, rubrophytosis, epidermophytosis); Kaposi's sarcoma.
*Rash with blisters*	- vesicles appear in those cases when, during an inflammatory reaction, a cavity is formed where serous fluid accumulates ( colorless), purulent ( white-yellow) or hemorrhagic ( blood) content.	skin examination; dermatoscopy; microscopic examination of scrapings from the skin; tank seeding); skin tests; iodine test; serological blood test; polymerase chain reaction; general blood analysis; blood chemistry; stool analysis.	impetigo; herpes; scabies; shingles; contact dermatitis; allergic dermatitis; eczema; rosacea; pemphigus; Duhring's disease; cheilitis; erysipelas; scabies.
*nodular rash*	- inflammatory edema in the deep layers of the skin; Growth of the stratum corneum of the epidermis.	skin examination; dermatoscopy; microscopic examination of scrapings from the skin; histological examination of the contents of the vesicles; bacteriological examination ( tank seeding); skin tests; iodine test; serological blood test; polymerase chain reaction; general blood analysis; blood chemistry; stool analysis.	syphilis; all types of lichen; allergic and contact dermatitis; atopic dermatitis ( neurodermatitis); eczema; Duhring's disease; psoriasis; leishmaniasis; lice; Kaposi's sarcoma.
*Rash with blistering*	- rapid and short-term swelling of the papillary layer of the skin with the expansion of skin vessels.	skin examination; dermatoscopy; skin tests; iodine test; immunological blood test; stool analysis.	hives; Duhring's disease.
*Rash with pustules*	- when penetrating into the hair follicle, subcutaneous fat, sweat or sebaceous glands bacteria actively multiply, and the response of the organisms causes the formation of pus ( mixture of leukocytes and dead microbes).	skin examination; general and biochemical blood test; stool analysis.	folliculitis; furunculosis; carbuncle; acne phlegmon; hydradenitis; ecthyma; impetigo.
*severe itching*	- irritation of nerve endings by substances that are released during an inflammatory or allergic reaction ( histamine, bradykinin, trypsin, kallikrein, substance P); Irritant substances enter the skin from the outside ( chemical substances).	skin examination; scraping of the skin; dermatoscopy; microscopic examination of scrapings from the skin; histological examination of the skin biopsy; skin tests; iodine test; serological blood test; polymerase chain reaction; general and biochemical blood test; stool analysis.	allergic dermatitis; contact dermatitis; toxidermia; herpes; scabies; lice; demodicosis; atopic dermatitis; deprive Vidal ( limited neurodermatitis); hives; Duhring's disease; psoriasis; candidiasis.
*Skin redness*	- vasodilatation during an inflammatory or allergic reaction.	inspection; microscopic examination of scrapings from the skin; serological analysis of the skin; general and biochemical blood test; stool analysis.	erysipelas; simple deprive; demodicosis; contact dermatitis; allergic dermatitis; toxidermia; rosacea.
*Dry skin*	- loss of intercellular connections of the cells of the stratum corneum under the influence of various factors, which facilitates the loss of moisture through the skin.	inspection; microscopic examination of scrapings from the skin; scraping peeling; skin tests; skin ph-metry; serological blood test; general and biochemical blood test; stool analysis.	atopic dermatitis; contact dermatitis; toxidermia; seborrhea; rosacea; cheilitis; simple lichen of the face; psoriasis; eczema.
*Oily skin*	- increased production of sebum by the sebaceous glands.	skin examination; pH-metry of the skin; microscopic and bacteriological examination of skin scrapings; general and biochemical blood test; stool analysis.	seborrhea; acne.
*Rashes on the genitals*	- an inflammatory process caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa.	inspection; microscopic and bacteriological examination of a scraping or smear from the mucous membrane of the urinary organs; histological examination of a scraping from the skin or a smear from the mucous membrane of the genitourinary organs; serological blood test; polymerase chain reaction.	candidiasis; scabies, herpes; syphilis; chancroid; donovanosis; trichomoniasis.
*Discharge from the vagina or urethra*			gonorrhea; chlamydia; mycoplasmosis; candidiasis; trichomoniasis; genital herpes; donovanosis; chancroid.
*Pigmentation or depigmentation of the skin*	- local increase or decrease in the amount of melanin pigment during inflammation, malignancy, allergies, or due to hereditary predisposition.	skin examination; dermatoscopy; histological examination of the skin biopsy; microscopic examination of scrapings from the skin; iodine test; serological blood test;	multi-colored lichen; pink lichen; syphilis; freckles; chloasma; lentigo; melanoma.
*Skin peeling, scaling*	- strengthening the process of keratinization of epidermal cells; Deletion Violation ( branches) dead skin cells from the surface of the skin.	skin examination; scraping; vitropressure; microscopic and bacteriological examination of skin scrapings; histological examination of the skin biopsy; skin tests; iodine test; serological blood test; polymerase chain reaction; general and biochemical blood test; stool analysis.	dermatomycosis; all types of lichen; contact dermatitis; atopic dermatitis; allergic dermatitis; toxidermia; pemphigus; demodicosis; syphilis; psoriasis; skin lymphoma.
*Erosions and ulcers*	- erosion is a skin defect within the epidermis ( cuticle), arising from the opening of vesicles, nodules and pustules, which heals without scarring; An ulcer is a deep defect that captures the skin, subcutaneous fat and underlying tissues ( muscles, ligaments) and heals with scar formation.	skin examination; scraping; dermatoscopy; microscopic and bacteriological examination of skin scrapings; histological examination of a skin biopsy or the contents of the vesicles; skin tests; iodine test; serological blood test; polymerase chain reaction; general and biochemical blood test; stool analysis.	syphilis; chancroid; scabies; lice; leishmaniasis; atopic dermatitis; allergic dermatitis; eczema; impetigo; herpes; shingles; pemphigus; folliculitis; boils, carbuncles; psoriasis; erysipelas; deep mycoses; trichomoniasis; skin lymphoma.
*Pathological formations on the skin or mucous membranes*	- proliferation of the spiny layer of the epidermis under the influence of a viral infection; Accumulation of melanin pigment that rises above the surface of the skin; Infiltration ( flood and seal) papillary dermis.	skin examination; dermatoscopy; histological examination of the skin biopsy; vinegar test; serological blood test; polymerase chain reaction; general and biochemical analysis of blood.	warts; genital warts; moles; lentigo; melanoma; lymphoma; lipoma; leishmaniasis; syphilis.
*Hair change*	- scarring of hair follicles after an inflammatory reaction; Violation of the process of pigment accumulation in hair follicles.	examination of the scalp; dermatoscopy ( trichoscopy); microscopic examination of scrapings from the scalp and hair; bacteriological examination of scrapings from the scalp; histological examination of the skin biopsy; serological blood test; general and biochemical analysis of blood.	piedra ( trichosporia); trichophytosis ( ringworm); syphilis; alopecia; vitiligo.
*Changes in the nails and skin around the nails*	- penetration of infection into the nail areas; The spread of the inflammatory, allergic or malignant process to the nail areas; Damage to the nail by direct contact with an irritating substance.	skin examination; microscopic and histological examination of a scraping from the nail plate; dermatoscopy; skin tests; serological blood test; scraping.	superficial felon; mycoses; candidiasis; psoriasis; eczema; contact dermatitis; lichen planus; melanoma.

What research does a dermatologist do?

First of all, the dermatologist finds out the patient's complaints and examines the skin. The doctor asks questions about the prescription of the appearance of complaints, about what exactly provokes their appearance, how the patient eats, what are the conditions of his work, whether there are physical, mental or psycho-emotional overloads, allergies, whether such complaints were noted in the family and more. Questions may also concern internal organs, since the skin is the "mirror" of the body, and complaints from the skin may be associated with a violation of the function of any organ.

After questioning, the skin is examined in diffused daylight or sufficiently bright electric light in a warm, but not hot room ( cold causes spasm of skin vessels, and heat- overexpansion). In this case, the dermatologist may ask the patient to undress completely to examine the entire skin, and not just the affected area. When examining, a dermatologist will often use a magnifying glass to better view the rash.

Research methods conducted by a dermatologist

Study	What diseases does it reveal?	How is it carried out?
Research conducted at the appointment with a dermatologist
*Feeling* *(palpation)*	pustular skin diseases; syphilis; chancroid; erysipelas.	The doctor touches the skin with his fingers, takes it into a fold, shifts it to determine its elasticity, body temperature, soreness of the rashes, their cohesion with neighboring areas and consistency.
scraping (scratching)	dermatomycosis; multi-colored lichen; pink lichen; chronic lichen Vidal; contact dermatitis; atopic dermatitis; allergic dermatitis; pemphigus; demodicosis; syphilis; psoriasis; skin lymphoma; psoriasis.	Using a glass slide ( glass for microscopic examination) or with a blunt scalpel, the dermatologist scrapes the skin to determine if it is flaky and how tightly the scales are attached to the skin.
*Diascopy* *(vitropressure)*	allergic dermatitis; contact dermatitis; toxidermia; eczema; Duhring's disease; rosacea; multi-colored lichen; simple lichen of the face; pink lichen; erysipelas; syphilis; birthmarks; freckles; lentigo; chloasma; psoriasis; seborrhea; mycoses; Kaposi's sarcoma.	Using a glass slide or diascope ( clear plastic plate) the doctor presses on the affected area. This determines the nature of the spots on the skin ( vascular, pigmented or hemorrhagic spots).
*Dermographism*	eczema; psoriasis; pruritus; dermatitis; atopic dermatitis; hives.	Dermographism is a reaction of blood vessels to mechanical irritation of the skin. To determine dermographism, a wooden spatula or the handle of a neurological hammer is passed over the skin. After that, a trace of red color normally remains at the venue ( vasodilation that lasts up to 3 minutes). If appears white footprint or the red trace lasts longer than three minutes, then this indicates a violation of vascular tone.
*Dermatoscopy*	lentigo; moles; melanoma; scabies; psoriasis; alopecia.	it new method examination of the skin and hair with a dermatoscope-trichoscope ( device with a camera), followed by processing the results on a computer. On the computer screen, a 20-fold or more enlarged image of the area under study is obtained.
Special Methods research
Skin tests (allergy tests)	atopic dermatitis ( neurodermatitis); contact dermatitis; toxidermia; eczema; cheilitis; mycoses.	Known allergens under different numbers are injected into the skin by application, skin piercing or scratching to determine if there is hypersensitivity organism to any allergen. Samples with fungal filtrates are carried out in the same way. Skin reaction may occur immediately ( in 20 minutes) or within 2 days ( in rare cases - after a month).
*Luminescent diagnostics*	pityriasis versicolor; lupus; trichophytosis ( ringworm); leukoplakia; trichomoniasis; leukoderma; vitiligo.	With the help of a special lamp ( Wood's lamp), which emits ultraviolet rays, examine the affected area or material under a microscope. At the same time, “self-luminescence” is noted ( fluorescence or luminescence) of some rashes.
*Iodine and acetic samples*	genital warts with human papillomavirus infection; multi-colored lichen; scabies; Duhring's disease.	The affected area is treated with 5% acetic acid or iodine.
*skin pH measurement*	acne seborrhea; psoriasis; atopic dermatitis.	Determination of the acid-base reaction of the skin is carried out using a special device - a pH meter.
Laboratory research
*Biopsy and histological examination of skin biopsy or blister contents*	mycoses; warts; skin tumors; leishmaniasis; scabies; lice; viral diseases; psoriasis; pemphigus; Duhring's disease; seborrhea; acne rosacea; alopecia; syphilis; moles; melanoma; vitiligo.	Under a microscope, a piece of skin or the contents of the blisters are examined. The most valuable pathological element on the skin is chosen as the object of the biopsy ( fresh items are best). The biopsy procedure itself is carried out under local anesthesia. If the pathological element is small, then it is removed completely. If the element is large, then remove its peripheral ( extreme) part together with the edge of the surrounding healthy skin. The material is taken with a scalpel, electrosurgical knife or puncture ( puncture) skin. The results of the study are obtained in 2 to 10 days.
*Microscopic examination of skin scrapings, smears, impressions or hair*	pustular skin diseases; viral diseases skin; mycoses; candidiasis; scabies; demodicosis; multi-colored lichen; pink lichen; gonorrhea; pemphigus; syphilis; alopecia; seborrhea; acne rosacea; alopecia; syphilis; donovanosis; chancroid.	The taken material is placed on a glass slide, treated with alkali ( 20% potassium hydroxide solution) or stained in a special way, and then examined under a microscope. The result of the study is obtained in 1 - 2 days.
*Microscopic examination of scrapings from the genitourinary organs*	gonorrhea; chlamydia; trichomoniasis; mycoplasmosis; urogenital candidiasis; donovanosis; syphilis.
*Bacteriological examination of scrapings from the skin or from the urinary organs*	pustular skin diseases; mycoses; herpes; viral skin diseases; gonorrhea; chlamydia; syphilis; trichomoniasis; mycoplasmosis; urogenital candidiasis; donovanosis; chancroid.	Skin scrapings are sown on a nutrient medium. Then wait for the growth of a culture of bacterial or fungal cells. To detect the virus, not nutrient media are used, but live cell cultures ( since the virus can only replicate inside cells).
*Serological study blood*	eczema; syphilis; mycoplasmosis; chlamydia; trichomoniasis; Duhring's disease; herpes; lichen planus; pemphigus; gonorrhea; chlamydia; mycoplasmosis; urogenital candidiasis.	An antigen-antibody reaction is carried out in a test tube and the quantitative and qualitative composition of antibodies to viruses, bacteria, fungi and allergens is determined. The most commonly used for this is an enzyme immunoassay. ELISA) and immunofluorescence reaction ( REEF).
*polymerase chain reaction*	herpes; papillomavirus ( warts, warts); shingles; chlamydia; trichomoniasis; mycoplasmosis; urogenital candidiasis; chancroid.	Using PCR, the DNA of the virus, bacteria and fungi is detected.
*General analysis blood*	is prescribed for any type of rash and itching, as well as to control the state of the body during the treatment period ( possible side effects).	Blood is taken on an empty stomach to determine hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes and their fractions ( neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages and lymphocytes).
*Biochemical analysis blood*		On an empty stomach, they take a blood test and determine the content of glucose, bilirubin, urea and creatinine in it, if necessary, examine the level of hormones in the blood.
*Fecal analysis*	is prescribed for any rashes on the skin and itching.	Be sure to conduct a study of feces for worm eggs and dysbacteriosis.

What methods does a dermatologist treat?

Treatment of skin diseases is carried out in various ways, depending on the reasons that led to their development. Venereal diseases are treated simultaneously in both partners, even if the second one has no complaints.

A dermatologist prescribes several types of therapy:

local therapy- is the application medicines directly to the lesion;
general or systemic therapy - this is the intake of drugs orally or their administration intramuscularly and intravenously;
physiotherapy- the impact of physical methods on the lesion.

Methods for the treatment of skin diseases

The mechanism of the therapeutic action of medical and physiotherapeutic methods for the treatment of skin diseases

The help of a dermatologist is also necessary in cases where a skin disease is not an independent disease, but a symptom and form of another disease. In these cases, his consultation is carried out, and recommendations for treatment are taken into account. For example, with tuberculosis, scleroderma, lupus erythematosus, skin lesions are observed, but the diseases are systemic in nature, that is, they affect the entire body, so treatment cannot be limited to eliminating only visible symptoms on the skin.

Other subspecialty dermatologists

Among dermatologists, there are other narrower specialties. For example, a dermatologist-trichologist deals with the treatment of hair problems, and dermatologists perform anti-aging injections and other invasive interventions - techniques that are not open surgical operations but require some surgical skill. There are also specialists such as dermatologists-immunologists ( treat allergic skin diseases) and dermatologists-oncologists ( treat skin tumors).

Dermatologist- a doctor who treats skin diseases. In addition, a dermatologist treats diseases of nails, hair and skin glands (sweat, sebaceous).

Dermatology as a science has connections with other areas of medicine, such as endocrinology and venereology. After all, disruption endocrine system often reflected on the skin, and if we talk about sexually transmitted diseases, skin rashes are almost always one of the leading symptoms.

What diseases does a dermatologist treat?

The list of what a dermatologist treats includes the following diseases:

Symptoms that tell you it's time to go to a dermatologist are as follows:

Skin rashes. They can purchase the most different shape: small dots, sprinkled all over the body, plaques of different sizes, localized in a limited area. The skin becomes inflamed, reddens, swelling, itching, peeling appear. The doctor, by the nature of the rash, can preliminarily make a diagnosis. For example, "torn" convex spots of red color, which do not particularly disturb the patient, are a sign of eczema. Scabies is characterized by a small, itchy rash on the hands, especially between the fingers, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe folds. With urticaria, a red rash covers large areas of the body, it is accompanied by severe itching.
Local redness (peeling) of the skin area. Often this is a symptom of an allergic reaction, which disappears with the elimination of the allergen.
Rash with pustules, in the form of pimples or boils. Perhaps one of the symptoms of acne. Teenagers often suffer from acne. Sometimes acne indicates endocrine disorders. For example, boils occur against the background of diabetes.
Moist, inflamed skin may be a manifestation of psoriasis.
Nails changed color, exfoliate, the skin on the nail phalanx peels off - most likely, nail fungus develops.
Very thinning or hair loss on the head. Statistics say that 95% of male pattern baldness is due to androgenetic alopecia.
Foreign neoplasms:

> Large moles (nevi) are considered a predisposing factor for the development of cancer. In the case when the mole changes shape, color, grows rapidly, bleeds, you need to visit a dermatologist immediately.

> Papillomas occur against the background of reduced immunity and indicate the presence of the papillomavirus in the human body. In most cases they are safe.

> Condylomas - warts on the mucosa. If they are found on the cervical mucosa, they require constant monitoring and treatment, as they can lead to oncology.

How is the reception going?

What does the doctor do at the appointment? First, he listens to the patient's complaints, after which he performs an external examination of the skin. If the diagnosis is unclear, an additional study is ordered. In women, the papilloma virus on the genitals is treated together with a gynecologist. For treatment, both medical and physiotherapeutic methods are used. Sometimes they resort to surgical intervention.

Analyzes and diagnostic methods

If the examination failed to establish the disease, the following types of diagnostics may be prescribed:

cytology;
histology;
microscopy;
allergy tests.

Pediatric dermatologist

What are the most common reasons for visiting a pediatric dermatologist? In children, diathesis, scabies and lichen are often treated. Children are taken to a specialist if, in addition to a rash, the child has restless sleep, loss of appetite, diarrhea, or constipation. When the temperature rises against the background of the rash, breathing becomes difficult, pustules form on the body - the baby should be shown to the doctor immediately.