General analysis of the norm for women. General blood analysis

General analysis blood(another name is clinical blood test) is a basic study prescribed by doctors of various specialties when a patient is contacted. If you have complaints about bad feeling, your doctor will likely order a complete blood count (abbreviated UAC). The results of the analysis will allow him to get a general idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe state of your health and decide in which direction to move on, for example, what studies are still needed to make a diagnosis.

Why do you need a complete blood count? Why is this analysis so important?

Blood is a special tissue that is a transport for various substances between other tissues, organs and systems, while ensuring the unity and constancy of the internal environment of the body. Thus, most of the processes affecting the state of various tissues and organs, one way or another, affect the state of the blood.

Blood consists of plasma (the liquid part of blood) and formed elements - leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes. Each type of formed elements has its own functions: leukocytes are responsible for immune defense, platelets - for blood clotting, erythrocytes provide oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

At healthy person the composition of the blood is quite constant, and with the disease it changes. Therefore, using a blood test, it can be established that the disease occurs. Sometimes a general blood test can detect the disease on early stage when the main symptoms of the disease are not yet manifested. That is why the UAC is carried out with any preventive examination. In the presence of symptoms, clinical analysis helps to understand the nature of the disease, to determine the intensity of the inflammatory process. Clinical analysis is used to diagnose various inflammatory diseases, allergic conditions, blood diseases. A repeated general blood test will give the doctor the opportunity to judge the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment, assess the trend towards recovery and, if necessary, adjust the course of treatment.

Indicators of a clinical blood test

A general blood test must contain the following indicators:

If necessary, the doctor may prescribe an extended clinical blood test. In this case, he will specifically indicate which indicators should be additionally included in the analysis.

Deciphering the indicators of a general blood test

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a protein that is part of the red blood cell. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules, which allows oxygen to be delivered from the lungs to tissues throughout the body, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Hemoglobin contains iron in its composition. It is he who gives the red color to erythrocytes (red blood cells), and already those to blood.

The saturation of the blood with hemoglobin is an extremely important indicator. If it falls, the tissues of the body receive less oxygen, and oxygen is necessary for the life of every cell.

The norm of hemoglobin for men is 130-160 g / l, for women - 120-140 g / l. In children, there is no gender dependence, however, in a newly born child, the number of red blood cells (and, accordingly, the level of hemoglobin) significantly exceeds the “adult” norm. And the first 2-3 weeks this figure gradually decreases, which must be borne in mind when evaluating the results of a general blood test.

With values ​​​​of the hemoglobin index below the norm, it is diagnosed. Also, low level hemoglobin may indicate hyperhydration of the body (increased fluid intake). Hemoglobin is above normal, respectively, can be observed with dehydration (blood thickening). Dehydration can be physiological (for example, due to increased physical exertion), or it can be pathological. Enhanced level hemoglobin is a typical sign of erythremia - a violation of blood formation, in which an increased number of red blood cells is produced.

red blood cells

Erythrocytes are red blood cells. There are significantly more of them than all other shaped elements combined. That is why our blood is red. Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin and thus participate in the process of oxygen metabolism in the body.

The norm for red blood cells for men is 4-5 * 10 12 per liter of blood, for women - 3.9-4.7 * 10 12 per liter.

color indicator

The color index is calculated by a formula that correlates the level of hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells. Normally, the color index should be close to one (0.85-1.05). Deviation from the norm is observed with anemia, and with different types anemia manifests itself in different ways: a color indicator below the norm indicates iron deficiency (the level of hemoglobin is reduced to a greater extent than the number of red blood cells); a color index above the norm is characteristic of other types of anemia (the number of red blood cells decreases to a greater extent than the level of hemoglobin).

Reticulocytes

Reticulocytes are young, not yet mature forms of red blood cells. The process of formation of red blood cells is continuous, so reticulocytes are always present in the blood. Norm: 2-10 reticulocytes out of 1000 erythrocytes (2-10 ppm (‰), or 0.2-1%). If reticulocytes are more than normal, this indicates that the body feels the need to increase the number of red blood cells (for example, due to their rapid destruction or blood loss). Reduced level reticulocytes is characteristic for anemia, radiation sickness, oncology (if metastases have affected the bone marrow), some kidney diseases.

platelets

The main function of platelets is to provide hemostasis, that is, in other words, platelets are responsible for blood clotting. They are also involved in the body's immune response to infection. Norm: 180-320 * 10 9 per liter. A low platelet count may indicate a severe inflammatory process or an autoimmune disease. An increased level is typical for conditions after significant blood loss (for example, after surgery), and is also observed with cancer or atrophy (decreased function) of the spleen.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes are white blood cells that perform a protective function, that is, they represent the immune system. Normally, the total number of leukocytes should be in the range of 4-9 * 10 9 per liter.

An increase in the number of leukocytes indicates the immune response of the body and is observed when infectious diseases(primarily caused by bacteria), inflammatory processes, allergic reactions. A high level of leukocytes can also be the result of recent bleeding, stress, tumor processes, and some other pathologies.

A low level of leukocytes indicates depression immune system. Such results can be seen with viral infection(, ), severe toxicosis, sepsis, diseases of the hematopoietic organs, radiation sickness, autoimmune diseases, etc.

It is not only the overall assessment of the number of leukocytes that matters. There are five types of leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes; they all have different functions, and therefore it is important to know in what proportion they are present in the blood. Ratio various kinds leukocytes in their total volume is called leukocyte formula.

Neutrophils

An increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood, therefore, indicates the presence of an infection (first of all, a bacterial infection should be suspected), an ongoing inflammatory process. It can also be the result of stress, intoxication, cancer.

Eosinophils

Basophils

Norm: 0-1% of the total number of leukocytes.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are the main cells of the immune system. They provide specific immunity, that is, they recognize the infiltrated alien agent and destroy it. With the help of lymphocytes, the body fights viruses. Normally, lymphocytes make up 19-37% of the total number of leukocytes. In children, the proportion of lymphocytes is higher. At the age of 1 month to two years, lymphocytes are the main type of leukocytes, they make up the bulk of the observed mass. By 4-5 years, the number of leukocytes becomes comparable to the number of neutrophils. As the child grows older, the decline continues, but even at the age of 15, children have more lymphocytes than adults.

An increased content of lymphocytes in the blood indicates the penetration of a viral infection; also observed in toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis.

A reduced number of lymphocytes is a sign of a depressed state of the immune system.

Monocytes

Monocytes are in the blood for an average of about 30 hours, after which they leave the bloodstream and pass into tissues, where they turn into macrophages. The purpose of macrophages is to finally destroy bacteria and dead tissues of the body, clearing the site of inflammation for subsequent regeneration (restoration of healthy tissue). The norm for monocytes is 3-11% of the total number of leukocytes.

An increased number of monocytes is characteristic of sluggish and long-term diseases; it is observed in tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis. It is a specific feature.

ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate

If a tube of blood is left upright, red blood cells—as a heavier fraction of blood than plasma—will begin to sink to the bottom. Ultimately, the contents of the test tube will be divided into two parts: a thick and dark part at the bottom (these will be red blood cells) and a light part at the top (blood plasma). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured in mm/hour. Norm: 2-10 mm/hour for men and 2-15 mm/hour for women. In children, pregnant women and the elderly, the range of normal values ​​​​will be different (in children, it varies greatly with age).

General blood analysis(another name is clinical blood test) is a basic study prescribed by doctors of various specialties when a patient is contacted. If you have complaints of feeling unwell, your doctor will likely order a complete blood count (abbreviated UAC). The results of the analysis will allow him to get a general idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe state of your health and decide in which direction to move on, for example, what studies are still needed to make a diagnosis.

Why do you need a complete blood count? Why is this analysis so important?

Blood is a special tissue that is a transport for various substances between other tissues, organs and systems, while ensuring the unity and constancy of the internal environment of the body. Thus, most of the processes affecting the state of various tissues and organs, one way or another, affect the state of the blood.

Blood consists of plasma (the liquid part of blood) and formed elements - leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes. Each type of formed elements has its own functions: leukocytes are responsible for immune defense, platelets - for blood clotting, erythrocytes provide oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

In a healthy person, the composition of the blood is quite constant, but with a disease it changes. Therefore, using a blood test, it can be established that the disease occurs. Sometimes a general blood test allows you to detect the disease at an early stage, when the main symptoms of the disease are not yet manifested. That is why the UAC is carried out with any preventive examination. In the presence of symptoms, clinical analysis helps to understand the nature of the disease, to determine the intensity of the inflammatory process. Clinical analysis is used to diagnose various inflammatory diseases, allergic conditions, blood diseases. A repeated general blood test will give the doctor the opportunity to judge the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment, assess the trend towards recovery and, if necessary, adjust the course of treatment.

Indicators of a clinical blood test

A general blood test must contain the following indicators:

If necessary, the doctor may prescribe an extended clinical blood test. In this case, he will specifically indicate which indicators should be additionally included in the analysis.

Deciphering the indicators of a general blood test

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a protein that is part of the red blood cell. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules, which allows oxygen to be delivered from the lungs to tissues throughout the body, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Hemoglobin contains iron in its composition. It is he who gives the red color to erythrocytes (red blood cells), and already those to blood.

The saturation of the blood with hemoglobin is an extremely important indicator. If it falls, the tissues of the body receive less oxygen, and oxygen is necessary for the life of every cell.

The norm of hemoglobin for men is 130-160 g / l, for women - 120-140 g / l. In children, there is no gender dependence, however, in a newly born child, the number of red blood cells (and, accordingly, the level of hemoglobin) significantly exceeds the “adult” norm. And the first 2-3 weeks this figure gradually decreases, which must be borne in mind when evaluating the results of a general blood test.

With values ​​​​of the hemoglobin index below the norm, it is diagnosed. Also, a low level of hemoglobin can indicate hyperhydration of the body (increased fluid intake). Hemoglobin is above normal, respectively, can be observed with dehydration (blood thickening). Dehydration can be physiological (for example, due to increased physical exertion), or it can be pathological. An elevated hemoglobin level is a typical sign of erythremia, a disorder of blood formation in which an increased number of red blood cells is produced.

red blood cells

Erythrocytes are red blood cells. There are significantly more of them than all other shaped elements combined. That is why our blood is red. Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin and thus participate in the process of oxygen metabolism in the body.

The norm for red blood cells for men is 4-5 * 10 12 per liter of blood, for women - 3.9-4.7 * 10 12 per liter.

color indicator

The color index is calculated by a formula that correlates the level of hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells. Normally, the color index should be close to one (0.85-1.05). Deviation from the norm is observed in anemia, and with different types of anemia it manifests itself in different ways: a color indicator below the norm indicates iron deficiency (hemoglobin level is reduced to a greater extent than the number of red blood cells); a color index above the norm is characteristic of other types of anemia (the number of red blood cells decreases to a greater extent than the level of hemoglobin).

Reticulocytes

Reticulocytes are young, not yet mature forms of red blood cells. The process of formation of red blood cells is continuous, so reticulocytes are always present in the blood. Norm: 2-10 reticulocytes out of 1000 erythrocytes (2-10 ppm (‰), or 0.2-1%). If reticulocytes are more than normal, this indicates that the body feels the need to increase the number of red blood cells (for example, due to their rapid destruction or blood loss). A reduced level of reticulocytes is characteristic of anemia, radiation sickness, oncology (if metastases have affected the bone marrow), and some kidney diseases.

platelets

The main function of platelets is to provide hemostasis, that is, in other words, platelets are responsible for blood clotting. They are also involved in the body's immune response to infection. Norm: 180-320 * 10 9 per liter. A low platelet count may indicate a severe inflammatory process or an autoimmune disease. An elevated level is typical for conditions after significant blood loss (for example, after surgery), and is also observed in cancer or atrophy (decreased function) of the spleen.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes are white blood cells that perform a protective function, that is, they represent the immune system. Normally, the total number of leukocytes should be in the range of 4-9 * 10 9 per liter.

An increase in the number of leukocytes indicates the body's immune response and is observed in infectious diseases (primarily caused by bacteria), inflammatory processes, and allergic reactions. A high level of leukocytes can also be the result of recent bleeding, stress, tumor processes, and some other pathologies.

A low level of leukocytes indicates a depressed state of the immune system. Such results can be observed with a viral infection (,), severe toxicosis, sepsis, diseases of the hematopoietic organs, radiation sickness, autoimmune diseases, etc.

It is not only the overall assessment of the number of leukocytes that matters. There are five types of leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes; they all have different functions, and therefore it is important to know in what proportion they are present in the blood. The ratio of different types of leukocytes in their total volume is called leukocyte formula.

Neutrophils

An increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood, therefore, indicates the presence of an infection (first of all, a bacterial infection should be suspected), an ongoing inflammatory process. It can also be the result of stress, intoxication, cancer.

Eosinophils

Basophils

Norm: 0-1% of the total number of leukocytes.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are the main cells of the immune system. They provide specific immunity, that is, they recognize the penetrated foreign agent and destroy it. With the help of lymphocytes, the body fights viruses. Normally, lymphocytes make up 19-37% of the total number of leukocytes. In children, the proportion of lymphocytes is higher. At the age of 1 month to two years, lymphocytes are the main type of leukocytes, they make up the bulk of the observed mass. By 4-5 years, the number of leukocytes becomes comparable to the number of neutrophils. As the child grows older, the decline continues, but even at the age of 15, children have more lymphocytes than adults.

An increased content of lymphocytes in the blood indicates the penetration of a viral infection; also observed in toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis.

A reduced number of lymphocytes is a sign of a depressed state of the immune system.

Monocytes

Monocytes are in the blood for an average of about 30 hours, after which they leave the bloodstream and pass into tissues, where they turn into macrophages. The purpose of macrophages is to finally destroy bacteria and dead tissues of the body, clearing the site of inflammation for subsequent regeneration (restoration of healthy tissue). The norm for monocytes is 3-11% of the total number of leukocytes.

An increased number of monocytes is characteristic of sluggish and long-term diseases; it is observed in tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis. It is a specific feature.

ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate

If a tube of blood is left upright, red blood cells—as a heavier fraction of blood than plasma—will begin to sink to the bottom. Ultimately, the contents of the test tube will be divided into two parts: a thick and dark part at the bottom (these will be red blood cells) and a light part at the top (blood plasma). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured in mm/hour. Norm: 2-10 mm/hour for men and 2-15 mm/hour for women. In children, pregnant women and the elderly, the range of normal values ​​​​will be different (in children, it varies greatly with age).

In almost any pathology, certain changes in both the cellular and biochemical composition occur in the blood. For example, in patients with atherosclerosis, cholesterol levels increase, and in anemia, the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration decrease, which can be detected using laboratory tests.

A general (clinical) detailed blood test is one of the simplest and most inexpensive, and at the same time informative methods. laboratory diagnostics. It must be included in the program of basic examination of patients with various diseases, and also performed by adults and children during medical examination.

Other factors can also affect the parameters of a general blood test, so only a specialist can make a correct decoding.

What indicators include a general detailed blood test?

When conducting preventive examination patients are usually prescribed the so-called reduced clinical blood test, which includes counting the number of red blood cells and white blood cells, determining the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. If it reveals any deviations from the norm, as well as when examining patients with various diseases, a detailed blood test is shown, which includes about 30 different parameters. Most often it is prescribed in the following cases:

• diagnosis of anemia;
• suspicion of leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis;
• pregnancy;
• inflammatory processes;
• autoimmune diseases;
• evaluation of the effectiveness of the therapy.

Consider what is included in a clinical detailed blood test.

WBC

WBC - absolute number of leukocytes. Leukocytes are responsible for the recognition and destruction of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as cells with a disrupted genome (tumor). Normally, the content of leukocytes in the blood is 4–9x10 9 / l. Their increase means the presence in the body of a focus of inflammation or malignant neoplasm, and a decrease indicates a decrease in immune defense.

RBC

RBC is the absolute number of erythrocytes. Their main function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all organs and tissues of the body. The normal content of erythrocytes is 4.3–5.5x10 12 / l. A decrease in their number occurs with bleeding, anemia, lesions bone marrow. An increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood leads to a thickening of the blood caused by various reasons(uncontrollable vomiting, polyuria, diarrhea, massive burns) or genetically determined disorders of hemoglobin synthesis.

In children of the first years of life, the number of leukocytes is increased compared to adults, this is their age feature and norm.

Hb

Hb - hemoglobin. This is a special protein located inside red blood cells and containing iron molecules in its structure. It has the ability to easily attach oxygen to itself and give it to tissues. Hemoglobin is colored red by iron, it is thanks to it that red blood cells have a red color and all blood as a whole looks red. Normally, the hemoglobin content is 120–140 g/l. A decrease in its concentration is observed in various types of anemia.

HCT

HCT (Ht) - hematocrit. This is the ratio between blood cells and plasma volume, expressed as a percentage. The hematocrit norm is 39–49%. This means that the blood consists of 60-50% of the plasma, the rest of the volume is occupied by cells.

PLT

PLT, platelets. These are platelets that are directly involved in the process of hemostasis, that is, the formation blood clot and stop bleeding. The norm of their content is 150–400x10 9 / l.

ESR

ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR. An increase in this indicator is observed in many pathological processes, but may not be associated with the disease. For example, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs therapy or pregnancy leads to an increase in ESR.

Erythrocyte indices

1. Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV). The normal value is 80–95 fl. Previously, the terms "macrocytosis", "normocytosis" and "microcytosis" were used to refer to this indicator.
2. The average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte expressed in absolute units (MCH). The norm is 27–31 pg. Previously, this index was called the color indicator of blood.
3. Mean concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocyte mass (MCHC). Shows how erythrocytes are saturated with hemoglobin. Its decrease is observed in blood diseases associated with violations of the process of hemoglobin synthesis.
4. Anisocytosis or RBC Distribution Width (RDW). A measure of uniformity in the size of red blood cells.

Different laboratories may adopt different standards, depending on the methods of examination and units of measurement adopted.

Platelet indices

1. Mean platelet volume (MPV). Norm 7–10 fl.
2. Distribution width (relative) of platelets by volume (PDW). Allows you to evaluate the heterogeneity of platelets, that is, their difference in size.
3. Thrombocrit (PCT). The volume of whole blood per platelet and expressed as a percentage. The normal value is 0.108–0.282%.
4. Large Platelet Ratio (P-LCR).

Leukocyte indices

1. Relative content of lymphocytes (lymphocyte, LY%, LYM%). The norm is 25–40%.
2. Absolute content of lymphocytes (lymphocyte, LY#, LYM#). Norm 1.2–3.0x10 9 / l.
3. Relative blood levels of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes (MID%, MXD%). The norm is 5–10%.
4. Absolute blood levels of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes (MID#, MXD#). Norm 0.2–0.8x10 9 / l.
5. Relative content of neutrophils (NE%, NEUT%).
6. Absolute content of neutrophils (NE#, NEUT#).
7. Relative content of monocytes (MO%, MON%). The norm is 4–11%.
8. Absolute content of monocytes (MO%, MON%). Norm 0.1–0.6x10 9 / l.
9. Relative (EO%) and absolute (EO#) content of eosinophils.
10. Relative (BA%) and absolute (BA#) content of basophils.
11. Relative (IMM%) and absolute ((IMM#) content of immature granulocytes.
12. Relative (ATL%) and absolute (ATL#) content of atypical lymphocytes.
13. Relative (GRAN%, GR%) content of granulocytes. The norm is 47–72%.
14. Absolute (GRAN#, GR#) content of granulocytes. Norm 1.2–6.8x10 9 / l; and others.

If necessary, re- clinical analysis it is desirable to donate blood in the same laboratory where the previous study was performed.

How to take a detailed blood test

In order for the results of an extended clinical blood test to be as accurate as possible, a number of rules must be observed:

• the optimal time for taking the analysis is the interval from 7 to 10 in the morning;
• after the last meal, at least 8 hours must pass;
• a few hours before donating blood (at least an hour), you must refrain from smoking;
• about all accepted medicines the patient should warn the doctor, as they can distort the results of the analysis.

The result of the analysis is usually ready on the day of its delivery. Different laboratories may adopt different standards, depending on the methods of examination and units of measurement adopted. Therefore, if it is necessary to conduct a repeated clinical blood test, it is advisable to take it in the same laboratory where the previous study was performed.

A detailed clinical blood test includes many indicators. Their reference (normal) values ​​are usually indicated on the referral form, but without taking into account the characteristics of the patient. For example, in children of the first years of life, the number of leukocytes is increased compared to adults, this is their age-related feature and norm. In pregnant women in the second trimester, there is a slight decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels. Also, other factors can influence the parameters of the general blood test, so only a specialist can make the correct decoding.

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A complete blood count is referred to as routine research in any clinical laboratory - this is the first analysis that a person takes when he undergoes a medical examination or when he falls ill. In laboratory work, UAC is referred to as a general clinical research method (clinical blood test).

Even people who are far from all laboratory intricacies, full of a mass of hard-to-pronounce terms, were well versed in the norms, values, names and other parameters as long as the answer form included cells of the leukocyte link (leukocyte formula), erythrocytes and hemoglobin with a color indicator. Widespread settlement medical institutions laboratory service was not spared with all kinds of equipment, many experienced patients found themselves at a dead end: some kind of incomprehensible abbreviation of Latin letters, a lot of all sorts of numbers, various characteristics of erythrocytes and platelets ...

Do-It-Yourself Decryption

Difficulties for patients are the general blood test, produced by an automatic analyzer and scrupulously rewritten into a form by the responsible laboratory assistant. By the way, no one has canceled the "gold standard" of clinical research (microscope and doctor's eyes), therefore, any analysis performed for diagnostics must be applied to glass, stained and viewed in order to identify morphological changes in blood cells. In the event of a significant decrease or increase in a certain cell population, the device may not be able to cope and “protest” (refuse to work), no matter how good it is.

Sometimes people try to find the differences between a general and clinical blood test, but there is no need to look for them, because a clinical analysis implies the same study, which is called general for convenience (shorter and clearer), but the essence does not change.

A general (detailed) blood test includes:

• Determination of the content of cellular elements of the blood: - red blood cells containing the pigment hemoglobin, which determines the color of the blood, and which do not contain this pigment, therefore they are called white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes);
• Level ;
• (in a hematological analyzer, although it can be approximately determined by eye after the erythrocytes spontaneously settle to the bottom);
• , calculated according to the formula, if the study was carried out manually, without the participation of laboratory equipment;
• , which was previously called the reaction (ROE).

A general blood test shows the reaction of this valuable biological fluid to any processes occurring in the body. How many red blood cells and hemoglobin it contains, performing the function of respiration (transferring oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide from them), leukocytes that protect the body from infection, participate in the coagulation process, how the body reacts to pathological processes, in a word, KLA reflects the state of the body itself at different periods of life. The concept of "detailed blood test" means that, in addition to the main indicators (leukocytes, hemoglobin, erythrocytes), the leukocyte formula (and cells of the agranulocytic series) is studied in detail.

It is better to entrust the interpretation of the blood test to the doctor, but if there is a special desire, the patient can try to independently study the result issued in the clinical laboratory, and we will help him with this by combining the usual names with the abbreviation of the automatic analyzer.

Table is easier to understand

As a rule, the results of the study are recorded on a special form, which is sent to the doctor or given to the patient. To make it easier to navigate, let's try to present a detailed analysis in the form of a table, in which we will enter the norm of blood indicators. The reader in the table will also see such cells as. They are not among the mandatory indicators of a complete blood count and are young forms of red blood cells, that is, they are the precursors of erythrocytes. Reticulocytes are examined to identify the cause of anemia. There are very few of them in the peripheral blood of an adult healthy person (the norm is given in the table), in newborns these cells can be 10 times more.

And a separate table for children

Adaptation to new living conditions of all body systems of newborns, their further development in children after a year and the final formation in adolescence makes blood counts different from those of adults. It should not be surprising that the norms of a small child and a person who has stepped over the age of majority can sometimes differ noticeably, so there is a table of normal values ​​​​for children.

It should be noted that in different medical sources and in different laboratories, the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the norm may differ. This is not due to the fact that someone does not know how many certain cells should be or what is the normal level of hemoglobin. Just, using different analytical systems and methods, each laboratory has its own reference values. However, these subtleties are unlikely to be of interest to the reader ...

Red blood cells in the general blood test and their characteristics

Or red blood cells (Er, Er) - the most numerous group of cellular elements of the blood, represented by non-nuclear discs of a biconcave shape ( the norm for women and men is different and is 3.8 - 4.5 x 10 12 / l and 4.4 - 5.0 x 10 12 / l, respectively). Red blood cells lead the overall blood count. Having numerous functions (tissue respiration, regulation of water-salt balance, transfer of antibodies and immunocomplexes on their surfaces, participation in the coagulation process, etc.), these cells have the ability to penetrate into the most inaccessible places (narrow and tortuous capillaries). To accomplish these tasks, erythrocytes must have certain qualities: size, shape, and high plasticity. Any changes in these parameters that are outside the norm are shown by a complete blood count (examination of the red part).

Red blood cells contain an important component for the body, consisting of protein and iron. This is a red blood pigment called. A decrease in erythrocytes in the blood usually entails a drop in the level of Hb, although there is another picture: there are enough red blood cells, but many of them are empty, then the KLA will also have a low content of red pigment. In order to find out and evaluate all these indicators, there are special formulas that doctors used before the advent of automatic analyzers. Now the equipment is engaged in similar cases, and additional columns with an incomprehensible abbreviation and new units of measurement have appeared in the form of a general blood test:

Indicator of many diseases - ESR

It is considered an indicator (non-specific) of a wide variety of pathological changes in the body, so this test is almost never bypassed in a diagnostic search. ESR norm depends on gender and age absolutely healthy women it is 1.5 times higher than this indicator in children and adult men.

As a rule, such an indicator as ESR is recorded at the bottom of the form, that is, it, as it were, completes the general blood test. Most cases of ESR measured in 60 minutes (1 hour) in Panchenkov's tripod, which is indispensable to this day, however, in our high-tech time there are devices that reduce the determination time, but not all laboratories have them.

definition of ESR

Leukocyte formula

Leukocytes (Le) are a "motley" group of cells representing "white" blood. The number of leukocytes is not as high as the content of red blood cells (erythrocytes), their normal value in an adult varies between 4.0 - 9.0 x 10 9 / l.

In the KLA, these cells are represented as two populations:

1. Granulocyte cells (granular leukocytes), containing granules that are filled with biologically active substances (BAS): (rods, segments, young, myelocytes),;
2. Representatives of the agranulocytic series, which, however, can also have granules, but of a different origin and purpose: immunocompetent cells () and “orderlies” of the body - (macrophages).

The most common cause increase in leukocytes in the blood () - an infectious and inflammatory process:

• In the acute phase, the neutrophil pool is activated and, accordingly, increases (up to the release of young forms);
• A little later, monocytes (macrophages) are included in the process;
• The stage of recovery can be determined by an increased number of eosinophils and lymphocytes.

The calculation of the leukocyte formula, as mentioned above, is not completely trusted even by the most high-tech equipment, although it cannot be suspected of errors - the devices work well and accurately, they provide a large amount of information, significantly exceeding that when working manually. However, there is one tiny nuance - the machine can not yet fully see the morphological changes in the cytoplasm and the nuclear apparatus of the leukocyte cell and replace the doctor's eyes. In this regard, the identification of pathological forms is still carried out visually, and the analyzer is allowed to count the total number of white blood cells and divide leukocytes into 5 parameters (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes), if the laboratory has a high-precision class 3 analytical system .

Through the eyes of man and machine

Hematology analyzers latest generation not only are they able to conduct a complex analysis of granulocyte representatives, but also to differentiate cells of the agranulocytic series (lymphocytes) within a population (subpopulations of T-cells, B-lymphocytes). Doctors successfully use their services, but, unfortunately, such equipment is still the privilege of specialized clinics and large medical centers. In the absence of any hematological analyzer, the number of leukocytes can also be counted using the old-fashioned method (in the Goryaev chamber). Meanwhile, the reader should not think that this or that method (manual or automatic) is necessarily better, the doctors working in the laboratory monitor this, controlling themselves and the machine, and at the slightest doubt will suggest the patient to repeat the study. So, leukocytes:

MON, Mo (monocytes) are the largest cells that are part of the MHC (mononuclear phagocytic system). They are present in the form of macrophages in all inflammatory foci and are in no hurry to leave them for some time after the process subsides.

Platelet link

The following abbreviation in the CBC refers to cells called platelets or. The study of platelets without a hematological analyzer is a rather laborious task, cells require a special approach to staining, therefore, without an analytical system, this test is performed as needed, and is not a default analysis.

The analyzer, distributing cells, like red blood cells, calculates the total number of platelets and platelet indices (MPV, PDW, PCT):

• PLT- an indicator indicating the number of platelets (platelets). An increase in platelet count in the blood is called, a reduced level is classified as thrombocytopenia.
• MPV- the average volume of platelets, the uniformity of the size of the platelet population, expressed in femtoliters;
• PDW- the width of the distribution of these cells by volume -%, quantitatively - the degree of platelet anisocytosis;
• PCT() - an analogue of hematocrit, expressed as a percentage and denotes the proportion of platelets in whole blood.

Elevated platelets and change one way or the other platelet indices may indicate the presence of a rather serious pathology: myeloproliferative diseases, inflammatory processes of an infectious nature, localized in various organs, as well as the development malignant neoplasm. Meanwhile, the number of platelets can increase: physical exercise childbirth, surgical interventions.

decline the content of these cells is observed in autoimmune processes, angiopathy, infections, massive transfusions. A slight drop in platelet levels is noted before menstruation and during pregnancy, however a decrease in their number to 140.0 x 10 9 /l and below should already be a cause for concern.

Does everyone know how to prepare for analysis?

It is known that many indicators (especially leukocytes and erythrocytes) change depending on the circumstances.

1. Psycho-emotional stress;
2. Food (digestive leukocytosis);
3. Bad habits in the form of smoking or thoughtless use of strong drinks;
4. The use of certain drugs;
5. Solar radiation (before testing, it is undesirable to go to the beach).

No one wants to get unreliable results, in this regard, you need to go for an analysis on an empty stomach, on a sober head and without a morning cigarette, calm down in 30 minutes, do not run or jump. People must know that in the afternoon, after exposure to the sun and during heavy physical labor, some leukocytosis will be noted in the blood.

The female gender has even more restrictions, so the representatives of the fair half need to remember that:

• The ovulation phase raises the total number of leukocytes, but reduces the level of eosinophils;
• Neutrophilia is noted during pregnancy (before childbirth and during their course);
• Pain associated with menstruation and menstruation themselves can also cause certain changes in the results of the analysis - you will have to donate blood again.

Blood for a comprehensive blood test, provided that it is carried out in a hematological analyzer, is now in most cases taken from a vein, simultaneously with other analyzes (biochemistry), but in a separate test tube (vacutainer with an anticoagulant placed in it - EDTA). There are also small microcontainers (with EDTA) designed to take blood from the finger (earlobes, heels), which are more often used to take tests from babies.

The indicators of blood from a vein are somewhat different from the results obtained in the study of capillary blood - in the venous hemoglobin is higher, there are more erythrocytes. Meanwhile, it is believed that it is better to take OAC from a vein: cells are less injured, contact with blood is minimized. skin In addition, the volume of venous blood taken, if necessary, allows you to repeat the analysis if the results turn out to be doubtful, or expand the range of studies (what if it turns out that reticulocytes also need to be done?).

In addition, many people (by the way, more often adults), completely unresponsive to venipuncture, are terrified of a scarifier with which they pierce a finger, and fingers are sometimes blue and cold - blood is obtained with difficulty. The analytical system that produces a detailed blood test “knows” how to work with venous and capillary blood, it is programmed to different variants, so it can easily "figure out" what's what. Well, if the device fails, then it will be replaced by a highly qualified specialist who will check, double-check and make a decision, relying not only on the ability of the machine, but also on his own eyes.

Video: clinical blood test - Dr. Komarovsky

Blood performs a transport function - it supplies cells with oxygen and other necessary substances, takes away carbon dioxide and metabolic products. It includes plasma and formed elements, the ratio and amount of which can tell a lot about the state of health.

Below we will describe in detail the indications and features of a general blood test - a table of norms in adults, a transcript of the results and the values ​​​​of deviations upward or downward.

What is analysis for?

General clinical trial blood is carried out to identify most pathologies of an infectious, inflammatory, malignant nature.

With its help, the effectiveness of treatment is assessed, it is an obligatory part of the examination when the patient enters the hospital and during a preventive examination.

A general blood test is needed to determine the number of erythrocytes, the concentration of hemoglobin in them and the sedimentation rate, the number and composition of leukocytes and platelets, the ratio of the number of cellular and liquid components.

These indicators can tell a lot about the state of the body and help diagnose pathologies in the early stages.

Decoding and norm of a general blood test in adults

In a general clinical blood test, the level of the following elements is determined:

• erythrocytes and their average volume;
• hemoglobin;
• hematocrit;
• average amount and percentage concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes;
• reticulocytes;
• anisocytosis of erythrocytes;
• platelets and their average volume;
• leukocytes;

The leukocyte formula is written in detail, including values ​​for six types of white blood cells: eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, stab and segmented neutrophils.

Table 1. The norm of the result of a general clinical blood test

Table 2. Leukocyte formula(norm)

red blood cells

Their increased content is detected with hypoxia, dehydration, heart defects, excess steroid hormones and dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, erythremia.

Decrease - with anemia, acute blood loss, in the II-III trimester of pregnancy, chronic inflammation, as well as pathologies of the bone marrow.

Hemoglobin

Many diseases are associated with disturbances in the volume and structure of hemoglobin. A decrease in its level is detected with anemia, bleeding, tumors, damage to the kidneys, bone marrow. An increase may indicate a thickening of the blood due to dehydration, erythremia, iron supplementation.

Hematocrit

This indicator is the ratio of red blood cells and plasma, it determines the degree of development of anemia. Hematocrit is high with dehydration, polycythemia, peritonitis, extensive burns.

The decrease accompanies anemia, oncological diseases, chronic inflammation, late dates pregnancy, starvation, chronic hyperazotemia, pathologies of the heart, blood vessels and kidneys.

The ratio of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte to normal value reflects the color (or color) indicator. Its decrease is detected in lead poisoning, anemia in pregnant women and iron deficiency anemia.

Above the norm, the CPU rises with a deficiency of vitamins B12 and B9, gastric polyposis and cancer.

RBC anisocytosis

This is the presence in the blood of erythrocytes of various diameters (mature - 7-8 microns, and microcytes - up to 6.7 microns), which indicates the development of anemia. Depending on their ratio, different pathological conditions are determined.

With iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia, the level of microcytes is 30-50%, and with a lack of folic acid, diffuse liver damage, macrocytic anemia, alcoholism, bone marrow metastases, it exceeds 50%.

platelets

These cells are responsible for blood clotting. Their number decreases with leukemia, AIDS and other viral diseases, some genetic pathologies, aplastic anemia, bone marrow lesions, bacterial infections, drug, chemical, alcohol poisoning.

There are fewer platelets in the blood due to treatment with antibiotics, analgesics, estrogens, prednisolone, nitroglycerin, antiallergic drugs and vitamin K. An increase in the number of these cells is observed in the following cases:

• osteomyelitis;
• colitis;
• tuberculosis;
• erythremia;
• joint diseases;
• myelofibrosis;
• bleeding;
• cancerous tumors;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• corticosteroid therapy;
• hemolytic anemia;
• after operations.

During pregnancy, menstruation, postpartum period the rate at which erythrocytes settle is higher than usual. This indicator is also high in diseases of the liver, kidneys, connective tissue, injuries, infectious pathologies in acute and chronic form, inflammatory processes, anemia, poisoning and oncological diseases.

A decrease in ESR occurs with impaired blood circulation, anaphylactic shock, diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Average platelet volume

There are young and old platelets in the blood, the former are always larger, the latter decrease in size. Their life span is 10 days. The lower the MPV value, the less mature, aged platelets in the bloodstream, and vice versa. Deviations in the ratio of such cells different ages helps to diagnose many diseases.

An increase in MPV can provoke diabetes, thrombocytosis, blood pathologies (systemic lupus), splenectomy, alcoholism, myeloid leukemia, vascular atherosclerosis, thalassemia (genetic disorder of hemoglobin structure), May-Hegglin syndrome, posthemorrhagic anemia.

Below the norm, this indicator falls due to radiotherapy, with cirrhosis of the liver, anemia (plastic and megaloblastic), Wiskot-Aldrich syndrome.

Leukocytes

Leukocytosis is an increase, and leukopenia is a decrease in the number of leukocytes in plasma. White blood cells engulf disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and other foreign objects and produce antibodies that recognize pathogens. Leukocytosis is physiological and pathological.

In the first case, the reasons for the increase are food intake, pregnancy and childbirth, premenstrual syndrome, physical activity and mental stress, hypothermia or overheating.

Of the pathologies, an increase in the WBC index can be caused by hypoxia, suppuration, severe blood loss, intoxication or allergies, blood diseases, burns, epilepsy, the administration of insulin or adrenaline hormones, and a malignant tumor.

Leukopenia occurs with radiation sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus, poisoning, liver cirrhosis, cancerous metastases in the bone marrow, lymphogranulomatosis, functional nervous disorders, leukemia, acromegaly, bone marrow hypoplasia, due to taking certain drugs.

The level of leukocytes also decreases with infectious and inflammatory pathologies - influenza, hepatitis, malaria, measles, colitis and others.

Features during pregnancy

In women who are expecting a child, the volume of blood circulating in the body increases, and the level of formed elements changes somewhat. During the gestation period, the study is carried out at least four times. Below is a table - the norm of a general blood test during pregnancy.

Indications for the appointment of a general blood test

Conducting a general (clinical) blood test is indicated for the diagnosis of:

• anemia;
• inflammatory and infectious diseases;
• malignant tumors;
• functional states of the body;
• blood diseases and systemic pathologies.

It is necessary for regular monitoring of chronically ill people, if complications arise during therapy and with prolonged recovery. In healthy children and adults, a general blood test should be performed once a year for preventive purposes.

Depending on what level blood cells deviates from the norm, they speak of anemia, erythrocytosis, neutropenia, or other conditions.

How is a general blood test performed in adults?

The delivery of a general blood test is carried out on an empty stomach in the morning, with the exception of emergency cases - heart attack, appendicitis and other urgent conditions.

Before donation, you do not need to smoke, be stressed, you can drink a little pure water, for 3-4 days you can not take alcohol. On the day of the analysis, you should not allow large physical activity.

For the study, capillary blood from the ring finger or venous blood taken from the cubital vein is used - in this case, along with a general analysis, it is possible to conduct a study on infections, hormones and other indicators.

• When taken from the finger, the first drop is removed with a cotton ball, and the next ones go for analysis. You can’t rub or knead your fingers before donating - this can cause an increase in leukocytes and a change in other values.