Signs and methods of elimination of intracranial hypertension. Arterial hypertension Cranial pressure mcb 10

Excludes: hypertensive encephalopathy (I67.4)

Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis

Compression of the brain (trunk)

Infringement of the brain (trunk)

Ruled out:

• traumatic compression of brain (S06.2)
• traumatic compression of brain, focal (S06.3)

Excludes: cerebral edema:

• due to birth trauma (P11.0)
• traumatic (S06.1)

Radiation-induced encephalopathy

If necessary, identify external factor use additional code external causes(class XX).

In Russia, the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision (ICD-10) is accepted as a unified normative document to account for morbidity, the reasons for the population's appeals to medical institutions of all departments, and the causes of death.

ICD-10 was introduced into healthcare practice throughout the Russian Federation in 1999 by order of the Russian Ministry of Health dated May 27, 1997. №170

The publication of a new revision (ICD-11) is planned by WHO in 2017 2018.

With amendments and additions by WHO.

Processing and translation of changes © mkb-10.com

Arterial hypertension code according to ICD-10

Arterial hypertension is a broad group of pathological conditions characterized by increased blood pressure. Hypertension is represented in the ICD-10 by an extensive list of conditions that cause it. Depending on the main causative agents that led to an increase in pressure, hypertension is classified into different types. In addition to the reasons, the classification is based on the severity of the disease, risk factors, concomitant diseases, and age.

The international rubrifier of diseases allows you to accurately determine the presence of a pathological increase in pressure indicators. For this, changes in systolic ("upper") and diastolic ("lower") indicators are considered. Modern ICD-10 operates with the following values:

• The optimal value is 120/80 mmHg.
• The normal value is up to 134/84 mm Hg. Art.
• High normal value - up to 139/89 mm Hg. Art.

The distribution of indicators of systolic and diastolic blood pressure helps to divide arterial hypertension into characteristic degrees of severity:

According to the ICD-10, hypertension is included in the large section "Diseases characterized by increased blood pressure" code I10-I15. Despite the vastness of this group, increased pressure during pregnancy, pulmonary type, neonatal pathology and disease with inclusion in the process of coronary vessels are considered separately in ICD-10.

Groups of diseases with increased pressure

I10 Primary hypertension:

• High blood pressure.
• Arterial hypertension (benign type and malignant type).

This type of hypertension is the most common. Occurs in nine out of ten patients. Despite this spread of the disease, its causes remain unclear. Presumably, it occurs due to hereditary and genetic disorders, as well as after constant, high emotional overload and obesity. The benign form proceeds, as a rule, slowly, at the initial stages, the pressure rarely rises. Sometimes it is possible to detect the presence of hypertension only at preventive examinations. The malignant form has an acute type of course, is difficult to treat and is dangerous with life-threatening complications.

Signs of primary hypertension:

• headaches, feeling of pressure on the head;
• nosebleeds often;
• disturbed sleep, high excitability;
• tachycardia;
• ringing in the ears and flickering of sparks before the eyes;
• dizziness;
• increased blood pressure;
• in case of refusal or lack of regular treatment, target organs (kidneys, heart, small vessels, brain) are affected, severe complications develop (hemorrhages in the brain, retina, kidney failure, heart attack).

I11 Hypertensive disease causing predominantly damage to the heart:

• I11.0 With congestive heart failure (Hypertensive heart failure).
• I11.9 Without heart (congestive) failure (Hypertensive heart disease not otherwise specified (NOS)).

It usually occurs in people over 40 years of age. It occurs due to increased work of the heart due to spasm of arterioles. Strengthening the work is necessary to push the blood through the vessels. It is not always possible for the left half of the heart to completely expel blood from the cavity. So its expansion gradually increases, which is combined with the oppression of functions. In addition, the spasm of small myocardial vessels does not fully enrich the heart cells with oxygen, microelements and nutrients, microstrokes occur. The pathological condition is accompanied by signs of primary arterial hypertension with predominantly cardiac symptoms: pain in the heart, shortness of breath, angina attacks, interruptions in the heart.

It has three levels of development:

• The first - without damage to the heart.
• The second - there is an increase in the left ventricle.
• The third is heart failure, a heart attack.

I12 Hypertension causing predominantly kidney damage:

• I12.0 Associated with renal insufficiency (renal hypertensive insufficiency).
• I12.9 Without development of renal insufficiency (Renal type of essential hypertension NOS)

Against the background of high pressure figures, changes occur in the structure of small renal arteries. Primary nephrosclerosis develops, which includes the following pathological changes:

• fibrosis of the renal tissue;
• changes in small vessels (compaction and thickening of the walls, loss of elasticity);
• the glomeruli cease to function, and the renal tubules atrophy.

There are no characteristic clinical symptoms of kidney damage in hypertension. Signs appear in the later stages, when a primary shriveled kidney or kidney failure develops.

Specialized examinations help to identify the involvement of the kidneys in the disease process:

• Ultrasound of the kidneys;
• urine test for protein (albuminuria more than 300 mg per knock directly indicates kidney damage);
• blood test for uric acid, creatinine;
• study of glomerular filtration rate (decrease less than 60 milliliters / min / 1.73 m2 is indicative).

Patients with this pathology need a strict restriction of salt in food. In case of inefficiency, drugs are added (AP enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists), which have the ability to protect the kidney tissue.

I13 Hypertension causing predominant damage to the heart and kidneys:

• I13.0 Process with heart failure.
• I13.1 Process with renal insufficiency.
• I13.2 Process with heart and kidney failure.
• I13.9 Unspecified.

This form of hypertension combines various signs of inclusion in the pathological process of the heart and kidneys, up to functional or organic failure of one or both organs at once.

I15 Secondary (symptomatic) hypertension includes:

Symptomatic hypertension is characterized by:

• Lack of effect in drug treatment with two or more drugs.
• The course of the disease worsens, despite the positive effects of drugs.
• The disease progresses rapidly.
• It usually occurs in young people.
• There are no arterial hypertension in the next of kin.

About 70 diseases lead to an increase in blood pressure. These include:

• Renal diseases (glomerulonephritis, inflammation in the kidneys, polycystic lesions, pathologies of the connective tissue of the kidneys (lupus, arteritis), urolithiasis, hydronephrosis, tumor conditions, injuries, kidney transplantation).
• Diseases of the adrenal glands (Itsenko-Cushing's disease, Kohn's disease, pheochromocytoma).
• Cardiovascular pathologies (atherosclerotic damage to the aorta, inflammation of the aorta, aortic aneurysms).
• Neurological diseases (trauma and inflammation of the brain or meninges).
• Endocrine diseases (for example, diabetes mellitus, pathological strengthening or weakening of the thyroid gland).

Uncontrolled use of a number of drugs (for example, hormonal contraceptives, MAO inhibitors together with ephedrine, anti-inflammatory drugs) can also cause a secondary persistent increase in pressure.

I60-I69 Hypertension involving cerebral vessels.

Included in the rubrifier ICD-10 in the group of brain lesions. They do not have a specific code, as they can be present in any brain pathology from this section.

As a rule, in the absence of treatment or inadequate dosages of drugs, high pressure causes damage to the arteries and veins of the brain. Elevated blood pressure figures are one of the main indicators of the development of a stroke process (three times more often than with normal values). With hypertension, sclerosis (microangiopathy) is formed in the small arteries and veins of the brain. Because of this, either blockages of blood vessels occur, or they rupture with an outpouring of blood into the substance of the brain. Not only small vessels are affected, but also large vascular trunks. When they become blocked, a stroke develops. Prolonged deterioration of blood circulation through the affected vessels leads to a lack of oxygenation of brain cells and a lack of nutritional components. This leads to damage to the functioning of the brain, mental disorders develop (vascular dementia).

H35 Hypertension with damage to the vessels of the eye.

It is assigned to a separate group in ICD-10 due to the fact that it can often lead to severe complications: hemorrhages in the retina, vitreous body, traction retinal detachment. Hypertension leading to eye damage can be any (primary, secondary, etc.). Requires individual monitoring and treatment.

I27.0 Primary pulmonary hypertension

The specific reasons for its development have not been established. Rarely found. As a rule, it begins to develop at the age of 30. It is manifested by a long-term increase in blood pressure in the vascular pool of the pulmonary artery due to narrowing of small vessels and an increase in resistance in them. You can talk about pulmonary hypertension when the pressure in the pulmonary artery rises above 25 mm Hg. Art. at rest and above 30 mm Hg. Art. during load.

P29.2 Neonatal hypertension.

Most often, neonatal hypertension is caused by a clot blockage of the renal artery or its branches and congenital narrowing of the aorta (coarctation). Also, the causes can be: polycystic renal pathology, kidney hypoplasia, inflammation of the kidneys, tumor processes, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's disease, mother's drug addiction, uncontrolled intake of glucocorticosteroids, adrenomimetics and theophylline.

In a third of newborns, the disease can proceed without clinical manifestations. The rest develop heart failure, an increase in the heart and liver, the skin becomes cyanotic, convulsions are possible, up to coma and swelling of the brain.

I20-I25 Hypertension with damage to the coronary vessels.

One of the target organs damaged in arterial hypertension is the coronary vessels. They carry blood to the myocardium. At high pressure, they thicken, lose their elasticity, and their lumen becomes smaller. With such changes, there is a high risk of an infarction process (hemorrhagic with increased fragility of the vascular wall, ischemic with the closure of the vascular lumen).

O10 Pre-existing hypertension complicating pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium:

O10.0 - O10.9 includes all types of hypertension (primary, cardiovascular, renal, mixed and unspecified).

O11 Pre-existing hypertension with associated proteinuria.

It was before the onset of conception and persists after childbirth for at least 1.5 months. Treatment is given as needed.

O13 Pregnancy-induced hypertension without significant proteinuria:

• Pregnancy-induced hypertension NOS.
• Mild preeclampsia.

O14 Pregnancy-induced hypertension with severe proteinuria:

• O14.0 Moderate preeclampsia.
• O14.1 Severe preeclampsia.
• O14.9 Unspecified preeclampsia.

It is characterized by severe edema and excretion of protein in the urine (from 0.3 grams per liter or more). Develops after the fifth month. It is considered a pathological condition requiring observation and treatment by a doctor.

O15 Eclampsia (O15.0 occurring during pregnancy, O15.1 developing directly in childbirth, O15.2 developing in the early postpartum period, O15.9 process unspecified by timing).

O16 Exlampsia in mother, unspecified.

A severe pathology in which blood pressure rises so high that it becomes life-threatening for the woman in labor and the child. The reasons for the development are not exactly clear. Perhaps they are genetic failures, thrombophilia, infectious lesions. The starting factor of development is fetoplacental insufficiency.

Symptoms of developing eclampsia:

• Seizures. First, the small facial muscles, then the arms and other muscles of the body.
• Respiratory failure, wheezing.
• Confusion and loss of consciousness.
• Pronounced cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes.
• Clinical spasms of almost all muscles.
• eclamptic coma.

Other general classifications applicable at high pressure.

In addition to the classification of ICD-10 codes, other methods of systematization are used. According to the presence of organ damage:

• No damage.
• Target organs are moderately damaged.
• Severe target organ damage.

Only according to ICD-10 it is impossible to determine the type of course of the disease. For this, another classification is used:

• Transient. Arterial pressure increased once, the organs were not damaged, but without antihypertensive drugs, the pressure did not decrease.
• Labile. Periodic increase in pressure, organs suffer, antihypertensive drugs are needed to reduce pressure.
• stable. High blood pressure, affected veins and heart.
• Malignant. Sudden and rapid development, resistant to antihypertensive drugs.
• Dangerous complications (heart attack, stroke).

The information on the site is provided for informational purposes only and cannot replace the advice of a physician.

Portal hypertension syndrome mcb 10

Portal hypertension and its treatment

Portal hypertension is a disease characterized by high blood pressure in the portal vein system. Such an ailment does not occur as a separate disease, it is a pathological condition of a person. The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension is due to the influence of other diseases that affect the blood flow. Under the influence of such processes, blood flow in the portal vessels is disturbed, a similar disorder affects the hepatic veins.

This condition can be very dangerous to humans and even fatal. Portal hypertension is difficult to treat. With such an ailment, many disorders of the organs and systems of the body develop, and as a result, disability is determined.

Development of the disease

When portal hypertension occurs, disorders occur in the human body. The nature of these changes is different in that a blockade appears in the area of ​​the portal vein. This obstruction to the blood flow is formed within the liver, below, above or inside this organ. Normal, the level of blood pressure in the portal system is considered to be 7 mm Hg. Art.

When portal hypertension occurs, the barrier formed in this area increases blood pressure to high values, 12-20 mm Hg. Art. Such an effect greatly expands the veins, because the blood pressure can be very large. The condition that occurs during this process is very dangerous due to the fact that serious bleeding may occur. The shell of the vein is quite thin, although it is elastic, so its stretching is possible only up to certain limits, and then a rupture follows, which is the cause of bleeding. In addition, portal hypertension often causes other consequences.

1. Hepatosplenomegaly.
2. Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Varicose veins in the stomach and esophagus.
4. Dyspepsia.
5. Ascites.
6. Liver failure.
7. Peritonitis.

The consequence of any complication this disease a person’s disability can become, since such pathological processes cause irreparable damage to the body. Treatment of portal hypertension is a very complex process, without which the life of the patient is in serious danger.

Types of disease

Portal hypertension is classified according to its course, zones of localization and stage of the disease. The prevalence of the disease can be total, segmental, portal.

In the first case, the disease covers the entire area of ​​the portal system. In the second case, the disease is characterized by a violation of blood flow through the splenic vein. The portal and mesenteric veins maintain normal patency and pressure.

Classification by location:

Each type of portal hypertension is different in its course, the symptoms can also be different. From the names it becomes clear which part of the liver and other organs are involved in the pathological process, where exactly the destruction occurred.

1. Initial. (Minor functional impairment).
2. Moderate. (Slight enlargement of the spleen and veins of the esophagus).
3. Expressed. (Pronounced edematous-ascetic and hemorrhagic syndrome).
4. Portal hypertension with complications. (Hepatosplenomegaly, liver failure, bleeding).

At the last stage of the disease, serious destruction is often observed, including the outflow of portal blood through the porto-caval anastomoses into the central veins.

Causes of the disease

Portal hypertension does not develop on its own. There are many reasons for this condition.

There are many factors that influence the risk of developing portal hypertension. The main cause of this disease in both adults and children is severe damage to the liver parenchyma due to various diseases of this organ. Compression of the portal vein by a tumor, its stenosis and thrombosis, leading to a destructive process in all vessels of the liver, which is also often observed in such patients.

signs

At the initial stage of the development of this disease, dyspeptic symptoms associated with discomfort in the gastrointestinal tract appear.

1. Nausea, vomiting.
2. Bad appetite.
3. Pain in the epigastrium, in the right side and in the iliac region.
4. Fluid formation in abdominal cavity(ascites).
5. Poor blood clotting, a decrease in white blood cells, red blood cells, which causes hepatosplenomegaly.
6. Bleeding from the esophagus. Manifested by the release of blood from the mouth or vomiting with an admixture of blood.
7. Increased body temperature.
8. Fast weight loss.
9. Great fatigue and weakness.
10. Yellow color of the skin and mucous membranes, especially in the sublingual region.
11. Swelling of the legs.
12. Bloody stool.

Symptoms can be very severe, which becomes quite painful for a person. This condition is the reason for the patient to go to the ITU department in order to get a disability, especially when it comes to the last stage of this disease.

Anastomoses between the vena cava and the portal, serve as a place to dump blood if there is a block in the portal system, so the symptoms this disease associated with vascular changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Portal hypertension syndrome can manifest itself weakly or significantly, this is due to pressure on the veins of the liver.

Portal hypertension in children

If the level of blood pressure in the portal vein and in the hepatic vein system is exceeded in a child, portal hypertension occurs. One of common causes for such a condition, is congenital liver fibrosis in a baby. Pathological processes of the kidneys are often observed. This disease manifests itself in children in early age and is diagnosed by histopathological examination. There are other diseases that lead to increased pressure in the portal vein and thrombosis of the liver vessels.

Signs in children:

• bleeding from the esophagus;
• jaundice;
• pain in the abdomen;
• accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity;
• enlargement of the liver and spleen;
• loss of appetite;
• melena;
• elevated body temperature.

In severe cases of this disease in children, operations are performed during which bypass anastomoses are established to reduce pressure in the portal vein area, as well as to reduce the size of the spleen and liver. Symptoms in babies appear brightly at an advanced stage of the disease. Portal hypertension syndrome in children different reasons, but one circumstance unites them - an increase in pressure in the portal vein and liver vessels. The signs of this disease in young patients have a different course, depending entirely on the reason why this condition manifested itself in the child. Despite the fact that portal hypertension in children is treated quite successfully, a large number of such patients receive disability.

Toddlers cope much better with this ailment, unlike adults. Children with such a diagnosis, in some cases, are completely cured, which is impossible in the adult age of the patient. If we are talking about a patient with the same disease aged 30 years and older, then doctors can only alleviate the symptoms and stop the development of some complications, and then only for a while.

Diagnostics

Portal hypertension is detected using several methods of examination. For both children and adults, there is a certain scheme that allows diagnosing this disease even at an early stage.

1. Instrumental research.
2. Clinical analysis of urine and blood.
3. Blood chemistry.
4. Coagulogram.
5. Cavography.
6. Celiacography.
7. Angiography of mesenteric vessels.
8. Liver scintigraphy.
9. Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity.
10. FGDS.
11. Esophagoscopy.
12. Rectromanoscopy.
13. X-ray of the stomach and esophagus.
14. Diagnostic laparoscopy.
15. Liver biopsy.

Symptoms that patients complain about, and first of all, are subject to study by the doctor. Based on the patient's complaints, examination measures are prescribed. With the help of non-invasive research methods, the diameter of the portal vein is studied, as well as the presence of collateral circulation, its severity. In addition, the ultrasound method reveals the presence of tumor processes in the liver and the size of the organ itself. Signs such as yellowness of the skin and an increase in the abdomen are the reason for immediate contact with a medical facility.

Treatment

Portal hypertension in children is a serious condition. Many babies get a disability immediately after diagnosing this pathology. Treatment for this disease is based on surgical intervention, which improves the prognosis of life, reduces the signs of the disease itself. The main task for physicians is to create favorable conditions for the growth and development of children, and not a temporary improvement in their condition. However, even with all the activities, the child may develop complications.

Complications

• ulcerative lesions of the entire gastrointestinal tract or its individual sections;
• dilatation of the veins of the stomach and esophagus with profuse bleeding from this area;
• hypersplenism;
• nonspecific ulcerative colitis;
• hepatic coma;
• brain damage of a toxic nature;

Disability is not a verdict for such children, many recover completely, but the development of complications changes the entire prognosis for such patients.

Portal hypertension in adults has several directions in the treatment. Medications are used at the initial stage of the development of this pathology, when the disease is still at the stage of functional disorders of intrahepatic hemodynamics. Treatment is with nitrates, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors and glycosaminoglycans. In the event of sudden bleeding, methods of flashing varicose veins through the tissues of the mucous membrane can be used.

In case when drug therapy useless, the patient spend surgery. This method is usually used if the patient has ascites or heavy bleeding.

Forecast

The causes of portal hypertension are a huge list various diseases and states. It is from the initial disease that the prognosis of the patient's life depends. However, people with such a diagnosis at a late stage, do not usually live longer than 15 years, which is different from children, their prognosis is much more favorable.

Portal hypertension is a complex condition of the human body that requires immediate complex treatment. You should not waste time, you need to consult a doctor at the first sign of this disease. An important factor for the treatment of this disease is the patient's lifestyle. Diet, proper daily routine and a healthy lifestyle significantly improve the health of such patients.

Portal hypertension is not completely cured in adults, but with the help of doctors, the condition of people improves significantly.

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Benign intracranial hypertension - description, symptoms (signs), diagnosis, treatment.

Short description

Benign intracranial hypertension (BEH) is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by elevated ICP without evidence of intracranial lesions, hydrocephalus, infection (eg, meningitis), or hypertensive encephalopathy. DHD is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Epidemiology In men, it is observed 2-8 times more often, in children - equally often in both sexes. Obesity is observed in 11-90% of cases, more often in women. The frequency among overweight women of childbearing age is 19/37% of cases are recorded in children, 90% of whom are aged 5–15 years, very rarely younger than 2 years. The peak of the disease is 20–30 years.

Symptoms (signs)

Clinical picture Symptoms Headache (94% of cases), more pronounced in the morning Dizziness (32%) Nausea (32%) Change in visual acuity (48%) Diplopia, more often in adults, usually due to abducens nerve paresis (29%) Neurological disorders usually limited to the visual system Disc edema optic nerve(sometimes unilateral) (100%) Abducens nerve damage in 20% of cases Increased blind spot (66%) and concentric narrowing of the visual fields (blindness is rare) Visual field defect (9%) The initial form may be accompanied only by an increase in the occipital-frontal head circumference , often resolves on its own and usually requires only observation without specific treatment Absence of consciousness disorders, despite high ICP Comorbidity Prescribing or canceling GC Hyper-/hypovitaminosis A Use of other drugs: tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, isotretinoin Dura sinus thrombosis SLE Disorders menstrual cycle Anemia (especially iron deficiency).

Diagnostics

Diagnostic criteria CSF pressure above 200 mm of water. The composition of the cerebrospinal fluid: a decrease in protein content (less than 20 mg%) Symptoms and signs associated only with increased ICP: edema of the optic nerve head, headache, absence of focal symptoms (permissible exception - abducens nerve paresis) MRI / CT - no pathology. Permissible exceptions: Slit-like form of the ventricles of the brain Enlargement of the ventricles of the brain Large accumulations of cerebrospinal fluid over the brain with initial form DVG.

Investigation methods MRI / CT with and without contrast Lumbar puncture: measurement of CSF pressure, analysis of CSF for at least protein content TAC, electrolytes, PV Examinations to rule out sarcoidosis or SLE.

Differential diagnosis CNS lesions: tumor, brain abscess, subdural hematoma Infectious diseases: encephalitis, meningitis (especially basal or due to granulomatous infections) Inflammatory diseases: sarcoidosis, SLE Metabolic disorders: lead poisoning Vascular pathology: occlusion (dura sinus thrombosis) or partial obstruction, Behçet's syndrome. Membranous carcinomatosis.

Treatment

Diet management tactics No. 10, 10a. Restriction of fluid and salt intake Repeat thorough ophthalmological examination, including ophthalmoscopy and determination of visual fields with assessment of the size of the blind spot Follow-up for at least 2 years with repeat MRI / CT to rule out a brain tumor Stop drugs that can cause DHD Weight loss body Careful outpatient monitoring of patients with asymptomatic DHD with periodic evaluation of visual functions. Therapy is indicated only for unstable conditions.

Drug therapy - diuretics Furosemide at an initial dose of 160 mg / day in adults; the dose is selected depending on the severity of symptoms and visual disturbances (but not on CSF pressure); if ineffective, the dose can be increased to 320 mg / day Acetazolamide 125-250 mg orally every 8-12 hours If ineffective, additional dexamethasone 12 mg / day is recommended, but the possibility of increasing body weight should be considered.

Operative treatment is carried out only in patients resistant to drug therapy or with imminent loss of vision Repeated lumbar punctures until remission is achieved (25% - after the first lumbar puncture) Bypass Lumbar: lumboperitoneal or lumbopleural Other methods of shunting (especially in cases where arachnoiditis prevents access to the lumbar arachnoid space): ventriculoperitoneal shunt or shunt of a large cisterna Fenestration of the optic nerve sheath.

Course and prognosis In most cases, remission by 6-15 weeks (relapse rate - 9-43%) Visual disorders develop in 4-12% of patients. Vision loss is possible without prior headache and papilledema.

Synonym. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

ICD-10 G93.2 Benign intracranial hypertension G97.2 Intracranial hypertension after ventricular bypass surgery

Application. Hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome is caused by an increase in CSF pressure in patients with hydrocephalus of various origins. It is manifested by headache, vomiting (often in the morning hours), dizziness, meningeal symptoms, stupor, and stagnation in the fundus. On craniograms, deepening of digital impressions, expansion of the entrance to the "Turkish saddle", and an increase in the pattern of diploic veins are found.

Secondary arterial hypertension is not an independent disease. Pathology is caused by a violation of the functioning of internal organs and systems responsible for the regulation of blood pressure in the body.

It occurs in about 15-20% of all cases. The dominant symptom is a persistent increase in blood pressure, which is difficult to treat with medication. The second name is symptomatic hypertension.

Hypertensive renal syndrome develops in 5-10% of all diagnoses. Suspicions arise with a persistent increase in SD and DD, with malignant hypertension. This is especially true for patients under 30 years of age and after 50 years of age.

So, what is the pathogenesis, and what is the difference from primary hypertension? What are the risks of the disease, how is the drug treated?

Origin mechanism

Tone vascular walls and arteries is maintained by the state of smooth muscles in the human body. When a spasm occurs, they narrow, which leads to a decrease in the lumen and an increase in blood pressure.

The central nervous system and humoral factors - the hormone adrenaline, angiotensin, renin - are responsible for the regulation of tone. In addition, the mechanism of occurrence is based on cardiac output - the volume of fluid pushed out by the heart during contraction.

The larger the release, the more intense the disease. Symptomatic ailments can be the result of a rapid heartbeat - tachycardia.

A large volume of circulating fluid in the body that does not correspond to the parameters of the vascular bed can cause arterial lability.

Primary hypertension is caused by various etiological factors. Most often, it is not possible to establish the causes that provoked the pathological condition. Therefore, treatment is aimed at lowering blood pressure.

Secondary hypertension is caused by one cause, the detection of which will reduce the likelihood of complications and normalize blood parameters.

Occurs against the background of an independent disease - kidneys, endocrine disorders, etc.

Etiology and types

In accordance with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10), arterial hypertension is a number of pathological conditions accompanied by an increase in blood pressure.

The nephrogenic type of hypertension develops due to pathologies of the kidneys of a congenital or acquired nature. In the early stages, blood pressure may remain within acceptable limits.

An increase in DM and DD is observed with severe forms ailment. For example, pyelonephritis - infectious processes occurring in the renal pelvis or compression and deformation of the kidneys, urolithiasis, nephropathy with diabetes etc.

The endocrine type of hypertension is caused by disruption of the endocrine system:

• thyrotoxicosis. An excessive amount of thyroxine is produced in the body, which leads to an increase in the upper value, while the renal indicator remains normal.
• Pheochromocytoma. Tumor formation of the adrenal glands. BP is constantly elevated or has a spasmodic nature.
• Conn's syndrome is characterized by an increase in the concentration of aldosterone, which prevents the excretion of sodium, leading to its excess.
• Itsenko-Cushing's disease, menopause (hormonal imbalance).

Neurogenic pathologies are caused by a violation of the central nervous system. These are injuries of the brain and spinal cord, ischemia, encephalopathy. In addition to high blood pressure, the patient complains of severe migraines, increased salivation, convulsive conditions, increased heartbeat.

With hemodynamic secondary hypertension, the systolic index increases. As a rule, the diastolic figure remains normal or increases slightly. Causes - diseases of the heart and kidneys.

Symptomatic hypertension may develop due to long-term use medicines affecting hormonal regulation - glucocorticoids, birth control pills.

Flow classification and distinctive characteristics

In medical practice, hypertension is classified not only by degree and stage, but also by forms, depending on the course.

The transient form is characterized by a periodic increase in blood pressure (for several hours, days), normalizes independently for a short time. The easiest kind. With timely detection, the prognosis is favorable.

The labile type is accompanied by an increase in numbers on the tonometer after severe stress or physical activity. Differs in stability and firmness. Stabilization of DM and DD requires medical treatment after differential diagnosis.

stable look. BP is persistently high, difficult to conservative therapy. With the normalization of indicators, treatment is not canceled. Hypertrophy of the left ventricle, pathological changes in the ocular blood vessels are noted.

The malignant appearance appears to be the most dangerous form. High probability negative consequences posing a threat to health and life. SD and DD increase instantly, the lower value reaches 140 mmHg.

In medicine, there is such a thing as a “crisis course”. Blood counts are normal or slightly elevated, but hypertensive attacks are often observed.

If hypertension is easily detected by means of a tonometer, then determining its nature is an extremely difficult task. Clinical manifestations, allowing to suspect secondary hypertension:

1. Rapid progression, sharp jumps in SD and DD.
2. Stable numbers that cannot be reduced with drugs.
3. The age of the patient is up to 30 years, or after 50.
4. Rapid increase in diastolic index.

Only a doctor can distinguish between primary and secondary hypertension based on the results of diagnostic studies.

Diagnostics and therapy

Pathophysiology given state studied, however, a complex of differential diagnostics is required to establish the "source" of the disease. After questioning the patient and physical examination, standard diagnostic methods are prescribed.

These include blood glucose, cholesterol and creatinine levels. Determine the concentration of sodium and potassium in the body. A test according to Zimnitsky, an ECG and an examination of the fundus are recommended.

At the second stage, differential diagnosis is carried out. The doctor analyzes the symptoms, the course of the disease, the patient's medical history. If symptoms of secondary hypertension are present, studies are ordered to detect a suspected disorder.

When prescribing anti-inflammatory drugs, Aspenorm is not recommended, since there is a possibility of severe bleeding that threatens the life of the patient. Aspekard is prescribed in cases where a high risk of cardiovascular complications is detected.

Surgical intervention is performed in the following cases:

• Pathology of the vessels of the kidneys.
• Pheochromocytoma.
• Coarctation of the aorta.

In the treatment of arterial hypertension, it is necessary to take into account the age group of the patient. In elderly people with prolonged and persistent blood pressure, indicators are gradually normalized. A sharp drop can disrupt cerebral and renal blood flow.

In some situations, it is advisable to use caffeine to tone blood vessels and stimulate nerve roots. Apply in the morning when SD and DD are the lowest.

Prevention of arterial hypertension

Primary prevention of hypertension is essential for everyone. The main recommendation is to combat bad habits. In particular, you need to give up smoking and alcohol, reduce the consumption of salt, do exercise therapy.

It is important to follow the daily routine, sleep and rest a lot, prevent stressful situations - respond adequately. Control blood pressure and pulse, your weight, eat rationally.

The goals of secondary prevention are to lower blood counts, prevent the development hypertensive crisis to prevent the development of complications from the target organs. To do this, they recommend taking medications, physiotherapy, spa therapy.

In a severe form of the course, sympatholytics, ganglion blockers, sedative drugs, adrenergic receptor blockers are additionally prescribed.

Tertiary prevention involves taking vitamin and mineral preparations to make up for the deficiency of essential substances; folk treatment- herbs, foods that reduce blood pressure.

Only a set of measures allows you to live a full life, reducing the likelihood of negative consequences. Measures are not temporary - they will have to be adhered to forever.

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Neurocirculatory dystonia: causes, signs, types, treatment

Obviously, the essence of the numerous names of the syndrome of neurocirculatory dystonia (NCD) is the same - impaired autonomic regulation of primary organs reduces the quality of life, starting with childhood or adolescence Therefore, NCD is considered a "youth" disease.

Most often, neurocirculatory dystonia (vegetative-vascular dystonia, vegetative-vascular dysfunction, autonomic dystonia syndrome) begins in the pubertal period, when secondary sexual characteristics are just about to be determined, and hormones begin to be active in connection with the upcoming restructuring.

The disease, as a rule, is associated with certain causes, which gave impetus to a persistent violation that remains for life and makes a person "neither sick nor healthy."

Why does this happen?

The autonomic nervous system permeates the entire human body and is responsible for the innervation of the internal organs and systems of the lymph and blood circulation, digestion, respiration, excretion, hormonal regulation, as well as tissues of the brain and spinal cord. In addition, the autonomic nervous system maintains the constancy of the internal environment and ensures the adaptation of the body to external conditions.

The work of all systems is ensured by the balanced behavior of its two departments: sympathetic and parasympathetic. With the predominance of the function of one department over another, there is a change in the work of individual systems and organs. The adaptive abilities of the body with such a phenomenon, of course, are reduced.

Interestingly, damage to some organs and malfunction of the endocrine system can themselves lead to an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system. Neurocirculatory dystonia is the result of an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system, so the form of NCD depends on the predominance of a particular part of the ANS (sympathetic or parasympathetic).

Lead to disease

The question of why someone is sick and someone is not is inherent in NDC as well as in other diseases. In the etiology of neurocirculatory dystonia, the main factors can be distinguished:

The combination of several or all factors together leads to the body's response to stimuli. This reaction is due to the formation of pathological conditions, which are manifested by violations:

1. metabolic processes;
2. Innervation of internal organs;
3. Work of the gastrointestinal tract;
4. In the blood coagulation system;
5. Activities of the endocrine system.

The course of the mother's pregnancy, hypoxia and birth trauma also have a negative impact on the state of the autonomic system and can cause neurocirculatory dystonia in children.

The inconsistency of the work of the systems ultimately leads to a response of the vessels - their spasm. Thus, the manifestation of neurocirculatory dystonia begins.

Video: neurocirculatory dystonia - Dr. Komarovsky

Types of NDC

Each neurocirculatory dystonia proceeds differently. The essence of these phenomena lies in the predominance of a certain department of the autonomic nervous system and in the formation of the type of NCD. One's heart hurts or "pops out", the other's head is spinning, only the temperature environment change by a degree or two. And, if God forbid, excitement, stress or a sudden change in the weather - there is generally an uncontrollable reaction. The symptoms of neurocirculatory dystonia are bright and varied, but the sensations are always unpleasant.

You can feel anything. Dizziness, fainting, accompanied by nausea or an unpleasant "lump" in the stomach. The feeling is that sometimes you want to lose consciousness in order to get relief later. Often, fainting for some people is a salvation, because after it comes a pleasant languor and relaxation ...

Treatment of neurocirculatory dystonia is long, due to the undulating course of the process, and is aimed at preventing relapse. In addition, the complex of medications directly depends on the type of NCD and changes in the cardiovascular system.

Types of neurocirculatory dystonia are divided depending on blood pressure indicators:

• Neurocirculatory dystonia of the hypertensive type - blood pressure tends to increase, regardless of age and circumstances;
• Neurocirculatory dystonia of the hypotonic type - lethargy, weakness, decreased pressure and pulse;
• Neurocirculatory dystonia according to mixed type, it’s hard to keep track of how and when everything will turn around. The worst thing is that the patient does not know in advance and with a shudder is waiting for either an increase or a decrease in pressure.

Hypertensive type NCD

Neurocirculatory dystonia of the hypertensive type is characterized by an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system, expressed by the predominance of the tone of the sympathetic system over the parasympathetic division (sympathicotonia) and is expressed:

1. Increased blood pressure;
2. Headaches that depend on physical activity and intensify with it;
3. dizziness;
4. Dependence on weather conditions (headaches, rise in blood pressure);
5. Rapid heartbeat, sometimes intermittent;
6. Prolapse mitral valve with ultrasound examination of the heart;
7. Violation of thermoregulation - high temperature bodies in children with infectious diseases;
8. Changes in the gastrointestinal tract in the form of weak peristalsis, and hence a tendency to constipation;
9. Lack of function of the lacrimal glands ("dry tear");
10. Mood changes (longing and melancholy);
11. Rapid fatigue.

Hypotonic type of NCD

With the predominance of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (vagotonia), neurocirculatory dystonia develops according to the hypotonic type, the main features of which are:

1. Decreased blood pressure;
2. A slow pulse (bradycardia) that can quickly increase (tachycardia)
3. Pain in the heart (cardialgia);
4. dizziness;
5. Frequent fainting, especially characteristic in the presence of neurocirculatory dystonia in children (mainly girls) in the puberty period;
6. Headaches associated with weather conditions, physical and mental stress;
7. Increased fatigue and low performance;
8. Dyskinesia of the biliary tract, which is associated with uneven and chaotic contraction of the gallbladder;
9. Digestive disorders (tendency to diarrhea and flatulence);
10. Violation of thermoregulation: a decrease in body temperature and prolonged subfebrile condition with infections in children;
11. Complaints about "shortness of breath" and "sighs";
12. Tendency to allergic reactions;
13. Pallor of the skin (marbling), cyanosis of the extremities;
14. Cold sweat.

Mixed type of NDC - when there is no agreement between departments

Uncoordinated work of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions leads to dysfunction of systems and organs. If the pressure "jumps", if the complexion suddenly turns red or pale in a matter of minutes, if the body reacts unpredictably even to minor events, then a mixed type of neurocirculatory dysfunction can be suspected.

Signs of neurocirculatory dystonia of a mixed type include symptoms characteristic of both hypotonic and hypertonic types. What part of the autonomic nervous system, at what point will prevail, such signs will be inherent in the patient's condition.

Video: how does NCD manifest itself?

Crises of neurocirculatory dystonia

Neurocirculatory dystonia, which arose in childhood, over time can “enrich” with symptoms and in young people give more vivid vegetative manifestations in the form of crises. Attacks in neurocirculatory dystonia also depend on its type, although they often do not have a clear picture of belonging, but are of a mixed nature. High activity of the parasympathetic division of the ANS can give a vagoinsular crisis, which is characterized by the following symptoms:

• sweating and nausea;
• Sudden weakness and darkening of the eyes;
• Decreased blood pressure and body temperature;
• Slow heart rate.

After a vagoinsular crisis, the patient still feels weak and weak for several days, periodically dizzy.

When the sympathetic department takes the “primacy”, another kind of neurocirculatory dysfunction develops. Neurocirculatory dystonia with sympathoadrenal crises makes itself felt by the sudden appearance of causeless fear, to which are quickly added:

1. Intense headache;
2. Heartache;
3. Increased blood pressure and body temperature;
4. The appearance of chills;
5. Redness of the skin or the acquisition of pallor.

Video: how to deal with exacerbations of NCD?

Autonomic dysfunction and pregnancy

Although pregnancy is a physiological state, it is then that neurocirculatory dystonia can manifest itself, which proceeds latently (hidden), because during pregnancy the body is rebuilt and prepares for the birth of a new life. The hormonal background, the regulator of all pregnancy processes, undergoes significant changes. Internal organs"fit" in a different way, making room for an ever-increasing uterus. And all this is under the control of the autonomic nervous system, which did not always cope even without such a load, but here ...

Women suffering from NCD may find out about their pregnancy even before the test, because fainting may be the first sign. Neurocirculatory dysfunction during pregnancy has a more pronounced clinical picture, so pregnancy is more difficult.

The reaction to everything that is “wrong”, tears for every reason, pain in the heart and tantrums, a decrease in blood pressure, and it’s better not to go into transport ... Pregnant women are often visited by a feeling of lack of air and stuffiness, and those with neurocirculatory dysfunction even know “the smell of fresh whiffs."

But it may not be so bad and you should not be upset. Many cases of disappearance of manifestations of NCD after childbirth have been noted. What is the reason for this - either "putting things in order" in the woman's body, or a responsible occupation associated with caring for the baby - is unknown. But patients themselves often note that if they are distracted by important matters, then the vegetative-vascular complex recedes.

Disease or Syndrome?

Talking about vegetative-vascular disorders, about how to call them after all, scientific minds have not decided. Vegetative-vascular dystonia is considered a more correct name, as it expresses the pathogenesis of the disease. The most recent trend in the definition of this condition was the syndrome of vegetative dystonia, which from this did not become an independent unit in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

The ICD 10 code for neurocirculatory dystonia is F45.3, where the letter F indicates a psychogenic origin, which, in general, is the case. According to the same classification, NCD is recognized not as a disease, but as a symptom complex resulting from inadequate behavior of the autonomic nervous system (inconsistent and non-equilibrium interaction of two sections of the ANS: sympathetic and parasympathetic). It is unlikely that people who are well acquainted with this complex of symptoms will “feel better” from this, but today it is so.

Many questions are raised by vegetative-vascular dysfunction when it is time to repay the debt to the Motherland. How are neurocirculatory dystonia and military service compatible? As the manifestations are varied, so should be the approach.

Preparing for Military Duty: NDC and the Army

Of course, some are so eager to join the ranks of the defenders of the Fatherland that they forget about the disease. Or are they hiding? Others, on the contrary, having an entry in the NDC card since childhood, are trying to save themselves from military duties. In this regard, the commission's approach should be objective and diversified. On the one hand, seeing a conscript for the first time, who does not make any complaints and “rushes into battle”, who is given out only low or high (below 100/60 or above 160/100) pressure and obvious autonomic disorders on the “face”, in breathing and heart rhythms, you can satisfy his desire. However, a qualified commission should find out for the first time, periodically or permanently. The same is the case with those who make a lot of complaints, and only meager entries in the children's card speak of illness. Of course, there is an average: the clinic is evident and complaints indicating the presence of autonomic disorders. In all cases, the task of the commission is to find out:

• Are the complaints persistent;
• Whether persistently increased or decreased blood pressure;
• Are there cardialgia and cardiac arrhythmias;
• To what extent NDC symptoms affect the work capacity of the conscript.

To study the state of health young man allied specialists (neurologist, cardiologist, ophthalmologist, endocrinologist, otolaryngologist) are necessarily involved.

In addition, when deciding on the issue of fitness for military service in the case of neurocirculatory dystonia, differential diagnosis with other diseases to clarify the diagnosis and exclude diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, heart and lungs, which may be similar to NCD in symptoms.

To whom does "Farewell of the Slav" sound?

For an objective approach to resolving the issue, the conscript is sent to a hospital for examination, after which he may be declared temporarily unfit under Article 48. In this case, the young man is subject to treatment for neurocirculatory dystonia, but if it turns out to be ineffective, and the symptoms indicate persistent disorders autonomic innervation, then the conscript is not subject to military service and receives a military ID with a mark of unsuitability under Art. 47 "a".

Similarly, the commission treats those young men who clearly have persistent vegetative-vascular disorders with an increase or decrease in pressure, there are clear signs of heart rhythm disturbance, and pain in the heart is permanent.

Well, and the one who had the only record of the disease of the autonomic nervous system, but did not confirm it, should go with honor to serve the Motherland and Fatherland. The ancient, but still unchanged and inimitable, march of Vasily Ivanovich Agapkin with its solemnity will make his mother and beloved girl cry ... Nothing terrible - a little time will pass and a healthy, matured and self-confident yesterday's conscript will return home, completely forgetting about the disease.

And yet, what to do with it?

You can talk about neurocirculatory dystonia for a long time and a lot, since there are numerous names for this pathology, and this diversity allows. But those who have such “happiness” are looking for ways to escape from this symptom complex, which pretty much poisons life and manifests itself in the most unforeseen situations. In general, a significant part of humanity is occupied with the question of how to treat neurocirculatory dystonia, which has a dozen more names. After all, changing the name will not affect the well-being of the patient.

Oddly enough, vegetative-vascular dysfunction does not like physical inactivity. And despite the fact that the manifestations of the disease are especially noticeable after physical activity, physical education not only does not harm the patient, but is also indicated. True, we should talk about purposeful, physiotherapy exercises, dosed and deliberate.

Mandatory observance of the regime of work and rest is also an integral part of the treatment process. Of course, night shift work, lack of sleep, long pastime near the monitor are unlikely to help you feel light in your head and body. But fresh air, calm evening walks, a warm bath with soothing herbs, on the contrary, will provide a good healthy sleep and improve your mood.

Patients should pay attention to their psycho-emotional state Special attention. Avoid stressful situations, engage in auto-training, take soothing tea and do everything possible to create a calm, friendly atmosphere at home and in a team for yourself and others.

No matter how trite it may sound, but here a significant role belongs to the diet. Neurocirculatory dystonia "does not like" neither spices, nor spicy dishes, nor alcohol. Anything that excites the nervous system can aggravate the course of the process, so it is better to avoid excesses and not be loaded. But potassium-rich foods (eggplants, potatoes, bananas, prunes and apricots) will “like” the “capricious” nervous system.

Treatment prescribed by a doctor

Drug treatment for neurocirculatory disorders is highly desirable to be carried out with general health measures and physiotherapy. Massotherapy, electrophoresis with sedatives on the collar zone, electrosleep and circular shower - will help strengthen the nervous system and give positive emotions that patients with neurocirculatory dystonia so need.

And what a wonderful procedure - acupuncture. Using it, you can for a long time to refuse medicines and feel great only thanks to the annual repetition of acupuncture. Put in neuromuscular bundles, thin gold or platinum needles will lead to a long and stable remission, and the disease will recede ...

Vitamin therapy and an antioxidant complex (Dr. Theiss, gerovital, etc.) will be an excellent addition to general strengthening measures.

Medicines for the treatment of neurocirculatory dystonia are taken on the recommendation of a doctor and are prescribed by him. No advice from friends and the Internet is inappropriate here, since drug treatment is prescribed taking into account blood pressure, the presence of cardialgia and the state of the heart rhythm. It is clear that will help the patient with high blood pressure, then it can have a detrimental effect on the condition of a person with low blood pressure, so it is unlikely that egilok (beta-blocker) will be indicated for the hypotonic type. Drugs that regulate the heart rhythm are serious and require special care, so "amateur" in such cases is useless.

Often, patients with autonomic disorders are prescribed drugs from the group of tranquilizers - adaptol, afobazole, grandaxin. It has a wonderful effect herbal preparation gelarium, which has antidepressant properties. To relieve spasms, bellataminal is often prescribed, which also gives a sedative effect.

Hawthorn, valerian, motherwort - alcohol infusions of these plants are very familiar to patients with neurocirculatory dystonia, they are constantly stored in the home first aid kit and perform the function of an "ambulance".

Video: expert opinion on NDC

How can traditional medicine help?

The variety of recipes for the treatment of folk remedies for neurocirculatory dystonia is even more striking than the variety of clinical manifestations. Contrasting souls, breathing exercises Tibetan monks and the Austrian healer Rudolf Breuss are undoubtedly wonderful, but for some reason the people prefer the Russian “creation”. A popular drink from the church "Cahors" and a mixture of juices of garlic, lemon, beets, carrots and radishes, flavored with natural honey, is passed "from mouth to mouth and from generation to generation."

However, for the treatment of NDC folk remedies, one should not forget about pressure, so folk healers also recommend different treatment. For example, with increased blood pressure, people use infusions of mint leaves and white birch, calendula flowers and dill seeds. Alcoholic infusions of magnolia and white mistletoe well reduce pressure.

Strong tea and coffee are not recommended for the hypertensive type of NCD, but in the morning you can drink amazing tea prepared at home:

• Dry berries of blueberries, chokeberries, currants and barberries are taken in equal parts, ground, mixed and consumed, filled with boiling water.

With normal blood pressure and a downward trend, prepare infusions of elecampane, immortelle, drink freshly squeezed juices of carrots and rose hips. They say it helps a lot.

Of course, valerian root (you can take it orally, you can do baths), hawthorn, hot milk with honey at night - everyone knows. Such folk remedies are, perhaps, in every home, even where there are no neurocirculatory disorders.

How is the diagnosis established?

The syndrome of vegetative dystonia is not based only on the patient's complaints. Before the doctor can make a diagnosis, the patient must be tested and instrumental examinations, so the main stages "on the way" to the NDC will be:

1. General blood and urine tests, which do not deviate from the norm in this disease;
2. BP profile within 10-14 days to determine the type of NCD;
3. Ultrasound of the kidneys and heart to exclude independent diseases of these organs;
4. Rheoencephalography;
5. ECG, FCG, echocardiography;
6. Consultations of an endocrinologist, otolaryngologist, neurologist, ophthalmologist.

In addition, often to determine the cause, there is a need for a detailed study of the function of the kidneys, adrenal glands, hypothalamus and thyroid gland.

The name of the disease consists of two Greek words "over" and "tension". It is characterized by an increase in intracranial pressure.

The human brain controls all the functions of the body and needs reliable protection, which is provided from the outside by the cranium, and from the inside by cerebral fluid, called cerebrospinal fluid. It consists of 90% water, 10% protein inclusions and cellular substance in equal proportions. Its composition and consistency are similar to blood plasma. Liquor washes the brain and serves as a shock absorber that protects against bruises, concussions and other mechanical damage.

Since the skull is a limited space in which the brain and the fluid surrounding it are located, a certain pressure is created in it. Normally, it in newborns is from 1.5 to 6 mm of the water column. For children under the age of 2 years - 3-7 mm. In adults, it is kept in the range from 3 to 15 mm.

Intracranial hypertension ICD code 10 is a disease that is diagnosed when the pressure level rises to 200 mm of water column.

It can increase with hyperproduction of cerebrospinal fluid, poor absorption of cerebral fluid, for reasons that prevent normal outflow, the presence of tumors and edema.

All-Russian classifiers

The international classifier in Russia was introduced in 1999, its revision is planned for 2017.

According to the current ICD, benign intracranial hypertension is defined as a complex of polyetiological symptoms, which is caused by an increase in ICP in the absence of pathological neoplasms and signs of hydrocephalus.

Classifiers international

According to ICD 10, the disease received the following classification codes:

• G2 benign intracranial hypertension.
• G2 ICH after ventricular bypass.
• G 6 - cerebral edema.

Symptoms and signs

For the timely initiation of therapy for intracranial hypertension, it is important to recognize the disease. To do this, you need to understand how it flows, what it is characterized by, what to look for.

Symptoms vary between children and adults.

The difficulty in determining the signs of the disease in infants is that the child cannot express his complaints. In such a situation, parents should carefully monitor the behavior of the baby. If the baby has the following signs, then we are talking about intracranial hypertension.

• Frequent vomiting not related to eating.
• Intermittent sleep.
• Anxiety, crying and screaming for no apparent reason.
• Swollen fontanelles without pulsation.
• Muscular hypertonicity.
• An increase in the size of the head, protrusion of the forehead.
• Divergence of the cranial sutures.
• Syndrome, the so-called setting sun.
• Visualization of veins on the head.
• Delay in development from age norms.

In children from 1 to 2 years old, the process of overgrowth of fontanelles stops, which leads to more pronounced symptoms. Gushing vomiting, fainting, convulsions are observed.

At the age of over 2 years, the child may complain of a headache, they feel pressure in the eye area from the inside of the skull. The patient has impaired tactile sensations, odor perception, decreased vision, impaired motor function.

In addition, intracranial hypertension is accompanied by endocrine disorders, obesity, and diabetes mellitus.

In adult patients, intracranial hypertension is characterized by the presence of the following symptoms:

• Attacks of severe headache, which is worse in the evening hours.
• Nausea.
• Irritability.
• Fatigue on light exertion.
• Dizziness and faintness.
• Dark circles under the eyes.
• Increased sweating so-called hot flashes.
• The pupils do not react to light.

This condition needs to be treated.

Diagnostics

Before prescribing therapy, it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination of the patient and establish the causes of intracranial hypertension, since in some cases effective therapy not possible without addressing the underlying causes.

Diagnosis of ICH is carried out using modern methods hardware research, these are encephalography, neurosonography, doppler, CT and MRI. In addition, consultations are held with a neurologist and an ophthalmologist.

Treatment

Therapy is carried out in several ways:

• Medication, which consists in the appointment of diuretics to remove fluid from the body. The use of sedatives, painkillers, neuroleptic and nootropic drugs, vitamins.
• The surgical method allows you to divert the cerebrospinal fluid or free up paths for its withdrawal.
• Non-drug therapy involves adherence to a salt-free diet and drinking regimen. A complex of exercise therapy, acupuncture, massage is prescribed.

In addition, symptomatic therapy is carried out to reduce pain and associated symptoms.

Preparations

In the treatment of ICH, the following medicines are used: levulose, caffetamin, sorbilact, mannitol.