Prescription drugs in Belarus. What medicines for colds can be bought without a prescription

In the treatment of respiratory diseases, targeted drugs are used that affect the cause of the disease. They suppress pathogens. Such therapy is called etiological. In the fight against flu and colds, the main thing is to choose the right medications. Some people, in an effort to recover as soon as possible, begin to drink strong antibiotics for colds at the first symptoms of SARS. Is it correct?

When to Take Antibiotics for Colds and Flu

In most cases respiratory diseases caused by viruses antibacterial drugs do not work. Therefore, their reception from the first day of the disease is not justified. Therapy of respiratory diseases with antibiotics is justified if on the 5th-6th day of the course of the flu or colds it is stable bad feeling person. As a rule, these are symptoms of a bacterial infection that provokes the development purulent tonsillitis, acute bronchitis, pneumonia.

Signs of flu and cold complications:

• after the onset of acute respiratory viral infections, after improvement for 5-6 days, the body temperature rises sharply;
• general health worsens, fever, cough, shortness of breath appear;
• increased pain in the throat, chest area, ears;
• increase The lymph nodes.

When treating colds and flu with antibiotics, do not interrupt treatment if you feel better. People who make this mistake then suffer twice as much. In this case, the improvement in a person’s condition does not mean that the disease has passed. A batch of bacteria died under the influence of antibiotics, but another part of them adapts to the drug and begins to attack the weakened body with renewed vigor. This leads to a new round of the disease with subsequent complications.

What antibiotics are better to take for a cold

For the treatment of respiratory diseases, bactericidal drugs are taken to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Antibiotics in the fight against colds and flu are given the role of heavy artillery when there is a risk acute complications. Three main groups of antibacterial drugs are used to treat respiratory diseases:

1. penicillin - ampioks, augmentin, amoxapclave;
2. cephalosporins - cefotaxime, cefpirome, cefazolin;
3. macrolides - roxithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin.

List of effective antibiotics for adults

For colds of bacterial origin, doctors prescribe antibiotics in extreme cases. Prolonged cough, prolonged sore throat, severe fever, stable heat bodies are alarming signs of the development of an acute illness. In this case, traditional antiviral drugs, immunostimulants, vitamins and medicinal herbs powerless. For effective therapy you need to know which antibiotic is better for a cold for an adult:

• amoxicillin;
• arlet;
• flemoklav;
• rovamycin;
• azithromycin;
• chemomycin;
• suprax;
• cefepime;
• erythromycin;
• levofloxacin.

Names of good drugs for children

For the treatment of bacterial diseases at an early age, antibiotics are used in extreme cases. With pneumonia, acute otitis media, purulent tonsillitis, which is the result of a respiratory illness, the use of such drugs is justified. The form of antibiotics is prescribed depending on the age of the child. Babies - drugs in injections, older children - in tablets. Babies do not always get injections, it is allowed to open the ampoule and give the child the medicine to drink in the right dosage. Children's antibiotics for colds:

• ampicillin;
• flemoxin solutab;
• moximac;
• avelox;
• augmentin;
• zinnat;
• macrofoams;
• fromilid uno;
• esparoxy;
• alpha normix.

Often parents mistakenly believe that antibiotic therapy is necessary to successfully treat flu and colds in children. This is a misconception about the effect of antibiotics on the child's body. With viral infections in children, the appointment of these drugs is unreasonable even at high temperatures, which persist for a long time.

Antibiotic treatment of children leads to dysbacteriosis, weakening immune system, anemia. It is advisable to carry out antibiotic therapy for babies only in critical situations. For example, when aerobic streptococcal angina is observed, acute otitis media, pneumonia, inflammation paranasal sinuses nose. The use of antibiotics for the treatment of children with colds and flu without complications is justified when:

• pronounced signs of reduced body resistance - constant subfertile body temperature, frequent colds and viral diseases, HIV, oncology, congenital immunity disorders;
• rickets, malformations of general development, lack of weight;
• the presence in the anamnesis of the child of chronic recurrent otitis media.

Gentle preparations for the treatment of colds in pregnant women

When treating complications of a respiratory disease in a pregnant woman or a nursing mother, the effects of the antibiotic on the development of the fetus are taken into account. For treatment select sparing antibacterial drugs. To choose the right medicine, the doctor identifies the causative agent of the disease, its resistance to various drugs. If it is impossible to conduct such a study, sparing antibiotics for pregnant women are prescribed:

• ampicillin;
• oxacillin;
• cefazolin;
• erythromycin;
• azithromycin;
• bioparox;
• minocycline;
• oxamp;
• ericcycline;
• ristomycin.

For the treatment of flu and colds in pregnant and lactating mothers, in order to avoid the occurrence of dysbacteriosis, it is advisable to take drugs in the form of injections. To avoid allergic reactions, the use of antibiotic therapy is combined with antihistamines. Chocolate, citrus fruits, coffee are excluded from the diet of pregnant and lactating women.

List of broad-spectrum antibiotics

In bacterial therapy for the treatment of complications of influenza and colds, drugs are prescribed aimed at suppressing groups of pathogens. These drugs are called broad-spectrum antibiotics. They help to cure the complications of influenza and acute respiratory infections. Cheap pills are as effective as expensive ones. These types of drugs are sold in pharmacies without a prescription. Before taking, read the instructions and read reviews about antibiotics. Good drug has few side effects. Broad spectrum antibiotics:

• amosin;
• becampicillin;
• ospamox;
• ecoball;
• inforo;
• kefselim;
• flamifix;
• cefodox;
• klacid;
• oletherin.

What antibiotics for colds are effective for adults, children: list and names

Antibiotics for a cold are prescribed by a doctor when the human body cannot cope with the infection on its own.

Usually, dangerous signals of an attack by harmful bacteria are an increase in body temperature to more than 38 ° C, as well as a runny nose, redness of the throat and other symptoms that often accompany a cold: inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, sore throat, shortness of breath, dry cough, headache, etc. . Antibacterial drugs will help to cope with bacteria, but only a medical specialist should prescribe them, since uncontrolled self-medication with antibiotics can adversely affect human health.

Treating a cold with antibiotics

Antibiotics for colds are necessary as a last resort, when the immune system cannot cope with pathogens that attacked the human body. Many of us, at the very first symptoms of a cold, are wondering which antibiotic to take, perceiving it as a miracle cure for all diseases. However, this is a profound misconception, since it is shown to use antiviral drugs for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory diseases, and only when the patient's condition has worsened and a bacterial infection has "connected" will a properly selected antibiotic help. Thus, it is unacceptable to drink an antibiotic at the first sign of a cold!

Treatment of a cold with antibiotics should be rational, and this requires the consultation of an experienced doctor who will determine the severity of the patient's condition and prescribe the antibacterial drug that will be most effective in a particular case.

The common cold (ARVI) can be considered a rather insidious disease that manifests itself regardless of age, human health, and weather conditions. Acute respiratory disease is one of the most common diseases worldwide and lasts an average of a week without complications. Adults usually get colds an average of two to three times a year. To date, doctors have more than two hundred viruses that cause inflammation of the organs. respiratory system. It should be noted that the common cold is a contagious disease - it can be transmitted by airborne droplets and often affects the bronchi, trachea, and lungs. A viral infection lives longer in mucus than in air or a dry place. In order to start treatment on time, it is necessary to objectively assess the patient's condition. The main symptoms of a cold are:

• inflammation of the lymph nodes, which manifests itself in the form of seals on the back of the head, neck, behind the ears, under lower jaw, when pressed, the patient experiences pain;
• profuse discharge of mucus from the nose (runny nose), nasal congestion, as well as unusual dryness of its mucosa;
• sore throat, dry cough, hoarse voice;
• eye redness and watery eyes;
• an increase in body temperature from 37 to 38.5 ° C;
• indigestion, nausea and vomiting (if the body is affected by rotavirus).

A cold is never asymptomatic, so at the first sign of its development, you should consult a doctor in order to prevent possible complications in time.

For the treatment of a neglected cold, an accurate diagnosis is needed, which will allow you to choose the optimal medicine, i.e. antibiotic. Each group of antibacterial drugs is designed to treat a specific type of bacteria, so the antibiotic is prescribed depending on the lesions. For example, in case of inflammation of the respiratory tract, it is necessary to choose a drug that effectively fights bacteria that cause inflammation in the respiratory organs: for example, Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, Augmentin (i.e. antibiotics of the penicillin group). In various respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia, it must be taken into account that they are caused by bacteria, most of which are very resistant to penicillin. For this reason, treatment this disease it is best to use Levofloxacin or Avelox. Antibiotics of the cephalosporin group (Supraks, Zinnat, Zinacef) will help cure bronchitis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and macrolides (Sumamed, Hemomycin) will cope with atypical pneumonia caused by chlamydia and mycoplasmas.

Treatment of a cold with antibiotics should depend on which category the disease belongs to. With ARVI, first of all, it is necessary to use antiviral drugs, because. they purposefully affect the immune system, strengthening it and helping to cope with a viral attack. It is pointless to use antibiotics with such a diagnosis, and this is contraindicated by doctors. The earlier the treatment of ARVI with an effective antiviral drug began, the more likely it is to finish it faster. However, if a cold is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics should not be neglected. At the same time, it is very important to pay attention to the state of your own body in time and find out the exact cause of the onset of a cold in order to choose the most optimal antibacterial drug. After all, antibiotics should be taken very seriously, because. they can not only help, but also harm in case of the wrong choice. So, you should clearly set the boundaries that determine in which cases you can prescribe antibiotics, and in which - you can’t. In our time, indications for antibiotic therapy are:

• purulent tonsillitis (tonsillitis);
• laryngotracheitis;
• purulent otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear);
• purulent sinusitis (purulent sinusitis or sinusitis);
• purulent lymphadenitis;
• pneumonia, pneumonia.

Antibiotics for pregnant women with a cold

Antibiotics for colds, as effective drugs that inhibit the growth of pathogens, occur only in cases of complications caused by the development of a bacterial infection in the body. Their use allows you to suppress the growth of not only pathogenic bacteria, but also some fungi, thereby making life easier for a patient with a cold. You should be aware of the dangers of self-medication with antibacterial agents, especially when it comes to children and pregnant women. In such cases, antibiotics should be taken as responsibly as possible, following only the recommendations and competent prescriptions of an experienced doctor.

Antibiotics for pregnant women with colds should be selected based on their effect on the fetus and only in those extreme cases that really require the use of these drugs. To choose the most suitable antibiotic for the treatment of a pregnant woman, you must first determine the causative agent of the disease, as well as identify its sensitivity to one or another drug. If such a study is not possible, broad-spectrum antibiotics are usually prescribed. Antibiotics are considered the most harmless to the mother and child. penicillin series(for example, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, etc.), as well as cephalosporins (for example, Cefazolin) and some macrolides (of which Erythromycin and Azithromycin can be distinguished). It is these drugs that doctors prefer when prescribing treatment for pregnant women.

The dosage of the antibiotic for a pregnant woman is determined by the doctor, usually it does not differ from the dosage of the drug for the rest. The expectant mother should carefully follow the doctor's recommendations and in no case reduce the dose of the medicine, because. this can provoke the opposite effect: in such a situation, the antibiotic will not have such effective action, aimed at the destruction of microbes, and will not be able to fully suppress the bacterial infection.

Be sure to take into account the fact that antibiotics are most effective only in the treatment infectious diseases bacterial origin. In other cases, they are not able to have the desired effect and can even harm the body. For example, antibacterial drugs will be powerless when:

• SARS and influenza (in this case, the diseases are caused by viruses, for the destruction of which it is necessary to use antiviral drugs);
• inflammatory processes (antibiotics are not anti-inflammatory drugs);
• elevated temperature (do not confuse the action of antibiotics with the action of antipyretic and analgesic drugs);
• cough in pregnant women in cases where it is caused by a viral infection, an allergic reaction, the development bronchial asthma, but not by the action of microorganisms;
• intestinal disorders.

If we consider the issue of the effect of antibiotics on the fetus, then, based on the results of numerous medical studies, we can conclude that these drugs do not provoke the development of any congenital malformations in a child and do not affect its genetic apparatus. But at the same time, some groups of antibacterial drugs have the so-called. embryotoxic effect, i.e. can lead to dysfunction of the kidneys of the fetus, bookmarks of teeth, affect auditory nerve, as well as cause a number of other adverse deviations.

Antibiotics for pregnant women with colds have the most adverse effect on the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, so if possible, treatment is recommended to be postponed to the second trimester. However, if there is an urgent need for such treatment, the doctor should prescribe antibiotics with the least degree of toxicity to the expectant mother, and also strictly monitor the condition of the pregnant woman.

Antibiotics for colds should be used on the advice of a doctor in cases where the patient's condition indicates the development of complications, such as tonsillitis, purulent sinusitis, pneumonia. However, first of all, with a cold, you need to use proven folk remedies and drink antiviral drugs, the action of which is aimed at destroying viral infection. You should not resort to antibiotics if the cause of the disease is not established. It is necessary to weigh all the pros and cons of taking antibacterial drugs, taking into account their side effects and possible complications.

What antibiotics to drink for a cold, only a doctor knows who will determine the degree and type of complications caused by a cold, and then prescribe an antibiotic of the appropriate group:

• Penicillins (Augmentin, Ampicillin, etc.) have a pronounced bactericidal effect and are effective in the treatment of bacterial infections and severe forms ENT diseases (tonsillitis, purulent otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, etc.). The action of these antibacterial drugs is aimed at destroying the walls of bacteria, which causes their death. positive feature penicillins are considered low level toxicity, so they are widely used in pediatrics.
• Cephalosporins have an active bactericidal effect aimed at destroying the bacterial cell membrane. Typically, antibiotics of this group are prescribed for the treatment of pleurisy, bronchitis, pneumonia and are administered by injection (intravenously or intramuscularly), only Cephalexins are taken orally. They cause fewer allergic reactions than penicillins, but in rare cases, there are still manifestations of allergies, as well as impaired kidney function.
• Macrolides (azalides and ketolides) have an active bacteriostatic effect and are effective in the treatment of atypical pneumonia. The first macrolide was Erythromycin, which was used by patients with an allergic reaction to penicillins.
• Fluoroquinolones (Levofloxacin, etc.) are used to destroy gram-negative bacteria (mycoplasma, pneumococcus, chlamydia, coli). Quickly penetrating inside the cell, they infect the microbes that are there. To date, they are the most non-toxic antibacterial drugs that do not cause allergies and are safe to use.

To find out which antibiotics to drink for a cold in a particular case, you should consult with medical specialist. For example, in our time, the drug Flemoxin Solutab containing amoxicillin is often prescribed for the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases. With bronchitis, pharyngitis, acute tonsillitis and otitis media, pneumonia and a number of other infectious and inflammatory diseases, the drug Suprax can be prescribed, which should be taken in accordance with the doctor's recommendations, because. in case of uncontrolled treatment of a cold with this drug, there may be adverse reactions in the form of a violation of the intestinal microflora. This can lead to severe diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis. efficient antimicrobial drug is Levomycetin, which is used for infectious diseases. The dosage of the drug and the duration of treatment, as in other cases, must be strictly established by the attending physician.

Good antibiotic for colds

Antibiotics for colds should be used if after taking antiviral drugs in the first days of the disease there was no improvement, and especially when the patient's condition worsened: this means that, in addition to viruses, the body was also attacked by bacteria. Such drugs are good "helpers" in ridding the human body of toxins and all kinds of pathogenic microbes, however, the choice of antibiotic in one case or another remains with the doctor, because. should correspond to the indications and course of a particular disease. The fact is that an insufficiently strong antibacterial drug may not fully cope with the complications caused by a cold or flu, and a “powerful” antibiotic can harm the body’s immune system.

The beginning of the use of antibiotics in medical practice dates back to 1928 and is associated with the name of the Englishman Fleming. It was he who discovered the substance "penicillin", which can lead to the death of many microbes and bacteria, and thereby made a real revolution in medicine, because. since then, many previously fatal diseases have become curable: scarlet fever, pneumonia, tuberculosis, pneumonia, etc. During World War II, thanks to antibiotics, doctors managed to save the lives of millions of wounded people. To this day, these faithful "helpers" help doctors fight for the health of many patients.

A good antibiotic for a cold is one that is selected according to the type and course of the disease. Antibiotic treatment should be carried out carefully, after consulting with a doctor who will choose the best drug from the four main classes of antibiotics with different effects, which have proven to be effective in the treatment of various complications caused by bacterial infections. These classes include: penicillins (Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, Augmentin, etc.); macrolides (Azithromycin, etc.): fluoroquinolones (Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, etc.); cephalosporins (Cefixime, Cefuroxime, Suprax, etc.).

Before you start taking any medicines, it is advisable to try to cope with a mild cold using methods and recipes traditional medicine. For example, make inhalations, foot baths, put a compress or mustard plasters. It is necessary to increase the amount of fluid consumed, as well as to expand the diet with natural vitamins, i.e. fresh fruits and vegetables. At the first sign of deterioration in the condition of a cold, you should immediately go to the hospital to prevent the development of complications. In the case when a bacterial infection has attacked the body, there is an urgent need to "connect" the antibiotic, because. in this situation, we are literally talking about saving the life of the patient. The patient must understand that only the attending physician can prescribe an antibacterial drug, and at the same time it is necessary to strictly observe the dosage indicated by him, as well as the intervals of administration. Self-medication can lead to the exposure of human health to significant danger.

Antibiotics for colds can have a number of negative consequences, especially when self-treatment is chosen incorrectly. Among these side effects, allergies, gastrointestinal disorders, dysbacteriosis, and depression of the immune system are most common.

It should also be remembered that it is not recommended to take an antibiotic for more than 5 days in a row, however, a decrease in the period of antibiotic treatment can lead to the fact that the infection will not be eliminated from the body, and this, in turn, will cause complications in the form malfunctions of the heart and kidneys. If after three days the patient did not feel relief from his condition, it is necessary to ask the doctor to change the drug to another, more effective one. You should also be careful about combining other drugs with antibiotics - in such cases, you should follow the doctor's recommendations. In no case should you take an antibiotic whose expiration date has expired!

A good antibiotic for a cold will certainly give positive results within three days: the patient will feel better, he will have an appetite, and unpleasant symptoms will disappear.

When treating with antibiotics, it is important to take care of reducing their negative effects on the body. To this end, the doctor should prescribe probiotics to the patient - drugs that normalize the intestinal microflora and thereby prevent the development of dysbacteriosis, strengthen the immune system, and have a beneficial effect on work internal organs reducing the possibility of side effects and complications.

Antibiotics for colds for children

Antibiotics for colds should be given with extreme caution to children. Such treatment should be prescribed by the attending physician, who should be consulted immediately after the first signs of the disease - the appearance of a runny nose, cough, and fever in the child. Usually, a temperature above 38.5 ° C indicates that the child's immunity is trying to get rid of the virus on its own, in which case the doctor prescribes antipyretics. If, after 3-5 days, the baby's health does not improve, and the temperature is still high, it is recommended to start taking the appropriate antibiotic, but only strictly as directed by the pediatrician and upon confirmation of the bacterial nature of the disease.

Antibiotics for colds for children are a serious test for a growing body, so they should not be used immediately after the onset of symptoms of the disease. If parents believe that taking a "powerful" antibiotic is the only effective method treatment of acute respiratory viral infections or acute respiratory infections - this is a deep delusion! The effect of antibacterial agents on a child's body for no particular reason can be very negative, and sometimes even destructive. Not to mention the use of antibiotics for the treatment of infants, which in itself is blasphemous. Colds should be treated with antiviral drugs, the effect of which usually does not appear immediately, but after 3-5 days. At the same time, the febrile process in children, which is most often caused by viral-type respiratory tract infections, can vary between 3-7 days, and sometimes even more. Do not mistakenly believe that antibiotics are an alternative to antitussive drugs, because. coughing with a cold is a protective reaction of the child's body, which usually disappears last, after the disappearance of other symptoms of the disease. The issue of prescribing antibiotic treatment for a child is decided by an experienced pediatrician who will assess the condition of the baby and, only in case of emergency, choose the optimal drug. Parents should carefully follow all the doctor's recommendations, including regarding the method of taking and dosage of the antibacterial drug. It is also important not to stop the treatment of the child before the due date.

Some antibiotics for colds for children are strictly prohibited. First of all, this medicines t. tetracycline group (Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, etc.), which can disrupt the process of formation of tooth enamel in a baby, as well as antibacterial drugs of fluorinated quinolones, which have the ending “-floxacin” in their names (for example, Ofloxacin, Pefloxacin), which negatively affect the formation of articular cartilage in a child. In pediatrics, Levomycetin is also not allowed, the action of which is aimed at the development of aplastic anemia (the process of oppression of hematopoiesis) and can lead to death.

Among the antibacterial drugs used in pediatrics, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Levofloxacin, Flemoxin Solutab, Moksimak, Zinnat, Avelox, Amoxiclav, etc. can be noted. The choice of a particular drug depends entirely on experience and professionalism. pediatrician, which should determine which antibiotic will become the best assistant and will be useful in the treatment of complications after a cold in each case.

So, antibiotics for colds should be used to treat children only in cases of urgent need. This will not lead to the desired recovery, but will only aggravate the situation, because. the action of an antibacterial drug can become destructive to the baby's immunity, which will increase the risk of a return of the infection.

Names of antibiotics for colds

Antibiotics for colds should be chosen especially carefully, without resorting to self-medication, but after consulting a doctor who will determine the degree of complications and prescribe the most effective remedy. In addition, when taking antibiotics, you should follow these recommendations:

• in the treatment should be used only one, the most effective drug from a specific group
• if after the first dose of the antibiotic after two days the patient's condition has not improved, and the temperature has not decreased, there may be a need to change the drug;
• it is impossible to combine taking an antibiotic with antipyretic drugs, since they "lubricate" its action;
• the period of antibiotic treatment should be at least 5 days, or even more. It is this duration of treatment that allows the drug to fully cope with the causative agent of the infection;
• in severe colds and complications of the disease, the patient should be immediately hospitalized, and antibiotic therapy should be carried out under the supervision of the attending physician.

It is useful for everyone to know the names of antibiotics for colds (at least a few of them), because, in this way, a person will have at least some idea of ​​the drug that the doctor will prescribe. Antibiotics are traditionally divided into several classes:

• penicillins,
• macrolides,
• fluoroquinolones,
• cephalosporins.

The penicillin class includes such names of antibiotics as Ampicillin, Augmentin, Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, etc.

The most common names for the class of macrolides are Erythromycin, Azithromycin, etc. (such drugs are considered the most powerful in the treatment of a bacterial infection). Fluoroquinolone antibiotics include Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin, and cephalosporins include Axetil, Cefixime (Supraks), Cefuroxime axetil, and others.

The main goal in the treatment of various infectious complications caused by a cold is to provide the body with effective assistance aimed at getting rid of pathogenic microbes and toxic substances as soon as possible. For the treatment to give a quick positive result, need to do right choice antibiotics, and this can only be done by an experienced doctor.

It should be remembered that antibiotics for colds are not as harmless as they might seem, they can cause a number of side effects, especially if they are used in the wrong cases. For example, many do not understand or simply do not know that only an antiviral drug can cope with a viral infection of the respiratory tract, and they begin to use antibiotics immediately when cold symptoms occur, such as a runny nose, cough, fever. This is a big misconception, because. Improper use of antibiotics can cause great harm to an already weakened human immune system. Such drugs are needed only to treat bacterial infections, the development of which can be caused by complications of the common cold. Usually, antibiotics are prescribed if, 4-5 days after the onset of the disease, the patient's condition does not improve or, conversely, it becomes worse.

Amoxiclav for colds

Antibiotics for colds should be used purposefully, depending on the patient's condition and the characteristics of the course of the disease. Among the common drugs used in modern medicine, a separate place is occupied by an effective antibacterial drug Amoxiclav. It has established itself as a reliable remedy for the treatment of various complications caused by colds and other adverse factors, in particular, such as the occurrence of infections after surgical operations.

Amoxiclav for colds is successfully used in modern medicine for the treatment of so-called. "mixed" infections, as well as to prevent possible infection of the patient during surgical intervention. A mixed type of infection is most often caused by gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, as well as anaerobes (including strains), manifesting itself in the form chronic forms otitis, sinusitis and osteomyelitis, cholecystitis, odontogenic infections, aspiration pneumonia, various infections abdominal cavity etc.

Amoxiclav is a combination of two substances: aminopenicillin, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, which has a pronounced bactericidal effect. A detailed medical study of the microbiological properties of this drug gives reason to assert that Amoxiclav, due to the combination of the above active substances, has a depressing effect on the synthesis of bacterial walls and has a stable antibacterial effect on a whole host of pathogens: Neisseria spp., Streptococcus spp. (various groups), Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Helicobacter pylori, Moraxella catarrhalis, Acinetobacter spp., Haemophilus influenzae and many others. others

The pharmacokinetic properties of Amoxiclav indicate its pronounced advantages over other penicillins. So, after taking the drug, there is a rapid absorption of components from the gastrointestinal tract, regardless of food intake. The maximum level of drug concentration is reached approximately 45 minutes after ingestion. The main route of excretion of the drug from the body is its excretion along with urine, feces, and exhaled air.

Amoxiclav for colds, due to its pronounced antimicrobial activity and unique pharmacokinetic properties, is used to treat a number of infectious diseases accompanied by inflammatory processes:

• infections of the respiratory system (in particular, acute and chronic sinusitis, bronchitis, pharyngeal abscess, pneumonia, etc.);
• otitis (both acute and chronic forms);
• infections of the skin, joints, soft tissues and bones;
• infections of the genitourinary system;
• various kinds of gynecological infections.

As for the side effects that occur when taking Amoxiclav, in general, the drug is tolerated by patients normally, without any negative reactions from the body. In percentage terms, only 8-14% of the total number of patients had side effects in the form of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, pain stomach, nausea, vomiting). To avoid such side effects, it is recommended to reduce the dosage of the drug and take it with meals.

Antibiotics for colds are invaluable when there is an urgent need to resist the development of pathogenic microbes and bacterial infections. However, summing up, it should be noted again that the use of antibiotics should be agreed with a competent medical specialist. This is the only way to achieve high results in the treatment of post-cold complications and minimize the risk of negative effects of antibacterial agents on human immunity.

Antibiotics for colds and flu: what is best for adults to take

People with medical education it is known for certain that antibiotics for colds and flu are ineffective, but they are not cheap and harmful.

Moreover, doctors in polyclinics and those who have just graduated from a medical university know this.

However, antibiotics for colds are prescribed, and some patients are advised to take these medicines to prevent infections.

With a common cold without antibiotics, it is better to do without. The patient needs to provide:

1. bed rest;
2. plentiful drink;
3. a balanced diet with a high content of vitamins and minerals in food;
4. if necessary, effective antipyretic tablets or injections;
5. gargling;
6. inhalation and nasal lavage;
7. rubbing and compresses (only in the absence of temperature).

Perhaps, these procedures can be used to limit the treatment of colds. But some patients persistently ask their doctor for a good antibiotic or a cheaper alternative.

It happens even worse, a sick person, due to the fact that he has no time to visit the clinic, begins self-treatment. Fortunately, pharmacies in big cities today are located every 200 meters. There is no such open access to medicines as in Russia in any civilized state.

But in fairness, it should be noted that many pharmacies began to dispense broad-spectrum antibiotics only on prescription. However, if you wish, you can always pity the pharmacy pharmacist, citing a severe ailment or find a pharmacy for which the turnover is much more important than people's health.

Therefore, antibiotics for colds can be purchased without a prescription.

When should antibiotics be taken for acute respiratory infections and influenza

In most cases, the common cold is of a viral etiology, and viral infections are not treated with antibiotics. Pills and injections of a wide spectrum of action are prescribed only in cases where an infection has occurred in an organism weakened by a cold that cannot be defeated without antibacterial drugs. Such an infection can develop:

• in the nasal cavity;
• in the mouth;
• in the bronchi and trachea;
• in the lungs.

In such a situation, antibiotics for flu and colds are needed.

Laboratory methods of research, the results of which can be used to judge the need for taking antibacterial agents, are not always prescribed. Often polyclinics save on sputum and urine cultures, explaining their policy by the fact that this is too expensive.

Exceptions are swabs taken from the nose and pharynx with angina on the Lefler stick (the causative agent of diphtheria), selective urine cultures for diseases of the urinary tract and selective cultures of the discharged tonsils, which are taken for chronic tonsillitis.

Patients treated in a hospital are much more likely to receive laboratory confirmation of a microbial infection. Changes clinical analysis blood are indirect signs of bacterial inflammation. After receiving the results of the analysis, the doctor can proceed from the following indicators:

1. the number of leukocytes;
2. an increase in segmented and stab leukocytes (shift leukocyte formula to the left).

And yet, doctors prescribe antibiotics for colds very often. Here is a clear example of this, which is taken from the results of checking one child medical institution. 420 outpatient records of small patients from 1 to 3 years old were analyzed. In 80% of cases, doctors diagnosed children with acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections; acute bronchitis- 16 %; otitis - 3%; pneumonia and other infections - 1%.

For pneumonia and bronchitis, antibiotic therapy was prescribed in 100% of cases, but in 80% it was prescribed for both acute respiratory infections and inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

And this is despite the fact that the vast majority of physicians are well aware that it is unacceptable to use antibiotics without infectious complications.

Why do doctors still prescribe antibiotics for flu and colds? This happens for a number of reasons:

• reinsurance due to early age children;
• administrative settings;
• preventive measures to reduce complications;
• lack of desire to visit assets.

How to identify complications without analysis?

The doctor can determine by eye that an infection has joined the cold:

1. the color of discharge from the nose, ears, eyes, bronchi and pharynx changes from transparent to cloudy yellow or poisonous green;
2. when a bacterial infection is attached, a repeated rise in temperature is usually observed, this is typical for pneumonia;
3. the patient's urine becomes cloudy, a sediment can be observed in it;
4. in feces pus, mucus or blood appears.

Complications that may occur after SARS are determined by the signs below.

• The situation is this: a person had a cold or a cold and was already on the mend, when suddenly the temperature jumped sharply to 39, cough intensified, chest pain and shortness of breath appeared - all these manifestations signal that there is a high probability of developing pneumonia.
• If angina and diphtheria are suspected, the temperature rises, sore throats intensify, plaque appears on the tonsils, lymph nodes increase in the neck.
• With otitis media, fluid is released from the ear, with pressure on the tragus in the ear, severe pain appears.
• Signs of sinusitis are manifested as follows - the patient completely loses his sense of smell; occur in the forehead severe pain, which increase when the head is tilted; the voice becomes raspy.

What antibiotics to drink for a cold?

This question is asked to the therapist by many patients. Antibiotics for a cold should be chosen based on the following factors:

1. localization of infection;
2. age of the patient (adults and children have their own list of drugs);
3. history;
4. individual drug tolerance;
5. state of the immune system.

But in any situation, only a doctor prescribes antibiotics for a cold.

Sometimes broad-spectrum antibiotics are recommended for uncomplicated acute respiratory infections.

Against certain blood diseases: aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis.

With clear signs of weakened immunity:

• subfebrile condition;
• colds and viral diseases more than five times a year;
• chronic inflammatory and fungal infections;
• congenital pathologies of the immune system;
• oncological diseases.

Children up to 6 months:

1. against infant rickets;
2. against lack of weight;
3. against various malformations.

• Bacterial tonsillitis requires treatment with macrolides or penicillins.
• Purulent lymphadenitis is treated with broad-spectrum drugs.
• Acute bronchitis, exacerbation of its chronic form, and laryngotracheitis, bronchiectasis, will require the appointment of macrolides. But it's better to do an x-ray first. chest to rule out pneumonia.
• In acute otitis media, the doctor after otoscopy makes a choice between cephalosporins and macrolides.

Azithromycin - an antibiotic for colds and flu

Azithromycin (another name for Azimed) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug. Active substance drugs are directed against protein synthesis of sensitive microorganisms. Azithromycin is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The peak effect of the drug occurs two to three hours after ingestion.

Azithromycin is rapidly distributed in biological fluids and tissues. Before you start taking pills, it is better to test for the sensitivity of the microflora that provoked the disease. Adult Azithromycin should be taken once a day one hour before meals or three hours after it.

1. For infections of the respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues on the first day of admission, a single dose of 500 mg is prescribed, then for three days the patient takes Azithromycin 250 mg per day.
2. Against acute infections urinary tract, the patient should take three tablets of Azithromycin at once.
3. Against the initial stage of Lyme disease, three tablets are also prescribed once.
4. For infections of the stomach caused by Helicobacter pylori, the patient should take three to four tablets at a time for three days.

The release form of the drug is tablets (capsules) of 6 pieces in a package (blister).

Other antibacterial drugs

If the patient does not have an allergic reaction to penicillin, antibiotics for influenza can be prescribed from the semi-synthetic penicillin series (Amoxicillin, Solutab, Flemoxin). In the presence of severe resistant infections, doctors prefer "protected penicillins", that is, those that consist of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid, here is a list of them:

• Solutab.
• Flemoklav.
• Augmentin.
• Ecoclave.
• Amoxiclav.

With angina, this treatment is best.

Names of cephalosporin drugs:

1. Cefixime.
2. Ixim Lupin.
3. Panceph.
4. Suprax.
5. Zinacef.
6. Cefuroxime axetil.
7. Zinnat.
8. Aksetin.
9. Supero.

With mycoplasma, chlamydial pneumonia or infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract, the following medications are prescribed:

• Macrofoam.
• Azitrox.
• Z-factor.
• Hemomycin.
• Zitrolide.
• Zetamax.
• Sumamed.

Should antibiotics be prescribed? It is useless to treat influenza and SARS with them, so this problem falls entirely on the shoulders of the doctor. Only a physician who keeps the patient's medical history and test results in front of him can give a full account of the expediency of prescribing one or another antibacterial drug.

In addition, inexpensive but effective antiviral drugs can be used in treatment, which indicates an integrated approach to influenza therapy.

The problem is that most pharmaceutical companies, in pursuit of profit, continually throw out more and more new antibacterial agents into the wide sales network. But most of these drugs for the time being could be in stock.

Antibiotics, flu, colds - what conclusions can be drawn?

So, from all of the above, we can conclude that antibiotics should be prescribed only for a bacterial infection. Influenza and colds are 90% of a viral origin, therefore, with these diseases, taking drugs antibacterial group not only will not bring benefits, but can provoke a number of side effects, for example:

1. decline immune response organism;
2. inhibition of kidney and liver function;
3. imbalance of intestinal microflora;
4. allergic reactions.

The appointment of these drugs for the prevention of viral and bacterial infections is unacceptable. Taking aggressive medications, which are antibiotics, is possible only in extreme cases, when there are all indications for that.

The main criteria for the effectiveness of treatment with antibacterial drugs include the following changes:

• relief general condition the patient;
• decrease in body temperature;
• disappearance of the symptoms of the disease.

If this does not happen, then the medicine needs to be replaced with another one. Three days should elapse from the start of treatment to determine the effectiveness of the drug. Uncontrolled reception antibacterial drugs leads to a violation of the resistance of microorganisms.

In other words, the human body begins to get used to antibiotics and each time requires more and more aggressive drugs. In this case, the patient will have to prescribe more than one drug, but two or even three.

Everything you need to know about antibiotics is in the video in this article.

Should I take antibiotics for a cold in children or adults?

Anyone who received a diploma of any medical institute, firmly know and remember that antibiotics do not help with colds, SARS and flu. This is also remembered by doctors in clinics, practicing doctors in hospitals. However, antibiotics are prescribed and not infrequently just prophylactically. Because when you go to the doctor with ARVI, the patient requires treatment.

And in cases with a cold, acute respiratory viral infection, in addition to the well-known rules - drinking plenty of water, bed rest, fortified, limited (dietary) food, medications and folk methods for gargling, washing the nose, inhalations, rubbing with warming ointments - nothing more is required, this is the whole treatment of a cold and is limited. But no, a person is waiting for medicines from a doctor, often just asking for an antibiotic.

Worse, the patient can independently start taking any antibiotic based on their experience or someone else's advice. Going to the doctor today takes a lot of time, and medicines are very easy to get. No other civilized country has such open access to medicines as in Russia. Fortunately, today, most pharmacies dispense antibiotics by prescription, but there is always a chance to get the drug without a prescription (by pitying the pharmacist or choosing a pharmacy that values ​​its turnover the most).

As for the treatment of a cold in a child, the situation is most often overshadowed by the fact that the pediatrician simply plays it safe, prescribes an effective, good, “children's” antibiotic for colds for prevention in order to avoid possible complications. If in time the child begins to drink plenty of water, moisten, ventilate the room, give antipyretics for children at high temperatures, use well-known cold remedies and folk methods, the body should cope with most respiratory viral infections.

Why then did the pediatrician prescribe antibiotics? Because complications are possible. Yes, the risk of complications in preschool children is very high. Today, not every mother can boast of strong immunity and general good health your child. And the doctor in this case is to blame, did not notice, did not check, did not prescribe. Fear of accusations of incompetence, inattention, the risk of prosecution pushes pediatricians to prescribe an antibiotic for children with colds as a preventive measure.

It should be remembered that the common cold in 90% of cases is of viral origin, and viruses are not treated with antibiotics.

Only in cases where the body could not cope with the virus and complications arose, a bacterial infection joined, localized in the oral cavity, nose, bronchi or lungs - only in this case antibiotics are indicated.

Whether it is possible to understand under analyzes, what antibiotics are necessary?

Laboratory tests confirming the bacterial nature of the infection are not always performed:

• Since sputum and urine cultures are quite expensive for polyclinics today, they are trying to save on them.
• The exceptions are smears from the pharynx and nose with sore throat on a Lefler stick (the causative agent of diphtheria) and selective cultures of the discharged tonsils with chronic tonsillitis or urine with pathologies of the urinary tract.
• More likely to get bacteriological confirmation of microbial infection in hospital patients.
• Indirect signs of bacterial inflammation will be changes in the clinical blood test. Here, the doctor can navigate by raising the ESR, increasing the number of leukocytes and shifting the leukocyte formula to the left (increasing stab and segmented leukocytes).

How to understand by well-being that complications have arisen?

By eye, the attachment of bacteria can be determined by:

• A change in the color of the discharge of the nose, pharynx, ear, eyes, bronchi - from transparent it becomes cloudy, yellow or green.
• Against the background of a bacterial infection, as a rule, there is a repeated rise in temperature (for example, with pneumonia that complicates SARS).
• With bacterial inflammation in the urinary system, the urine is likely to become cloudy and appear visible to the eye sediment.
• When intestinal microbes are affected, mucus, pus, or blood appears in the feces.

It is possible to understand that complications of SARS have arisen by the following signs:

• If, after the onset of acute respiratory viral infections or a cold, after improvement for 5-6 days, the temperature rises again to 38-39C, the state of health worsens, coughing intensifies, shortness of breath or chest pain appears when breathing and coughing - the risk of pneumonia is high.
• Increased pain in the throat at high temperatures or plaques appear on the tonsils, cervical lymph nodes increase - it is necessary to exclude tonsillitis or diphtheria.
• There is pain in the ear, which increases with pressure on the tragus, or flow from the ear - otitis media is likely.
• Against the background of a runny nose, a pronounced nasal voice appeared, headaches in the forehead or face, which intensified when leaning forward or lying down, the sense of smell completely disappeared - there are signs of inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.

Many people ask what antibiotics to drink for a cold, which antibiotic is better for a cold? If complications arise, the choice of antibiotic depends on:

• localization of complications
• the age of the child or adult
• patient history
• drug tolerance
• and, of course, antibiotic resistance in the country where the disease occurred.

The appointment should be carried out only by the attending physician.

When antibiotics are not indicated for a cold or uncomplicated SARS

• Mucopurulent runny nose (rhinitis) lasting less than 10-14 days
• Nasopharyngitis
• Viral conjunctivitis
• Viral tonsillitis
• Tracheitis, bronchitis (in some cases, with high fever and acute bronchitis, antibacterial drugs are necessary)
• Accession herpetic infection(herpes on the lips)
• Laryngitis in children (treatment)

When is it possible to use antibiotics for uncomplicated acute respiratory infections?

• With pronounced signs of reduced immunity - a constant subfebrile temperature, more than 5 r / year colds and viral diseases, chronic fungal and inflammatory diseases, HIV, any cancer or congenital immune disorders
• In a child under 6 months - rickets in infants (symptoms, treatment), various malformations, with a lack of weight
• Against the background of certain blood diseases (agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia).

Indications for antibiotics are

• Bacterial tonsillitis (with the simultaneous exclusion of diphtheria by taking swabs from the throat and nose) requires treatment with penicillins or macrolides.
• Purulent lymphadenitis requires broad-spectrum antibiotics, a surgeon's consultation, and sometimes a hematologist.
• Laryngotracheitis or acute bronchitis or exacerbation of chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis will require macrolides (Macropen), in some cases a chest x-ray to rule out pneumonia.
• Acute otitis media - the choice between macrolides and cephalosporins is carried out by an ENT doctor after otoscopy.
• Pneumonia (see the first signs of pneumonia, treatment of pneumonia in a child) - treatment with semi-synthetic penicillins after x-ray confirmation of the diagnosis with mandatory monitoring of the effectiveness of the drug and x-ray control.
• Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (sinusitis, sinusitis, ethmoiditis) - the diagnosis is established using x-ray examination and characteristic clinical signs. Treatment is carried out by an otolaryngologist (see signs of sinusitis in adults).

Let us give an example of a study conducted on the basis of data from one children's clinic, when analyzing data from the medical history and outpatient cards of 420 children aged 1-3 years. In 89% of cases, ARVI and acute respiratory infections were recorded in children, acute bronchitis in 16%, otitis media in 3%, and only 1% pneumonia and other infections.

And in 80% of cases only with inflammation of the upper respiratory tract with acute respiratory disease and SARS antibiotics were prescribed, with pneumonia and bronchitis in 100% of cases. Most doctors theoretically know about the inadmissibility of using antibacterial agents for a cold or a viral infection, but for a number of reasons:

• administrative settings
• early age of children
• preventive measures to reduce complications
• unwillingness to go to assets

they are still prescribed, sometimes in short 5-day courses and with a dose reduction, which is highly undesirable. Also, the spectrum of causative agents of acute respiratory infections in children was not taken into account. In 85-90% of cases, these are viruses, and among bacterial agents it is 40% pneumococcus, 15% Haemophilus influenzae, 10% fungi and staphylococcus aureus, less often atypical pathogens - chlamydia and mycoplasma.

With the development of complications against the background of the virus, only according to the doctor's prescription, according to the severity of the disease, age, patient history, such antibiotics are prescribed:

• Penicillin series - in the absence of allergic reactions to penicillins, it is possible to use semi-synthetic penicillins (Flemoxin solutab, Amoxicillin). In severe resistant infections among penicillin preparations, doctors prefer "protected penicillins" (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid), Amoxiclav, Ecoclave, Augmentin, Flemoklav Solutab. These are first-line drugs for angina.
• Cephalosporin series - Cefixime (Supraks, Pancef, Ixim Lupine), Cefuroxime axetil (Zinacef, Supero, Aksetin, Zinnat), etc.
• Macrolides - usually prescribed for chlamydial, mycoplasmal pneumonia or infections of the upper respiratory tract - Azithromycin (Sumamed, Zetamax, Zitrolide, Hemomycin, Zi-factor, Azitrox), Macropen is the drug of choice for bronchitis.
• Fluoroquinolones - are prescribed in cases of intolerance to other antibiotics, as well as in case of bacterial resistance to penicillin drugs - Levofloxacin (Tavanic, Floracid, Haileflox, Glevo, Flexid), Moxifloxacin (Avelox, Plevilox, Moximac). Fluoroquinolones are completely prohibited for use in children, because the skeleton is not yet formed, and also because they are "reserve" drugs that can be useful to a person when he grows up in the treatment of drug-resistant infections.

In general, the problem of choosing an antibiotic today is a task for the doctor, which he must solve in such a way as to help the patient as much as possible in the present and not harm in the future. The problem is complicated by the fact that pharmaceutical campaigns, in pursuit of today's profits, absolutely do not take into account the seriousness of the growing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and throw out into the wide net those antibacterial novelties that could be in reserve for the time being.

If the doctor has prescribed an antibacterial drug for you, you should read the 11 rules How to drink antibiotics correctly.

Main conclusions:

• Antibiotics are indicated for bacterial infections, and 80-90% of the common cold is of viral origin, so taking them is not only pointless, but also harmful.
• Antibiotics have serious side effects, such as inhibition of liver and kidney function, allergic reactions, they reduce immunity, cause an imbalance in the intestinal microflora and mucous membranes in the body.
• Taking antibiotics as a prophylaxis for complications of viral and bacterial infections is unacceptable. The task of the child's parents in time to consult a doctor, and the therapist or pediatrician in time to detect a possible deterioration in the well-being of a child or an adult, and only in this case, take "heavy artillery" in the form of antibiotics.
• The main criterion for the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy is a decrease in body temperature to 37-38 ° C, relief of the general condition, in the absence of this, the antibiotic should be replaced with another one. The effectiveness of the antibiotic is evaluated within 72 hours and only after that the drug is changed.
• Frequent and uncontrolled use of antibiotics leads to the development of resistance of microorganisms, and each time a person will need more and more aggressive drugs, often the simultaneous use of 2 or more antibacterial agents at once.

Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of living cells or lead to their death. May be of natural or semi-synthetic origin. They are used to treat infectious diseases caused by the growth of bacteria and harmful microorganisms.

Universal

Broad spectrum antibiotics - list:

1. Penicillins.
2. Tetracyclines.
3. Erythromycin.
4. Quinolones.
5. Metronidazole.
6. Vancomycin.
7. Imipenem.
8. Aminoglycoside.
9. Levomycetin (chloramphenicol).
10. Neomycin.
11. Monomycin.
12. Rifamcin.
13. Cephalosporins.
14. Kanamycin.
15. Streptomycin.
16. Ampicillin.

These drugs are used in cases where it is impossible to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection. Their advantage is in a large list of microorganisms sensitive to the active substance. But there is a drawback: in addition to pathogenic bacteria, broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute to the suppression of immunity and disruption of the normal intestinal microflora.

List of strong antibiotics of the new generation with a wide spectrum of action:

1. Cefaclor.
2. Cefamandol.
3. Unidox Solutab.
4. Cefuroxime.
5. Rulid.
6. Amoxiclav.
7. Cephroxitin.
8. Lincomycin.
9. Cefoperazone.
10. Ceftazidime.
11. Cefotaxime.
12. Latamoxef.
13. Cefixime.
14. Cefpodoxime.
15. Spiramycin.
16. Rovamycin.
17. Clarithromycin.
18. Roxithromycin.
19. Klacid.
20. Sumamed.
21. Fusidin.
22. Avelox.
23. Moxifloxacin.
24. Ciprofloxacin.

Antibiotics of the new generation are notable for a deeper degree of purification active ingredient. Due to this, the drugs have much less toxicity compared to earlier analogues and cause less harm to the body as a whole.

Focused Bronchitis

The list of antibiotics for coughs and bronchitis usually does not differ from the list of broad-spectrum drugs. This is explained by the fact that the analysis of sputum discharge takes about seven days, and until the causative agent of the infection is accurately identified, a remedy with the maximum number of bacteria sensitive to it is needed.

In addition, recent studies show that in many cases the use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis is not justified. The fact is that the appointment of such drugs is effective if the nature of the disease is bacterial. In the case when the cause of bronchitis is a virus, antibiotics will not have any positive effect.

Commonly used antibiotic drugs for inflammatory processes in the bronchi:

1. Ampicillin.
2. Amoxicillin.
3. Cefuroxime.
4. Ceflocor.
5. Rovamycin.
6. Cefodox.
7. Lendatsin.
8. Ceftriaxone.
9. Macrofoam.

List of antibiotics for angina:

1. Penicillin.
2. Amoxicillin.
3. Amoxiclav.
4. Augmentin.
5. Ampiox.
6. Phenoxymethylpenicillin.
7. Oxacillin.
8. Cephradine.
9. Cephalexin.
10. Erythromycin.
11. Spiramycin.
12. Clarithromycin.
13. Roxithromycin.
14. Josamycin.
15. Tetracycline.
16. Doxycycline.
17. Lidaprim.
18. Biseptol.
19. Bioparox.
20. Ingalipt.
21. Grammidin.

These antibiotics are effective against sore throats caused by bacteria, most often beta-hemolytic streptococci. As for the disease, the causative agents of which are fungal microorganisms, the list is as follows:

1. Nystatin.
2. Levorin.
3. Ketoconazole.

Antibiotics for the common cold are not included in the list of necessary drugs, given the rather high toxicity of antibiotics and possible side effects. Recommended treatment with antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as restorative agents. In any case, it is necessary to consult a therapist.

Sinusitis

List of antibiotics for sinusitis - in tablets and for injections:

1. Zitrolide.
2. Macrofoam.
3. Ampicillin.
4. Amoxicillin.
5. Flemoxin Solutab.
6. Augmentin.
7. Hyconcil.
8. Amoxil.
9. Gramox.
10. Cephalexin.
11. Digital.
12. Sporidex.
13. Rovamycin.
14. Ampiox.
15. Cefotaxime.
16. Vercef.
17. Cefazolin.
18. Ceftriaxone.
19. Duracef.

Learn: Broad-spectrum antibiotics for colds

Antibiotics appeared about a hundred years ago. Now broad-spectrum antibiotics are very popular - with a cold, such remedies are simply irreplaceable.

The modern world cannot be imagined without antibiotics. They can be bought at any pharmacy and even without a prescription from a doctor. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are a real lifesaver for any diseases, as they begin to quickly fight infection in the body and act in a complex way.

Antibiotics for acute respiratory infections in most cases are simply a necessary thing. With some courses of the disease, the body cannot fully cope with the infection, the disease can be delayed and cause complications. It was at this time that the main defenders of a person from bacteria and viruses came to the rescue - antibiotics.

Why is broad-spectrum antibiotics necessary for colds?

The answer is simple: the disease and its complications can be caused by dozens and even hundreds of different bacteria and viruses. They can be different: some cause a cough, others act on the mucous membrane of the throat, others lead to otitis media and bronchitis. Broad-spectrum antibiotics act on the body in a complex way and help to cope with several pathogens at the same time.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed in case of:

• when there is no time for precise definition the causative agent of the disease, and the disease progresses (especially in young children);
• if narrow-spectrum antibiotics are not able to cope with the infection;
• if the body is attacked by several types of bacteria at once or a secondary infection occurs against the background of low immunity;
• as a prophylaxis after surgery or taking potent drugs, undergoing radiation or chemotherapy.

In what cases is the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics prescribed for colds?

Antibiotics are not the only cure for colds. Their use must be approved by a physician. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is not necessary in the following cases:

• if the cold does not progress, conventional treatment is sufficient;
• if the patient does not have a significant increase in temperature, but only rhinitis and a slight cough are present;
• with minor sore throats that do not cause a strong cough;
• if the sputum is clear or slightly cloudy when coughing;
• with mild forms of herpes, bronchitis, etc.

In such cases, the body is quite capable and will cope with the infection on its own. He can be helped by various herbal decoctions, tablets and syrups without antibiotics, rest and warm drink. But in some cases, the refusal of antibiotics can lead to complications of the disease, delay in treatment and even death. Broad-spectrum antibiotics for colds are prescribed:

• if purulent foci appear in the body during the period of illness;
• with angina;
• if the high body temperature lasts for several days, it is difficult to bring it down with ordinary antipyretics;
• in the event of acute otitis media;
• with influenza and pneumonia;
• with inflammation of the sinuses;
• with a strong dry cough;
• with a wet cough, if the sputum becomes yellow, green; clots of pus or blood appear in it.

Antibiotics should also not be abandoned if the ESR rises sharply in the blood test, the number of leukocytes increases, and protein appears in the urine. Antibiotics are necessary for both small, weak children and people who have a weakened body and often suffer from colds.

Broad spectrum antibiotics for colds

In modern pharmacology, there are a huge number of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used to treat the common cold.

One of the first scientists discovered antibiotics of the penicillin line. Despite the fact that now there are many drugs of a new generation, penicillins have steadily secured the first place in the treatment of acute respiratory infections in adults. They actively fight the most famous and common infectious agents: streptococci, listeria and staphylococci. Most often, amoxicillin is prescribed for the disease. This antibiotic has been used for more than 40 years in the treatment of acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections and influenza. It has a complex effect on the respiratory system, throat. Therefore, the drug is prescribed for the treatment mild form bronchitis, tonsillitis and influenza. Amoxicillin is also needed if the disease is complicated by a urinary tract infection.

If the infection continues to exist, the disease is delayed and complicated by a purulent abscess, sepsis, then ticarcillin and piperacillin can come to the rescue. These are stronger drugs. They can also act on bacteria and microbes that cause pneumonia and cold complications such as inflammation of the kidneys (pyelonephritis), meningitis, etc.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used with caution in young children and pregnant women.

It is quite difficult for these categories of people to cope with the infection on their own, but at the same time, antibiotics cause them some kind of harm. In no case should children and expectant mothers self-medicate and use antibiotics at their discretion. There are a number of mild medications that can help them cope with the infection.

Expectant mothers can safely take the following broad-spectrum antibiotics:

1. Ampicillin, Oxacillin (a group of penicillins);
2. Cefazolin (a group of cephalosporins);
3. Erythromycin (macrolide group).

With caution, pregnant women should take any drugs at the beginning of pregnancy, when laying the main organs of the child. Refusal to take antibiotics serious illness can threaten the transition of infection to the fetus and even miscarriage.

Why You Shouldn't Overuse Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics

Many doctors are reluctant to resort to antibiotics for colds if their use is not justified. Indeed, in the very name of the drugs it is laid down that they "kill life." With uncontrolled and excessive use of antibiotics, drugs begin to attack not only pathogenic bacteria and viruses, but also microorganisms that a person needs for normal life.

Frequent use of antibiotics leads to dysbacteriosis. Together with pathogenic organisms, drugs destroy the microflora of some internal organs. This does not lead to new diseases, but rather complicates life and reduces the body's performance. Antibiotics can cause some stomach upsets, and most women develop candidiasis or thrush after antibiotic treatment of SARS. Therefore, doctors recommend using lactic acid products (yogurts and kefir) with a high content of beneficial bacteria during treatment.

Frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for colds can cause a persistent reaction of viruses and bacteria to them. Scientists have proven that bacteria and viruses can mutate even in the human body. With prolonged use of a certain antibiotic, they develop a kind of immunity to it.

Unfortunately, antibiotics not only protect the human body, but also destroy its immune system. Therefore, after a course of medication, it is necessary to drink vitamins and it is desirable to use natural immunomodulators (fruits, berries, vegetables and legumes) more often.

The immune system protects the body not only from viruses and bacteria, but also from the action of common allergens. Scientists have found that over the past 50 years, the number of allergy sufferers, especially children, has increased several dozen times. This is associated with the frequent use of antibiotics and the low performance of the human immune system.

It should be remembered that modern life without antibiotics - it is very dangerous, with their help all colds can be treated. But such drugs are not a panacea, so they should be used with caution.

Antibiotics for colds: indications and features of use

The term "cold" refers to a whole group of diseases of the upper respiratory tract, which can be characterized by both viral and bacterial nature of origin. As a rule, all diseases have similar symptoms, which in most cases are relatively easy to treat. But at the same time, situations are not ruled out in which complications of a cold develop, which cannot be eliminated without antibacterial drugs. Almost all people take antibiotics for colds with fear, since they can also cause side effects.

In order for the treatment to bring only benefit to the sick organism, eliminating the accompanying symptoms, it is important to choose and apply the medicinal antibacterial drug correctly.

When do you need antibiotics for a cold?

If during the treatment of colds on the 5th day after the start of taking medications, the patient's condition did not improve, it is worth considering that a bacterial infection may have joined the cold. It is in such situations that the use of antibiotics becomes mandatory. Such therapeutic actions in ARVI and the common cold are very important, since their course can often be complicated by the development of other diseases, such as bronchitis, tonsillitis, and pneumonia.

Also indications for the use of antibiotics are diseases such as purulent tonsillitis, otitis media, purulent sinusitis - sinusitis and frontal sinusitis, pneumonia, inflammation of the lymph nodes with the formation of pus, laryngotracheitis.

Choosing antibiotics for colds should be especially careful, in addition, they must be taken according to the following recommendations:

1. It is advisable to take the drugs inside. If the drug is administered intramuscularly or intravenously, an infection can be introduced into the blood. In addition, such procedures are very traumatic for the child.
2. It is necessary to adhere to monotherapy, using one antibiotic from the selected group of drugs.
3. You should take only the drug that is effective. If the patient's condition does not improve and the body temperature does not decrease during its use within 48 hours, it may be necessary to change the antibiotic.
4. It is forbidden to use antipyretic drugs in parallel, as they hide the effect of the antibiotic.
5. The duration of treatment should be at least 5 days, and if necessary, more. During this period, the activity of the pathogen will be suppressed. Also, experts recommend not to interrupt therapy even after the expected effect, continuing treatment for another 2 days.
6. In severe colds and the occurrence of its complications, the patient should be hospitalized, and the use of antibiotic therapy should be carried out under the guidance and supervision of a specialist.

How to choose a drug?

Many patients often face a problem caused by the fact that they do not know which antibiotics to drink for a cold. It is important to know that all existing antibiotics are divided into groups, each of which is designed to treat certain bacteria. That is why it is so important to make an accurate diagnosis and then choose the right drug.

Types of cold medicines

All antibiotics used for colds are divided into the following groups:

1. Penicillins.
2. Cephalosporins.
3. Macrolides.
4. Fluoroquinolones.

Penicillins by their nature can be natural - benzylpenicillin, or synthetic - oxacillin, ampicillin. Such drugs are effective in combating bacteria, destroying their walls, which inevitably leads to the death of the pathogenic microorganism. Almost never in the treatment of drugs of this group does not occur side effects in the form of allergies or fever. The main feature of penicillins is their low toxicity, due to which they can be used in high dosages, and treatment is often carried out for quite a long time. Because of this advantage, very often such antibiotics for colds for children are used in pediatrics.

Cephalosporins are a group of antibacterial drugs with high activity. When they penetrate into the focus of infection, the bacterial membrane is destroyed. These funds are used only intramuscularly or intravenously, are not taken orally with the exception of cephalexin. Occasionally, minor allergic reactions and impaired renal function may occur.

Macrolides used to be widely used in the treatment of those patients who had an allergy to penicillin. Such drugs are non-toxic and do not cause allergies.

Fluoroquinolones are highly active against Gram-negative bacteria. In a short time penetrate into the cell and affect intracellular microbes. These are one of the safest and non-toxic antibiotics, in the treatment of which there is not even a violation of the activity of the gastrointestinal tract.

Respiratory treatment

Respiratory tract diseases include tracheitis, bronchitis, pleurisy, pneumonia. All of them in most cases are united by two common symptom- fever and cough. As soon as they occur, you should immediately consult a doctor for an appointment. proper treatment. Such actions will avoid many complications.

Among the drugs effective in the fight against bacteria that affect Airways, it is worth highlighting Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, Augmentin. All of these antibiotics for colds belong to the penicillin group. Some bacteria that cause respiratory illness may be resistant to penicillin. In such cases, Avelox, Levofloxacin - trifluoroquinolone and fluoroquinolone are prescribed.

Cephalosporins are effective in diseases such as pneumonia, pleurisy and bronchitis. For these purposes, Cinacef, Zinnat, Suprax are widely used. Atypical pneumonia, the causative agents of which are mycoplasmas and chlamydia, can be cured with Chemocin and Sumamed. Each of these drugs is the most powerful antibiotic for colds.

Treatment of ENT diseases

The most common diseases of the upper respiratory tract are sinusitis, otitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis. They can be caused by streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus. In the treatment of such diseases, the following agents are prescribed:

1. Augmentin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin- used for angina, frontal sinusitis, pharyngitis.
2. Azithromycin, Clarithromycin- the most effective antibiotics for colds, namely for sinusitis, pharyngitis, otitis media.
3. ceftriaxone, cefatoxime- are used in cases where treatment with other antibacterial drugs has not brought improvements.
4. Morsifloxacin, Lefofloxacin- used to eliminate inflammatory processes in the ENT organs.

Consequences of taking antibiotics

With the wrong appointment or treatment with antibacterial drugs, many unpleasant consequences can occur. The most commonly observed side effects are:

1. Dysbacteriosis. On mucous membranes and skin human body there are always bacteria that perform protective functions. During the multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms beneficial bacteria do not survive. In this case, the imbalance is disturbed, which is usually manifested by candidiasis and diarrhea.
2. Resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. With improper treatment, more resistant bacteria are selected, which multiply rapidly in the body.
3. allergic manifestations. Patients may experience an allergy to some drugs, which is not always easy to get rid of.

Antibiotics for colds should be prescribed exclusively by the attending physician on the basis of an examination of the patient, anamnesis and other studies. Antibacterial agents should never be used by patients without
appointment of a specialist.

The Ministry of Health proposes to discuss new list drugs that can be bought at pharmacies without a prescription. The new list of drugs is posted on the department's website.

The picture is used as an illustration. Photo: Reuters

“The project has been updated taking into account the presence or absence of registration of medicines and has not changed significantly in comparison with the current one,” commented in Ministry of Health. “Our specialists look forward to suggestions and comments from specialists, including practitioners and suppliers.

TUT.BY compared two lists of over-the-counter drugs - the current one and the new one, which the Ministry of Health proposes to discuss.

The draft new list contains medicines under international generic names(if any), i.e. all medicines with such INN in the forms specified in the decision, regardless of their trade names will be sold without a prescription.

So, for example, as before without a prescription, pharmacies offer to sell powders that are used for colds, gels and tablets for heartburn, anesthetics. Without prescriptions, antiviral drugs will continue to be sold - Groprinosin, Arbidol, Arpetol. But Oseltamivir, the Ministry of Health, offers to release according to prescriptions.

- Doctors assumed that all systemic antibiotics - those taken orally or by injection - would be removed from the new list of over-the-counter drugs. However, only one was withdrawn, - comments Tatyana Erofeeva, general practitioner medical center"Lode". I think everything should have been removed. Still, our people tend to self-prescribe antibacterial drugs. Often in insufficiently substantiated cases for this.

For example, the interlocutor says, a person has a cold or a runny nose, and he immediately takes an antibiotic. Although it is not inefficient to do this early or at all. Such self-medication leads to resistance of the body to these drugs.

The specialist also notes that two drugs that are used in high blood pressure and heart disease.

- That's right, after all. modern drugs much more effective, but for some reason they were on prescription, the therapist continues. - And these old ones, with a lot of side effects - without it.

The fact that the list of drugs that can be bought without a doctor's prescription can become shorter, the doctor notes many pluses. By this, she says, we are approaching European standards.

- Medications with serious side effects should not just be sold. As, in fact, drugs, from diseases that require the supervision of a doctor, she explains her position. “Suppose hypertension, which needs to be observed at least twice a year. In Europe, the same "Captopril" can be bought only on prescription.

Tatyana Erofeeva believes that such a situation disciplines people.

A new list of drugs that will be sold without a prescription can be viewed, or on the website of the Ministry of Health in the "Drug Policy" section.

Comments and proposals on the draft resolution are proposed to be sent to the department of the pharmaceutical inspection and organizations drug supply Ministry of Health on email address [email protected]. Letters are accepted until June 16, 2017.

A new list of medicines that will be sold in pharmacies without a prescription is posted on the website of the Ministry of Health. As a reminder, from July 1, without a cherished piece of paper from a doctor, a little more than 60 percent of all drugs registered in Belarus can be purchased at a pharmacy. Read the details of the decision HERE.

What can we buy without visiting a doctor? Drugs for the treatment of diseases of the digestive tract and liver, cardiovascular disease, some painkillers, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic drugs, drugs for the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as well as some antibiotics (first and second generations), "old" antiviral, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory drugs, low-dose hormonal oral contraceptives and emergency contraception.

Antibiotics of the III and IV generations, insulins, anabolics, antiarrhythmic drugs and drugs for the treatment of oncology will be dispensed only by prescription.

It is curious that without a prescription, for example, not all drugs for the treatment of thrush can be bought. But before they were in the public domain.

The over-the-counter list includes the most primitive drugs for the treatment of candidiasis, the obstetrician-gynecologist explained the highest category, head of women's consultation №27 Elena Nikolaeva. - All the rest (these are the III and IV generations) are more addictive and should be taken by the patient strictly under the supervision of a doctor, according to certain schemes. Apparently, that's why they need to be bought by prescription.

On the other hand, the question arises: why were some antibiotics left without prescriptions, while others were banned?

Of course, all antibiotics must be prescription, - explained Michael Kevra, Professor of the Department clinical pharmacology BSMU. - Just keep in mind that for 20 years it was possible to buy antibiotics without a prescription. And since they have been used for a long time, there are resistant strains to them (in other words, our body is already used to them. - Ed.). So it was for a while in America with penicillin. When he stopped working, he was banned for 8-10 years. And then the doctors accidentally appointed him, and he began to work again.

STAY IN TOUCH!

According to the decision of the Ministry of Health of June 8 this year, without a doctor's prescription, drugs in a pharmacy can be bought no more than 50 doses or no more than one package containing more than 50 doses (if these are tablets, dragees, capsules, lozenges, granules, powders). If it's about others dosage forms(let's say, ointments, potions. - Ed.), then it will be possible to buy no more than two packs without a prescription.

A complete list of over-the-counter drugs can be viewed.

Antibiotics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory and antiviral drugs will be sold without a doctor's prescription. But not all, but only some names. On certain drugs, the Ministry of Health is categorical: they will be sold only by prescription, and doctors should prescribe them only as a last resort.

Medicinal products (in all dosage forms) containing monotherapy ibuprofen and paracetamol included in the list of funds that can be released without recipe(Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus dated June 5, 2012 No. 55). The same applies to oral suspensions for children: Ibufen, Ibufen D, Nurofen, etc.

But medicines containing paracetamol + ibuprofen combination(trade names "Ibuklin", "Ibuzam") in pharmacies will sell Requires a doctor's prescription. This combination is very toxic to the functions of the liver and kidneys. Some countries, including Kazakhstan, India and the UK, have already phased out such drugs.

According to the Ministry of Health, 6 cases of acute renal failure have been recorded in Belarus, the cause of which was the use of the paracetamol + ibuprofen combination. The appointment of these drugs should occur only after examination and examination by a doctor.

Also strictly by prescription drugs should be dispensed based on sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim combinations(trade names Biseptol, Biseptin, Cotrimoxazole). This is due to the fact that as a result of their widespread use, the resistance of most pathogens to these drugs has formed. As the Ministry of Health notes, “the use of these drugs in diseases of the respiratory and urinary tract is irrational and unsafe».

As an alternative, antibiotics of the penicillin and macrolide group are currently used (some of them are included in the list of over-the-counter drugs).

Dispensed without a prescription

Antiviral:"Arpetol" ("Arbidol"), "Rimantadine", "Interferon", oxolinic ointment, AngriMax, Anaferon, Kagocel, Virogel, Panavir.

Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory: acetylsalicylic acid, "Ibuprofen", paracetamol, "Nimesulide"; combined medicines: "Negrinpin", "Fapirin C", etc.

Antibiotics: amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin.

Medicines that affect the immune system:"Ehingin", "Trimunal", "Groprinosin", cycloferon.

P.S. Despite the free sale of many drugs, doctors strongly recommend not to self-medicate, risking your health, but to turn to specialists for help.

Olga Artishevskaya

advice from consultants in Vitebsk pharmacies

September 15, 1928 microbiologist Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin, the world's first antibiotic. The invention of a talented Englishman revolutionized medicine. In those years, most infectious diseases such as pneumonia, sepsis, tuberculosis, gangrene, and typhoid fever were considered incurable.

Penicillin helped save millions of lives both in peacetime and during World War II, when the first antibiotic was commercialized in the United States in 1943. By the way, in the USSR in 1942, for the first time, penicillin was isolated by professor Zinaida Ermolyeva. The material for obtaining was a colony of mold fungi taken from the wall of a Moscow bomb shelter. The antibiotic helped to heal a huge number of seriously wounded soldiers who suffered from purulent lesions caused by staphylococci and streptococci.

From such a colony, penicillin can be isolated. Source: vistanews.ru

Today, they sell mainly drugs of the penicillin group, obtained synthetically. And to get them, you need a doctor. But what if for some reason there is no way to contact a specialist? Will antibiotics be sold without a prescription?

Will sell. The list, which are freely sold in the pharmacy network of Belarus, includes amoxicillin, oxacillin, doxycycline, ampicillin. You can get them freely.

We go to the duty room of LLC "VITVAR" on Moskovsky Prospekt. You can go here at any time of the day, and this is a definite plus: if a cold has already taken by the throat late in the evening, when there is no way to see a doctor, then it is better to ask a loved one to go to the nearest “duty room”. Amoxicillin-500 of Belarusian production will cost 4 rubles 37 kopecks for ten capsules. Plus, they can still offer a ten percent discount on (only domestic) disabled people, pensioners, mothers of large families and those who have children under 3 years old. Do not trust the Belarusian drug, take Ospamox of the same dosage from Sandoz. Price up: 6 rubles 14 kopecks.

At Itera-med, a smiling consultant Ludmila suggests not to get involved in antibiotics, and at the first manifestations of a cold, take powders with paracetamol or Grippomix containing rimantadine.

Many people are now self-medicating.- the pharmacist sighs, - and I am sure that you need to take only with the permission of a doctor. Especially things like antibiotics. Yes, amoxicillin (at the pharmacy, the drug costs 4 rubles 30 kopecks, and this is the lowest price in the city!) I will sell. But if you have the means, get better its analogue - Amoklav-1000 (14 tablets) from Pharmland for 14 rubles 26 kopecks. It is believed that when taking this tool about 96% of amoxicillin, which is part of it, is absorbed. And it will not affect the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract in any way.

I will also give advice: please do not abuse various painkillers like citramone and analgin, do not thoughtlessly drink aspirin, trying to bring down the temperature with a cold. You will only get a stomach ulcer.

There are many antibiotics in the pharmacy network. Photo by Evgeny Moskvin

There are also discounts at Itera-med - 5% for pensioners and those who buy medicines for children under the age of 3.

In the Pharmacy network, domestic-made amoxicillin will cost more: 4 rubles 77 kopecks for a pack of 10 capsules. Slightly more expensive than amoxicillin in Planet Health: 4 rubles 79 kopecks. recommend paying attention to its British counterpart Clavomed, which due to its composition (amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid) is better absorbed by the body. For 10 tablets you have to lay out 19 rubles 95 kopecks.

In the Energofarm pharmacy, amoxicillin is 4 rubles 72 kopecks. Pharmacist Olga explains that the cheapest antibiotic is ampicillin at a dosage of 250 mg. Give for 20 tablets 1 ruble 79 kopecks. It is necessary to take medicines for 5-7 days, two tablets 4 times a day.

I understand that there are times when it is not possible to call a doctor and get the desired prescription, Olga says, then amoxicillin will help out. Let's say a person came to Belarus from another country and caught a bacterial infection. And on weekends and holidays, you don’t run into doctors. Although on the other hand, it is impossible to do without making the correct diagnosis. And if you were overtaken by a disease caused by a virus, the same flu? Against him, the antibiotic will be useless. Just waste your money.

Let's take a look at the ADEL pharmacy. Here amoxicillin is the most expensive in the city: 4 rubles 86 kopecks. The pharmacist Lyudmila explains that the medicine must be taken in combination: it is also necessary to take probiotics and hepatoprotectors (means that protect the liver and gastrointestinal tract) with it. So therapy is expensive! Get ready to splurge.