Electrophoresis - what is it? Electrophoresis - what is this method of treatment What does electrophoresis with magnesia give.

An electrode pad (anode) measuring 10X10 - 15X20 cm 2, moistened with a 4% solution of magnesium sulfate, is placed on the interscapular region; two pads of electrodes (cathode) with dimensions of 10X10 - 10X15 cm 2, moistened with a 5% solution of sodium bromate, - on the area of ​​the calf muscles. Current strength 6 - 8 - 10 mA, duration 15 - 20 minutes, daily, 15 procedures per course of treatment. The hypotensive effect of magnesium and bromine is due to the restoration of balance between the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system.

The combination of electrophoresis of magnesium and bromine with coniferous baths (procedures alternate every other day, for a course of treatment 10 procedures of each type) enhances the hypotensive effect.

After turning off the device, children sometimes continue to sleep for another 30 minutes - 1 hour. Sleep is deep, refreshing, close to natural sleep, makes you feel good. Electrosleep helps to restore the impaired function of the central nervous system, higher autonomic-endocrine centers, has a hypotensive effect, and normalizes the rhythm of heart contractions.

With hypertension IB, PA stage, alternating every other day iodine-bromine baths and electrosleep increases the effectiveness of treatment, for a course of up to 20 procedures [Kustareva K. S., Danilova N. V., 1980].

The positive experience of using sinusoidal modulated currents (SMC) in the treatment of hypertension in children has made it possible to develop new methodology[Ibraeva G.I., 1983]. The impact is carried out paravertebral on the cervical zone (C IV - T II) in order to improve the functional state of the central and autonomic nervous system, cerebral circulation, normalization of increased vascular tone.

The treatment is carried out from the apparatus "Amplipulse-4", the size of the electrodes is 9X2 cm, the mode of operation is not straightened, the type of operation is IV (IF) and III (PN) in series, frequency is 30 Hz, modulation depth is from 50 to 75%, the duration of parcels and pauses is 1 - 1.5 s, current strength - until a slight vibration is felt, the duration of exposure is 10 minutes (5 minutes for each type of work), daily, for a course of 10 - 12 procedures.

Under the influence of the treatment of SMT, the well-being of children improves, there is a decrease blood pressure. Therapeutic effect formed gradually. A steady decrease in blood pressure is observed after the 5th - 7th procedure, its normalization - after the 8th - 10th procedure.

Clinical observations and functional studies (mechanocardiography, bicycle ergometry, electroencephalography, electrocardiography) showed that the effectiveness of the described methods of treatment is approximately the same, normalization of elevated systolic pressure occurred in all children with stage IA disease, in 50-60% of patients with stage IB, in the rest it decreased, but did not reach the norm. A more pronounced effect (normalization of blood pressure in 75-80% of patients) was obtained by alternating drug electrophoresis or electrosleep with balneotherapy every other day. The use of physical factors allows you to reduce the dose of the drug, take breaks in taking antihypertensive drugs.

The use of these methods improves the results of treatment in the labile stage arterial hypertension, reduces the risk of its transition to a stable one, which is especially important in children with family history, allows you to reduce the course dose medicines at a stable stage of the disease.

Physical factors should be used for the prevention and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents in a hospital, clinic, sanatorium, pioneer camp.

In this case, it is advisable to use successively various methods, Considering individual characteristics reactions of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Contraindications: individual intolerance and general contraindications to the use of physical factors.

"Guidelines for physiotherapy and physioprophylaxis of childhood diseases",
A.N. Obrosov, T.V. Karachevtseva

Infectious-allergic (non-rheumatic) myocarditis is a heart lesion caused more often by cardiotropic viruses (Coxsackie type) in children with severe allergies (food, drug, serum, etc.). In young children, it develops acutely, is severe, accompanied by progressive myocardial damage and circulatory failure. At preschool and school age, the onset of the disease is often gradual, of little specificity against the background of existing foci of infection, allergic reactions. Asthenia is noted, ...

Functional cardiopathies are functional heart diseases pathogenetically associated with chronic tonsillitis (tonsillocardial syndrome), with foci of chronic infection, often with vegetative-vascular dystonia, and stressful influences. Due to pathological neuro-reflex influences, the excitability threshold of both the nervous apparatus of the heart and the centers decreases. brain. The disease develops gradually, in a number of patients there is a clear connection with the transferred angina, exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis, etc.

Sanatorium-and-spa treatment is an important link in the system of therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at increasing the body's resistance, sanitizing foci of chronic infection, and normalizing immunological reactivity. Treatment is carried out in year-round sanatorium pioneer camps (Anapa, Evpatoria, etc.), summer seasonal pioneer camps, in sanatoriums for the treatment of parents with children located in resorts (Evpatoria, Anapa, Belokurikha, Sestroretsk, Kuldur, etc.) and ...

Congenital heart defects in children have many variants. They disrupt blood circulation, retard the growth and development of the child. The most common heart defects with increased pulmonary blood flow are ventricular interatrial septal defect, open ductus arteriosus, etc., with normal ones - aortic stenosis, aortic coarctation. More severe stenosis pulmonary artery, tetralogy of Fallot, atresia of the tricuspid valve, etc….

Arterial hypertension Questions early detection, prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents are an urgent problem due to the prevalence of hypertension in them, as well as the possibility of disease progression with age. In the development of arterial hypertension, a number of factors are important: hereditary predisposition, neuropsychic stress, endocrine restructuring of the body in the puberty period. Risk factors are also hypodynamia, ...

MOTIVATION

DC electric current (galvanization, electrophoresis) is used for the most various diseases. Galvanization accounts for up to 20% of all physiotherapy procedures.

PURPOSE OF THE LESSON

Learn how to use galvanization and electrophoresis techniques to treat diseases.

TARGET ACTIVITIES

Understand the essence of biophysical changes during the passage of direct current through the body. Be able to:

Determine indications and contraindications for the use of galvanization and therapeutic electrophoresis;

Choose an adequate method of therapeutic exposure;

Independently appoint procedures;

Assess the effect of electric current on the patient's body.

To study the principles of operation of the device for galvanization and medicinal electrophoresis "Potok-1".

Information block

GALVANIZATION

Galvanization - the use of a constant continuous electric current of low voltage (30-80 V) and a small force (up to 50 mA), supplied to the patient's body through contact electrodes, for therapeutic purposes. Under the influence of direct current in the tissues of the body, the following physicochemical processes occur.

Charged particles move, mainly ions of tissue electrolytes: positively charged ions move towards the cathode, negatively charged ones move towards the anode. As a result, the usual concentration of ions changes. In the skin and skeletal muscle under the cathode, the content of potassium and sodium increases, while the content of chloride ions decreases. In the skin and muscles under the anode, the number of cations decreases and the content of chloride anions increases. The course of biophysical, electrochemical and biochemical processes changes in cells. Due to the changing composition and concentration of cations, the excitability of tissues under the anode decreases and their excitability under the cathode increases.

As a result of the movement of hydrogen ions H+ to the cathode and hydroxide ions OH - to the anode, the acid-base state under the electrodes changes. Directly under the electrodes are formed chemical substances: hydrogen and alkali - at the cathode, acid and oxygen - at the anode. For example, the following reactions take place on the negative electrode:

These chemical procedures have a cauterizing and irritating effect on the skin and can cause burns to the body, therefore, when performing galvanization, gauze pads about 1 cm thick moistened with water must be placed under the electrodes.

When a direct current is passed through living tissues, immediately after the application of a potential difference, the current strength begins to fall continuously and is set at a low level. This phenomenon is due to polarization, the essence of which is as follows. Various kinds of semi-permeable membranes contained in tissues have a high resistivity, and when a direct current passes on both sides of these membranes

oppositely charged ions accumulate. Between such accumulations of ions, an interstitial polarization current of the opposite direction arises, creating additional resistance to the current. In addition, the current acts most actively on such areas inside the tissues.

The penetration of galvanic current into human and animal tissues depends on their electrical conductivity. The skin (especially its stratum corneum), tendons, fascia and bones have low electrical conductivity, as a result of which direct electric current does not penetrate these tissues. Liquids (blood, urine, lymph, intercellular fluid, saliva, tears, sweat, bile), as well as intensively supplied tissues (muscles, liver, spleen, kidneys, tongue) have a high electrical conductivity, so the current passes through these media and tissues. In tissues with good electrical conductivity, direct current penetrates mainly through the ducts of the sweat and sebaceous glands.

Under the influence of local processes caused by galvanization and processes mediated by the nervous system, the application of appropriate techniques:

Stimulates the regulatory function of the nervous system;

Changes the excitability of nerves and muscles;

Reduces pain and tactile sensitivity;

Activates the functions of the sympathetic-adrenal and cholinergic systems;

Changes the functions of the endocrine glands;

Increases the number of capillaries;

Expands arterioles, increases the speed of blood flow in them;

Increases the permeability of the vascular wall;

Enhances lymphatic circulation;

Improves resorption processes, which improves the transfer of nutrients from the blood to the tissues;

Increases the number of mitoses;

Improves recovery processes, metabolism, which promotes tissue regeneration, especially nerve fiber;

Normalizes the secretory and motor functions of the stomach and intestines.

In elderly patients suffering from coronary atherosclerosis, general hemodynamics and intrahepatic blood flow improve, the protective function of the skin increases, and in some cases changes protein composition blood. At the moment of closing and blurring

When the current is applied, a motor reaction of the muscles occurs, which is used for their electrical stimulation.

Depending on the features clinical course diseases and conditions of the patient apply local, segmental and general methods of galvanization. Local changes concern mainly the skin and, to a lesser extent, the organs of the interpolar zone. Hyperemia develops (more pronounced in the cathode area), which improves metabolism and enhances reparative processes. Local reactions are expressed in a tingling and burning sensation under the electrodes, in irritation of sensitive nerve endings. The trophic function of the nervous system, metabolism, the work of the endocrine and cardiovascular systems are stimulated.

The clinical effects of the application of galvanic current are manifested in:

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative (especially anode), antispasmodic action;

Stimulation of the activity of the endocrine glands and regeneration processes;

absorbing action;

Strengthening secretory and motor function gastrointestinal tract (GIT);

Bronchodilator, hypotensive action;

Increased activity of humoral factors of nonspecific immunity.

Indications for the appointment of galvanization:

Diseases of the peripheral nervous system of infectious, traumatic or occupational origin;

Long-term consequences of traumatic lesions of the head and spinal cord and meninges;

Functional diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) with autonomic disorders and sleep disturbance;

Hypertension and hypotension I and IIA stages;

Atherosclerosis in the early stages;

Vasomotor and trophic disorders;

Joint diseases of infectious, traumatic and metabolic origin;

Bone fractures and osteomyelitis;

Functional disorders of the organs of the digestive system;

Diseases of the eyes, skin, organs of the ear, throat and nose;

Chronic diseases of the reproductive system, etc. The main contraindications:

General contraindications to physiotherapy;

Acute purulent inflammatory processes;

Extensive skin diseases;

Disorders of skin sensitivity;

Individual intolerance to electric current;

Damage skin in the area of ​​electrode placement.

Equipment and general instructions for performing procedures

Galvanizing devices ("Potok-1", "AGN-33", "EDAS-1", "Nion", "GR-2"), which are an electronic alternating current rectifier of the electrical network, serve as a source of galvanic current. Plates made of lead or conductive graphitized fabric are used as electrodes. Gaskets are made from 5-10 layers of white flannel so that their dimensions exceed the electrode size by 1-1.5 cm. Medicinal pads (made from three layers of gauze or hydrophilic paper) are used for electrophoresis; they are placed between the skin and the hydrophilic pad.

Depending on the methods of applying electrodes, transverse and longitudinal galvanization methods are distinguished. With the transverse method of galvanization or electrophoresis, the electrodes are placed one against the other on opposite parts of the body; if one electrode is shifted relative to the other, then they speak of a transverse-diagonal method of exposure. With the longitudinal technique, the electrodes lie on the same surface of the body: one is more proximal, the other is more distal. With closely spaced electrodes, the distance between them should not be less than half of their diameter.

Galvanization procedures are dosed according to the strength (or density) of the current and the duration of exposure. The maximum allowable current density is 0.1 mA/cm 2 . With local procedures, the current strength corresponds to 0.01-0.08 mA/cm 2 , with general and segmental procedures - 0.01-0.05 mA/cm 2 . The intensity of exposure is recommended to be adjusted according to the patient's feelings: normally, he experiences a feeling of "crawling", a slight tingling. The appearance of a burning sensation serves as a signal to reduce the density of the supplied current. The duration of the procedures

fool - from 15-20 to 30-40 minutes. The course of treatment consists of 10-20 procedures performed daily or every other day.

Medicinal electrophoresis

Medicinal electrophoresis is a complex therapeutic complex of combined effects on the body of direct current and particles of medicinal substances introduced through intact skin or mucous membranes. The therapeutic effect of drug electrophoresis is based on the interaction of current with tissues and on specific reactions of the body, combined with the pharmacological action of the drug. The main routes of penetration of medicinal substances into tissues are the excretory ducts of the sweat and sebaceous glands (Fig. 5).

Presumably, along with an increase in the ionic concentration and an increase in the activity of ions in conducting tissues, the number of biologically unbound forms increases. active substances: enzymes, hormones, vitamins, mediators. The changes that occur in the body under the influence of direct current create a background due to which the effect of the administered medicinal substances acquires the following features and advantages.

The medicinal substance acts against the background of the electrochemical regime of cells and tissues, changed under the influence of direct current.

It is possible to introduce ions or individual ingredients of medicinal substances into the body (in the ionic form, drugs show maximum activity).

Rice. 5. Methodology and general form device for medicinal electrophoresis.

It is possible to create a skin depot of ions with their subsequent slow entry into the body (from 1-3 to 12-15 days).

It is possible to create the maximum concentration of the medicinal substance directly in the pathological focus (with circulatory disorders in the form of capillary stasis, vascular thrombosis and infiltration).

Medicinal substances administered with direct current are much less likely to cause adverse reactions.

No irritant effect on mucous membranes

The introduction of a solvent, which inevitably enters the body when injecting drugs, is excluded.

It is possible to simultaneously introduce oppositely charged ions of medicinal substances from different poles.

The disadvantages of drug electrophoresis include the inability to administer some medicinal substances (polarity is unknown, poorly soluble, destroyed by galvanic current) and accurately calculate the amount of the administered drug.

Basically, the amount of drug administered depends on:

Properties of the medicinal substance:

❖ size;

❖ polarity;

❖ solubility;

Solvent Parameters:

❖ concentration;

❖ drug purity;

Procedure conditions:

❖ strength and type of electric current;

❖ duration of exposure;

❖ area of ​​the procedure;

❖ initial functional state of the organism;

❖ patient's age;

❖ use of other medical methods.

The method of administration of medicinal substances ionized in solutions depends on the charge of the ion (Table 2). Metalloids, acids, sulfonamides, anticoagulants, penicillin are introduced from the cathode;

from the anode - metals, alkaloids, ganglion blockers, alkalis, antibiotics. The best solvent is water; alcohols and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are also used. Medicinal electrophoresis is dosed in the same way as galvanization: according to the duration of the procedure, density or current strength.

Table 2. Medicinal substances used in drug electrophoresis

Indications for drug electrophoresis are determined by the pharmacological properties of the medicinal substance, taking into account indications for the use of direct galvanic current.

Contraindications do not differ significantly from those when using the galvanization technique. At the same time, one should strictly consider how the patient tolerates certain drugs.

Therapeutic techniques

Galvanization of the collar zone (galvanic collar according to Shcherbak)

The position of the patient is lying down. One electrode in the form of a collar with an area of ​​500-1200 cm 2 is placed on the collar zone and connected to the positive pole (anode), another electrode with an area of ​​200-600 cm 2 is placed in the lumbosacral region and connected to the negative pole (cathode). The exposure starts with a current of 6 mA and an exposure of 6 minutes, a day later the current is increased by 2 mA, and the time is increased by 2 minutes. Procedures are carried out daily, the course of treatment consists of 12-15 procedures. Children can be prescribed with three years, slightly increasing strength

The end of the table. 2

current and exposure time through the procedure within age norms. With drug electrophoresis, the drug can be administered from any electrode, as well as bipolar. The current strength is 10-25 mA, the exposure time is 10-15 minutes, the course of treatment consists of 10-15 procedures.

Galvanization of the panty zone (galvanized panties according to Shcherbak)

The position of the patient is lying down. One electrode (anode) with an area of ​​up to 400 cm 2 is placed on the lumbosacral region, a bifurcated electrode (cathode) - on the front surface of the upper third of the thighs. The current strength is 6-16 mA, the duration of the procedure is 20-30 minutes, and through each procedure, the current strength is increased by 2 mA, and the time is increased by 2 minutes. The procedures are carried out daily or every other day, the course of treatment consists of 15-20 procedures. With electrophoresis, the drug can be administered from three electrodes. The current strength is 10-20 mA, the exposure time is 15-30 minutes. Procedures are carried out daily or every other day, the course of treatment includes 15-20 procedures.

Galvanization of the cervical-facial region according to Kellat-Zmanovsky The position of the patient is lying or sitting. V-shaped electrodes and pads (one blade is shorter than the other), with an area of ​​120-180 cm 2 , are placed on the lateral surfaces of the neck and face so that the auricles are between the blades. Long blades are applied in front of the auricles, short ones reach the mastoid processes. The electrodes are fixed with a bandage. During the first procedure, the polarity of the electrodes is arbitrary, with each subsequent procedure - the reverse of the previous one. During the first procedures, the current strength is 2-5 mA, during subsequent procedures - up to 10 mA. The course of treatment consists of 10-15 procedures performed daily or every other day. Medicinal electrophoresis using this technique is rarely performed.

General galvanization and Vermel electrophoresis The position of the patient is lying down. An electrode with an area of ​​up to 300 cm 2 is placed in the interscapular region and attached to one of the poles of the apparatus; a bifurcated electrode with an area of ​​100-150 cm 2 is placed on the calf muscles. The current strength is from 6 to 20 mA, the exposure time is 15-30 minutes. The course of treatment is prescribed 12-15 procedures. With drug electrophoresis, the main drug substance is injected from the interscapular electrode, and with

the introduction of bipolar substances - and from electrodes located on the calf muscles.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the face area (half-mask Bergonier)

The position of the patient is lying or sitting. A three-bladed electrode (Bergonier half mask) with an area of ​​150-200 cm 2 is placed on the affected half of the face and connected to one pole of the apparatus, another rectangular electrode of the same area is placed on the opposite shoulder, connected to the other pole. The current strength is up to 5 mA, the duration of the procedure is 15-20 minutes. The course of treatment includes 10-12 procedures. The medicinal substance is injected from the half-mask electrode.

Anode galvanized head

The position of the patient is lying down. A rectangular electrode with an area of ​​50 cm 2, connected to the anode, is placed in the forehead; an electrode with an area of ​​80 cm 2 connected to the cathode is placed on the region of the lower cervical vertebrae. The current strength is 0.5-3 mA, the exposure time is 15-30 minutes, the course of treatment consists of 15-20 procedures.

Transorbital galvanization technique, drug electrophoresis of the eye area

Two round electrodes with a diameter of 5 cm are placed on closed eyelids and connected to one of the poles of the apparatus. The third electrode (50 cm 2) is placed on the back of the neck (if it is a cathode, then it is applied in the region of the lower cervical vertebrae, if the anode is in the region of the upper cervical vertebrae). The current strength is 2-4 mA, the duration of the procedure is 10-20 minutes. The course of treatment is prescribed 10-15 procedures performed daily or every other day. The medicinal substance is administered from an electrode located on the skin of the eyelids.

Galvanization and electrophoresis of the nasal mucosa

The position of the patient is lying or sitting. Turundas moistened with a medicinal solution are introduced into the nasal passages to a depth of 2-3 cm. The ends of the turundas are placed on an oilcloth located above the upper lip. A metal electrode 1x2 cm in size is placed on the free ends of the turundas and connected to one pole of the apparatus; the second electrode (with an area of ​​60-80 cm 2) is placed in the region of the lower cervical vertebrae and connected to the other pole of the device. The current strength is 0.3-1.0 mA, ex-

position - 10-30 min. The course of treatment includes 15-20 daily procedures.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the nose and maxillary sinuses

The position of the patient is lying down. One electrode in the form of a tape 4x12 cm in size is placed on the back of the nose and maxillary sinuses, the second (with an area of ​​50 cm 2) is placed on the region of the cervical vertebrae. The electrodes are connected to the corresponding poles of the apparatus. Current strength 1-3 mA, exposure 10-15 min. Procedures are carried out daily or every other day, the course of treatment includes up to 10-15 procedures.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the ear area

The position of the patient is lying down. In the outer ear canal a gauze turunda moistened with water or a medicinal solution is introduced, its end is brought out, filling the auricle with it. A hydrophilic pad moistened with warm water is placed on top, and an electrode with an area of ​​​​50-100 cm 2; a second electrode of the same area is placed either on the opposite cheek in front of auricle, or on the region of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine. If it is necessary to influence both ears, the procedures are carried out alternately on each. The current strength is 0.5-2 mA, the duration of exposure is 10-15 minutes. Procedures are carried out daily or every other day. The course of treatment includes up to 7-12 procedures.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the tonsils

The position of the patient is lying or sitting. Two round electrodes with a diameter of 5 cm are placed on the neck at angles mandible and attached with a forked wire to one pole of the device, the third electrode with an area of ​​100 cm 2 is placed on the region of the lower cervical vertebrae. Current strength 3-5 mA, duration of exposure 15-20 minutes. Procedures are carried out daily or every other day; 10-12 procedures are prescribed for the course of treatment.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the heart area

The position of the patient is lying down. With the transcardial technique, electrodes 80-100 cm 2 in size are placed transversely in the region of the projection of the heart. With the reflex-segmental technique, one electrode (with an area of ​​100 cm 2) is placed in the region of the left shoulder blade, the other (of the same area) is placed on the outer surface of the left shoulder. Current density 1-4 mA, exposure - up to 10-15 minutes. The course of treatment consists of 7-10 procedures. In drug electrophoresis, the main drug substance is injected from the electrodes,

located above the region of the heart or on the outer surface of the left shoulder.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the lung area The position of the patient is lying down. In the first case, two identical electrodes with an area of ​​150-200 cm 2 are placed along the mid-axillary line on both sides of the body and attached to different poles of the apparatus. In the second case, two identical electrodes with an area of ​​120-200 cm 2 connected to different poles of the apparatus are placed transthoracically on the right or left side. Current strength 5-12 mA, duration of exposure 15-20 minutes. Procedures are carried out daily or every other day. The course of treatment consists of 10-15 procedures. The drug substance can be administered from both electrodes.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the abdominal organs

The position of the patient is lying down. Electrodes with an area of ​​120-400 cm 2 are placed on the projection area of ​​the pathological organ (stomach, intestines, liver) and connected to one pole of the apparatus. The second pole is placed at the level of the first from the back. The current strength is 5-15 mA, the duration of the procedure is 10-20 minutes. The procedures are carried out daily or every other day, the course of treatment includes 10-12 procedures. The medicinal substance is administered from an electrode located above the pathological focus.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the pelvic organs in women

Abdominal-sacral technique: electrodes (about 200 cm 2 in size each) are placed transversely: one is above the pubic symphysis, the second is in the region of the sacrum.

Sacro-vaginal technique: one electrode (anode) with an area of ​​150-200 cm 2 is placed in the sacral region, the second (cathode) is the vaginal electrode.

Abdomino-vaginal technique: one electrode with an area of ​​150-200 cm 2 is placed above the pubic symphysis, the second is the vaginal electrode.

Abdomino-sacral-vaginal technique: a bifurcated electrode (with an area of ​​150-200 cm 2) is placed above the pubic symphysis and the sacral region. A special electrode is inserted into the vagina. Parameters: current strength - up to 4-10 mA, exposure 15-20 minutes. Procedures are carried out daily or every other day,

the course of treatment consists of 10-15 procedures. The main drug substance is administered through the vaginal electrode.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the bladder The position of the patient is lying down. The location of the electrodes is transverse. Two electrodes with an area of ​​100-150 cm 2 are placed as follows: the first is above the pubic symphysis, the second is in the region of the sacrum. The polarity depends on the purpose of galvanization: in case of bladder hypertonicity, the electrode on the anterior abdominal wall connected to the anode, with atony of the bladder - to the cathode. Current strength 10-15 mA, exposure time 15-20 minutes. The course of treatment is prescribed 10-15 procedures performed daily or every other day. The medicinal substance is administered from an electrode located on the anterior abdominal wall.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the kidneys

The position of the patient is lying down. The location of the electrodes is transverse (two-electrode or three-electrode technique). Two identical electrodes with an area of ​​50-150 cm 2 are placed to the left and right of the spine at the level of Th XII -L in and connected with a forked wire to one pole; the third electrode with an area of ​​100-300 cm 2 is placed on the anterior abdominal wall and connected to the other pole. Current strength - 10-15-20 mA, duration of exposure - 15-20 minutes. The course of treatment includes 10-15 procedures performed daily or every other day. With drug electrophoresis, the drug substance is administered from electrodes located above the kidney projection area.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the scrotum

The position of the patient is lying down. An electrode with an area of ​​50-100 cm 2 is placed in the scrotum and connected to one pole, two identical electrodes with an area of ​​30-50 cm 2 are placed on the lateral surfaces of the abdomen (on both sides) and connected with a forked wire to the other pole of the apparatus. Current strength 0.5-2 mA, duration of exposure 10-12 minutes. The course of treatment is prescribed 10-12 procedures performed daily or every other day. With drug electrophoresis, an electrode located in the scrotum is active.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the spine

The position of the patient is lying down. An electrode with an area of ​​100-150 cm 2 is placed in the region of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine (connected to the anode during downward galvanization and to the cathode - during upward galvanization), the second

an electrode of the same size - in the region of the lumbosacral spine. Current strength 7-15 mA, procedure duration 10-20 minutes. The procedures are carried out daily or every other day, the course of treatment consists of 10-12 procedures. The drug substance is administered from the active electrode, depending on the technique.

Galvanization and drug electrophoresis of the joints

The position of the patient is sitting or lying down. Electrodes of the same size are placed transversely in the area of ​​the affected joint. Current strength 5-20 mA, exposure time 15-20 minutes. Procedures are carried out daily or every other day, the course of treatment includes 10-15 procedures. The drug substance is administered from one or both electrodes.

Interstitial electrophoresis

The most widely used intrapulmonary electrophoresis. Depending on the method of administration of the medicinal substance, several variants of this method are distinguished.

With intravenous administration of the drug (antibiotics), galvanization is carried out simultaneously, having previously applied electrodes to the area of ​​the pathological focus.

With intravenous drip infusion, the galvanization procedure begins after the introduction of 2/3 of the solution and continues for some time after the drug is finished injecting.

With intramuscular or subcutaneous administration, as well as when the drug is taken orally, galvanization of the pathological focus begins when the peak concentration of the drug in the blood is reached (1-1.5-2 hours, depending on the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug).

Galvanization parameters: current strength 10-15 mA, duration of the procedure 20-40 minutes, the course of treatment consists of 8-12 procedures performed daily or every other day.

Electroaerosol therapy

In physiotherapy, electroaerosol therapy is also used - aerosols with particles that carry a unipolar charge (positive or negative). Electroaerosols are obtained using special devices. The method is used as general procedure(electroaerosol inhalation) and as a local effect. Compared to conventional aerosols, electric aerosols have a higher dispersion, which increases the surface of the drug.

essential substances and reduces their consumption, and also enhances their ability to penetrate deep into tissues. Electroaerosol therapy is used for the prevention and treatment of:

pneumoconiosis;

Chronic bronchitis;

Lead poisoning and other occupational diseases;

pneumonia;

Nonspecific diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Local aerosol therapy is prescribed for burns, not for a long time.

healing wounds and ulcers. In medical practice, combined methods of electrotherapy are widely used, for example:

Medicinal electrophoresis and diadynamic currents;

Mud inductothermy - impact on the body with mud applications and an alternating high-frequency magnetic field;

Mud inductophoresis - exposure to mud applications, drug electrophoresis and a high frequency alternating magnetic field.

General technique of galvanization and medicinal electrophoresis

1. 
   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis by intranasal technique (method of G.N. Kassil and N.I. Grashchenkov)

The procedure for carrying out the procedures, the current strength and the duration of exposure are presented in Table. 2. Current strength - 0.3-0.7 mA, duration of procedures - 10-30 minutes, course of treatment - 10-20 daily procedures.

Recently, the duration of the procedure is adjusted only to 15-20 minutes.
Table 2.

Parameters of endonasal galvanization procedures.

1. 
   Galvanization and medicinal electrophoresis cervico-facial zone (method of G.A. Kellat, Yu.F. Zmanovsky, M.D. Chernekhovskaya)

Anode for even procedures on the right, odd procedures on the left. Cathode - for even procedures on the left, odd - on the right.

During the procedures of drug electrophoresis, the anode is placed on the left side of this zone and the polarity is not changed during the course of treatment. For treatment options, see tab. 3. Up to 15 procedures per course, performed daily.
Table 3

Parameters of carrying out procedures of galvanization of the cervicofacial zone.

1. 
   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis "collar" zone according to A.E. Shcherbaku

Ions of medicinal substances are usually administered from an electrode located on the collar zone, but it is also possible to administer drugs to the lumbar region, primarily anionic forms.

1. 
   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis "panty" zone according to A.E. Shcherbaku

1. 
   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis by the ionic reflection method according to A.E. Shcherbaku

1. 
   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis spinal area by longitudinal method

1. 
   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis on the region of the cervical vertebrae

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis on the area of ​​the cervical sympathetic nodes

some PRIVATE METHODS OF GALVANIZATION and medicinal electrophoresis

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis transorbitally (according to the orbital-occipital technique according to Bourguignon)

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis by fronto-occipital technique

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis face areas (half-mask Bergonier)

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis tonsil area

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis areas of the nose and maxillary sinuses (with chronic sinusitis)

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis ear area

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis joints (with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, ligamentosis, etc.)

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis areas of the stomach (chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum 12)

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis areas of the liver and gallbladder (chronic hepatitis, cholecystitis)

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis intestinal area (chronic colitis)

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis bladder area (chronic cystitis, enuresis)

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis kidney area

When exposed to the area of ​​one kidney, two electrodes of 10x15 cm are placed on the back in the area of ​​the affected kidney and transversely on the abdomen. Current strength up to 10-15 mA, duration 15-20 minutes, for a course of up to 10-15 procedures performed daily or every other day. The medicinal substance is administered from electrodes located on the back.

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis pelvic organs in women

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   Galvanization or drug electrophoresis scrotum area

PRIVATE TECHNIQUES OF ELECTROPHORESIS OF SOME MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES

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   Electrophoresis 0.5% solution neuromidin with peripheral paralysis, paresis of the limbs (according to Solomin M.Yu., Makushkin D.V., Inozemtseva M.A.)

The anode electrode (+) with a wet pad moistened with 1 ml of a 0.5% solution of Neuromidin is located on the proximal part of the paretic limb, the other electrode, the cathode (-), with a wet pad moistened with water, is placed on the distal part of the same limb .

Current strength up to 10-15 mA, duration - 15-20 minutes, course - 10 procedures daily.

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   Miramistin-electrophoresis on the chest using a transverse technique

Two identical electrodes 15x15 cm in size are placed on the right half chest in the zone of the lesion - in front and behind, with subsequent connection to different poles of the apparatus, filter paper or gauze moistened with an aqueous solution of miramistin is placed under the anode.

The current density is 0.03 - 0.05 mA/cm 2 . The duration of the procedure is 20-30 minutes. The course of treatment is 12-14 procedures performed daily.

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   electrophoresis mud preparation "Biol"

The location of the electrodes depends on the localization of the pathological process: longitudinally (on the lower abdomen, along the spine) or transversely (sacrum - suprapubic region, suprapubic region - perineum, transversely on the joints). Current density 0.05-0.1 mA/cm 2 . The procedure is carried out for 15-20 minutes, daily or every other day. The course of treatment is 15-20 procedures.

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   Interstitial electrophoresis 1% solution of acetylsalicylic acid according to the orbital-occipital technique

The solution is injected under the conjunctiva or parabulbarno at a dose of not more than 0.5 ml. Then, two ophthalmic electrodes (diameter 5 cm) with a hydrophilic pad moistened with tap water are placed on the closed eyelids. The electrodes are connected to the negative pole (cathode) of the device. An indifferent electrode with an area of ​​40-50 cm 2 is placed on the back of the neck and connected to the positive pole of the device (anode). The electrodes are covered with oilcloth on top and fixed elastic bandage. An indifferent electrode on the back of the neck can be fixed with a roller when the patient is lying down. The current strength is up to 2 mA, if the exposure is carried out on one eye, the current strength is 0.5-1.0 mA, the duration of the procedure is 15-20 minutes. for a course of treatment 8-10 procedures.

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   Electrophoresis of 2% solution of piracetam

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   Cavinton electrophoresis

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   Trental electrophoresis

32953 0

Electrophoresis can be used to administer calcium, magnesium, iodine, bromine, pyrogenal, lidase, galantamine, prozerin, dibazol, succinic acid, seduxen, novocaine, etc.

Oculo-occipital electrophoresis according to Bourguignon

According to the oculo-occipital technique, you can enter:
. novocaine,
. potassium iodide (iodine is introduced),
. lidase,
. magnesium,
. calcium chloride (calcium is administered),
. succinic acid.

Galvanic collar according to Shcherbak

According to this method, it is advisable to enter:
. calcium,
. bromine,
. magnesium,
. novocaine,
. lidase,
. theonikol,
. aloe,
. eufillin,
. trental,
. nootropil,
. pyrogenal,
. succinic acid.

The combined effect of galvanic current and medicinal substance:
. improves the functional state of the nervous system,
. dilates the blood vessels of the brain,
. reduces muscle tone,
. attenuates abnormal postural activity.

General electrophoresis according to Vermel

Electrophoresis of lidase on the adductor muscles of the thighs

The introduction of lidase contributes to:
. improve blood circulation,
. reduces the density of connective tissue,
. has a dissolving effect.

The muscles become more extensible, the angle of hip abduction increases, and the decussation of the legs decreases.

Electrophoresis of novocaine according to the Novozhilov method

As a result, muscle tone decreases and hyperkinesis decreases.

Electrophoresis of novocaine and adrenaline according to the method of A.S. Levina

Nasal electrophoresis of novocaine and calcium

Calcium contributes to the normalization of the processes of inhibition and excitation in the central nervous system.

In patients with cerebral palsy after a course of nasal electrophoresis of novocaine and calcium:
. decreased muscle tone
. the volume of active movements increases,
. in some cases hyperkinesis decreases.

Before the nasal electrophoresis procedure, the nasal mucosa is washed with a cotton swab dipped in water. Gauze turundas up to 15-18 cm long are moistened with a 0.5% solution of novocaine, heated to 37 ° C, with the addition of an adrenaline solution (1 drop per 5 ml) or a 2% solution of calcium chloride, injected with tweezers into both nostrils so that they are tightly adhering to the nasal mucosa.

The free ends of the turundas are connected and laid on top of a small oilcloth placed on upper lip. They are covered with a lead plate measuring 2x3 cm, connected to the anode of the galvanic apparatus. The second electrode is placed on the back of the neck or in the upper thoracic spine and connected to the cathode. 20-30 minutes after the procedure, it is advisable to carry out therapeutic exercises.

Patients with cerebellar cerebral palsy are affected by the segmental zone of the spine and limbs. In this case, the proserine electrophoresis procedure is carried out with the electrodes located along the spine, the current density is 0.01-0.03 mA/cm2, the duration of the procedure is 5-10-15 minutes. The course is prescribed 10-15 procedures applied daily or every other day.

With spastic dysarthria positive result gives novocaine electrophoresis (0.5% or 0.2% solution) according to the cervicofacial method of Kellat - Emanovsky, current strength - 3-7 mA, duration - 7-15 minutes (depending on age), per course - 10 -12 procedures.

Influencing the affected muscles of the extremities with novocaine electrophoresis, the anode is placed on the spine at the level of the Th10-L2 segments in case of damage to the legs or at the level of C4-Th4 in case of damage to the hands, the cathode is lower; the size of the electrodes is from 80 to 200 cm2, depending on the height of the child. The duration of the procedure is 10-15 minutes, the course is 10-15 procedures. Treatment can be repeated after 2 months.

With contractures of the joints, electrophoresis of lidase (ronidase) is prescribed transversely to the joints. The current density is 0.01-0.05 mA/cm2 with a duration of exposure of 15-20 minutes, for a course of treatment - 10-15 procedures taken daily.

ON THE. Usakova, A.S. Levin, V.V. Nikolaev

Medicinal electrophoresis is the effect on the body of a constant electric current in combination with the introduction of various medicinal substances through the skin or mucous membranes. In physiotherapy, electrophoresis is the most popular method, as it has many positive effects on the patient's body:

• reduces the intensity of the inflammatory process;
• has anti-edematous effect;
• eliminates pain syndrome;
• relaxes increased muscle tone;
• produces a calming effect;
• improves microcirculation;
• accelerates the process of tissue regeneration;
• stimulates the production of biologically active substances (for example, vitamins, trace elements, hormones);
• activates the body's defenses.

The principle of the method is that drugs enter the body through intercellular spaces, sebaceous and sweat glands in the form of positive or negative particles (ions). The medicinal dose during electrophoresis is low: only 2-10% of the total volume of the drug contained in the pad.

Most of the drug is retained in the skin and subcutaneous fat, i.e., it does not immediately enter the bloodstream, but a day or more after the procedure. This property is due to the delayed (prolonged) effect of physiotherapy: improving metabolism and innervation, relieving pain, swelling, etc.

During electrophoresis, active medicinal substances accumulate to the maximum in the pathological focus, since the pad with the medication is applied directly to the “sore spot”, and several times the dose administered by injection or orally. Therefore, the efficiency of drug electrophoresis is quite high. Bypassing the gastrointestinal tract, the drug practically does not cause side effects on the body.

Indications for electrophoresis in adults

Medicinal electrophoresis is widely used in complex therapy neurological, therapeutic, surgical, gynecological diseases, as well as in traumatology, pediatrics and dentistry. Physiotherapy can be prescribed repeatedly, and there are no specific time limits for electrophoresis.

• bronchial asthma;
• pneumonia;
• acute and chronic bronchitis;
• bronchiectasis;
• tracheitis;
• pleurisy;

• rhinitis;
• pharyngitis;
• tonsillitis;
• otitis;
• sinusitis;
• frontitis;

• gastritis;
• peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum;
• cholecystitis;
• pancreatitis;
• colitis;

• hypertension 1 and 2 stages;
• hypotension;
• atherosclerosis;
• angina;
• phlebeurysm;
• atrial fibrillation;
• endarteritis;

Diseases of the genitourinary system of women and men

• pyelonephritis;
• cystitis;
• urethritis;
• prostatitis;
• endometriosis;
• adnexitis;
• endometritis;
• cervicitis;
• vaginitis;

• neuritis;
• neuralgia;
• radiculitis;
• migraine;
• neuroses;
• intervertebral hernia;
• insomnia;
• plexitis;
• trauma to the brain and spinal cord;
• paresis and paralysis;
• ganglioneuritis;

• osteoarthritis;
• arthritis and polyarthritis;
• spondylosis;
• dislocations and fractures;
• joint contracture;

• diabetes;

• burns;
• acne (acne);
• seborrhea;
• scarring;
• psoriasis;
• trophic ulcers;
• bedsores;
• dermatitis;
• folliculitis;
• furunculosis;

eye diseases

• iridocyclitis;
• uveitis;
• conjunctivitis;
• blepharitis;
• keratitis;
• optic atrophy.

Dental diseases

• stomatitis;
• gingivitis;
• periodontitis;
• periodontal disease;

Postoperative rehabilitation

• postoperative wounds;
• postoperative scars.

Contraindications

Medicinal electrophoresis is quite versatile and affordable way physiotherapy, but it has a number of contraindications. These include:

• tumors of any localization and etiology;
• heart failure;
• the presence of an artificial pacemaker (pacemaker);
• inflammatory process in the acute phase;
• increased body temperature;
• bronchial asthma (severe form);
• blood clotting disorders (increased bleeding, tendency to bleed);
• skin pathologies (eczema, dermatitis);
• violation of the sensitivity of the skin;
• mechanical damage in the area of ​​application of medicinal pads (wounds, cuts, abrasions);
• intolerance to electric current;
• allergic to a drug that needs to be administered using electrophoresis.

On a note: menstrual bleeding is not an absolute contraindication to electrophoresis, as it is natural process not caused by any pathological (inflammatory or infectious) factor. It is not advisable to perform the procedure during menstruation if it is known that the electrodes will be applied to the uterus and ovaries.

Methodology

The essence of the procedure lies in the location medicinal product(solution or gel) perpendicular to the movement of electric current, i.e. between the electrode and the surface of human skin. Depending on the method of applying electrodes and the method of introducing a pharmacological preparation, several methods of drug electrophoresis are distinguished.

Galvanic (percutaneous) - gauze or filtered paper pads are impregnated with a medicinal solution, which are placed on the patient's body on opposite sides of the pathological focus to create a field inside which the medicinal substance will move. Electrodes are placed inside the gaskets, and covered with a protective film on top;

Tray - in a special container (tray), which is already equipped with electrodes, the required volume is poured medicinal solution. The patient immerses the diseased part of the body (arm or leg) into the liquid;

Cavitary - in hollow organs (stomach, bladder, rectum, vagina, uterus) a solution of the drug is injected, one of the electrodes is placed there, and the second is located on the surface of the body;

Interstitial - the drug is administered orally (through the mouth) or by injection, after which electrodes are placed in the area of ​​the pathological focus. Interstitial electrophoresis is most effective in the treatment of respiratory diseases (bronchitis, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, etc.)

Electrophoresis treatment

Tray electrophoresis

Effective in the treatment of arthritis, polyarthritis, plexitis, polyneuritis and other diseases of the joints and nervous system.

Electrophoresis with caripazim

Caripazim is a drug for the treatment of hernias. intervertebral discs(active active substance papain). The standard course of treatment with caripazine is 15-20 sessions (to obtain a stable clinical effect it is necessary to take 2-3 courses with breaks of 1-2 months).

electrophoresis with lidase

Lidaza (hyaluronidase) increases tissue and vascular permeability, improves the movement of fluids in interstitial spaces, and helps soften scars. Therefore, electrophoresis with lidase is very often prescribed in gynecology, traumatology and surgery for resorption of adhesive processes.

Electrophoresis with eufillin

Eufillin has an analgesic, bronchodilatory effect, improves blood circulation and blood supply internal organs. Therefore, electrophoresis with aminophylline is widely used for the treatment of pulmonary, vascular, neurological and other diseases.

electrophoresis with calcium

It is prescribed for bronchitis, neuralgia, neuritis, myositis. Most often, electrophoresis with calcium is used in orthopedics to compensate for the relative and absolute losses of calcium. The effect that calcium has on the body:

• detoxification;
• antiallergic;
• hemostatic;
• anti-inflammatory;
• strengthens blood vessels and reduces their permeability.

Potassium electrophoresis

Used in therapy inflammatory diseases respiratory tract, bronchial asthma, eye pathologies.

For the most part, electrophoresis is carried out in a galvanic way, i.e. just electrodes with a pad impregnated with medicine are applied to the skin. But by what technique (collar, belt, according to Shcherbak or Ratner), depends on the diagnosis and localization of the pathological focus. Usually the choice of method is determined by the attending physician (or the physio nurse in the absence of a doctor).

The most effective and widely used drug electrophoresis techniques are:

Ionic reflexes according to Shcherbak

• prescribed for hypertension, neuroses, peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum.

Ionic Collar

• effective in the treatment of craniocerebral injuries, neurosis, hypertension, sleep disorders, etc.

Ionic belt

• used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs and various disorders of sexual function.

General electrophoresis (Wermel method)

• The method is most effective in the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiosclerosis, neurosis, migraine, etc.

Bourguignon electrophoresis (orbital-occipital)

• the procedure is prescribed for the treatment of neuritis of the facial or trigeminal nerve, as well as vascular, traumatic and inflammatory processes in the brain.

Nasal electrophoresis

• used in the treatment of vascular, inflammatory and traumatic pathologies of the brain, gastric and duodenal ulcers, metabolic disorders.

Electrophoresis according to Ratner

• used to treat circulatory disorders in cervical region spine, in pediatric therapy cerebral palsy and to restore the normal functioning of organs after birth injuries in children.

Side effects and complications

During drug electrophoresis side effects or more serious complications are observed very rarely. Usually this allergic reactions on the administered medicinal substance, which are manifested by reddening of the skin, an itchy rash, slight swelling at the site of the electrodes. When canceling the procedure and applying antihistamines negative manifestations quickly disappear.

Also, at the 2-3rd electrophoresis procedure, a slight increase in soreness and an increase in local or general temperature in inflammatory diseases (functional exacerbation) are allowed. By the end of the course of physiotherapy, the discomfort disappears on its own.

Electrophoresis for children and infants

Babies up to a year are prescribed electrophoresis for the treatment of the following pathologies:

• increased or decreased muscle tone;
• minor neurological disorders;
• diseases of the musculoskeletal system;
• diseases accompanied by severe pain;
• diathesis;
• pathology of ENT organs;
• burns.

On a note: Increased muscle tone is a serious obstacle to the normal physical development of the child. Treatment with electrophoresis allows you to replace injection or oral administration necessary medicines.

Each child tolerates the electrophoresis procedure differently: some are calm and quiet, others are nervous and irritable. If the reaction of the baby is sharply negative (cries throughout the procedure and after it, sleeps and eats poorly, etc.), then the decision to continue treatment is made only taking into account the possible benefits and existing risks.

Children older than 1 year of age have no restrictions for electrophoresis treatment, except for individual intolerance to the drug.

Electrophoresis during pregnancy and gynecology

For pregnant women, in the absence of contraindications, doctors often prescribe physiotherapy as a supportive remedy.

Usually this is electrophoresis - a method that is considered not only gentle, but also the most optimal during pregnancy and lactation to improve blood circulation, reduce muscle tone, including the tone of the uterus.

You can not use electrophoresis during pregnancy in the following cases:

• vomit;
• kidney disease;
• low blood clotting with a risk of bleeding;
• poor condition of the fetus;
• eclampsia (severe toxicosis of the second half of pregnancy).

In gynecology, electrophoresis is prescribed for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases (cervicitis, endometritis, endometriosis, etc.).

The most effective in these cases will be the method of interstitial electrophoresis with antibiotics. With cervical erosion and endometriosis, the procedure is used as one of the methods for delivering drugs (iodine, zinc, lidase, amidopyrine) to the affected tissues.

Electrophoresis for uterine myoma is included in the program conservative treatment and contributes to the complete elimination or reduction clinical manifestations diseases, restoration of ovarian function and uterine myometrium.

Electrophoresis at home

Medicinal electrophoresis, as one of the main procedures for physiotherapy, is provided by any government agency on a free basis. If it is not possible to visit the hospital daily for the procedure, then electrophoresis can be done at home.

For this you need:

• purchase the device and the necessary medicines;
• receive detailed recommendations for a home treatment course from a physiotherapist;
• invite a physiotherapist to the house for the first (training) session.

Alternative Methods

Another popular method of introducing medicinal substances into the human body, but not with the help of electric current, but by means of ultrasonic waves, is phonophoresis. In terms of efficiency, phonophoresis is not inferior to electrophoresis and it has much fewer contraindications to conduct.

The question of which method to apply in a particular case is decided by the attending physician. But as practice shows, electrophoresis is most often prescribed, and only if it is impossible to carry it out, phonophoresis is chosen, since not all medicinal substances that are used in electrophoresis are used for phonophoresis.

This is due to the fact that under the action of ultrasound these substances are destroyed, lose their activity or change their properties. pharmacological properties. For example, novocaine, platifillin, atropine, some vitamins (ascorbic acid, vitamins gr. B).