Biochemical blood test: decoding in adults. Biochemical blood test: preparation, rules for delivery, interpretation of the results Indications for the study

Biochemical analysis blood is a comprehensive laboratory diagnostics carried out in order to assess the condition internal organs and systems and identifying the body's need for trace elements and the level of its satisfaction.

According to biochemical indicators of blood composition, primary diagnostics of the functioning of the liver, kidneys, pancreas and other organs are carried out, data on metabolic processes (lipid, protein, carbohydrate metabolism) are obtained.

Carrying out a detailed biochemical blood test (BAC) recommended for preventive purposes to control the state of health and early diagnosis of diseases annually, as well as with developing somatic or infectious diseases during the course of illness and at the stage of clinical recovery.

Interpretation of the results of biochemical analysis is carried out by a specialist on the basis of laboratory standards and their compliance with the identified indicators. Self-decoding of analyzes most often gives an extremely superficial idea of ​​​​the state of health and can cause incorrect self-diagnosis and subsequent self-treatment, since when interpreting the results, it is necessary to take into account not only gender and age indicators, but also the influence of existing and past diseases, taking certain medications that can affect composition of the blood, as well as consider the picture of the analysis in a complex: many indicators indicate the presence of various processes, both physiological and pathological, and only a specialist can correctly interpret the cause of a change in blood composition. Moreover, often for diagnosis after a blood test by this method, doctors prescribe additional tests to clarify and differentiate the causes of the identified condition of the patient.

Preparing for biochemistry analysis: how not to distort the results

For biochemistry analysis, venous blood is used, about 5 ml, distributed over several test tubes. Since the study includes indicators that can change due to the intake of food, water, physical activity or neuro-emotional arousal, as well as due to the intake of certain medications, there are rules for preparing for blood donation for research. These include:

• hunger within 10-12 hours before blood sampling;
• exclusion from the diet in the second half of the day preceding the analysis of coffee, strong brewed tea;
• a sparing diet for 2-3 days before the tests: it is advisable not to eat fatty, fried, spicy foods, alcohol, etc .;
• during the previous day it is necessary to avoid high physical activity and thermal procedures (bath, long hot bath);
• it is necessary to donate blood before taking daily medications, carrying out additional medical procedures and manipulations (injections, intravenous administration of drugs, physical examinations - x-rays, fluorography, etc., visits to the dentist);
• on the day of blood sampling, it is necessary to refrain from physical activity, morning jogging or a long walk to the laboratory. Any physical activity affects the blood picture and makes it difficult to interpret the results;
• , nervous tension, since emotional arousal can also distort the results;
• immediately before the analysis, you must sit quietly for 10 minutes and make sure that the rhythm of breathing and heartbeat is normal;
• for accurate indicators of glucose analysis, one of the factors determined by biochemistry, which is especially important in the diagnosis of diabetes, it is necessary to refrain not only from morning drinks (including water) and chewing gum, but also from brushing your teeth, especially with toothpaste. Taste buds contribute to the activation of the pancreas and the production of insulin;
• a day before the analysis, it is not recommended to take hormonal, diuretic, antibacterial, thrombolytic drugs, drugs that affect blood viscosity, etc .;
• if it is necessary to diagnose the amount of cholesterol in the blood while taking statins, the course of therapy (in consultation with a specialist) must be stopped 10-14 days before;
• if a second study is required to clarify the results, blood sampling should be carried out with the most similar conditions: the same laboratory, time of day, up to the route from home to the place of blood sampling (on foot or by transport).

Interesting fact:

Any human activity is due to biochemical processes in the body and, accordingly, causes changes in the composition of the blood. The norms that specialists are guided by when deciphering analyzes are compiled on the basis of studying the influence of averaged factors - blood sampling takes place on an empty stomach, at rest, without preliminary active action and revitalization digestive system. Abrupt changes in the composition of the blood will also be noticeable with distorted jogging behind the bus or indicators, however, slightly exceeding the limit of the norm or approaching it, indicating the development of the disease, may change due to non-compliance with the rules for preparing for biochemistry analysis and lead to inaccurate and unreliable interpretation .

Average values ​​​​of indicators: the norm for adults

The normal range of the amount of various substances contained in the blood is compiled on the basis of a study statistical indicators studies of healthy people and patients with various diseases and pathologies. When interpreting, it should be remembered that the standards of the norm differ depending on age, for some components there are specific standards for men and women. Under physiological conditions (for example,), the boundaries of the norm also shift: for example, the amount of cholesterol during the gestational period can exceed the conditional norm twice, and hemoglobin at a certain gestation period decreases due to an increase in blood volume, and this is considered the norm, and not an indication for therapy.

To take into account the influence of various factors when interpreting the results, it is recommended to contact a specialist who evaluates the patient's general history and blood picture in the complex, and not just the results of the indicator's compliance with the norms in the table. Doctors evaluate general symptoms, complaints, features professional activity, a history of diseases and genetic predispositions.

When evaluating the results, it is necessary to focus on the norms used in a particular laboratory, since various laboratory equipment can estimate the amount of certain substances in different units measurements - micrograms, mmol per liter, percentage, etc. It is especially important to take into account this information when interpreting liver enzymes (alaninoaminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase), where the results are also affected by the incubation temperature of the sample, which is usually indicated in the result form.

Some norm values ​​for adults are shown in the table.

In a detailed biochemical blood test, there may be many different indicators, both recommended for regular preventive testing, and specific, studied when specific diseases and disorders are suspected. In a detailed biochemistry, including the maximum number of studies, there is no need for analysis for the purpose of a preventive examination, as well as for individual complaints and symptoms. Additional to the general indicators of the study of the indicators of the components depend on the state of health of the patient: for example, with complaints of increased thirst, the main attention will be paid to the amount of glucose in the blood, with increased blood pressure- lipid spectrum, with symptoms of anemia - iron, transferrin, ferritin, TIBC (total iron-binding capacity of serum), with signs of impaired liver function or the likelihood of developing hepatitis - liver enzymes (AST, ALT), indicators of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase.

Indicators of total protein and fractions

In the results clinical trial and LHC common chemical composition(OHS) of blood is always estimated by the amount of total protein and its fractions - proteins. In general, the blood contains more than 160 different proteins, combined in accordance with the composition and functions into three protein fractions: albumins, globulins (four types) and fibrinogens.

All proteins are important for the efficient functioning of the body. The main organ responsible for the production of proteins is liver, and the amount of protein reduced relative to the norm reflects the inability of the liver to synthesize proteins. This dysfunction can be associated both with diseases of the organ, and with other conditions and factors, among which the influence of the following is distinguished:

Indicators of albumin concentration are used in the diagnosis of pathologies of parenchymal organs, the detection of rheumatism, signs of the development of neoplasms, the effect of hormonal drugs on the body and the consequences of starvation and diets.

Wherein lower rates protein fraction of albumin may indicate the development of nephrotic syndrome, liver or kidney failure, tumors of the digestive system, tissue decay processes, cardiospasm, lymphorrhea, paracentesis, exhaustion, etc.

nitrogen metabolism

Urea, creatinine, uric acid, residual nitrogen, ammonia and some other blood components are low molecular weight nitrogenous substances. In the basic BAC, the values ​​​​of urea and creatinine are examined, adding additional studies if there are suspicions of various disorders and pathologies.

Causes of fluctuations in the level of nitrogenous compounds

Nitrogen compounds are produced during the breakdown of cells and tissues, a process that inevitably accompanies the normal functioning of living organisms. Values ​​that go beyond the norm most often indicate a violation of the functions of the liver (where nitrogenous substances are synthesized in the process of decay), kidneys (with the accumulation of compounds in the body due to reduced filtration and impaired excretion in the urine) or increased breakdown of proteins according to those or other reasons.

A decrease in the number of nitrogenous compounds is recorded with polyuria, liver failure, hypothyroidism, metabolic disorders, prolonged fasting, as well as after hemodialysis procedures and intravenous administration of glucose solution.

Carbohydrates in the blood

The main marker of carbohydrate metabolism in the body is glucose (aka "sugar"). Most people know that its high content signals the presence of diabetes or a pre-diabetic condition. However, the cause of a change in glucose levels can also be injuries, burns, sweet cravings, violations of the rules for preparing for analysis. Apart from these obvious reasons increased performance glucose can occur in diseases of the pancreas and liver pathologies.

In addition to glucose, to detect disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, they resort to assessing the amount of glycated (or glycosylated) proteins: fructosamine (glycated albumin), glycated hemoglobin, glycated lipoprotein.

Causes of changes in glucose levels

At reduced level glucose is diagnosed with hypoglycemia, with increased - hyperglycemia.

Pigments in the tank

Some types of proteins have a specific color, most often due to the combination with metals (iron, copper, chromium). When they break down, bilirubin is released into the blood in an indirect, or free form. In subsequent processes, it is converted to its bound form. When assessing blood parameters, three types of hemoglobinogenic pigment are distinguished: total bilirubin, the amount of direct (bound, conjugated) bilirubin and the level of indirect (free, unbound, unconjugated). All three indicators are important and can indicate the presence of diseases and pathologies. Special attention First of all, they turn to free bilirubin, as it is toxic to the body.

Diseases that provoke the growth of pigment in the blood are different - from genetic pathologies to the consequences of transfusion of donor blood and transplantation of organs and tissues to the recipient. Diagnosis is based on the ratio of bilirubin fractions. In most cases, exceeding the norm means the presence of liver diseases and / or pathologies of the biliary tract.

Bilirubin as an indicator of jaundice

After going through a chain of changes in compounds in the liver and gallbladder, bilirubin enters the intestine, where the urobilinogen compound is converted - a pigment that, when excreted from the body, stains urine and feces.
With insufficient functioning of the liver or gallbladder, pathologies and disorders of the biliary tract, a significant part of bilirubin remains in the body, where, spreading through the tissues, it gives them yellow. because of given symptom the name "jaundice" appeared, mistakenly associated exclusively with hepatitis A. However, in medical practice, there are three types of processes that provoke the development of jaundice:

• toxic effects, poisoning, anemia of hemolytic etiology, pathological processes in the spleen, accompanied by its hyperfunction, lead to an acceleration of the breakdown of the pigment protein and an increase in the amount of unbound bilirubin to amounts that do not have time to be processed in the liver and accumulate in the blood and tissues;
• liver failure that occurs with hepatitis, cirrhosis, trauma, tumor formations of the liver, in which the body is not able to process the required amount of bilirubin;
• in case of violations of the outflow of bile from the gallbladder, accompanied by compression of the biliary tract, bilirubin re-enters the bloodstream and then into the tissues. This condition is recorded with cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, acute cholangitis, tumor formations that prevent the outflow of bile, etc.

In what cases is an analysis for bilirubin fractions prescribed?

Indicators of total bilirubin are included in the standard set of BAC. A study on the level of fractions (conjugated and unbound bilirubin) is usually used in the presence of symptoms or diagnosed diseases: hepatitis of any etiology, cirrhosis of the liver, jaundice, etc.

Lipid Spectrum Analysis

Indicators of the content of lipids (fats) in the blood make up the lipid spectrum. In a diagnostic biochemical test, the level of total cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins (“bad” and “good” cholesterol), triglycerides is assessed, and the atherogenic coefficient is calculated based on the ratio of components. In some cases, to clarify the diagnosis, an analysis is performed on the amount of phospholipids.

Estimating the amount of cholesterol

Normally, the total cholesterol in a healthy adult is in the range of 3.0-5.2 mmol / l. From 40 to 60% of total cholesterol is "good" cholesterol. What it is?

It is found in the body in two basic forms - a high molecular weight compound with proteins and a low molecular weight one. High-density lipoproteins are mainly produced in the liver and are necessary for the body to participate in the formation of the cell membrane, the regulation of hormonal processes, the psycho-emotional state, etc.
Low (and very low) density lipoproteins mainly come from food. These compounds tend to accumulate in blood vessels, forming cholesterol plaques (atherosclerosis). As a result of the formation of such an accumulation, the lumen of the vessel narrows, resulting in a reduced blood supply to organs and tissues. When the lipoprotein accumulation is destroyed, its fragments are also dangerous, as they can contribute to the formation of blood clots.

Causes of lipid metabolism disorders

Enzyme analysis

Most often, the spectrum of enzymes in a biochemical test is limited to the analysis of "liver samples", ALT and AST, and amylase. A much broader list of enzymes can be included in an expanded analysis.

Analysis for "liver tests"

Alaminoninotransferase (ALT) values ​​mainly characterize the efficiency of liver function, but can also report on skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle disorders.
The study of the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is used in the diagnosis of liver diseases and pathologies, and is also used to detect cardiac pathologies (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, rheumatic heart disease), some inflammatory processes infectious etiology.

Alpha amylase and pancreatic amylase

This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of complex carbohydrates. Both an increase and a decrease in the concentration of amylase in relation to the norm have diagnostic value.
In most cases, an excess of the normal amount of amylase in the blood accompanies diseases and pathologies of the pancreas. However, it can also be observed in hepatitis of viral etiology, endemic mumps ("mumps"), renal failure, alcoholism, long-term therapy with tetracycline drugs and glucocorticosteroids.
Reduced rates are noted in the following conditions and diseases:

• gestational toxicosis of the first trimester of pregnancy;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• myocardial infarction;
• necrotic processes in the pancreas.

Creatine kinase and its fractions

The enzyme creatine kinase makes it possible to evaluate the efficiency of energy metabolism in muscle tissues (MM fraction), heart muscle (MV) and brain tissues (BB). Diagnostic value has an increase in the level of concentration of this enzyme, which means increased tissue breakdown. Thus, the creatine kinase MB subtype is used, for example, in diagnosing the presence of myocardial infarction, assessing the extent of tissue damage, and predicting the situation.

Lipase

Lipase is responsible for the process of splitting neutral fats. Pancreatic lipase is recognized as a more valuable indicator for the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases than amylase, and is used to clarify the diagnosis and degree of organ damage.

Phosphatase types and their diagnostic value

There are two types of phosphatase: acidic (analysis for this enzyme is used when differential diagnosis diseases of the skeletal system, liver diseases, pathologies of the biliary tract) and alkaline, the change in the level of which in most cases is manifested in diseases of the prostate gland.

Electrolyte level

Despite the fact that electrolytes in the blood are in a rather small amount, a change in their concentration has a detrimental effect on the entire body and can lead to death. The main extracellular cation is sodium.

Sodium, which enters the body with food and liquids (sodium chloride -), is responsible for the level of osmotic pressure in tissues and the acid-base balance. Both elevated and reduced content sodium in the blood can lead to both minor changes in well-being, and, depending on the concentration, to pathological conditions and coma.

Potassium in the blood

The electrolyte potassium is responsible for the conduction of electrical impulses in the heart muscle. Both excess of the norm and a decrease in the concentration of potassium can lead to cardiac arrest.

A biochemical blood test is a study that is carried out in the laboratory and is used in medicine to identify information about the functional state of the body as a whole, organs separately. Its results help to determine malfunctions in the body with high accuracy.

The correct decoding of indicators of a biochemical blood test in adults allows for an accurate diagnosis of the state of internal organs.

A biochemical blood test includes the determination of a number of indicators that reliably reflect the state of such metabolic processes as mineral, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein.

How to decipher a biochemical blood test in adults?

Deciphering a biochemical blood test is a comparison of the results obtained with normal indicators. The analysis form contains a complete list of indicators determined by the biochemical laboratory and their reference values.

Biochemical analysis prescribed for diagnosis:

1. Pathologies of the gynecological system.
2. ailments circulatory system(leukemia).
3. Renal, liver failure (hereditary pathologies).
4. Disorders in the work of the heart muscle (heart attack, stroke).
5. Diseases in the musculoskeletal system (arthritis, arthrosis, osteoporosis).
6. thyroid disease ( diabetes).
7. Deviations in the functioning of the stomach, intestines, pancreas.

Sometimes it is enough to establish a final diagnosis based on the deviation from the norm of one or more parameters, but more often other results are required for a full diagnosis. additional methods research and evaluation clinical picture diseases.

Preparation for analysis

The preparation and conduct of a blood test may well affect the reliability of a blood test. Therefore, it is worth noting the main points of preparation in order for normal results of the study to come without false deviations.

1. Eliminate from the diet heavy meals (fried, fatty and spicy foods) at least a day before blood sampling - it is best to eat a balanced diet a few days before the study.
2. Minimize consumption of coffee, strong tea, psychostimulants - 12 hours before blood donation, you should not take substances that affect the central nervous system(caffeine, alcohol).
3. Provide a comfortable environment for the emotional state avoid stress and physical exertion.
4. On the day of blood sampling do not eat before the procedure.

According to the analysis, the doctor compares the results from the laboratory with generally accepted ones, and determines the presence of a possible disease.

Biochemical blood test: norm of indicators

For convenience, the norms of biochemical blood tests in adults are shown in the table:

Each of the criteria listed in the table reflects the state of one or more human organs, and a combination of some of them allows in some cases to make an accurate diagnosis or direct the diagnostic process in the right direction.

Below we will consider what each of these analyzes shows using the example of decoding a biochemical blood test in adults.

total protein

Total protein - the total concentration of proteins that are in the blood. Proteins take part in all biochemical reactions of the body - they transport various substances, act as catalysts for reactions, participate in immune defense.

Normal indicators of protein in the blood - 64-84 g / l. If the protein is higher than this indicator, the body may be subject to infection. In addition, the reason elevated protein maybe, or the beginning of an oncological disease. With a low protein content in the blood, the likelihood of liver disease increases many times over, as well as problems with the intestines and kidneys. The most difficult diagnosis for low protein is cancer.

Albumen

This protein is produced by the liver and is considered the main one in blood plasma. In general, specialists distinguish albumins as a separate protein group called protein fractions.

An increase in the concentration of albumin in the blood (hyperalbuminemia) may be associated with the following pathologies:

• dehydration, or dehydration (loss of body fluid during vomiting, diarrhea, profuse sweating);
• extensive burns.

A reduced albumin level is observed in smoking patients and in women during pregnancy, as well as breastfeeding. In other people, a decrease in albumin may indicate various liver pathologies (for example, either oncology), intestinal inflammations of an infectious nature (). In addition, with or oncological formations, burns or fever, various injuries or overdose medicines albumin in the blood will be below normal.

Glucose (sugar)

The most common indicator of carbohydrate metabolism is blood sugar. Its short-term increase occurs during emotional arousal, stress reactions, pain attacks, after eating. The norm is 3.5-5.5 mmol / l (glucose tolerance test, sugar load test).

• Sugar is elevated - endocrine disorders, pancreatic tumor, cerebral hemorrhage, chronic liver and kidney damage, cystic fibrosis.
• Sugar is lowered - damage to the liver and pancreas, cancer of the stomach or adrenal glands, poisoning with arsenic or some medicines, alcohol intoxication.

Uric acid

The main breakdown product of the main component of nucleic acids is purine bases. Since it is not used further in metabolic processes, it is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. The norm in blood plasma is 0.16-0.44 mmol / l.

• renal failure;
• leukemias, lymphomas;
• prolonged fasting;
• alcohol abuse;
• overdose of salicylates and diuretics.

A decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood can be observed during treatment with piperazine drugs, allopurinol, prebenecid, ACTH, sometimes with hepatitis,.

Urea

It is the result of the breakdown of proteins. In the blood of a person, the allowable amount of this substance changes with age. Often, the level of urea goes off scale in patients who have pathologies in the work of the kidneys: doctors prescribe a similar blood test to diagnose and predict the disease.

A decrease in the level of urea in the blood can be triggered by reasons that are physiological (pregnancy, starvation, excessive exercise), pathological in nature (celiac disease, cirrhosis of the liver, heavy metal poisoning).

Creatinine

This substance, like urea, is a product of protein metabolism and is also excreted by the kidneys. Creatinine is a product of metabolic processes occurring in skeletal muscles, and to a lesser extent in the brain. Accordingly, its level will depend on the condition of the kidneys and muscles.

Elevated creatinine is observed in renal failure, severe injuries with muscle damage, with increased thyroid function, after the use of certain anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents. Moderately high creatinine is found in athletes.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, Alat)

This indicator, along with AST, is used in medical practice for laboratory diagnostics liver damage. Alanine aminotransferase is synthesized intracellularly, and normally only a small part of this enzyme enters the blood. If the liver is damaged (with hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver) as a result of cytolysis (cell destruction), this enzyme enters the bloodstream, which is detected by laboratory methods.

The level of this transaminase may also increase in myocardial infarction and other conditions. An increase in ALT greater than an increase in AST is indicative of liver damage; if the AST index rises more than the ALT rises, then this, as a rule, indicates problems with myocardial cells (heart muscle).

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, ASAT)

Cellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the tissues of the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous tissue, skeletal muscles and other organs. An AST blood test can show an increase in AST in the blood if the body has a disease such as:

• viral, toxic, alcoholic hepatitis;
• spicy ;
• liver cancer;
• acute rheumatic heart disease;

AST is elevated in skeletal muscle injuries, burns, heat stroke and due to cardiac surgery.

Alkaline phosphatase

Many laboratories automatically include this enzyme in biochemical analysis. From a practical point of view, only an increase in the activity of this enzyme in the blood may be of interest.

This is evidence of either intrahepatic stagnation of bile in small bile ducts, which happens with mechanical and parenchymal jaundice, or progressive osteoporosis or destruction of bone tissue ( myeloma, aging).

Cholesterol

A component of fat metabolism, is involved in the construction of cell membranes, the synthesis of sex hormones and vitamin D. There is total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.

The degree of increase in cholesterol in the blood:

• 5.2-6.5 mmol / l - a slight degree of increase in the substance, a risk zone for atherosclerosis;
• 6.5-8.0 mmol / l - a moderate increase, which is corrected by the diet;
• over 8.0 mmol / l - a high level requiring drug intervention.

Amylase

Breaks down carbohydrates from food, ensures their digestion. Contained in salivary glands and pancreas. There is alpha-amylase (diastase) and pancreatic amylase.

• alpha-amylase rate: 28-100 units / l.
• the norm of pancreatic amylase: 0-50 units / l.

Decreased alpha-amylase: thyrotoxicosis; myocardial infarction; complete necrosis of the pancreas; toxicosis of pregnant women.

Potassium

Another important intracellular electrolyte. Its normal content in the body ranges from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol per liter.

• excess hormones of the adrenal cortex (including taking dosage forms cortisone);
• chronic starvation (lack of potassium intake with food);
• prolonged vomiting, diarrhea (loss with intestinal juice);
• impaired renal function;
• cystic fibrosis.

• dehydration;
• acute kidney failure(violation of excretion by the kidneys); ,
• adrenal insufficiency.
• cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of blood cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries).

The state when potassium is elevated is called hyperkalemia, and when it is low - hypokalemia.

Sodium

Sodium is not directly involved in metabolism. Its complete is complete in the extracellular fluid. Its main function is to maintain osmotic pressure and pH. Sodium excretion occurs in the urine and is controlled by the adrenal cortex hormone aldosterone.

• decrease in concentration due to an increase in fluid volume (diabetes mellitus, chronic heart disease)
• insufficiency, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, edema).
• element loss (abuse of diuretics, kidney pathology, adrenal insufficiency).

• increased function of the adrenal cortex;
• excess salt intake;
• loss of extracellular fluid (profuse sweat, severe vomiting and diarrhea, increased urination in diabetes insipidus);
• violation of the central regulation of water-salt metabolism (pathology of the hypothalamus, coma).

An increase in a trace element is called hypernatremia, and a decrease is called hyponatremia.

Outcome

Different laboratories may conduct a biochemical analysis of blood in accordance with excellent methodological manuals, use other units for measuring the concentrations of elements.

Therefore, the performance standards can vary significantly. When the laboratory assistant gives you the results of the tests, be sure to make sure that the standards are written on the form. Only in this way will you be able to understand whether there are changes in your analyzes or not.

Blood chemistry- called the "king" of analyzes. Specialists often prescribe it to clarify the diagnosis of the patient, to control the treatment, its effectiveness.

Deciphering a biochemical blood test with an English (Latin) abbreviation begins with a comparison of average statistical data healthy person. The norm depends on the age of the person, the gender of the patient and other factors. All these data are compared with the norms accepted in medicine for a healthy average person and an assessment is made of his state of immunity and the quality of metabolism in the body. Evaluate the work of the liver, kidneys, pancreas and other vital internal organs.

• Biochemistry of blood - obtained by cleaning the blood from formed elements: leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, etc. general analysis, these cells are of primary importance.

Biochemical blood test - the norm in the table with the decoding of the abbreviation

Latin (English) letters in biochemical blood tests

Video: Biochemical blood test - transcript, table and norm

Deciphering a biochemical blood test

Amylase

• Men 45 - 75 µmol/l
• Women 40 - 70 µmol/l

Features of preparation for the study: during the week before the test, do not take iron supplements, 1-2 days before the test, it is necessary to limit the intake of fatty food.

Normal saturation of transferrin with iron:

• in men - 25.6 - 48.6%,
• in women - 25.5 - 47.6%.

Physiological changes in YSL occur during a normal pregnancy (increase to 4500 mcg/l). In healthy children, VR decreases immediately after birth, then increases.

High rates indicate: iron deficiency anemia, oral contraceptives, liver damage (cirrhosis, hepatitis), frequent blood transfusions. Low levels of YBC are manifested: with a decrease in total protein in plasma (starvation, necrotic syndrome), iron deficiency in the body, chronic infections.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin in the analyzes depends on the age of the patients.

• Newborns up to 1 day - less than 34 µmol / l.
• Newborns from 1 to 2 days 24 - 149 µmol1 hzl.
• Newborns from 3 to 5 days 26 - 205 µmol/l.
• Adults up to 60 years 5 - 21 µmol/l.
• Adults age 60 to 90 3 - 19 µmol/l.
• People over 90 3 - 15 µmol/l.

Bilirubin is a component of bile, a yellow pigment, the breakdown of direct (bound) bilirubin and the death of red blood cells is formed.

What is AST and ALT

AST - astspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in various tissues such as liver, heart, kidney, muscle, and the like. Elevated levels of AST, as well as ALT, may indicate necrosis of liver cells. With chronic viral hepatitis you need to monitor the ratio of AST / ALT, which is called the de Ritis ratio.

Elevated AST over ALT may indicate liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis or alcohol, chemical damage liver. Elevated AST also speaks of cellular decay of liver tissues (necrosis of hepatocytes).

ALT - transcript

ALT (alanine aminotransferase) or ALT.

ALT is a special liver tissue enzyme that is released when it is diseased. When ALT biochemical analysis is elevated, they can talk about toxic or viral damage to liver tissues. With hepatitis C, B, A, this indicator must be monitored constantly, once a quarter or every six months. The level of ALT is judged on the degree of damage to the liver by hepatitis, however, in chronic forms, the level of ALT may remain within the normal range, which does not exclude latent liver damage. ALT is more recorded in the diagnosis of acute hepatitis.

• Read: diagnosis of hepatitis;

Glucose

Glucose in biochemical analysis:

• Up to 14 years - 3.33 - 5.65 mmol / l
• From 14 - 60 - 3.89 - 5.83
• From 60 - 70 - 4.44 - 6.38
• Over 70 years - 4.61 - 6.10 mmol / l

Glucose analysis is a very important indicator in the diagnosis of diabetes. Glucose is the energy of our body. It is in demand and intensively consumed during physical and mental stress, stressful conditions. A high rate indicates diabetes mellitus, adrenal tumors, thyrotoxicosis, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, chronic kidney and liver diseases, cystic fibrosis.

Video: About blood test AST and ALT

Osteocalcin

Osteocalcin norm:

• men: 12.0 - 52.1 ng / ml,
• women - premenopause - 6.5 - 42.3 ng / ml.

postmenopausal - 5.4 - 59 ng / ml.

Osteocalcin (Osteocalcin, Bone Gla protein, BGP) is a sensitive marker of bone turnover. Used to diagnose osteoporosis.

High value: Paget's disease, fast growth in adolescents, diffuse toxic goiter, metastases of tumors in the bone, softening of the bones, postmenopausal osteoporosis, chronic renal failure;

Low osteocalcin: pregnancy, hypercortisolism (Itsenko-Cushing's disease and syndrome), hypoparathyroidism, somatotropin deficiency, cirrhosis of the liver, glucocorticoid therapy.

Triglycerides (fats)

Triglycerides 165mg% (1.65g/l). Triglycerides are prescribed for analysis for heart disease, strokes. As a factor in the formation of vascular atherosclerosis and coronary disease. Violation of lipid metabolism is not one of the reasons for the maturation of atherosclerosis. Therefore, lipid metabolism tests must be taken into account along with other factors. The indicators of fat metabolism are corrected with the help of diet and the use of drugs.

Decryption for C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein is an indicator of the acute phase of the inflammatory process, the most sensitive and fastest indicator of tissue damage. C-reactive protein is most often compared to the ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Both indicators rise sharply at the onset of the disease, but CRP appears and disappears before ESR changes. With successful treatment, the level of CRP decreases over the next days, normalizing on days 6-10, while ESR decreases only after 2-4 weeks.

Such sensitivity can capture changes in CRP not only in acute conditions, but also chronic inflammation. Beside scientific works it has been proven that an increase in CRP even in the concentration range of less than 10 mg / l in apparently healthy people indicates an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis, as well as the first myocardial infarction, thromboembolism.

Uric acid

Uric acid is normally:

• Children under 12: 119 - 327 µmol/l
• Men 12 to 60 years old: 262 - 452 µmol/l
• Women from! 2 to 60: 137 - 393
• Men 60 to 90: 250 - 476
• Women 60 to 90: 208 - 434 µmol/l
• Men over 90: 208 - 494
• Women over 90: 131 - 458 µmol/l

The uric acid level indicates normal or not kidney function and a violation of their filtration. Uric acid is a metabolic product, (purine bases), which are part of proteins. Excreted from the body by the kidneys. Uric acid is a metabolic product of purine bases, which are part of complex proteins - nucleoproteins, and is excreted from the body by the kidneys.

Rheumatoid factor

• negative - up to 25 IU / ml (international unit per milliliter)
• slightly elevated - 25-50 IU / ml
• elevated - 50-100 IU / ml
• significantly increased - more than 100 IU / ml

Rheumatoid factor is determined in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in patients with other inflammatory pathologies. Normally, rheumatoid factor is not detected by conventional methods.

Reasons for rejection: detection of rheumatoid factor - rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, Waldenström's disease, Felty syndrome and Still syndrome ( special forms rheumatoid arthritis).

Iron

• Men: 10.7 - 30.4 µmol/l
• Women: 9 - 23.3 µmol/l

Iron is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin. Indicates hematopoietic diseases and anemia. Approximately 4 g of iron is in the human body. Approximately 80% of the total amount of the substance is placed in the composition of hemoglobin, 25% of iron is in reserve, 10% is contained in the composition of myoglobin, 1% is stored in respiratory enzymes that catalyze the processes of cell respiration. Iron deficiency conditions (hyposiderosis, Iron-deficiency anemia) is one of the most common human ailments.

Potassium

• Up to 12 months 4.1 - 5.3
• 12 months - 14 years 3.4 - 4.7
• Over 14 years old 3.5 - 5.5

Potassium affects the functioning of many cells in the body, especially nerve and muscle cells. Biological role potassium is great. Potassium promotes mental clarity, improves oxygen supply to the brain, helps to get rid of toxins, acts as an immunomodulator, helps reduce blood pressure and helps in the treatment of allergies.

Potassium, is in the cells, regulates water balance, normalizes the rhythm of the heart.

Increasing potassium levels

This phenomenon is called hyperkalemia and is a sign of the following disorders:

• cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries, deep burns)
• dehydration
• acidosis
• acute renal failure (impaired excretion by the kidneys)
• adrenal insufficiency
• increase in the intake of potassium salts.

Usually potassium is increased due to the intake of antitumor, anti-inflammatory drugs and some other medicinal drugs. A decrease in potassium concentration (hypokalemia) begins with insufficient intake from food, increased losses in urine and feces, vomiting, diarrhea, the use of potassium-depleting diuretics, the use of steroid drugs, certain hormonal disorders, intravenous administration large volumes of fluid that does not contain potassium.

Deciphering the indicators of calcium in the blood:

• Newborn children: 1.05 - 1.37 mmol / l.
• Children from 1 year to 16 1.29 - 1.31 mmol / l
• Adults 1.17 - 1.29 mmol / l.

Calcium

• Normal calcium in an adult is from 2.15 to 1.5 mmol / l.

Among the nutrients contained in the body in the largest quantities, calcium ranks next after protein, fat and carbohydrates. Although 99 percent of all calcium is used for the needs of bones and teeth, the tasks of the remaining one percent are also extremely important.

An elevated calcium level, also known as hypercalcemia, means that there is too much calcium in the blood. Most of the human calcium is found in bones and teeth. A certain amount of calcium helps the body to work properly. Too much a large number of calcium affects the nerves, digestive tract, heart and kidneys.

Sodium

The norm of sodium in the body (mmol / l):

• Newborns sodium rate: 133 - 146
• Babies under 1 goal: 139 - 146
• Children norm: 138 - 145
• Adults: 136 - 145 mmol / l.
• Adults over 90 within: 132 - 146.

Sodium is the main cation that neutralizes acids in the blood and lymph; in ruminants, sodium bicarbonate is the main constituent of saliva. It regulates to an optimal level (pH 6.5-7) the actual acidity of the chyme in the pancreas.

Sodium chloride regulates osmotic pressure, activates the enzyme amylase, which destroys starch, accelerates the absorption of glucose in the intestine, serves as a material for the formation of hydrochloric acid gastric juice.

Chlorine

• Newborns up to 30 days: 98 - 113 mmol / l.
• Adults: 98 - 107
• Elderly patients over 90: 98 - 111 mmol / l.

Chlorine, like sodium, is found in plant foods in small amounts; Plants grown on saline soils are distinguished by a high content of chlorine. In the animal body, chlorine is concentrated in the gastric juice, blood, lymph, skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Magnesium

• the norm of magnesium for newborns is 0.62 - 0.91 mmol / l.
• For children from 5 months. up to 6 years 0.70 - 0.95
• Children aged 6 to 12: 0.70 - 0.86
• Adolescence norm from 12 to 20: 0 70 - 0 91
• Adults from 20 to 60 years old 0 66 - 1.07 mmol / l.
• Adults 60 to 90 within 0.66 - 0.99
• Adults over 90 years old 0.70 - 0.95 mmol/l

Magnesium, like potassium, calcium or sodium, belongs to electrolytes, ions with a positive or negative charge, each of which performs its own specific physiological function.

An increase in the norm of a biochemical blood test is observed with the following diseases:

• Renal failure (acute and chronic)
• Iatrogenic hypermagnesemia (an overdose of magnesium drugs or antacids)
• Diabetes,
• hypothyroidism,
• adrenal insufficiency,
• Addison's disease.
• tissue injury
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• multiple myeloma

Despite the fact that magnesium is widely distributed in nature, its deficiency is found very often (approximately 50%), and Clinical signs Magnesium deficiencies are even more common.

Possible symptoms lack of magnesium: an inexplicable feeling of anxiety, stress, violation heart rate, muscle cramps (especially nocturnal calf muscle cramps), insomnia, depression, muscle twitching, tingling in the fingertips, dizziness, constant feeling fatigue, migraine attacks.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus rate, mmol/l:

• Up to 2 years 1.45 -2.16
• 2 years - 12 years 1.45 - 1.78
• from 12 - to 60: 0.87 - 1.45
• Women over 60: 0.90 - 1.32
• Men over 60: 0.74 - 1.2

The determination of the concentration of phosphorus is most often prescribed for disorders of calcium metabolism, since the ratio of the amount of calcium and inorganic phosphorus has the greatest diagnostic value.

An increase in the concentration of phosphorus is noted in renal failure, an overdose of vitamin D, insufficiency of the parathyroid glands, in some cases with multiple myeloma, and lipid metabolism disorders (lipid phosphorus).

The amount of acid-soluble phosphorus increases in all diseases accompanied by oxygen deficiency. A decrease in the concentration of phosphorus occurs when there is a deficiency of vitamin D, malabsorption in the intestines, rickets, hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is normal in newborns - 160-1300 pg / ml, in adults - 100-700 pg / ml (average values ​​\u200b\u200bof 300-400 pg / ml).

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is found in the proteins of the regular diet. The process of absorption of vitamin B12 following five sets of measures that create the pancreas, duodenum, gastric juice and saliva.

Vitamin B12 is one of the B vitamins. It is the only vitamin that contains a metal - cobalt ion. It is because of cobalt that vitamin B12 is also called cobalamin. The cobalt ion in the vitamin B12 molecule is coordinated to the corrin heterocycle.

Vitamin B12 can exist in different forms. The most common form in human life is cyanocobalamin, obtained by chemical purification of the vitamin with cyanides.

Vitamin B12 can also exist in the form of hydroxycobalamin and in two coenzyme forms - methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. The term pseudo-vitamin B12 refers to substances similar to this vitamin found in some living organisms, for example, in the blue-green algae of the genus Spirulina. Such vitamin-like substances do not have a vitamin effect on the human body.

Folic acid

The norm of filic acid in the human body is 3 - 17 ng / ml.

Folic acid is our most significant deficiency. Folic acid is named after the Latin word folium, meaning leaf, because it was first isolated in a laboratory from spinach leaves. Folic acid belongs to the group of B vitamins. It is easily destroyed during cooking and is lost during the processing and preservation of vegetables and grain peeling.

Folic acid is a vital vitamin that helps prevent neural tube defects in an unborn child, such as spina bifida, when the spinal canal in a newborn remains open, with the spinal cord and nerves exposed, or anencephaly (congenital absence of the brain and spinal cord), hydrocephalus, cerebral hernia.

The neural tube develops very quickly after conception, it forms spinal cord child. Studies say that increasing the amount of folic acid that pregnant women take makes it possible in 70% of cases to avoid spinal cord fractures.

With a lack of folic acid, the process of formation of the placenta may be disrupted, and the likelihood of miscarriage increases.

Women who may become pregnant are advised to eat foods fortified with folic acid or take supplements in foods rich in folic acid to reduce the risk of certain serious birth defects. Having enough folic acid supplements in the months leading up to pregnancy is very important to prevent neural tube defects. It has been suggested taking 400 micrograms of synthetic folic acid daily from fortified foods or supplements. The folic acid equivalents APP in pregnant women is 600-800 mcg, twice the usual 400 mcg APP for women who are not pregnant.

Albumen

Albumin molecules are involved in the binding of water, so a drop in this indicator below 30 g / l causes the formation of edema. Elevated albumin practically does not occur and is associated with a decrease in plasma water content.

How to pass

Biochemical analysis is prescribed for:

• acute diseases of internal organs (liver, kidneys, pancreas)
• many different hereditary diseases,
• with beriberi,
• intoxication and many others.

Not infrequently, I prescribe an analysis to make an accurate diagnosis, when the doctor has doubts, if it is based only on the indications and symptoms of the patient himself. This analysis is often prescribed by a doctor to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of a particular disease.

Before taking the analysis, IT IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN TO EAT ANY FOOD! Incorrect examination indicators can lead to incorrect diagnosis and, as a result, incorrect treatment. Blood biochemistry shows a close relationship between water exchange and mineral salts in the body. The results of the examined blood taken 3-4 hours after breakfast will differ from those taken on an empty stomach; if it is taken 3-4 hours after lunch, then the indicators will differ even more.

Referring the patient for analysis, the doctor wants to know and evaluate the work of a particular organ. This makes it possible to determine the state endocrine system(hormones of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, male and female sex hormones), indicators of the immune status.

This study is used in various fields of medicine, such as urology, internal medicine, gastroenterology, cardiology, gynecology, and a number of others.

One of the most important components modern medicine- this is laboratory research. Among the most frequently performed and demanded types of such diagnostics, a blood test for biochemistry is distinguished. It allows you to learn about the state of almost all processes occurring in the human body, provides detailed information about health. The difficulty lies only in, because the reliability of the results depends on this.

Diagnostic task

First of all, you should understand what it is and why it is needed.

The task of blood biochemistry is to determine the ratio of certain components in human blood, created as a result of certain types of metabolism.

To get samples do . To conduct a biochemical blood test, you need a transparent, liquid part of the blood - plasma, so the blood must go through the process of sedimentation and centrifugation.

In the process of a blood test for plasma biochemistry, the following indicators are revealed:

• Protein metabolism: total protein and its structure, albumin and globulin content, as well as nitrogenous components: residual nitrogen, creatinine,;
• Pigment metabolism: bilirubin and its fractions (direct or indirect)
• Serum enzymes, which include alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), alpha-amylase, alkaline phosphatase.
• lipid metabolism, including neutral fats, cholesterol, lipoproteins of various density.
• Electrolytes: magnesium, potassium, chlorine, sodium and calcium.

Indications can be completely different. It is mandatory to carry out, for example, in the pathology of internal organs, oncological and inflammatory diseases.

It is not necessary to include all of these indicators in the study at once. The need for certain indications in the analysis is established by the doctor and depends on the patient himself and his condition. The ability to remove unnecessary can significantly reduce the cost of conducting a study, while not affecting the quality of the result.

Protein molecules play a very important role in the human body, they are part of cell membranes, they are responsible for the transport of nutrients, they are the basis.

In the table below, you can see what the result of certain indicators of protein metabolism shows.

Not all parameters of fat metabolism usually bring benefits from the level of lipid metabolism. The diagnosis of the dynamics of vascular atherosclerosis is quite relevant, so many of these “useful” indicators are associated precisely with cholesterol metabolism.

It can become the basis for the development of coronary heart disease, stroke and heart attack, which leads to problems with the vessels of the lower extremities and aortic branches, so the indicator has great importance while researching.

The decoding of the indicators is given in the table below:

The electrolyte composition of the blood

Electrolytes, as well as calcium, chlorine, potassium and magnesium ions, are something without which the cells of the human body cannot exist and perform their function. Therefore, according to the results of a biochemical blood test, one can judge about general condition cells and possible complications.

The norm of the electrolyte composition of the blood in the table:

A blood test for biochemistry is a very useful and informative study that can reveal various diseases, the nature of disorders in the work of many organs and obtain extended data on the physical processes in the body. The correct interpretation of the results of biochemistry is a decisive moment in making a diagnosis and determining further actions.

A biochemical blood test is a diagnostic study that is widely used in all areas of medicine and allows you to judge the functioning of organs and systems and the whole organism as a whole. results this study can indicate with high accuracy the onset of inflammatory processes in the body, pathologies of a malignant nature, hormonal disruptions and so on. In this material, we will consider the decoding of a biochemical blood test in adults in the table.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

A biochemical blood test shows the presence of pathological processes in the body at the most early stages, that is, when clinical symptoms do not yet appear and the person does not even suspect about the disease.

The correct interpretation of the results of the study allows you to determine the diagnosis and prescribe a timely effective treatment. By and large, blood biochemistry shows how metabolic processes proceed in the body, what is the level of hormones, the presence of cancer cells and other pathological foci.

Indications for the study

A biochemical blood test is prescribed to all patients who turn to a therapist or other specialist with any complaints. The indications for this study are:

• diseases of the female reproductive sphere - infertility, failures and disorders menstrual cycle unclear etiology, inflammation of the uterus and appendages, fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis;
• diseases of the liver and organs of the gastrointestinal tract - pancreatitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer stomach, cholecystitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis;
• diseases of the endocrine system - diabetes mellitus, hypo and hyperthyroidism, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, obesity, suspected tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels - past heart attacks and stroke, hypercholesterolemia, cerebral ischemia, ischemic disease hearts;
• suspicion of renal or hepatic insufficiency - in order to identify pathology or control ongoing treatment;
• oncological diseases;
• inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system - arthritis, osteoporosis, arthrosis.

In some cases, a biochemical blood test is enough to make a correct diagnosis for the patient, and sometimes this requires additional diagnostic methods, which depends on the course of the disease and the characteristics of the patient's body.

How is a biochemical blood test done?

A biochemical blood test is a sampling of biological material from the cubital vein (or any other vein, if the cubital is not available for any reason) in the amount of 5 ml. Sometimes, up to 20 ml of blood is collected from a patient to conduct several diagnostic tests. In order for the results of the analysis to be truthful and as accurate as possible, you should properly prepare for the procedure.

Preparation for donating blood from a vein consists of the following steps:

1. 3 days before the study, the patient needs to follow a certain diet - fatty, sweet, spicy, alcohol, strong coffee and strong black tea, spices and smoked meats, pickles and canned food are excluded from the diet;
2. the day before the test and on the day of blood sampling, it is necessary to stop smoking, eating and taking medications - if it is impossible to stop taking medications for vital reasons, then you should definitely inform the doctor about this;
3. on the day of blood sampling, you can’t eat anything - the analysis is taken strictly on an empty stomach!;
4. avoid stress and overexertion the day before and on the day of blood sampling - test results such as blood for hormones may be unreliable if the patient is nervous or physically overloaded.

The results of the analysis are transmitted to the doctor who issued the referral for the examination, and the specialist will inform the patient about the presence of deviations, depending on which he will select the treatment.

Table of norms for a biochemical blood test in adults

The table shows the indicators of a biochemical blood test that doctors pay attention to, as well as the norms for men and women over 18 years of age.

total protein

The term "total protein" means the total amount of proteins that are generally found in the blood. Proteins take an active part in the biochemical processes of the body:

• are catalysts for chemical reactions;
• transport substances to organs and tissues;
• take part in the immune defense of the body against infections.

Normally, in a healthy adult, the level of protein in the blood should not exceed 84 g / l. In case of a significant increase in this norm human body becomes vulnerable to attack by viruses and infections.

Increased protein in the blood: causes

The main reasons for increasing the level of protein in the blood are:

1. rheumatism;
2. inflammation of the joints;
3. oncological neoplasms.

Reduced blood protein levels: causes

The causes of low protein in a blood test from a vein are:

• liver disease;
• intestinal pathology;
• disorders in the work of the kidneys;
• malignant tumors in the body.

When studying indicators of blood biochemistry, attention is also paid to albumin. Albumin is a protein produced by the human liver and is the main protein in blood plasma. An elevated level of albumin in the blood is observed with:

• extensive burns;
• intractable diarrhea;
• dehydration of the body.

A decrease in the level of albumin in the blood is characteristic of:

1. pregnant and lactating women;
2. cirrhosis of the liver or chronic hepatitis;
3. sepsis;
4. heart failure;
5. drug overdose and poisoning.

Glucose

Normally, in a biochemical blood test in an adult healthy person, from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol / l are detected (a glucose tolerance test is performed).

Increased glucose levels, causes

An increase in sugar levels in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of:

• diabetes;
• diseases of the endocrine system;
• tumor of the pancreas;
• hemorrhagic stroke;
• cystic fibrosis.

The short-term tolerable rise in blood sugar levels is due to overeating, stress, and eating too much sweets.

Low blood sugar: causes

A decrease in blood glucose below 3.5 mmol / l often occurs against the background of such conditions:

• liver disease;
• inflammatory diseases pancreas;
• hypothyroidism;
• alcohol poisoning;
• drug overdose;
• stomach cancer;
• adrenal cancer.

Uric acid

Uric acid is a breakdown product of nucleic acids (purine formations). Normally, in a healthy adult, uric acid does not accumulate in the body and is excreted by the kidneys with urine. In the blood, uric acid values ​​normally do not exceed 0.43 mmol / l.

Increased uric acid level

The reasons for the increase in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma are:

1. kidney failure;
2. lymphoma;
3. leukemia;
4. alcoholism;
5. exhausting long diets;
6. overdose of diuretics and salicylates.

Decreased uric acid levels

A decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma of less than 0.16 mmol / l is noted under the following conditions:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia;
2. Allopurinol treatment;
3. hepatitis.

Urea

Urea is formed in the body as a breakdown product of proteins. An increase in the level of urea is observed in kidney diseases.

A decrease in the level of urea in the blood is typical for pregnant women, people who play sports or practice therapeutic starvation. A pathological decrease in the level of urea in the blood is associated with celiac disease, heavy metal poisoning, and cirrhosis of the liver.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a protein breakdown product that does not accumulate in the body, but is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. This substance is a product of protein metabolism occurring in skeletal muscles and the brain. The level of this product in the blood plasma directly depends on the condition of the kidneys and muscles.

Increased creatinine: causes

The reasons for the increased content of creatinine in the blood plasma are the following conditions:

• kidney failure;
• muscle injury;
• hyperfunction of the thyroid gland;
• excessive physical activity.

In some cases, an increase in creatinine in the blood can be caused by taking medications.

ALT (ALAT, alanine aminotransferase) and AST (AsAT)

ALT is an enzyme that is synthesized inside the liver cells and takes part in the functioning of the organ. With the development of any liver disease, its cells are destroyed, and part of the alanine aminotransferase enters the blood. Determining the level of ALT allows you to judge about possible violations liver function and the presence of diseases of this organ.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is located inside the cells of the heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscles, kidneys, nerve fibers and is actively involved in ananacid metabolism. An increase in the level of ALT above the level of AST is characteristic of liver diseases. In the case when the AST indicators exceed the ALT indicators, the patient in most cases is diagnosed with pathologies such as:

• myocardial infarction;
• angina;
• rheumatic heart disease;
• toxic hepatitis;
• pancreatitis in acute form;
• liver cancer;
• heart failure.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a constituent component of lipid metabolism, which takes an active part in the formation of cell membranes, the synthesis of hormones of the reproductive system and vitamin D. There are several types of cholesterol:

1. low density cholesterol (LDL);
2. high density cholesterol (HDL);
3. total cholesterol;
4. lipoprotein cholesterol.

Depending on the level of increase in cholesterol levels, there are:

1. mild degree of hypercholesterolemia - up to 6.5 mmol / l, the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases;
2. average degree- up to 8 mmol / l, corrected by a special low-lipid diet;
3. high degree - more than 8 mmol / l, requires the appointment of drugs.

Increased cholesterol: causes

The main reasons for high blood cholesterol levels are:

• atherosclerosis;
• hypothyroidism;
• diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation;
• chronic hepatitis;
• mechanical jaundice.

Cholesterol is lowered: causes

A decrease in blood cholesterol levels below normal is a consequence of the following conditions:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• prolonged fasting;
• malignant tumors in the liver;
• violation of metabolic processes;
• hyperthyroidism;
• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a red-yellow pigment that is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Normally, in the blood of an adult, from 5 to 20 µmol / l.

High bilirubin

Causes advanced level bilirubin in the blood are:

1. oncological diseases of the liver;
2. cholelithiasis;
3. acute cholecystitis;
4. cholangitis.

Decreased bilirubin level

A decrease in the level of bilirubin in the blood below the norm is observed in the following conditions:

1. acute hepatitis;
2. liver disease caused by a bacterial infection;
3. drug poisoning;
4. toxic hepatitis.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of carbohydrates and facilitates the digestion process. Amylase is found in the pancreas and salivary glands, there are diastase (alpha-amylase) and pancreatic amylase.

Increase in amylase

An increase in amylase in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of such conditions:

• pancreatitis;
• peritonitis;
• diabetes;
• stones in the pancreas;
• cholecystitis;
• kidney and liver failure.

Decreased amylase levels

A reduced level of amylase in terms of a blood test is characteristic of the following conditions:

• myocardial infarction;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• pancreatic necrosis.

Minerals: potassium and sodium in the blood

Potassium

Normally, the blood of a healthy adult contains from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l of potassium. A decrease in the level of this microelement is observed in such conditions:

• disease of the adrenal cortex;
• debilitating diets;
• insufficient intake of salt with food, prolonged salt-free diets;
• dehydration of the body as a result of vomiting and diarrhea;
• excessive levels of adrenal hormones in the blood, including an overdose of hydrocortisone in the form of injections;
• cystic fibrosis.

An increase in potassium in the blood is characteristic of:

• acute renal failure;
• kidney disease;
• insufficiency of the adrenal cortex;
• convulsions;
• severe injuries.

An increase in the level of potassium in the blood is called hyperkalemia, and a decrease is called hypokalemia.

Sodium

The main purpose of sodium in the blood is to maintain the physiological pH level and osmotic pressure in tissues and cells. The amount of sodium in the blood is controlled by the hormone of the adrenal cortex - aldosterone.

A decrease in sodium in the blood is observed in the following conditions:

• diabetes;
• chronic heart failure;
• swelling;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• abuse of diuretics.

An increase in sodium in the blood is observed with:

• salt abuse;
• diabetes insipidus;
• profuse sweat;
• intractable vomiting and prolonged diarrhea;
• diseases of the hypothalamus;
• coma.

As a conclusion

Biochemical analysis of blood is an integral part in the diagnosis of diseases of internal organs. Norms for men and women may differ slightly depending on the conditions of blood sampling, adherence to the rules of preparation and laboratory.