How does intracranial pressure feel? Symptoms and treatment of intracranial pressure (ICP)

Nature has taken great care of the safety of the human brain. She encased him in a hard cranial case to prevent possible injury. In addition, brain tissues are always in suspension, constantly bathed in cerebrospinal fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid. It plays the role of a kind of shock-absorbing pillow, and also protects the brain from shock. But not only. The cerebrospinal fluid carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain cells. And then, through the venous outflow, it removes waste products of vital activity.

CSF circulates continuously, washing the spinal cord and brain. At healthy person it is fully updated up to seven times a day. Its constant volume, as a rule, reaches 1 liter. The cerebrospinal fluid originates from the arterial plexuses, taking food from them for the "gray" matter, and leaves through the venous pathways, taking with it the waste products.

If suddenly, for some reason, the venous outflow is disturbed, the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid becomes difficult. It starts to build up and puts pressure on soft tissues brain, eventually leading to their deformation and atrophy. This condition causes severe headaches. They usually occur early morning or at night, when the general blood flow in the body is slowed down and liquor stagnation forms more easily.

In addition, the amount of intracranial pressure is affected by the density of the brain tissue, which largely depends on the inflow arterial blood and venous return. ICP also depends on the presence of intracellular and osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid.

Signs and symptoms of intracranial pressure

Many of us tend not to attach of great importance mild malaise, manifested by minor headaches, short-term and mild, blurred vision. But all these signs are characteristic of fluctuations in intracranial pressure and may indicate severe structural damage to the brain.

Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure

How does elevated ICP feel? In most cases, severe stale head syndrome occurs, bursting pressing pains appear. This nature of the headache appears as a result of irritation of the receptors of the hard shell of the brain and intracranial vessels. The pressure comes from within on the eyeballs, on the ears. The feeling is like landing an airplane.

Also, the patient experiences constant fatigue, is in a state of increased nervousness. Literally everything annoys him: bright lights, loud sounds, people around him. There is nausea, accompanied by vomiting. But at the same time, the gag reflex does not bring the patient the expected relief. There is a violation of the functions of vision, hearing impairment.

Intracranial pressure increase is a dangerous phenomenon and can cause a lot of harm to human health. It requires the attention and help of good specialists in the field of neurology.

Decreased intracranial pressure

In the event of a drop in the level of cerebrospinal fluid, ICP decreases. Primary intracranial hypotension is a rather rare phenomenon. Most often, the disease occurs due to the loss of cerebrospinal fluid as a result of medical and diagnostic interventions. An overdose of dehydrating drugs, as well as arterial hypotension, can also lead to this condition.

Most characteristic symptom is . It decreases when pressing the jugular veins or in the supine position with the head down. Pain is accompanied by dizziness, bouts of nausea, tachycardia. The patient has pallor of the skin, arterial hypotension, lethargy, lethargy. With a sharp decrease in ICP, disorders of consciousness can occur, from mild forms to coma.

A decrease in intracranial pressure due to a lack of cerebrospinal fluid can lead to brain injury. After all, the cerebrospinal fluid plays the role of a kind of shock-absorbing cushion that protects the "gray matter" from unwanted shakes. Therefore, intracranial hypotension increases the risk of damage to the vessels of the head with further cerebral hemorrhage, as well as displacement of brain tissues or damage to their structure.

Thus, a normal level of ICP is an indispensable condition for active brain activity.

Such a pathology is not so common. But no age category is immune from it. Men are much less susceptible to it than women and children.

Provoking factors include:

Sometimes jumps in ICP are a physiological norm. But this can be judged only after a number of necessary diagnostic measures.

How is intracranial pressure measured?

Arterial pressure should be distinguished from intracranial pressure. In the first case, it is enough to use a tonometer, mechanical or electronic, and you can do it yourself. ICP is measured by medical personnel in a hospital. This procedure is quite traumatic, and its implementation is allowed mainly in seriously ill patients in order to timely prevent the threat to their lives.

There are several ways to measure intracranial pressure in the neurological rehabilitation department:

subdural method. It is used rarely and in especially severe cases. A small hole is made in the bone tissue of the skull with a special tool. A subdural sensor is placed there, with the help of which measurements are taken.
epidural method. An epidural sensor is placed in the burr hole between the cranium and the meninges.
Through an intraventricular catheter. This is the most modern and reliable way to determine ICP. A catheter is inserted into the cranial cavity through the hole, which is able to reach the lateral ventricle of the brain. Thanks to him, it is possible not only to measure intracranial pressure, but also to pump out excess cerebrospinal fluid.

Approximately, ICP can be determined using MRI or electroencephalography, when indicators of the bioelectrical activity of the brain are evaluated. Their fluctuations may indicate violations of ICP. In addition, an ophthalmologist with a thorough analysis of the fundus can also detect intracranial hypertension.

At home, it is not possible to determine the level of pressure. Therefore, you should carefully monitor your condition, and with repeated appearance characteristic features contact a doctor.

How to reduce intracranial pressure

To eliminate the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure can be used different methods. The tactics and treatment regimen is determined by the attending physician. This may include:

conservative therapy. Typically, diuretics and a low-salt diet are prescribed;
surgical correction. With inefficiency drug treatment excess cerebrospinal fluid is removed using a catheter or a structural neoplasm is removed;
folk remedies. It is recommended to take kidney, diuretic teas that improve the outflow of fluid from the body, soothing and vasodilating fees, allowing you to relieve vasospasm and improve cerebral circulation;
alternative treatments: massage, special gymnastic exercises. Such methods are effective only with pressure caused by obstructed venous outflow due to compression of the veins by spasmodic neck muscles or processes of the cervical vertebrae.

If the change in ICP is situational, it is natural and cannot be treated. Such pressure surges are observed after certain types of physical activity, due to weather changes and other reasons.

Treatment of intracranial hypertension: methods and means

When suffering from headaches, many of us are accustomed to doing nothing but painkillers. At the same time, forgetting that without eliminating the root cause of pain, it is impossible to get rid of them forever. The direction of treatment will directly depend on which disease is the root cause of the painful symptoms.

Used both conservatively and surgery, as well as knowledge and experience of traditional medicine. In any case, it is necessary to reduce the pressure only under the supervision of a specialist. The main principle is the simultaneous treatment of the underlying disease and the reduction of ICP in various ways and means. In addition to medicines, the patient is prescribed diet therapy, proper drinking regimen, and lifestyle changes.

The following methods of treatment of the disease are used:

diuretics (Veroshpiron, Mannitol, Furosemide, Diakarb, etc.) remove excess fluid from the body, normalize the content of cerebrospinal fluid and improve its absorption;
venotonic drugs that regulate venous outflow (Phlebodia, Troksivazin, Eufilin, etc.);
all preparations containing caffeine tone the veins and promote the outflow of venous blood;
preparations containing potassium (Asparkam) improve the balance of electrolytes and tissue metabolism, resulting in improved brain nutrition. They are prescribed for cerebral edema caused by traumatic brain injury or stroke;
corticosteroids (Dexamethasone, Prednisolone) are taken for brain tumors and meningitis. Neutralize swelling caused by intoxication or allergies;
myotropic antispasmodics (No-shpa, Papaverine, Caventon, Cinnarizine, etc.) eliminate spasm of cerebral vessels, thereby improving blood flow and nutrition of the brain;
antibacterial agents are used for neuroinfections;
(Nootropil, Pantogam, Ginkgo biloba, etc.) significantly improve brain function, positively affecting mental processes and the memory mechanism;
sedatives neutralize the effects of stress, act as a vasodilator, relieve irritability, improve sleep quality, mental activity;
vitamin complexes are prescribed to improve metabolism, general strengthening of the body;
homeopathic remedies (Nott, Nevrochel);
surgical method it is used if a brain tumor has formed and presses on the surrounding intracranial structures. With hydrocephalus, excess cerebrospinal fluid is removed by intracranial penetration using a silicone catheter;
physiotherapy: electrophoresis with aminophylline (introduction of aminophylline into the collar zone improves brain nutrition and normalizes lymph absorption), a magnet on the collar zone (magnetic fields normalize pressure, relieve swelling), massage, physiotherapy, acupuncture (relieves vasospasm, improves metabolism and the functioning of the nervous system), circular shower (stimulates the work vascular system, improves metabolism);
Alternative treatment is used only if ICP has increased due to excess weight, constant stress, impaired venous outflow or osteochondrosis of the cervicothoracic spine.

Some of these techniques alleviate the symptomatic manifestations of intracranial hypertension, while others eliminate its root cause. If the disease is not treated, it will become chronic and can lead to serious complications, such as a stroke.

Removing symptoms of intracranial pressure at home

Running can help control blood pressure. The results will appear faster if accompanied by correct breathing. Gymnastic exercises, swimming pool visits, daily walks, any other increase in activity during the day help well.

It is necessary to get rid of excess weight, if any. This will help normalize the pressure. In nutrition, you should adhere to healthy principles: eat less salt and more fresh natural food: vegetables, herbs, fruits. It will be useful to include ginger in the daily diet, which will strengthen blood vessels, normalize cerebral circulation, and increase immunity.

To avoid jumps in ICP at night, a thin and fairly dense pillow should be placed under the head. Thanks to this, the cervical arteries will not be pinched during sleep, and blood circulation in the brain will not be disturbed. In addition, at home, to relieve the symptoms of ICP, they use a heating pad in the lumbar region, do self-massage of the head, collar zone.

It is necessary to stop smoking. Nicotine causes vasospasm and disrupts liquorodynamics. Cut down on alcohol consumption, as it can cause brain swelling. Avoid overheating in the bath or under hot sunlight. Limit TV and computer time to one hour a day. Observe the regime of the day, and alternate mental and physical exercise. Regularly carry out sanatorium treatment, specializing in diseases of the circulatory system.

Intracranial pressure: treatment with folk remedies

Due to the constant pressure on the brain, there are serious violations of its functions. The intellectual capabilities and energy level of a person, the quality of life are reduced. Therefore, it is necessary with various means and ways to normalize the level of ICP, including using traditional medicine methods.

The most reliable folk remedies for the treatment of intracranial hypertension are a mixture of honey and lemon juice with water, infusions of wild rose, plantain, hawthorn, valerian, motherwort, alcohol tincture of clover. They use kidney teas that stimulate the functioning of the kidneys and adrenal glands, as well as decoctions of herbs with a mild diuretic effect (horsetail, knotweed, and others).

efficient prophylactic mint oil is used, taken in the amount of 10 drops per glass of water twice a day after meals. It effectively affects the state of blood vessels, maintains their tone.

With an increase in ICP, mustard baths help well. One or two spoons mustard powder diluted in a basin of warm water and immersed feet there for 10-20 minutes. Such a simple procedure will reduce the filling of the blood vessels of the brain and will help reduce intracranial pressure.

For self-massage of the head is taken pollen, mixed with honey (2:1). The mixture is kept in a dark place for three days, and only after that it is suitable for use. You should gradually rub the prepared remedy into the head, back of the neck. Then wrap everything with a towel, and repeat this daily for a month.

A mixture of alcohol tinctures will improve blood circulation in the brain tissues and will help reduce cranial pressure. It is necessary to mix the tinctures of the following medicinal plants:

eucalyptus (1/4 part);
mint (1/4 part);
valerian (1 part);
motherwort (1 part);
hawthorn (1 part).

The mixture is placed in a darkened glass container, a little cloves are added and left to infuse. After two weeks, start taking 25 drops in a tablespoon of water three times a day. The prepared remedy eliminates spasm of the veins and improves the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid.

Unconventional methods will help to remove pain caused by intracranial hypertension, but will not eliminate the underlying disease. Therefore, you should not resort to self-medication. Folk remedies are just a component complex therapy prescribed by the doctor.

Tablets from intracranial pressure

Among medications Diakarb is the most popular. This drug is prescribed for violations of the outflow of cerebral fluid and intracranial hypertension. The drug reduces the formation of cerebrospinal fluid and successfully treats liquorodynamic disorders.

It is used only after consultation with a specialist. Due to the fact that Diakarb oxidizes the blood, its long-term use is undesirable. The drug is usually taken in small intermittent courses.

Diakarb promotes increased excretion of potassium salts from the body. Therefore, in order to neutralize side effect, at the same time the doctor prescribes Asparkam. This drug provides rapid delivery of potassium and magnesium to cells, excretion of bicarbonate, and an increase in blood acidity.

Are you worried about something? Illness or life situation?

Diakarb and Asparkam is the most successful combination that helps to reduce the amount of fluid in the body without complications, as well as intracranial pressure.

Many patients are frightened by the diagnosis of "increased intracranial pressure", because given state is very unpleasant and can provoke the appearance of other, much more serious diseases. In general, ICP is not always a dangerous phenomenon that would indicate health problems.

Increased intracranial affects the activity of the brain, so you need to diagnose the pathology in time. It is important to remember that this condition is not the only symptom in adults and children, but a whole complex of various manifestations.

Increased intracranial pressure can aggravate the situation and cause a number of other diseases only if treatment is completely neglected.

What is ICP

Pressure inside the skull is always present. This is due to the presence of cerebrospinal fluid in the cranium, which performs a shock-absorbing function, protecting the brain from damage.

This pressure rises if, for some reason, the formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid is distorted, and there is too much fluid. She begins to put pressure on the brain, as she cannot physiologically correctly circulate through the ventricles. This explains the appearance of unpleasant symptoms with an increase in ICP. Reduced intracranial pressure is much less common.

Reasons why intracranial pressure may increase

A variety of pathologies can lead to increased intracranial pressure. Among the most frequently encountered are the following:

swelling or inflammation of the brain, in which the organ increases in volume;
blood flow to the dilated vessels of the brain when there is intoxication or poisoning;
secretion of excessive amounts of cerebrospinal fluid;
the appearance in the cranium of a massive neoplasm (tumor or hematoma), or the ingress of a foreign body.

Most common causes ICP are tumors, and not necessarily malignant, edema, etc.

Can cause high blood pressure and some diseases. Most often among them in the case histories in adults there are such:

epidural hematomas;
tumors of the meninges;
hydrocephalus;
poisoning with ethanol, methanol, fumes of poisons or salts of heavy metals;
(ischemic or hemorrhagic);
benign in the skull;
concussions or bruises of the brain;
ventriculitis, ;
anomalies in the development of the brain or skull of a diverse nature.

Note. If increased intracranial pressure occurs in a newborn child, then the appearance of symptoms can be attributed to birth trauma.

Disease signs and symptoms

Depending on the severity of the pathology, signs of increased intracranial pressure may vary. Often, patients have swelling of the face and eyelids, and noticeable bruising appears under the eyes. In infants, the manifestations are different - they have a fontanel, and the head becomes too large and grows disproportionately fast. Probably also the divergence of the bones of the skull. Some babies develop strabismus, and overall vision becomes worse.

In adult patients, the following set of symptoms develops:

bifurcation in the eyes;
sweating, appearing attacks;
hearing loss;
sensation;
abnormal reaction of the eyes;
increased irritability;
decreased quality of peripheral and central vision;
pre-fainting states;
soreness when moving the head, sneezing or coughing;
feeling ;
headaches that become more pronounced in the morning;
low blood pressure;
weakness and fatigue.

The baby often develops drowsiness, lethargy, improper sleep patterns. The child often regurgitates food, becomes more cranky, does not gain weight, and his eyes look protruding.

Methods for diagnosing increased intracranial pressure

In medicine, many methods have been developed for diagnosing high ICP - based on this, doctors select how to measure. Usually, such a set of measures is used to establish the exact state of the brain:

catheterization of the ventricles of the brain or the lumen of the canal of the spinal cord; a manometer is attached to the catheter to determine the state of the internal environment of the body;
echoencephaloscopy;
conducting computed tomography and;
diagnostics of the condition of the fundus to determine the presence of edema of the disk space optic nerve, pallor or implicit outlines;
for babies - a study of the state of the brain using ultrasound techniques.

For the diagnosis of ICP, both classical and more specialized variants of the type of echoencephaloscopy and so on are used.

The doctor chooses a specific technique for how to check intracranial pressure, based on the patient's condition. For example, if there was an acute circulatory disorder in the brain, then the doctor does a tomography and checks the state of the eye fundus.

Note. Pincreased intracranial pressure in the chestpreferably diagnosed by echoencephaloscopy or neurosonography.

Therapy for increased intracranial pressure

General treatments for too high intracranial pressure

The type of therapy depends on what causes provoked the appearance of too high intracranial pressure:

when a neoplasm appears, it is surgically excised;
at inflammatory processes prescribe a course of antibiotics;
with hydrocephalus, excess fluid is pumped out of the skull in an operative way.

Note. High intracranial pressure is not a disease - it is more correct to consider this condition as a symptom of another, more serious abnormality. If it is cured, ICP will return to normal on its own. Therapy is never directed precisely at the elimination of hypertension.

Such a measure is taken if only the pressure inside the skull reaches critical levels and threatens the patient's life. This usually occurs if there is a risk of wedging the brain. In such a situation, intracranial pressure is reduced with special medications. This is the measure emergency assistance, which is used only in a hospital setting.

If the cause of ICP is a tumor, then the only solution is surgery, while doctors always treat not the ICP itself, but its cause, which often lies either in the edema or in the tumor.

Medical treatment

Often ICP is treated with diuretics, but this is not entirely correct. This method will help in a complex, since if the underlying disease is not eliminated, diuretics will not be effective enough. At uncontrolled intake they can worsen the situation, as they cause dehydration of the body and the removal of cations necessary for health. At the same time, they can normalize the absorption of CSF and accelerate its excretion.

It is a mistake to use the following methods and tablets from intracranial pressure for therapeutic purposes without additional treatment:

massage;
homeopathic preparations;
manual therapy;
nootropic drugs (Encephabol, Nootropil);
and biologically active additives in food such as Glycine;
traditional medicine;
physiotherapy;
osteopathy;
drugs to normalize blood circulation in the brain (Cavinton).

All these drugs help in how to lower intracranial pressure, but only if the underlying disease is identified and its treatment is prescribed. If a high blood pressure has a benign nature, Diacarb tablets are prescribed. It is also a diuretic.

Drug treatment is not prescribed for every patient and is rather an additional method of treatment than the main one.

Folk remedies for the treatment of ICP

Completely eliminate the pathological process by means of traditional medicine will not work. Such treatment is aimed more at eliminating unpleasant symptoms at home than at relieving increased ICP.

To prepare medicinal decoctions and tinctures, you need to collect the necessary herbs fresh, or purchase them dried in a pharmacy. Such recipes are popular (they have a tonic and restorative effect):

mint, valerian, hawthorn, motherwort, eucalyptus are mixed in equal proportions; 2 tablespoons of herbs are poured with a glass of boiling water and infused for several hours; you need to drink a decoction as a replacement for tea;
mulberry branches and leaves (1 tablespoon) are poured with a glass of boiling water and infused for an hour; strained broth should be drunk 3 times a day for 1 glass;
a lotion of alcohol and camphor in equal proportions on the head (duration of exposure - night);
a teaspoon of poplar buds is poured into a hot glass and heated in a water bath for 15-20 minutes; the resulting extract should be drunk throughout the day.

Advice. Before using such natural remedies, it is better to consult a doctor, as medicinal herbs may have contraindications.

If there is a risk of intracranial hypertension (often such a possibility occurs after or during), several general recommendations, which will help reduce the likelihood of unpleasant symptoms of intracranial pressure:

wash and bathe with cool or warm
reduce the amount of salt consumed;
eliminate power loads that require significant endurance;
sleep on a high pillow in a well-ventilated place;
do not go down in elevators (especially if there is high intracranial pressure in children);
refuse to be in hot rooms, including a sauna and a bath;
minimize the amount of fluid you drink per day;
do not fly in airplanes;
take diuretics to remove excess fluid;
massage the neck at the collar zone;
eliminate, or psychomotor agitation, if any;
eat foods high in content (fruits, dried fruits, potatoes).

With ICP, a number of rules should be followed so as not to worsen the condition and not provoke the progression of the pathology

Note. All this will help reduce the likelihood of high intracranial pressure. If it already exists, these recommendations will help to avoid a critical increase in the rates at which hospitalization is required.

PVD rarely acts as an independent disease - there are different symptoms and treatment of this disease. Much more often, such a pathology indicates the development of a more dangerous condition for health (even in a child). That is why when symptoms of ICP appear, you should consult a doctor to receive competent treatment. If the root cause is treated, intracranial hypertension will disappear on its own. What to do and how to reduce pressure, the specialist will tell you.

This article is posted solely for the general educational purposes of visitors and is not scientific material, universal instructions or professional medical advice, and does not replace a doctor's appointment. For diagnosis and treatment, contact only qualified doctors.

The topic of increased intracranial pressure now and then appears in people's conversations different ages and gender. This phenomenon is often attributed to headaches, eye fatigue and excessive emotional arousal. However, having studied the issue a little deeper and listening to the opinion of doctors, we learn that in reality increased intracranial pressure is a symptom of very rare and dangerous injuries or neurological diseases, and not at all an ordinary harmless thing, as many used to believe.

Intracranial pressure: how it occurs and is regulated

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (also: cerebrospinal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid) inside the skull. Measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and at rest is usually 7-15 mm Hg. Art. in an adult in the supine position. Small fluctuations in pressure are due to changes in the volume of one or more components within the skull. It was found that the pressure inside the skull is affected by sudden changes in intrathoracic pressure during coughing, Valsalva maneuver (forced expiration with closed nose and mouth), as well as changes in the venous and arterial system due to communication with the vascular network.

Intracranial hypertension is an increase in pressure in the skull that exceeds the upper limit of normal, which is 20–25 mm Hg. Art. and requires treatment aimed at reducing indicators.

Excess cerebrospinal fluid, accumulating in the ventricles, presses on the brain

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by vessels in the ventricles of the brain, after which it circulates through the various ventricles and exits into the so-called subarachnoid space around the brain, where it is reabsorbed by the venous system. If the fluid is not reabsorbed enough, ICP rises, which can lead to brain damage or death.

Subarachnoid space - a hollow space between the two shells of the brain: soft and arachnoid. Filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Maintaining pressure balance

The volume of the cranium is fixed. The brain tissue and the fluids that surround it, including blood and cerebrospinal fluid, work together to maintain a state of pressure equilibrium, so that any increase in the volume of one of the cranial components must be compensated by a decrease in the volume of the other.

The stability of intracranial pressure is maintained by the body by controlling the volume of cerebrospinal fluid and venous blood

Pressure is primarily regulated by cerebrospinal fluid and secondarily by blood volume. These elements respond to an increase in the volume of other intracranial components. So, when a hematoma occurs, occupying a certain volume, the pressure inside the skull is regulated by a decrease in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid and venous blood.

Idiopathic (benign) intracranial hypertension

An increase in ICP accompanied by dilatation (expansion) of the cerebral ventricles is called hydrocephalus, while an increase in ICP with a normal or reduced size of the ventricles is called idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Idiopathic, or benign, intracranial hypertension occurs when pressure inside the skull increases for no apparent reason. The symptoms are similar to those of a brain tumor. The disease most commonly occurs in obese women during their childbearing years, but can also occur in individuals of any age.

Increased intracranial pressure, accompanied by expansion of the ventricles of the brain, is called hydrocephalus

Intracranial hypertension causes accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid. This, in turn, causes swelling in the brain tissue. The volume of blood in the blood vessels surrounding the brain also increases. While most people with this condition can continue to lead normal life, others should take precautions such as avoiding certain sporting activities and watching their diet.

There are three stages of intracranial hypertension. At the first stage, the increase in intracranial pressure is minimal. The second stage is characterized by a sharp increase in intracranial pressure. In the third stage, the pressure is so great that it leads to a reduction in cerebral blood flow, and eventually leads to ischemia and cerebral infarction.

Measurement of ICP

Unfortunately, it is not possible to measure intracranial pressure as easily and simply as arterial pressure. There is no such frequent need for this, since, as already mentioned, in a healthy person it is stable, and its slight fluctuations are automatically leveled out using natural mechanisms.

Monitoring of intracranial pressure is performed by drilling a burr hole in the skull using a special catheter and connecting a manometer to it.

The need to control ICP arises with serious injuries or diseases associated with the brain. Monitoring is carried out by specialists in a medical institution using surgical technique drilling a burr hole in the bones of the skull or taking a spinal puncture with a pressure gauge connected. Through this response, a catheter is passed to the lateral ventricle of the brain, which allows not only to accurately measure ICP, but also to pump out excess cerebrospinal fluid, if necessary.

As for a non-invasive, safer technique for measuring ICP, it exists, but its main disadvantage is its lack of accuracy. With its help, pressure is calculated according to a mathematical formula, based on the data on blood flow velocity in various parts of the brain.

Causes and symptoms of high and low ICP

Intracranial pressure, like arterial pressure, is not a constant value. Strong emotional experiences, physical stress, coughing are accompanied by its slight fluctuation within certain limits, which are the norm. The body has various mechanisms to keep ICP stable, with CSF pressure varying by about 1 mmHg. Art. in healthy adults due to changes in its production and absorption (absorption).

An increase in ICP, or intracranial hypertension, may be due to an increase in the volume of fluid components inside the skull. This refers to excess cerebrospinal fluid or bleeding caused by an injury or tumor. An increase in ICP may be due to swelling of the brain tissue, which is the result of a disease, in particular, epilepsy. High pressure inside the skull itself can cause disturbances in the structure of the brain.

Pathological increase in ICP is most often associated with a blow to the head. As for others possible causes, then they can be:

infectious diseases;
neoplasms;
stroke;
pathological expansion of cerebral vessels;
seizures (epilepsy);
hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain (excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the skull);
hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage;
decreased oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia);
, or inflammatory disease protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord.

First of all, increased ICP is accompanied by headache, sudden vomiting, pain in the back, high blood pressure. Headache usually occurs in the morning, often waking the patient. During sleep, the brain is relatively poorly supplied with oxygen as a result of slight hypoventilation, and also swells slightly during the night due to the recumbent position. The headache is aggravated by coughing, sneezing or bending over. Gradually increases over time. As the condition worsens, more severe symptoms join:

double vision;
lack of pupillary response to light (eye paralysis);
shallow breathing;
convulsive seizures;
decrease in mental abilities;
confusion in the mind (in time, location and people).

Vision problems are caused by swelling of the optic nerve. If the condition is prolonged, it can lead to visual disturbances, and ultimately to blindness. Changes in the usual behavior of a person are possible. Increased ICP is a life-threatening condition. A person who develops these symptoms should immediately receive medical care. In critical cases, there is a loss of consciousness and coma.

In addition to an increase in ICP, these signs can occur with other serious conditions, including a stroke, a recent head injury, or the development of a brain tumor.

Symptoms of benign intracranial hypertension include:

blurred vision;
episodes of blindness in one or both eyes that persist for a few seconds;
headaches that occur behind the eyes, which are aggravated by eye movement;
tinnitus;
double vision;
light flashes before the eyes;
pain in the neck, shoulders or back.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension, or decreased ICP, may result from spontaneous leakage of CSF into another body cavity. It most often occurs as a result of a lumbar puncture or other medical procedures involving the brain or spinal cord. There are various medical imaging technologies that help determine the cause of CSF loss.

Liquor is the fluid that surrounds the head and spinal cord

Other causes of low ICP include:

trauma or anatomical defect of the skull through which cerebrospinal fluid leaks;
long-term use of diuretics without proper medical supervision;
cervical and venous insufficiency;
narrowing of the lumen of the cervical vessels.

Reduced ICP rarely manifests itself in any way at the beginning of the development of pathology. And when symptoms do occur, they can be difficult to distinguish from manifestations of the underlying disease that is the root of the problem.

Symptoms of low ICP are:

lethargy and weakness;
chronic fatigue;
drowsiness and a feeling of weakness after a full-time sleep;
heaviness in the head, which is felt on the sides;
breathing problems;
arterial hypotension.

Headache is a frequent but not obligatory companion of low ICP. It is important to note that it increases in a sitting or standing position, but subsides - in a horizontal position.

The danger of increasing and decreasing ICP

One of the main threats associated with a negative outcome of traumatic brain injury is a sudden or prolonged increase in ICP, which is usually fatal. A significant jump in pressure is most often a consequence of an injury leading to an intracranial hematoma or cerebral edema. All together can provoke irreversible changes in the tissues of the brain, affect its structure, cause dropsy or hernia. The brain tissue ceases to be adequately supplied with blood and oxygen. This is the cause of reflex bradycardia - a decrease in heart rate.

Notably, children, unlike adults, can tolerate higher intracranial pressure for longer periods of time.

Intracranial hypotension hides other dangers, as it is often a sign of certain disorders in the victim's body, which may include:

hidden bleeding;
dysfunction of the cervical spine;
physical and emotional exhaustion;
pathological narrowing of the lumen of the arteries of the brain;
insufficient blood supply to the brain;
intestinal infections, poisoning with toxins;
dehydration;
cardiovascular diseases;
endocrine (hormonal) disorders.

How is the diagnosis

If there are suspicions of problems with craniocerebral pressure, the patient is referred to a neurologist. The doctor examines the patient's medical record and asks about recent injuries (blows to the head) or tumors. Physical examination includes measurement of blood pressure and control of pupillary dilation.

The pressure is measured by one of the above methods.

Treatment for elevated ICP

The first goal of treatment is to reduce the pressure inside the skull of the victim, and only then direct efforts to eliminate the underlying disease. Conservative therapy is used in the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and methods of dealing with hydrocephalus require a more serious, surgical approach.

Medical therapy

Non-invasive, or conservative, therapy primarily includes taking medications from the following groups:

Diuretics. The most effective in the fight against increased ICP are diuretics (Acetazolamide, Lasix, Furosemide, Trifas). The action of this group of drugs is aimed at activating the production of urine and reducing fluids in the tissues and vascular bed, which automatically leads to a decrease in pressure. Acetazolamide (Diamox) is the drug of choice. It reduces the production of cerebrospinal fluid by at least 50%. If Acetazolamide is not effective, it can be combined with another diuretic such as Furosemide, which helps reduce fluid retention. Osmotic diuretics (Mannitol, Urea, Sorbitol) are also used, the action of which is aimed at extracting water from the intercellular space of edematous tissues. These drugs are administered by drip in a hospital setting.
Analgesics. Painkillers (Nimesil, Ketonal) are sometimes prescribed to treat severe headaches caused by intracranial hypertension.
Hormonal preparations. Steroid hormones with anti-inflammatory action are prescribed for diagnosed edema of the meninges, for example, with meningitis.
Sedatives. Sedatives (Valerian, Motherwort, Hawthorn in the form of drops) are used to prevent an increase in blood pressure, which will cause an increase in intracranial pressure.
Vasodilator drugs. Drugs that mainly affect tissue metabolism (Magnesia, A nicotinic acid), which contribute to the normalization of cerebral blood flow, expanding the vascular lumens and reducing the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Selective beta 1-blockers (Anaprilin, Metoprolol, Tenoric). Selectively block β 1 -adrenergic receptors, reducing pressure and relieving arrhythmia, especially during exercise.
ACE inhibitors (Captopril, Kapoten). block in the body Chemical substance(angiotensin), contributing to vasoconstriction, fluid retention and increased pressure. Do not combine with Furosemide to avoid problems with cardiac activity.

Nootropics, drugs that stimulate brain activity, are considered ineffective in the treatment of intracranial hypertension.

Physiotherapy

With a tendency to idiopathic intracranial hypertension, when the disease does not yet pose a threat to life, physiotherapy methods are used that improve blood flow and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, among them:

magnetic therapy of the collar zone;
electrophoresis with medicinal substances;
manual therapy of the back and neck zone;
acupuncture, or acupuncture;
circular shower.

Soft daily self-massage of the cervical zone, the base of the skull, the back of the head is an excellent means of prevention.

Lifestyle with elevated ICP

The exact relationship between intracranial hypertension and body weight is unknown. However, many people with intracranial hypertension after weight loss report a reduction in symptoms, such as swelling of the optic nerve, and in some cases even a remission (complete disappearance of symptoms). For this reason, weight loss is very important for people suffering from obesity and intracranial hypertension. A proper low calorie diet can help you lose weight and reduce the symptoms associated with this disease.

There are certain limitations of some types of action for individuals with intracranial hypertension. These include activities such as somersaults and somersaults, rope jumping, judo, rugby, high dynamic amusement rides in amusement parks, twisting and stretching exercises. It is important to avoid excessive sun exposure, as intracranial hypertension can cause problems with body temperature control. It is recommended to quit smoking. Intracranial hypertension may also affect the ability to judge distances and speed.

Diet Features

Compliance with the principles healthy eating essential for the successful treatment of so-called idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Below is a list of foods that should be included in the diet:

Fruits - they contain fiber and vitamins, making up an important part of any diet for weight loss. Keep a container of a variety of seasonal fruits with you and eat at least 5 small fruits each day. In addition, it is a great snack between main meals.
Lean meats - Poultry and fish are low in fat and help you stay within your daily calorie intake by supplying your body with the protein it needs.
Low calorie diet foods.
Olive oil, canola oil, and other sources of monounsaturated fats will help keep cholesterol levels in check.
Oats.
Whole grain bread.

In addition to these foods, it is important for intracranial hypertension to maintain a healthy lifestyle and engage in regular light exercise.

Some foods lead to increased intracranial pressure and should be limited or avoided altogether. The doctor will certainly suggest certain adjustments to previous eating habits. Some of these changes include:

Limiting salt intake. Salt retains water in the body and causes an increase in arterial and intracranial pressure.
Limiting fat intake. Excessive levels of fat in the diet interfere with the weight loss that is recommended for this condition. Avoid red meat and processed meat dishes such as pork, bacon and beef.
Foods rich in vitamin A and tyramine, which may adversely affect intracranial hypertension. Tyramine is a compound formed during the breakdown of tyrosine (an amino acid) and can cause blood vessels to dilate. For this reason, tyramine-rich foods should be avoided. These include canned, dried or aged long time foods such as pickles, pickles, salami, pepperoni, sauerkraut, olives, fermented soy products, nuts, mature cheese, beer and wine. You should also avoid foods high in vitamin A. These include: liver, carrots, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and green leafy vegetables.
Alcohol. It is desirable to exclude completely. If this fails, it is important to drink enough water along with a small amount of alcohol to prevent dehydration.
Coffee. This includes all beverages containing caffeine.

Prohibited foods and drinks for intracranial hypertension - gallery

Salt retains water in the body, increasing blood pressure. Too much animal fat in your diet hinders weight loss Tyramine, found in some foods, may cause intracranial hypertension Caffeine is a mild stimulant of the nervous system that increases blood pressure.

Surgical treatment of hydrocephalus

Surgical treatment is indicated in severe and critical conditions, when a persistent increase in ICP poses a direct threat to the patient's life. The indications and methods of the operation are determined by the neurosurgeon after a detailed examination of the patient.

The most effective and well-established method for reducing persistent ICP is to drain the fluid with a shunt through a small opening in the skull or through the spinal cord. The shunt is a high-tech device made of soft hypoallergenic material that is inserted into a specially prepared subcutaneous tunnel and connects the cranial cavity with abdominal cavity, where the outflow of excess fluid occurs. The presence of special valves in the shunt device allows you to control the amount of CSF that should be absorbed by the peritoneum. Subcutaneous placement of the shunt ensures its invisibility to others. One disadvantage of the method is the need to change the device twice a year. Contraindications are infectious infection and heart failure.

Ventriculoperitoneal shunting is an effective surgical method for the treatment of hydrocephalus

Less common methods used urgently to save a patient's life include:

trepanation - surgical removal of part of the skull cap to reduce excess intracranial pressure, for example, with a subdural hematoma;
deliberate cooling of the body, or induced hypothermia - artificial cooling of a patient in a coma with a special blanket or infusion of cold liquid; the method is designed to better preserve the patient's brain (prevention of the accumulation of toxins and inflammation) during a critical state.

The effectiveness of folk methods in the treatment of intracranial hypertension

Because the headaches and visual impairment in many patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension do not respond to medical treatment, and because many patients experience intolerable side effects from commonly prescribed medications, many seek alternative methods treatment, experiencing fear of surgery. But neuroscientists agree that any alternative means or folk methods Unfortunately, they don't work at all. Therefore, doctors warn that you should not spend money on them and count on improvements. It is much more effective to focus on a therapeutic diet and reduce body weight, since these are the actions that bring relief to most patients.

Features of therapy for low ICP

Intracranial hypotension is rare and the syndrome is often self-limiting, especially if it results from medical manipulation. If the problem does not go away on its own, then the following procedure can be used to seal the CSF leak. A small amount of the patient's blood is injected into the epidural space near the original puncture site; the resulting blood clot "blocks" the leak. Other treatments include intravenous administration caffeine and theophylline.

Prevention

prevent intracranial hypertension impossible. But you can and should take steps to prevent head injury. Always wear a helmet when cycling or participating in sports. Use your seat belt while driving and keep your seat as far away from the dashboard or the seat in front of you as possible.

Falls in one's own home are a common cause of head injury, especially in the elderly. Avoid home injuries by keeping floors dry and uncluttered. Install handrails if necessary.

Intracranial pressure: video

Delaying treatment or failure to lower intracranial pressure can cause temporary or permanent brain damage, prolonged coma, or even death. The sooner a person seeks treatment to reduce and further control pressure on the brain, the better their prognosis will be.

Many of us do not attach importance to such symptoms as minor headaches, slight dizziness, blurred vision ... But these manifestations of increased intracranial pressure (abbreviated as ICP) may indicate severe structural damage to the substance of the brain tissue, mainly in children (tumor, hemorrhage, hematoma, hydrocephalus). That is why such great attention is paid by neurologists to the problems of intracranial hypertension, or increased ICP.

What is intracranial pressure?

Intracranial pressure is a quantitative indicator that reflects the strength of the effect of cerebrospinal fluid on brain tissue. Normal value ICP is in the range from 100 to 151 mm of water column, which corresponds to 10 - 17 mm Hg.

the introduction of a catheter into the lumen of the spinal canal or the ventricles of the brain, followed by the attachment of a pressure gauge that works by analogy with a mercury thermometer;
the use of methods of both computer and magnetic resonance imaging;
ultrasound examination of the brain (synonym: neurosonography) in children under the age of 1 year;
echoencephaloscopy;
examination of the picture of the fundus with the definition of a typical clinic - swelling of the optic nerve head, fuzzy contours, pallor.

Before measuring intracranial pressure, it is important to decide on the research method. In children infancy preference is given to neurosonography and echoencephaloscopy. Patients with an acute disorder cerebral circulation, a tomographic examination is prescribed, an assessment of the condition of the fundus by an ophthalmologist.

Causes leading to increased intracranial pressure

Conditions that cause high intracranial pressure include:

an increase in the brain in volume due to edema, inflammation;
the formation of a large amount of cerebrospinal fluid with hydrocephalus;
the presence of mass formation (tumor, hematoma, foreign body) in the cranial cavity;
an increase in blood content in the dilated vessels of the brain in case of poisoning and intoxication.

The main diseases accompanied by an increase in ICP:

disorders of cerebral circulation of various origins (ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes);
traumatic damage to the brain tissue (concussion and contusion of the brain);
inflammatory changes in the membranes with meningitis, encephalitis and ventriculitis;
intoxication with salts of heavy metals, methanol or ethyl alcohol, vapors of toxic gases;
tumors not only of the substance, but also of the membranes of the brain, sub- and epidural hematomas;
developmental anomalies (Arnold-Chiari, Dandy-Walker);
benign intracranial hypertension;
hydrocephalus.

It should be noted that the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure in infants in 90% of cases are due to birth trauma.

Common symptoms characteristic of intracranial hypertension

In the case of increased intracranial pressure, the symptoms are characterized by diversity and polymorphism. The clinical picture of the disease in children and adults is different. The leading signs that accompany an increase in ICP are:

headache that occurs mainly in the morning during awakening, localized both in the frontal, temporal, and occipital regions, which has a pressing or arching character;
nausea and vomiting;
drowsiness;
impaired memory, attention and thinking;
dizziness;
rise or fall in blood pressure;
bradycardia - a rare pulse;
sweating;
visual impairment due to edema of the papilla of the optic nerve up to blindness.

Increased intracranial pressure in children, the symptoms of which may appear in the first minutes and hours after birth, often leads to the development of serious complications. Knowing the key signs of the disease, you can early stages establish the correct diagnosis and prescribe to the child proper treatment(see increased intracranial pressure in infants).
Symptoms that indicate high ICP in children include:

bulging of large and small fontanelles, as well as their pulsation;
divergence of the skull bones with an increase in the size of the sutures;
a change in the child's behavior: drowsiness, lethargy, or, conversely, irritability, tearfulness;
chin tremor;
repeated vomiting ("fountain"), which does not bring relief;
visual impairment;
oculomotor disorders in the form of strabismus, limited range of motion of the eyeballs;
violation of the level of consciousness, in severe cases, the development of a coma is possible;
convulsive syndrome;
increase in the size of the head circumference;
decrease in strength in the limbs up to complete immobility;
regurgitation while eating.

There are two options for development clinical picture intracranial hypertension:

sudden onset of symptoms of the disease with impaired consciousness to the level of deep coma; the probability of death is 92%;
gradual onset of symptoms.

What is hydrocephalus?

Hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the cranial cavity and is accompanied by an increase in intracranial pressure. The following conditions lead to the occurrence of hydrocephalus:

an increase in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid (fluid that surrounds the brain) with tumors of the vascular plexuses;
the formation of obstacles in the way of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid;
inflammatory process in the brain tissue.

Symptoms of hydrocephalus in children

The leading symptom characteristic of hydrocephalus in a child is a progressive increase in head size before the age of two years. The main symptoms of hydrocephalus in newborns due to increased intracranial pressure include:

intensive growth of the head by the end of the first month;
sparse hairline;
disproportionate large forehead;
exophthalmos - protrusion of the eyeballs;
progressive decrease in visual acuity due to developing atrophy of the optic nerves;

Hydrocephalus in other children age periods accompanied by neuroendocrine disorders, delayed psychomotor development, twitching of the head with a frequency of 2-4 times per second.

With an increase in intracranial pressure, symptoms in adults develop gradually in most cases. A headache comes to the fore, which has the following parameters:

character - pressing, bursting, compressing, occasionally - pulsating;
time of occurrence - in the morning after waking up, which is associated with an increase in ICP;
provoking factors - the horizontal position of the body, coughing, sneezing, straining, overextension of the head;
accompanying symptoms - nausea and vomiting, noise in the head;
not relieved by analgesics.

In second place in frequency with an increase in intracranial pressure is the syndrome of autonomic dysfunction, which is accompanied by:

fluctuations in blood pressure and pulse during the day;
violation of intestinal motility with the development of constipation or, conversely, diarrhea;
hypersalivation - increased salivation;
moisture of the skin, especially in the palmar and plantar surfaces;
attacks of suffocation;
dizziness;
a feeling of fear, anxiety, irritability, apathy, drowsiness;
pain in the heart, abdomen.

Much less often, increased intracranial pressure may be accompanied by the development of stroke-like conditions that threaten the patient's life. In such cases, the following symptoms are observed:

impaired consciousness up to coma;
severe dizziness and unsteadiness when walking;
decreased strength in the limbs;
speech disorder;
indomitable vomiting;
violation of the functioning of the pelvic organs in the form of incontinence or retention of urine and feces;
dysfunction of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

What is benign intracranial hypertension?

Benign (idiopathic) intracranial hypertension is one of the most understudied pathological conditions in modern neurology and neurosurgery. This disease is typical for overweight women and children. Numerous studies have failed to determine the cause.

With benign intracranial hypertension, the same symptoms are observed that are characteristic of increased intracranial pressure. It should be noted that with this disease, spontaneous recovery occurs a few months after the first manifestations.

Complications that can be caused by increased intracranial pressure

A life-threatening condition is a sudden increase in intracranial pressure, leading to death (death) in the absence of appropriate treatment. Other complications associated with high ICP include:

infringement of the cerebellum in the large occipital foramen, which is accompanied by a violation of breathing, a decrease in strength in the limbs, a disorder of consciousness;
epileptic syndrome;
decreased vision up to blindness;
violation of mental functions;
ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke.

Modern methods of treatment of increased intracranial pressure

Treatment begins after establishing the cause that led to the development of the disease.

Stage one - Elimination of the cause of the disease.

In the event that an intracerebral formation has led to an increase in intracranial pressure - a tumor, hematoma, aneurysm, after an appropriate additional examination, an urgent surgical intervention is performed (removal of the mass formation).
In the case of excessive secretion of cerebrospinal fluid in hydrocephalus, bypass surgery is performed, the purpose of which is to create an additional outflow path for the cerebrospinal fluid, which leads to a decrease in intracranial pressure.

Stage two - Drug correction of the level of intracranial pressure.
For this purpose, the following groups of drugs are used:

osmodiuretics (mannitol, glycerol), the action of which is aimed at reducing the amount of cerebrospinal fluid;
loop diuretics (furosemide);
hormonal drugs (dexamethasone);
diacarb;
neuroprotectors (glycine).

Stage three - Medical manipulations.
Stage four - Diet therapy.
Limit the amount of fluid and salt entering the body, which corresponds to diet No. 10, 10a.
Stage five - The use of manual therapy techniques, hyperbaric oxygenation, controlled arterial hypotension, hyperventilation.

Very rarely during enhanced treatment decreased intracranial pressure may occur, the symptoms of which are:

drowsiness;
weakness;
headaches, aggravated by head movements;
dizziness;
nausea and vomiting.

Treatment of increased intracranial pressure should be comprehensive.

What to do if you have symptoms of increased intracranial pressure?

Below is an algorithm of actions that all patients with symptoms of increased ICP should follow.

Calm down. It must be remembered that at present there are many methods to normalize the level of intracranial pressure without a threat to life.
Seek an appointment with a neurologist who will prescribe a list of examinations (CT or MRI, ultrasound, X-ray, examination by an ophthalmologist).
Strict adherence to all the doctor's recommendations (diet, medication, if necessary - surgical treatment). Failure to comply with prescriptions can result in death.

5 myths about increased intracranial pressure

Myth one: in patients with elevated ICP, recovery is observed with age, so there is no need for any treatment.

This is one of the biggest misconceptions. Persistent and prolonged exposure of cerebrospinal fluid to the substance of the brain leads to the development of the above complications.

Myth two A: Intracranial hypertension is an incurable disease.

Availability of a wide range of drugs, methods surgical treatment refutes this fact. Elimination of the cause that caused the increase in ICP leads to a complete recovery.

Myth three: the tendency to increase intracranial pressure is genetically determined and is inherited.

Currently, there are no studies confirming the hereditary theory of the development of the disease.

Myth four: children suffering from increased intracranial pressure are mentally retarded and have low level I.Q.

Wrong point of view.

Myth five: to normalize the level of ICP is possible only by taking medicines.

False fact, since in some cases surgical treatment may be required.

Increased intracranial pressure: facts and figures

The leading cause of increased ICP in children under 1 year of age is hydrocephalus.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension occurs with a frequency of 1 to 2 cases per 100,000 population.
Even 200 years ago, scientists drew attention to the problem of increased intracranial pressure; the issue has not been fully studied so far, research continues.
In the world there are several dozens of medical associations dealing with issues of intracranial hypertension.
Every tenth child at the appointment with a pediatric neurologist has a high level of intracranial pressure.
The number of people suffering from increased intracranial pressure is approaching 100,000,000.
According to the data evidence-based medicine, herbal preparations do not have any effect on the level of ICP, respectively, cannot be used for treatment. Similar information is available for homeopathic medicines.
Patients who managed to normalize the level of ICP should visit a doctor every two years to prevent the development of a relapse of the disease.

Ivan Drozdov 05.11.2016

CSF circulates continuously, washing the spinal cord and brain. In a healthy person, it is completely renewed up to seven times a day. Its constant volume, as a rule, reaches 1 liter. The cerebrospinal fluid originates from the arterial plexuses, taking food from them for the "gray" matter, and leaves through the venous pathways, taking with it the waste products.

If suddenly, for some reason, the venous outflow is disturbed, the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid becomes difficult. It begins to accumulate and puts pressure on the soft tissues of the brain, eventually leading to their deformation and atrophy. This condition causes severe headaches. They occur, as a rule, in the early morning or at night, when the general blood flow in the body is slowed down and liquor stagnation forms more easily.

In addition, the amount of intracranial pressure is affected by the density of the brain tissue, which largely depends on the inflow of arterial blood and venous outflow. ICP also depends on the presence of intracellular and osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid.

Signs and symptoms of intracranial pressure

Many of us, as a rule, do not attach much importance to mild ailments, manifested by minor headaches, short-term and mild dizziness, and blurred vision. But all these signs are characteristic of fluctuations in intracranial pressure and may indicate severe structural damage to the brain.

Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure

Intracranial pressure increase is a dangerous phenomenon and can cause a lot of harm to human health. It requires the attention and help of good specialists in the field of neurology.

Decreased intracranial pressure

The most characteristic symptom is constricting pain in the occipital and parietal regions. It decreases when pressing the jugular veins or in the supine position with the head down. Pain is accompanied by dizziness, bouts of nausea, tachycardia. The patient has pallor of the skin, arterial hypotension, lethargy, lethargy. With a sharp decrease in ICP, disorders of consciousness can occur, from mild forms to coma.

Thus, a normal level of ICP is an indispensable condition for active brain activity.

Causes of intracranial pressure

Such a pathology is not so common. But no age category is immune from it. Men are much less susceptible to it than women and children.

Provoking factors include:

changes in the hormonal balance in women (during menopause, menstruation, pregnancy);
the presence of certain infections in the body;
long-term medication (psychotropic drugs, glucocorticosteroids and others);
brain tumor;
head injury;
cerebral edema;
dysfunction of the kidneys and adrenal glands (water-salt imbalance);
disorders of the central nervous system (with meningoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, cerebral hemorrhage);
congenital anomalies.

Sometimes jumps in ICP are a physiological norm. But this can be judged only after a number of necessary diagnostic measures.

How is intracranial pressure measured?

There are several ways to measure intracranial pressure in the neurological rehabilitation department:

subdural method. It is used rarely and in especially severe cases. A small hole is made in the bone tissue of the skull with a special tool. A subdural sensor is placed there, with the help of which measurements are taken.
epidural method. An epidural sensor is placed in the burr hole between the cranium and the meninges.
Through an intraventricular catheter. This is the most modern and reliable way to determine ICP. A catheter is inserted into the cranial cavity through the hole, which is able to reach the lateral ventricle of the brain. Thanks to him, it is possible not only to measure intracranial pressure, but also to pump out excess cerebrospinal fluid.

At home, it is not possible to determine the level of pressure. Therefore, you should carefully monitor your condition, and with the repeated appearance of characteristic signs, consult a doctor.

How to reduce intracranial pressure

Various methods can be used to relieve the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. The tactics and treatment regimen is determined by the attending physician. This may include:

conservative therapy. Typically, diuretics and a low-salt diet are prescribed;
surgical correction. With the ineffectiveness of drug treatment, excess cerebrospinal fluid is removed using a catheter or a structural neoplasm is removed;
folk remedies. It is recommended to take kidney, diuretic teas that improve the outflow of fluid from the body, soothing and vasodilating fees, allowing you to relieve vasospasm and improve cerebral circulation;
alternative treatments: massage, special gymnastic exercises. Such methods are effective only with pressure caused by obstructed venous outflow due to compression of the veins by spasmodic neck muscles or processes of the cervical vertebrae.

If the change in ICP is situational, it is natural and cannot be treated. Such pressure surges are observed after certain types of physical activity, due to weather changes and other reasons.

Treatment of intracranial hypertension: methods and means

Both conservative and surgical treatment is used, as well as the knowledge and experience of traditional medicine. In any case, it is necessary to reduce the pressure only under the supervision of a specialist. The main principle is the simultaneous treatment of the underlying disease and the reduction of ICP in various ways and means. In addition to medicines, the patient is prescribed diet therapy, proper drinking regimen, and lifestyle changes.

The following methods of treatment of the disease are used:

diuretics (Veroshpiron, Mannitol, Furosemide, Diakarb, etc.) remove excess fluid from the body, normalize the content of cerebrospinal fluid and improve its absorption;
venotonic drugs that regulate venous outflow (Phlebodia, Troksivazin, Eufilin, etc.);
all preparations containing caffeine tone the veins and promote the outflow of venous blood;
preparations containing potassium (Asparkam) improve the balance of electrolytes and tissue metabolism, resulting in improved brain nutrition. They are prescribed for cerebral edema caused by traumatic brain injury or stroke;
corticosteroids (Dexamethasone, Prednisolone) are taken for brain tumors and meningitis. Neutralize swelling caused by intoxication or allergies;
myotropic antispasmodics (No-shpa, Papaverine, Caventon, Cinnarizine, etc.) eliminate spasm of cerebral vessels, thereby improving blood flow and nutrition of the brain;
antibacterial agents are used for neuroinfections;
nootropic drugs (Nootropil, Pantogam, Ginkgo biloba, etc.) significantly improve brain function, positively affecting mental processes and the memory mechanism;
sedatives neutralize the effects of stress, act as a vasodilator, relieve irritability, improve sleep quality, mental activity;
vitamin complexes are prescribed to improve metabolism, general strengthening of the body;
homeopathic remedies (Nott, Nevrochel);
the surgical method is used if a brain tumor has formed and presses on the surrounding intracranial structures. With hydrocephalus, excess cerebrospinal fluid is removed by intracranial penetration using a silicone catheter;
physiotherapy: electrophoresis with aminophylline (introduction of aminophylline into the collar zone improves brain nutrition and normalizes lymph absorption), a magnet on the collar zone (magnetic fields normalize pressure, relieve swelling), massage, physiotherapy exercises, acupuncture (relieves vasospasm, improves metabolism and work nervous system), circular shower (stimulates the vascular system, improves metabolism);
Alternative treatment is used only if ICP has increased due to excess weight, constant stress, impaired venous outflow or osteochondrosis of the cervicothoracic spine.

Removing symptoms of intracranial pressure at home

It is necessary to stop smoking. Nicotine causes vasospasm and disrupts liquorodynamics. Cut down on alcohol consumption, as it can cause brain swelling. Avoid overheating in the bath or under hot sunlight. Limit TV and computer time to one hour a day. Observe the regime of the day, and alternate mental and physical activity. Regularly carry out sanatorium treatment, specializing in diseases of the circulatory system.

Intracranial pressure: treatment with folk remedies

Due to the constant pressure on the brain, there are serious violations of its functions. The intellectual capabilities and energy level of a person, the quality of life are reduced. Therefore, it is necessary with the help of various means and methods to normalize the level of ICP, including using the methods of traditional medicine.

The most reliable folk remedies for the treatment of intracranial hypertension are considered to be a mixture of honey and lemon juice with water, infusions of wild rose, plantain, hawthorn, valerian, motherwort, alcohol tincture of clover. They use kidney teas that stimulate the functioning of the kidneys and adrenal glands, as well as decoctions of herbs with a mild diuretic effect (horsetail, knotweed, and others).

An effective prophylactic is peppermint oil, taken in the amount of 10 drops per glass of water twice a day after meals. It effectively affects the state of blood vessels, maintains their tone.

With an increase in ICP, mustard baths help well. One or two tablespoons of mustard powder are diluted in a bowl of warm water and the feet are immersed there for 10-20 minutes. Such a simple procedure will reduce the filling of the blood vessels of the brain and will help reduce intracranial pressure.

For self-massage of the head, flower pollen is taken, mixed with honey (2: 1). The mixture is kept in a dark place for three days, and only after that it is suitable for use. You should gradually rub the prepared remedy into the head, back of the neck. Then wrap everything with a towel, and repeat this daily for a month.

A mixture of alcohol tinctures will improve blood circulation in the brain tissues and will help reduce cranial pressure. It is necessary to mix the tinctures of the following medicinal plants:

eucalyptus (1/4 part);
mint (1/4 part);
valerian (1 part);
motherwort (1 part);
hawthorn (1 part).

Non-traditional methods will help to relieve pain caused by intracranial hypertension for some time, but will not eliminate the underlying disease. Therefore, you should not resort to self-medication. Folk remedies are only a component of the complex therapy prescribed by the doctor.

Tablets from intracranial pressure

Among the medications, Diacarb is the most popular. This drug is prescribed for violations of the outflow of cerebral fluid and intracranial hypertension. The drug reduces the formation of cerebrospinal fluid and successfully treats liquorodynamic disorders.

It is used only after consultation with a specialist. Due to the fact that Diakarb oxidizes the blood, its long-term use is undesirable. The drug is usually taken in small intermittent courses.

Diakarb promotes increased excretion of potassium salts from the body. Therefore, in order to neutralize the side effect, at the same time the doctor prescribes Asparkam. This drug provides rapid delivery of potassium and magnesium to cells, excretion of bicarbonate, and an increase in blood acidity.

Diakarb and Asparkam is the most successful combination that helps to reduce the amount of fluid in the body, as well as intracranial pressure, without complications.

Feeling dizzy, a seemingly minor headache or decreased visual acuity, many of us prefer not to attach importance to such ailments, attributing everything to overwork or stress. And, it turns out, in vain. Because in this way, increased intracranial pressure often makes itself felt. What are the symptoms and causes of the disease, is there a treatment? All these questions arise for those who are faced with a similar diagnosis.

The main symptoms of the disease

Intracranial pressure is an indicator that characterizes the degree of pressure on the brain tissue, which is exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid, which does not have the possibility of a normal outflow. An indicator that is in the range from 100 to 151 mm is considered normal. water. Art. The fact that these indicators are exceeded can be indicated by various ailments that seem unrelated. The only thing that a person with elevated ICP always experiences is a headache that occurs immediately after waking up and can accompany a person throughout the day.

High intracranial pressure is a very insidious disease, since it is impossible to measure it yourself at home, and signs in an adult can be confused with other ailments.

How to determine ICP?

To measure intracranial pressure, doctors use the following methods:

CT scan.
A catheter is inserted into one of the ventricles of the brain or the spinal canal with further measurement using a special manometer.
Magnetic resonance imaging.

echoencephaloscopy.
Ophthalmologists diagnose by examining the condition of the fundus.
Ultrasound of the brain or neurosonography (read here how neurosonography works in newborns).

For infants under 1 year of age, neurosonography or echoencephaloscopy is preferable to measure ICP. Adults with a history of cerebral circulatory disorders are prescribed magnetic resonance or computed tomography that allow deviations to be detected.

Causes of increased ICP

Doctors identify the following causes that may contribute to increased intracranial pressure:

An inflammatory process that leads to an increase in brain size or swelling.
The formation of an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid. This condition is observed in hydrocephalus.

Learn more about hydrocephalus of the brain in this video, a neurosurgeon of the highest qualification category, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Operative Surgery of the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry Fayyad Akhmedovich Farhat:

An increase in the amount of blood in the vessels. This can lead to intoxication or poisoning of the body.
The presence of a formation in the cranial cavity or the ingress of a foreign body into it.

There are a number of diseases, a sign of which is high ICP:

Injury to brain tissue due to bruising or concussion.
Violation of blood circulation in the tissues of the brain.

Inflammation of the meninges in certain diseases, most often with encephalitis and meningitis.
Poisoning by alcohol, salts of heavy metals or other toxic substances.

Anomalies of development.
Hydrocephalus.
Benign intracranial hypertension.
The occurrence of hematomas or any tumors in the brain tissues.

In infants, the most common cause of increased intracranial pressure is birth trauma or complications of pregnancy in a woman.

Symptoms of increased ICP

Physicians emit a lot various reasons which lead to a condition known as increased intracranial pressure. At the same time, they can differ significantly in children and adults. They may have the following symptoms in common:

Pain in the head of a pressing character, which mainly occurs immediately after waking up in the morning. It can occur in any part of the head: the back of the head, temples, or forehead area.
Constant drowsiness (the patient even wakes up in the morning with a feeling of fatigue).
Dizziness.
Increased sweating.

Hyperhidrosis - hanging sweating. This symptom is often perceived as an aesthetic defect. But in fact, excessive sweating leads to serious consequences.

Nausea and vomiting.
Memory impairment, distraction.
Violation of vision. In some cases, blindness occurs.
A rare pulse that can be difficult to feel.
Change in blood pressure, both up and down.

Norms of blood pressure for children of different ages. Diastolic pressure - at the moment of relaxation of the heart muscle, and systolic - at the moment of contraction

Symptoms of increased ICP characteristic of children

Already in the first minutes of a baby's life, he may show symptoms characteristic of high intracranial pressure. In this case, the baby develops serious complications. Paying attention to them in time, it becomes possible to start treatment and thereby save the child. These symptoms include:

Protrusion of fontanelles and a distinct pulsation in this area.
Divergence of the bones of the skull.
Tremor of the chin.
Restriction of the mobility of the eyeballs, strabismus often occurs.
Constant change in behavior.
Seizures.

On behalf of the Union of Pediatricians of Russia, the doctor of the Department of Psychoneurology and Psychosomatic Pathology of the SCCH Uvakina Evgenia Vladimirovna tells more about convulsions in children:

Violation of consciousness.
Behavioral disorders: the child sleeps all the time or constantly cries.
An increase in the circumference of the head of the baby.
Violation of vision.
Frequent regurgitation or repeated vomiting.
Hypotonicity of the muscles of the limbs or their complete immobilization.

The development of increased intracranial pressure in babies is possible in two ways:

Gradual onset of symptoms.
Lightning onset of signs of illness with impaired consciousness. The probability of death in this case is 90%.

The main cause of high intracranial pressure in children of different ages is the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the skull. This condition is called hydrocephalus.

It leads to:

The formation of liquor in large quantities. This can happen in the event of a tumor of the choroid plexus.
Inflammation of brain tissue.
The appearance of any obstacles to the discharge of cerebrospinal fluid.

a sign of hydrocephalus in a child

Which doctors pay attention to is a significant increase in the circumference of the baby's head in the first years of life. This is the basis for checking the child's intracranial pressure.

Among other symptoms of the disease, according to which the doctor can make a preliminary diagnosis:

Intensive growth of the head with a disproportionately large forehead.
Pronounced protrusion of the eyeballs.
Due to atrophy of the optic nerve, a sharp decrease in vision occurs.

The legendary pediatrician, doctor of the highest category Komarovsky Evgeny Olegovich tells about the disease and its manifestation in children in his program:

Symptoms of increased ICP characteristic of adults

Unlike children, adult patients are more likely to develop symptoms gradually. The main symptom of high intracranial pressure is a recurring headache, which is characterized by the following parameters:

Most often it has a pressing or bursting character. Rarely pulsating.
It feels like this in the morning.
The horizontal position of the body, straining when sneezing or coughing can provoke pain.
The pain is accompanied by noise in the head, nausea and vomiting.
The pain does not subside even after taking painkillers.

An increase in ICP can occur in parallel with the syndrome of autonomic dysfunction, the symptoms of which are the following signs:

Constant fluctuations in blood pressure.
Increased salivation.
Suffocation attacks.
Intestinal disorders (diarrhea, constipation).

Pain in the abdomen.
Sweating of hands and feet.
Attacks of dizziness.
Irritability, increased anxiety, apathy and other psychological disorders.

In some cases, high ICP is accompanied by a stroke-like condition that poses a threat to the patient's life. This condition is characterized by:

Violation of consciousness.
Weakness in the limbs.
Strong dizziness.
Violation in the work of the pelvic organs, the consequences of which are the delay or incontinence of urine and feces.

Speech disorder.
Indomitable vomiting.
Problems with the respiratory system.
Violation of the heart.

Causes of high intracranial pressure

Among the main reasons that can lead to increased intracranial pressure are:

Postponed stroke.
Hypoxia resulting from impaired cerebral circulation.
Vascular spasms.
Migraine.

The presence of excess weight.
Hydrocephalus.
Tissue swelling.
Metabolic disorders in the body.

An excess of vitamin A in the body.
Various neoplasms in the brain.
Encephalitis.

Complications resulting from increased ICP

A sudden increase in ICP without quality treatment can cause death. Other complications that can result from high ICP include:

Mental disorders.
epileptic syndrome.
Stroke.

In order to provide first aid to a person in time, you need to be able to recognize a stroke

Infringement of the cerebellum, which can cause a disorder of consciousness, impaired respiratory function and muscle weakness.
Decreased vision and blindness.

Treatment for high ICP

If at least a few symptoms of increased ICP are detected, it is necessary to contact a specialist as soon as possible and undergo necessary examination. Treatment of the disease can be prescribed only after a comprehensive diagnosis.

As a rule, treatment begins with the elimination of the causes that led to this condition. If the cause is the presence of a tumor or other neoplasm in the brain, then the patient undergoes an operation to remove it.

With the accumulation of a large amount of liquor in the cranium, the patient is shown shunting, after which the pressure will return to normal.

Remarkable advice on the treatment of the disease is given by the neurologist Mikhail Moiseevich Shperling:

Usually during treatment, the patient is prescribed:

Diuretic drugs that help remove fluid from the body that can accumulate in tissues, including the brain. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in CSF pressure.
Medicines, the action of which is aimed at eliminating vascular pathologies. Such tablets have a vasodilating effect and fight arrhythmia.
Sedative drugs that reduce blood pressure and affect the psycho-emotional state of the patient.

In addition to taking pills, the symptoms of high ICP will help to relieve:

Massage.
Therapeutic exercise that can be done at home.
Diet.

The diet is to eat more healthy foods. Most of the fresh vegetables

Manual therapy.
invasive activities.
Treatment with homeopathic remedies.

Medicines used in the treatment

Today, one of the most effective drugs that are used for increased ICP are the Diacarb tablets, which are prescribed to be taken by both adults and children. They are diuretics that remove excess fluid from the body. No less effective is the diuretic "Glycerol".

If the patient has problems in the work of blood vessels, he is prescribed injections of Magnesia and is recommended to take tablets: Cinnarizine, Sermion, Niceroglin and Cavinton, which help improve cerebral circulation and bring ICP back to normal.

The price of the drug in Russian pharmacies is about 280 rubles for 30 tablets

In addition to tablets, vitamin therapy and homeopathic remedies are prescribed, which increase the therapeutic effect of drugs.

If the doctor decides that the patient needs neurometabolic stimulants, he will be recommended to take Piracetam, Nootropil, Pantogam and Phenotropil.

Preparations containing amino acids and helping to produce hormones, enzymes and other vital substances in the body are able to relieve the load from the brain: Glycine, Cerebrolysin and Citrulline. If low blood pressure does not create serious problems for the patient, then he is recommended to drink strong coffee daily.

Glycine is an affordable medicine. His selling price on average 30 rubles per pack of 50 tablets

Hospitalization with increased intracranial pressure is indicated only in difficult cases. If there is no danger to the life and health of the patient, then he is recommended to be treated at home. If the patient is taking any medications for other diseases, he should consult with the supervising physician regarding their continued use or replacement of these medications with herbal remedies. This will help relieve the burden on the kidneys and avoid others. side effects medicines.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is pressure inside the skull: in the sinuses of the meninges, in the subarachnoid and epidural spaces, and in the ventricles of the brain. Its fluctuations are associated with impaired circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in certain parts of the cranium, which leads to its accumulation or lack.

In a healthy person, about a liter of cerebrospinal fluid is secreted per day, while intracranial pressure remains normal. This is due to the constant absorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the venous vessels of the brain. In pathological cases, the cerebrospinal fluid is not absorbed where it is needed and its excess mass creates pressure on the walls of the ventricles of the brain. In these cases, the diagnosis of "increased intracranial pressure" is made. Thus, the ICP indicator depends on the amount of CSF, the conditions of its circulation in the ventricles and the degree of absorption into the venous vessels.

Intracranial pressure may change throughout the day. Similar to arterial, it rises and falls as a result of the influence of various factors, and at the same time the person does not feel any discomfort. Pathology is considered a persistent increase in ICP, which is due to the accumulation in the cranium of an excess amount of cerebrospinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid).

Causes of increased ICP

Why does increased intracranial pressure occur, and what is it? There are several diseases that most often cause increased intracranial pressure. First of all, they include:

Volumetric brain tumors, both malignant and benign.
Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the brain and its membranes: meningitis, encephalitis.
Thrombosis of the venous sinuses, due to which the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid is disturbed.
Traumatic brain injury that caused the formation of large hematomas.
Eclampsia and preeclampsia are forms of late toxicosis of pregnant women, in which blood pressure in a short time reaches critical values.
Ischemic stroke can also cause increased intracranial pressure.
Hydrocephalus is a congenital condition, a violation of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid, which manifests itself already in the first days or months of a child's life. The cause can be various factors, for example, infectious diseases suffered by the mother during pregnancy.

An increase in ICP in adults often occurs as a result of head trauma and aneurysm rupture, as well as the consequences of such serious illnesses like meningitis, encephalitis, tumors in the cranial cavity. In addition, the cause of increased intracranial pressure may be the presence of Arnold Chiari anomaly, hypoxia, impaired blood outflow and severe poisoning.

Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure in adults

In a normal state, the pressure inside the skull of an adult should be no higher than 10–15 mm Hg. Its increase to 25-35 mm is considered critical, and in this case, you can lose consciousness. If this process is not stopped, it can lead to brain death. Therefore, it is very important to be able to determine the increase in intracranial pressure in an adult by his symptoms.

Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure in adults:

frequent headaches, especially in the morning;
vomiting, nausea;
increased sweating;
cardiopalmus;
visual disturbances: double vision, throbbing pain;
bruising or small bruising under the eyes;
fatigue, nervousness;
deterioration of joint mobility;
decreased potency, sexual desire.

When signs of intracranial pressure appear after a head injury, a fall and are expressed by impaired consciousness, drowsiness, and even fainting, the patient will be suspected of brain damage. In this case, you should immediately seek medical help.

Increased intracranial pressure is a serious threat to the life of the patient. Regular pressure on the brain disrupts its activity, as a result of which intellectual abilities may decrease and the nervous regulation of the internal organs will be disrupted.

Symptoms of intracranial pressure in children

Usually, the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure in children are closely related to the manifestations of hydrocephalus, which is the presence of too much fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
In addition to a visual increase in the size of the head, other symptoms can be noted:

excessive pronounced protrusion of the fontanel,
a strong lag in general development in relation to peers,
excessive worry,
baby spitting up too much and not gaining enough weight
lethargy and drowsiness.
Graefe's symptom, when the child's eyes do not look straight ahead, but down.

Thus, signs of increased intracranial pressure in infants cannot go unnoticed. Every person who does not have a special medical education, able to determine such an unpleasant ailment in a baby.

Diagnostics

Before figuring out how to treat high intracranial pressure, it is necessary to correctly diagnose. Therefore, for the diagnosis of intracranial hypertension in adults, the following is prescribed:

General blood analysis;
Blood test for electrolytes;
MRI or CT;
CSF pressure measurement (lumbar puncture);
Laboratory examination of cerebrospinal fluid;
Differential diagnosis with systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis.

Based on the results of the diagnosis, as well as depending on the severity of the course and the severity of the symptoms of intracranial pressure, a treatment regimen is determined.

How to measure intracranial pressure

In specialized clinics, invasive methods of measuring pressure inside the ventricles of the brain using specialized pressure sensors can be used:

The pressure in the cerebral ventricles is measured by a hydraulic ventricular system. A catheter connected to a transducer is inserted into the ventricles. During the procedure, drainage can be carried out, medications can be administered.
Sensors for measuring pressure in the parenchyma (Codman, Camino) are inserted in the frontal or temporal zone to a depth of 2 cm.
Sensors can be installed subdurally, epidurally, subarachnoidly. The procedure has a low risk of brain injury. However, the measurement accuracy is less than that of the parenchymal and intraventricular methods.

However, in most cases, intracranial pressure is measured indirectly by measuring the pressure in the spinal subarachnoid space at the level of the girdle (using lumbar puncture).

Treatment of intracranial pressure in adults

Once diagnosed with increased intracranial pressure, treatment in adults depends on the underlying cause, age, and may include diuretics, sedatives, and vascular preparations. In addition, manual and diet therapy, as well as gymnastics, are prescribed.

The diet is built taking into account the consumption of foods rich in vitamins, as well as the minimum amount of salt and liquid. Depending on the severity of the disease, invasive (associated with penetration into the body) methods are used.

Some of these methods are designed only for symptomatic relief of the patient's condition. Others allow you to cure the root cause of the disease. With regard to symptomatic drug treatment, diuretic drugs (diuretics), for example, Diacarb, are a common remedy. The drug inhibits cerebral carbonic anhydrase, which leads to a decrease in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid and intracranial pressure. Accordingly, the associated symptoms are also removed. Diacarb is prescribed to reduce benign intracranial pressure.

In general, the mechanism of action of diuretics medicines based on the removal of excess fluid through the kidneys, which reduces the pressure of the liquor. Before you start taking the drug, you should read the opinion of professionals to make sure that the prescribed therapy is safe. Also remember that diuretics do not solve the problem when the cause of ICP is a tumor, hematoma, aneurysm, and other serious causes. Don't self-medicate.

Treatment regimen

To eliminate the cause of increased intracranial pressure, use:

In the event that an intracerebral formation has led to an increase in intracranial pressure - an aneurysm, a tumor, a hematoma, after an appropriate additional examination, the volumetric formation is removed using surgical intervention.
In the case of excessive secretion of cerebrospinal fluid in hydrocephalus, bypass surgery is performed, the purpose of which is to create an additional outflow path for the CSF. This leads to a decrease in ICP.

For the purpose of drug correction of the level of intracranial pressure, the following groups of drugs are used:

Loop diuretics (furosemide);
Hormonal drugs (dexamethasone);
Diacarb;
Neuroprotectors (glycine).
Osmodiuretics (mannitol, glycerol), the action of which is aimed at reducing the amount of cerebrospinal fluid.

In addition, it is appointed:

Ventricular puncture, decompression craniotomy are designed to reduce the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the cranial cavity.
The use of manual therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, controlled arterial hypotension, hyperventilation.
Diet. Limit the amount of fluid and salt entering the body, which corresponds to diet No. 10, 10a.

We also offer for review some recommendations that help improve well-being in case of violations of ICP at home:

Avoid baths and saunas.
Swimming in a river or pool is recommended - this helps to reduce intracranial pressure.
It is better to sleep on high pillows so that the head is raised, waking up immediately to get up.
Regularly visit a massage therapist: a massage of the "collar" zone is shown.
Do not eat fatty foods and introduce more healthy foods, vitamins into the diet.
Heavy physical exertion is not recommended, heavy lifting should not be done.
Drink herbal teas instead of water, which have a mild diuretic effect.
Avoid air travel.
Try not to allow a sharp change in climate, time zones.
The use of foods containing potassium improves health: potatoes, dried apricots, citrus fruits, green vegetables.

Do not try to cure increased ICP on your own at home, without consulting a specialist, since with an erroneous diagnosis, the use of drugs will be meaningless, and if there is a real illness, you will lose time and the disease will go into advanced form.

High intracranial pressure is a rather serious pathology, which seems to some patients to be a death sentence. In fact, this kind of entry in medical card is not a reason to panic. Not in every case, increased intracranial pressure indicates the presence of a serious problem. To exclude it, timely diagnosis is necessary.

general information

Intracranial pressure (increased) is the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in some parts of the skull, provoked by a violation of its circulation. This liquid is called liquor. It is localized mainly in the ventricles of the brain. The main function of the liquor is to protect gray matter from all kinds of mechanical damage and overload.

The fluid is absolutely always under a certain pressure. Moreover, it is constantly renewed by circulation from one part to another. In the event of any violations or failures, the cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in one area. As a result, increased intracranial pressure occurs. Symptoms of this pathology may vary depending on its primary causes.

Classification of ICP in adults

In medical practice, there are two forms of this pathological condition: acute and chronic. Let's look at each option in more detail below.

An acute condition is usually the result of an intracranial hemorrhage or severe brain damage, which is characteristic of a stroke or aneurysm rupture. In some cases, this change is fatal. To normalize a person's condition, doctors most often resort to craniotomy. This procedure involves the removal of individual sections of the skull through surgical intervention. This approach allows you to reduce intracranial pressure as soon as possible.
Symptoms and treatment of the chronic form are somewhat different. This pathology is a neurological disorder. may appear without visible reasons or become the result of mechanical damage, various ailments, taking certain groups of drugs. Chronic form entails quite serious consequences for human health, one of which is a rapidly progressive decrease in vision.

The main causes of increased ICP in adults

Various factors can contribute to this problem, including the following:

Violations at the level of metabolic processes, accompanied by poor absorption of fluid into the blood.
Vasospasm, which negatively affects the normal circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
Excessive volumes of fluid in the body, resulting in an increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid.
Stroke.
Meningitis.
Encephalitis.
Overweight.
Frequent migraines.
An overdose of vitamin A in the body.
Violation of the normal outflow of blood.
Brain tumor.
body intoxication.

Symptoms of ICP in adults

This pathology is determined by a number of accompanying signs, namely:

Headaches or a constant feeling of heaviness is the first symptom of intracranial pressure (increased). Most often, discomfort occurs in the morning and at night. Headaches are intense.
Vegetative-vascular dystonia. This manifestation is accompanied by a pre-syncope state, a decrease in blood pressure, increased sweating and palpitations.
Nausea, and in some cases vomiting in the morning.
Nervousness and irritability.
Fatigue is another symptom of intracranial pressure (raised). In some patients, even after a full night's sleep, a feeling of fatigue remains.
Decreased potency and libido.
Meteorological dependence.
The appearance of characteristic dark circles under the eyes.
Swelling of the face and eyelids. Such a symptom of intracranial pressure (high), as a rule, is an impetus to immediately seek help from a doctor.
Pain in the region of the cervical vertebrae and the spinal cord itself.
Violation of the reaction of the eyes.

It is important to understand that elevated ICP is not a disease. Its presence is considered natural for a healthy person. The so-called situational signs of intracranial pressure in adults can appear during the day as a response to the action of various factors (for example, a change in the usual position of the body).

Features of ICP in children

Intracranial pressure (raised) in young patients can occur due to a variety of reasons. These include rare hereditary diseases, neuroinfections, and complex traumatic brain injuries.

What causes increased intracranial pressure in infants? Most often, this kind of pathology is diagnosed due to prolonged labor, difficult pregnancy, or a fairly common entanglement of the umbilical cord. As a result, the baby develops hypoxia. In the early stages, his brain tries to compensate for the lack of oxygen on its own by increasing the production of fluid, which consistently fills the skull and constantly presses on the brain. After the baby is born, there is a restoration of functions. Intracranial pressure in infants eventually returns to normal.

Sometimes doctors record a persistent increase in ICP with hydrocephalus. In total, two forms of this pathology are distinguished: congenital and acquired. The first option occurs due to hemorrhages, various anomalies at the genetic level. In the first weeks of life, it is already possible to diagnose a congenital form of pathology, and its timely treatment allows the baby to keep up with their peers in development.

How to recognize increased intracranial pressure in children? Symptoms

The primary signs indicating the development of this problem have their own characteristics. Initially, in infants, the fontanel increases. As a result, the head becomes very large. Right now, parents should seek the advice of a doctor, because all the signs indicate a pathology such as increased intracranial pressure. In children, symptoms may also include:

Increased irritability, tearfulness for no apparent reason.
Disproportionate head size (excessively protruding forehead).
Graefe's symptom. Between the iris and directly upper eyelid eyes can be seen a strip of white sclera. Such a symptom of intracranial pressure (increased) is the main confirmation of the presence of pathology.
Slow development. The child later begins to crawl, stand up and hold his head.
No weight gain.
Lethargy and drowsiness.

Signs of increased intracranial pressure in older children:

Vomiting and nausea.
Apathy, tearfulness, drowsiness.
Discomfort behind the eyes.
Regular headaches.
Fatigue and constant weakness.

Diagnostics

A problem such as increased intracranial pressure should not be ignored. The symptoms of this condition, which are described in this article, should alert everyone and become an impetus for going to the doctor. Only after complete examination a specialist can really recommend effective treatment. The main methods for confirming the diagnosis are as follows:

EEG of the brain. This procedure, unfortunately, cannot confirm 100% pathology, since a normal EEG is now extremely rare.
CT. This method allows the specialist to consider all the changes that occur in the brain.
MRI using a contrast agent.

Diagnosis of elevated ICP in young patients is somewhat different. If the child has signs of intracranial pressure (increased), you should immediately report them to the doctor. A specialist after a series of tests will be able to confirm or refute the diagnosis. If a large fontanel is open in a newborn, an ultrasound examination of the brain is prescribed. Otherwise this method called neurosonography. It is also necessary to show the child to an ophthalmologist.

Measurement of ICP

To check the pressure, a special catheter is inserted into one of the ventricles of the brain, since it is in this area that the cerebrospinal fluid is localized. This method is considered one of the most reliable.

How to measure intracranial pressure? Also, doctors often use the so-called subdural screw. This device is inserted into a small burr hole in the skull itself. During the procedure, a transducer is placed in the area between the skull and the dural tissue itself. As a rule, the hair on the head is shaved off before the patients, and skin treated with an antiseptic. Then a small incision is made and the skin is pulled back so that the skull is visible. At the final stage, the sensor is introduced. This kind of procedure is not always performed and only for medical reasons.

The decision on which option to choose, how to measure intracranial pressure, is made by the doctor himself, depending on many factors.

Conservative therapy

The choice of a specific method of treatment directly depends on the reasons that provoked the development of such an unpleasant condition. ICP in itself is not a pathology. The above signs of intracranial pressure in adults and children (increased) are the result of any problems of a physiological nature associated with blood circulation and directly with the brain.

If the diagnosis is made correctly and in a timely manner, the specialist selects medications suitable for a particular patient, procedures that allow not only to normalize ICP, but also to eliminate the underlying disease that provoked it.

The following treatment options are currently the most common:

Prescribing diuretics.
The use of sedatives. Diet therapy.
invasive procedures.
Manual therapy.
The use of "vascular" drugs.
The use of medicinal herbs.
Gymnastics.

Some of these options are designed solely for symptomatic relief of the patient's condition. Others allow you to completely eliminate the root cause of the pathology. As for the issue of medicines, Diakarb tablets have recently been the most popular. With intracranial pressure (increased), this remedy is prescribed not only for adult patients, but also for children. The drug belongs to the category of diuretics.

The mechanism of action of absolutely all diuretics is based on the removal of excess fluid by the kidneys, which, in turn, lowers the pressure of the CSF. Of course, before starting treatment, you should consult your doctor. In general, the remedy "Diakarb" with intracranial pressure (increased) is prescribed to absolutely all patients, since it has no side effects.

In addition, the drug "Glycerol" has a high dehydrating effect. Once in the bloodstream, the molecules of this agent “bind” and then remove fluid from the body, as a result, intracranial and intraocular pressure drops.

Also, to reduce the manifestations of pathology, the following treatment can be prescribed:

Nootropics such as Piracetam, Phenotropil, Pantogam.
Vitamins.
Homeopathic remedies.
"Vascular" drugs responsible for improving cerebral circulation (Means "Sermion", "Cavinton", "Cinnarizine").

If the cause of increased ICP lies in an infectious lesion of the brain, tumors or other serious problems, patients are most often recommended nootropic drugs and special vitamin complexes. Of course, malignant neoplasms require removal. If a neuroinfection has been diagnosed, it is recommended antibacterial drugs wide spectrum of activity.

How to relieve intracranial pressure (increased) in young patients? Treatment in this case should be prescribed exclusively by a doctor after complete diagnostic examination. It usually includes the following options:

To eliminate the existing consequences of a difficult pregnancy, the child should be breastfed, and the sleep regimen recommended by pediatricians should be observed.
A small patient is prescribed drugs to normalize the work of the central nervous system, improve blood circulation, diuretics and vitamins.
Physiotherapy treatments are considered an excellent option.
If anatomical abnormalities are the cause of high ICP, surgery is performed.

It is important to note that it is almost impossible to completely eliminate the disease that provoked the appearance of this kind of pathology through acupuncture or massage. All these methods can alleviate the adult, but not eliminate the root cause, if any.

Surgical treatment

According to experts, the most severe is the condition provoked by hydrocephalus. This is a pathology at the congenital level, explained by a violation of the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. If the fluid accumulates in excess volumes, it begins to exert increased pressure on the meninges. Absence timely treatment may lead to the development of dangerous complications including mental impairment.

Fortunately, today specialists can diagnose this pathology in a timely and competent manner. As a rule, parents learn about such a problem after the first examination of the child by a neurologist. Note that the tablets in this case are ineffective against intracranial pressure. Hydrocephalus cannot be cured solely by conservative therapy. The drugs have an exclusively symptomatic effect, somewhat relieving headaches.

To restore the normal functioning of the brain and treat hydrocephalus, as a rule, a fairly serious operation is required. Doctors carry out drainage of the ventricles, as a result of which excess CSF is brought out.

As noted above, if the cause of high ICP lies in the tumor, the neoplasm must also be removed surgically.

How to relieve intracranial pressure? ethnoscience

Our grandmothers' recipes should not be used as the first line of treatment. It is better to resort to the help of traditional medicine as an addition to the main therapy.

Lemon juice with honey. You will need to take one lemon, cut it in half and squeeze the juice. Then, 100 ml of the most ordinary boiled water and a couple of tablespoons of honey must be added to the liquid. The resulting mixture should be gently mixed and drunk. Such a course of treatment should be no more than 20 days. Then there is a break for 10 days.
Plantain. Symptoms of intracranial pressure in an adult can be somewhat reduced if you use the following recipe. You will need to take three tablespoons of dried plantain (sold in a pharmacy), pour a mixture of 500 ml of boiling water and leave for 30 minutes. It is recommended to take 50 g of decoction three times a day.
Pollen with honey. This tool It is intended for external use, or rather, for head massage. It is necessary to take two parts of pollen and one part of honey. Then you should mix the ingredients in one bowl and put it in a dark place for three days. After this time, it is necessary to rub the mixture in small portions into the region of the bridge of the nose, the back of the head and the back of the neck. The procedure is recommended to be repeated daily for one month.

Thanks to all of the above recipes, many patients manage to normalize intracranial pressure. Alternative treatment, we note again, should not be used as the main method of dealing with pathology. This type of therapy should only be used as an adjunct.

Forecast

Properly selected therapy can not only reduce the symptoms of pathology just a few days after the start of treatment, but also improve the patient's condition.

Note that hope for positive results is possible only if it was possible to identify and eliminate the main cause, which provoked the development of this problem. It can be a neoplasm, including a malignant one, as well as an improper outflow of fluid.

With regard to young patients, by the age of six months, in most of them, the condition returns to normal. If tablets and other therapeutic measures do not help against intracranial pressure, the diagnosis sounds somewhat different. Minimal brain dysfunction is the new name for the pathology. However, parents should not worry ahead of time. Such a diagnosis indicates that the child has a weak central nervous system; at critical moments, ICP may increase.

In order not to face this problem, doctors strongly recommend passing preventive treatment during the autumn and spring periods. It is also important to limit the load, parents should normalize the situation in the family, try to avoid conflict situations. The child should be systematically observed by a neurologist.

You should not be afraid that ICP will cause mental retardation. Pathology does not reduce the intelligence of the child, and in some cases even contributes to the development of features such as excellent memory.

Effects

Despite the fact that ICP is quite rarely fatal, the pathology should not be left unattended. Lack of timely treatment can cause paralysis or cerebral hemorrhage.

Conclusion

In this article, we told in as much detail as possible what constitutes such a pathology as increased intracranial pressure, the symptoms and treatment of which are closely related. Timely seeking help from a doctor and strict adherence to all his recommendations allow you to forget about such a problem forever. Be healthy!