Post-vaccination reactions to polio vaccination and its possible complications and consequences. Reaction in a child to polio vaccination, contraindications and possible complications Reaction after polio vaccination

Poliomyelitis is dangerous viral disease which leads to disability. Medicines against this disease No, and the treatment does not work. Diagnosis of the disease is difficult at the initial stage, until the virus has entered the spinal cord. Incubation period lasts 10/30 days, and during this period the carrier of the virus can infect other people. The infection is transmitted through the contact form (objects) and airborne droplets (during communication). The only cure for poliovirus is vaccination. Parents are worried about the reaction to the polio vaccine, however, complications after the disease are much more dangerous than the side effects of the vaccine.

Types of polio vaccines

The polio vaccine was invented only in the middle of the last century by American scientists. The preparation consisted of inactivated (killed) strains dangerous virus. Universal immunization helped to get rid of outbreaks of a contagious infection that maimed people and claimed hundreds of lives. Later, a drug with a live polio virus was invented, which is available in drops. The inactivated vaccine is administered from the muscles of the body by injection, the live vaccine is instilled into the child's mouth.

Which is better - drops or injection? At three months, the child is given an inactivated strain by injection, at six months and beyond, drops are dripped instead of injection. A live vaccine is considered more effective than an inactivated one. The vaccine is given along with DTP on the same day. There were no pronounced side effects on it, if all the rules of immunization are followed.

The disadvantage of a live vaccine is the difficult storage conditions of the drug, in violation of which the bacterial strain dies. There are also certain difficulties with the dosage, since babies can spit up the drug introduced into the tongue. The advantage of live vaccination is (contrary to existing legends about the danger of infection) passive immunization of persons in contact with the vaccinated child.

Important! Only a person with a pronounced immunodeficiency can become infected from a vaccinated child - the rest receive passive immunity to the virus.

Complications and side effects

What can happen to a child after vaccination? Parents should be aware that compliance with all points of the immunization rules reduces the risk of complications to a minimum. Many children have no post-vaccination symptoms at all. A slight malaise and whims at a temperature of 37C are not dangerous complications.

Why, then, is there a strong reaction to the polio vaccine? An extreme form of complications is the development of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, which occurs with a severe immunodeficiency of the child, with neurological diseases or severe dysbacteriosis. In other cases, reactions to polio vaccination are expressed in:

• a slight increase in temperature;
• restlessness and tearfulness;
• stool disorder;
• refusal to eat.

The listed reactions to the polio vaccine are not considered serious complications and do not need treatment. After the injection, local complications may occur in the form of swelling of the puncture site and slight redness. Sometimes there is itching and pain when touching the injection site. However, if there is no suppuration of the wound, and the temperature does not rise (signs of an abscess), you should not worry.

Important! Serious complications after the polio vaccine can be allergic reactions on the antimicrobial components of the drug. In this case, revaccination is contraindicated.

Preparing for immunization

The basic rule of immunization is the complete health of the child. If the baby on the eve of the scheduled vaccination suffered infection, it is necessary to strengthen his immunity before vaccination.

It is advisable to take tests (blood / urine) before vaccination in order to be sure of the complete health of the baby. Pediatricians rarely suggest testing before vaccination, but parents may insist on it.

Before going to the clinic, do not feed the child tightly so that the body has a resource of strength to adapt to the vaccine administered. It is also undesirable to feed the baby after vaccination for at least an hour.

If you are worried about an allergic reaction to the drug, give your baby an antihistamine for three days before the injection (on the advice of a pediatrician). This will reduce the risk of allergies. Also antihistamines give three days after immunization.

Myths and legends

Young parents should know that it is impossible to get polio after being vaccinated against this virus. If you examine the baby before vaccination, talk about his condition with the pediatrician, there will be no complications. Also, people around the child will not get sick with polio if they do not suffer from severe immunodeficiency and neurological disorders.

Is it possible to bathe a baby after vaccination, and will there be any complications? If the child does not have a sharp rise in temperature and symptoms of a cold do not appear, bathing is allowed. If the injection site is inflamed, lubricate it with an iodine mesh or troxevasin ointment, and do not rub it with a sponge while bathing. There are no special contraindications to bathing, and there will be no complications after it.

A serious obstacle to immunization against poliomyelitis is a pronounced intestinal dysbacteriosis. The virus develops and multiplies first in the larynx, then in the intestines, from where it enters the spinal cord. Therefore, the intestines must be populated with healthy microflora before vaccination. Be sure to read this!

Important! A healthy baby with normal weight and no neurological diseases has no dangerous complications for polio vaccination.

Vaccination will protect your child from polio

Children are often exposed to various infectious agents. Among them, there are both mild and severe infections that have long-term effects. Among them, poliomyelitis is distinguished, the symptoms in children are characterized by extreme severity of the course, a variety of localization, and delayed manifestations after recovery.

Poliomyelitis is an acute infectious condition caused by a virus that affects Gray matter spinal cord. It has a diverse clinic, several types of course and long-term consequences.

There are three types (strains) of the virus. They are not volatile, but stable in the external environment. They are excreted and spread with faeces or mucous secretions of the nasopharynx. The virus strikes nerve cells like a mosaic. Because of this, the symptoms appear randomly.

Causes of the disease, mechanisms of spread of the virus

The source of infection is always a sick person or a carrier in whose body the virus lives, but does not affect nerve cells. The virus is transmitted by the fecal-oral mechanism (toys contaminated with the virus, household items, products), sometimes by the aerosol mechanism when sneezing and coughing. The susceptibility to the polio virus is high, children under 7 years of age are most susceptible to the disease. The peak of cases of the disease is the summer-autumn period.

The first signs of polio in children

The latent period is 7-12 days from the moment of infection with the virus. Initial symptoms poliomyelitis in children are characterized by the manifestation of catarrhal phenomena: cough, runny nose, sore throat. It looks like he has the flu. There is an increase in temperature, sweating. Constipation/diarrhea may occur. Muscle twitching, especially in infants. Restless sleep, and during the day drowsiness, weakness. May complain to parents that the arms or legs hurt.

Types of forms of poliomyelitis, complaints of the child, symptoms

Doctors distinguish the main forms:

• without CNS damage:
• inapparent;
• abortive.
• with CNS damage
• meningeal;
• paralytic: spinal, pontine, bulbar, mixed.

Inapparant form

A sick child does not feel any negative symptoms, he is a carrier of the virus, this can only be detected with the help of laboratory tests.

Abortive form

The name of this form speaks for itself. The manifestations of the disease stop at the general manifestations - catarrhal symptoms, diarrhea. No specific symptom of the disease appears. End in 3-6 days of recovery. Parents, as a rule, do not even know that the baby has been ill. erased form infections. Minor illness accounts for 80% of all cases.

General characteristics of the paralytic form

The pre-paralytic (initial) stage of the disease proceeds with a predominance of symptoms of intoxication: fever, lethargy, weakness, headache, nausea, and vomiting.

From the second day of illness appears:

• pain in the arms and legs, spine, neck;
• vomiting that does not bring relief and diffuse headache;
• twitching of individual muscles;
• stiff neck muscles.

Later, a loss of motor function develops in full or in part, having the nature of a lesion according to the type of mosaic. Symptoms of paralysis develop quickly, within a few hours. Body temperature normalizes. Violations of sensitivity is not defined. After a few weeks, the nutrition of the muscles is disturbed, their atrophy is possible.

Spinal paralytic form

The virus damages the muscles on the arms and legs, back, neck. Intercostal muscles and diaphragmatic muscles may be affected. With the loss of motor functions in the latter, the spinal form is very difficult due to respiratory failure.

Pontine paralytic form

The virus strikes facial nerve. The child has no facial expressions on the affected half of the face, the eyes may not close, constant lacrimation appears, but sensitivity remains. In the photo on the Internet you can see paresis of the facial nerve.

Bulbar paralytic form

It is characterized by an acute onset with a short initial period, an extremely difficult course of the process. Often there is a violation of vital functions in the body.

Are noted:

• swallowing disorder;
• pathological accumulation of mucus in the upper respiratory tract;
• severe violations of breathing, cardiac activity;
• bulbar form can be fatal.

Mixed paralytic form

It is a combination of symptoms of two or more paralytic types of the disease.

Diagnosis of poliomyelitis

Diagnosis is carried out through serological and virological examination of the feces of a sick child, the contents of the nasopharynx or cerebrospinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid). The material is taken on the 1-2 day of active illness. With positive serological reaction, the titer of specific antibodies increases four times. Electromyography is also used - this is a study of human muscles using bioelectric potentials, i.e. registration of their electrical activity.

Consequences and possible complications

Muscles recover from the least affected to the most damaged by the virus. Severely damaged muscles do not recover. Active recovery occurs up to 6 months and sometimes lasts up to a year after clinical recovery.

Complications fall into several categories:

• muscle atrophy (polio atrophy of the left calf muscle);
• articular contractures (contracture of the finger joint);
• violations of the shape of the bones of the skeleton;
• lag of the limbs, the nerve fibers of which were affected in development and differences with healthy ones in length. Decreased bone density.

Fundamentals of Polio Treatment

There are no specific therapies to kill the virus. The main principles of treatment are:

• mandatory stay in the infectious diseases department, an isolated ward;
• calm environment, complete limitation of physical activity;
• detoxification therapy - cleansing of body toxins;
• dehydration therapy - removal of excess fluid;
• the use of prozerin, which restores neuromuscular conduction;
• vitamin therapy: since the nervous tissue is affected, B vitamins are used;
• the use of painkillers;
• correct position in bed;
• exercise therapy for the prevention of contractures;
• using methods to reduce the work of sore muscles (training in water, etc.);
• In the treatment of poliomyelitis, specific prophylaxis is of primary importance: inoculation with Sabin's live polio vaccine.

Care and methods to prevent infection

The basics of care and prevention of poliomyelitis in the outbreak can be presented in several theses.

1. If there are obvious signs of the disease, parents need to call a doctor, and if the disease is confirmed, help the doctors identify everyone who has been in contact with the patient.
2. The patient is isolated for 21 days, and those in contact - for 20 days. For those who have been in contact, quarantine is lifted earlier if there are no new cases of the disease.
3. If a family has several children, they are monitored.
4. Care should be taken when feeding sick children, as swallowing may be impaired.
5. After recovery and during the period of residual effects, dose the loads, strictly follow the recommendations of specialists in physiotherapy exercises.

Prevention of poliomyelitis: controversy about the benefits of vaccinations and opinions

Disputes around many preventive vaccinations have been going on for years. Someone is angry on the Internet condemning doctors who allegedly infect children dangerous infections. Someone finds symptoms of polio in children after vaccination. However, among these mixed reviews, let's turn to the opinion of an expert.

The well-known Russian pediatrician Yevgeny Komarovsky, speaking about vaccination against polio, notes: “Vaccination against polio is the only remedy that can reduce the likelihood of a child getting sick to a minimum. The baby does not yet have strong immunity, it is vaccines that help him create it. ”

The vaccine does not have serious consequences, with the exception of contraindications to vaccination and rare side effects. According to the preventive vaccination calendar, the baby must be vaccinated in:

• 3 months of life IPV intramuscularly. IPV is an inactivated polio vaccine with a small amount of killed virus that is not harmful to the baby;
• 4.5 months of life IPV repeat;
• 6 months of life, OPV is administered - a live vaccine by mouth;
• revaccination at the age of 14, oral administration of OPV.

According to official statistics, in Russia since 1961 the incidence rate has dropped to almost zero precisely because of the active vaccination of children with IPV and OPV.

Contraindications to vaccination

There are several serious contraindications to the introduction of the vaccine.

1. Immunodeficiency in the child or in his environment. When a vaccine is given, the child is a carrier of the infection for some time, so being around people with a weakened immune system is dangerous.
2. child with malignant tumors undergoing chemotherapy. The reason is the same - weakened immunity. Vaccination is possible only 6 months after the end of the course of chemotherapy.
3. The presence of pregnant women next to the child, early pregnancy girls are 14 years old.
4. Postpone vaccination until recovery if acute diseases and exacerbations of chronic
5. Allergy to the antibiotics included in the vaccine: streptomycin, neomycin and polymexin B.
6. Allergic reactions to past vaccine administrations.
7. Neurological reactions to past vaccinations.

Complications after the introduction of the vaccine

The frequency of complications is extremely low, but they are.

OPV can cause an increase in temperature up to 37.5 C for about 14 days. The introduction of IPV in 5-7% of cases causes swelling at the injection site, anxiety in babies. Very rarely, a formidable complication is possible - convulsions, encephalopathy. According to parents, sometimes the child may also experience nausea, vomiting, lethargy, drowsiness.

If at least one symptom is found in the baby, it is urgent to consult a doctor.

Is it possible to infect an adult from a sick child?

Cases of infection of adults from children are extremely rare, but still exist. Poliomyelitis in adults is much more severe than in children. For the onset of the disease, several factors are needed:

• lack of vaccinations in an adult: IPV and OPV;
• being near such an adult child vaccinated with OPV;
• the presence of an immunodeficiency state in an adult.

The reaction to the Sabin polio vaccine (weakened) develops as often as possible. The main problem is vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, which becomes a source of paralysis.

Children are vaccinated for the first time at 3 months. In the absence of complications, the second vaccination is given at 4.5 months, the next at 6 months. Such dates are prescribed in the national calendar.

The reaction to vaccination is formed not only as a result of a live strain of poliovirus entering the weakened body. There are more dangerous consequences, which official medicine is silent. More about everything in the article.

Polio vaccine: consequences, reviews

Vaccine-associated reactions are divided into local and general.

Local reactions - redness, swelling, pain at the injection site of the inactivated Salk preparation. The general consequences of the condition occur against the background of a decrease in immunity with an inadequate response to foreign viral antigens. The Sabin vaccine has a greater reactogenicity. Formaldehyde-attenuated viruses may cause damage nerve fibers and spinal ganglia. Such a reaction rarely occurs, but the danger of the condition determines the refusal of parents to vaccinate their child.

Young mothers are especially careful about vaccination, who carefully study the reviews of their parents, information about the consequences, complications.

Poliomyelitis is a deadly infection that is not medicines. The only protection is vaccination. Unfortunately, vaccine reactions do happen. Mankind has been unsuccessfully fighting vaccine-associated poliomyelitis for about 50 years. Complications are rare, but quite dangerous.

Infection with poliomyelitis occurs by airborne droplets, by contact. It is almost impossible to protect yourself from poliovirus.

Symptoms of the disease after infection develop in only 5% of people. In 95% of the infected, it is not even traced clinical signs diseases. Scientists explain the situation with a genetic predisposition to the disease due to the special structure of the nervous tissue in certain people.

Statistics show that only 1% of people develop muscle paralysis, atrophy. Consequences of the condition - the person remains disabled. Mortal danger is created by paralysis of the intercostal muscles. Respiratory blockage leads to suffocation.

Vaccination reviews from specialists indicate the preservation of immunoglobulins in the blood after vaccination for 10 years. This is the maximum period, therefore, after the expiration of the interval, revaccination is carried out.

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Cases of infection with a wild strain of the virus in a vaccinated person are easier, but paralysis and muscle paresis occur.

People's negative reviews are based on the description of the side effects of vaccination. Vaccine-associated reactions, local and general consequences- all this is met.

Before the mass distribution of Salk vaccinations, Sabin was observed to die a large number people in Europe, America. Statistics showed that the method led to the elimination of the disease in many countries. The World Health Organization has even developed a program to eradicate the infection worldwide. Specialists failed to eliminate the disease due to the constant mutation of the pathogen.

There is information about the appearance of a mutated strain of poliovirus in Japan, formed by the exchange of information between the types that make up the vaccine.

The first stage is carried out at 3 months due to the instability of the baby's body to infection. By this time, maternal immunoglobulins obtained with milk are over. In Asia, vaccination is carried out directly in the maternity ward.

Negative reviews and refusals of parents make it difficult to eradicate the infection everywhere. By infecting the body of an unvaccinated person, the poliovirus gains opportunities for reproduction in the human population.

Efficiency

There is no reliable scientific evidence that the effectiveness of the polio vaccine exceeds the side effects provoked by the infection. In the United States, according to statistics, there is no disease, but there are no statistics on the consequences of vaccination. Vaccine-associated reactions pose a danger to human life if they proceed like muscle paralysis.

The first results of a reduction in infection began to be seen after 1953, when the Salk vaccine appeared. Statistics indicated a decrease in the severity of the disease by about 47%. Further statistics became even more positive. Reviews of vaccination were only positive, both among patients and doctors.

Why didn't the mass eradication program work? With the advent of high-resolution electron microscopy, specialists have the opportunity to study small viruses. After that, negative reviews about the disease appeared among scientists. Some European countries did not adopt a mass vaccination program after that, but statistics showed that the incidence of polio among the inhabitants also decreased.

The results are associated with a change in approaches to counting the number of cases. Registration of paralytic forms has become less frequent due to new approaches to the formation of the diagnosis. Poliomyelitis paralysis began to be considered a disease only after confirmation of the etiology by two detections at a time interval.

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Evidence confirms little dependence of statistics on polio vaccination. It is impossible to estimate how serious a role vaccinations played in eradicating the disease.

Contraindications

Contraindications to inactivated Salk vaccination:

• Neurological disorders on the previous injection;
• Immunodeficiencies.

The above contraindications are absolute. In the presence of these conditions in humans, the introduction of the vaccine is prohibited.

Side effect:

• allergic conditions;
• Dyspeptic disorders: abdominal pain, diarrhea, allergies.

Contraindications to the use of OPV:

1. Immunodeficiency states;

2. Neurological complications after a previous vaccination.

There are side effects of OPV vaccination:

• Diarrhea;
• Allergy.

The inactivated polio vaccine is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. The drug does not contain live viruses, so it causes fewer complications.

Contraindications for IPV:

1. Allergic reactions to the constituent components of the drug;
2. Hypersensitivity to antimicrobial agents - polymyxin B, neomycin.

Consequences of vaccination with an inactivated vaccine:

• Temperature rise;
• Decreased appetite;
• Malaise and weakness;
• Local reactions at the injection site.

According to the modern calendar, oral vaccination is given to a child at 3, 4, 6 months. Revaccination is carried out at the age of 18-20 months.

Primary administration is divided into 2 stages with an interval of at least 1.5 months. Revaccination - after a year and 5 years.

The most dangerous complication of vaccination is vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, which develops during the first administration of the drug.

Children with congenital immunodeficiency virus, developmental anomalies are vaccinated only by inactivated vaccination.

Dates according to the national calendar:

1. First IPV vaccination - 3 months;
2. The second - 4.5 months;
3. Third IPV - 6 months;
4. First OPV - 18 months;
5. Second OPV - 20 months;
6. Third OPV - 14 years.

Postponed vaccination against polio in violation of the immune system. An immunocompromised child must be isolated from children who have received OPV for 2 weeks. Such preschoolers should not attend Kindergarten during polio vaccination.

Unvaccinated children

With good immunity, the virus rarely causes polio paralysis. The above cited statistics show that in 95% of people infection is not accompanied clinical symptoms. It takes about 2 weeks to form natural immunity. If the child sleeps for at least 8 hours, walks daily in the fresh air, eats well, does not have immunodeficiency, the probability of damage to nerve fibers is low.

The polio virus infects cells with neurotrophic disorders. Lack of glucose, blood intoxication are provoking factors.

Unvaccinated children, when infected with a virus during the formation of protective reactions, may have mild symptoms:

• Temperature rise;
• General malaise;
• Irritability.

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For any muscle cramps, you should consult a doctor.

Complications after polio vaccination

Complications arise not only due to the reaction human body for the entry of poliovirus. There is tacit information about the mutation of the strains that make up the vaccine, the production of new virions with unique properties.

Japanese scientists have discovered a virus that mutated as a result of mass vaccination in the country. After a thorough study, it was found that the strain has neurovirulence, although in the manufacture of the vaccine, weakened pathogens are used, devoid of tropism for nervous system. Vaccine "individuals" have tropism only to the intestines. Complications of infection with such a poliovirus are the most dangerous - paralysis, paresis, atrophy of muscle tissue.

Interesting information came from the Pasteur Institute, whose specialists carefully examined the pathogen. After the experiments, it turned out that the causative agents of poliomyelitis are able to connect with each other, exchanging information.

Polivacine creates favorable conditions to form new virions.

Attention! The information provided on the site is the opinion of the author, based on certain facts. The content does not claim to be generally recognized. Many doctors will dispute the opinion, and the second part will agree. The conclusions are long overdue. There is speculation that HIV was also a consequence of the massive use of the polio vaccine. We invite you to discuss the material through the comment form.

Complications from a wild virus are more dangerous than weakened forms. Vaccine-associated reactions create an additional burden on the immune system. Side effects of polio vaccination individual characteristics reactions to the introduction of foreign antigens are factors that require careful analysis.

Vaccination against poliomyelitis is carried out by live and inactivated vaccination. In the second type of complications, fewer complications are observed.

Side effects are most often seen in domestic vaccine. Less complications when using Infanrix, Infanrix hexa, Infanrix ipv. In terms of the frequency of consequences, Tetrakok is between the domestic Microgen and its foreign counterpart.

Side effect

Experts believe that it is safer to administer polio vaccines than monocomponent preparations. The assertion requires analysis of information, since the facts described above lead to dangerous consequences. The introduction of several strains of the virus at the same time provokes the exchange of information between virions, the acquisition of new information by them. New virions appear.

With the combined administration of DTP and the polio vaccine, side effects increase, since the pertussis antigen provides the maximum number of complications.

Many young parents do not know what the polio vaccine is, how it reacts, and what the consequences are. They are tormented by many unanswerable questions about this disease: how can they get infected? Is the polio vaccine dangerous and what are the consequences of it?

Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease caused by several types of virus. The main pathogens are intestinal viruses located in the external environment.

They are resistant to freezing and immediately perish when heated for a long time. Nowadays it is difficult to get sick, but often the virus comes to us from countries where vaccination is not carried out. The risk of catching the disease increases:

• summer;
• if dirty hands;
• if you eat unpeeled and unwashed foods.

How is the virus transmitted? This happens in the following ways:

• airborne (talk, saliva, breathing, nasal discharge);
• fecal-oral;
• ingestion of dirty food and water.

Once in the body, it multiplies in the intestines. Then the blood carries it to all organs, primarily affecting, as a rule, the nervous system. This, as a result, leads to irreversible paralysis. If affected respiratory system, the consequences are even worse.

The main audience of patients is children under 5 years of age. The virus is very stable. Due to the violation of the timing and technique of vaccination, an epidemic occurs.

In the middle of the twentieth century, the disease struck many people. There was a high mortality, and those who survived suffered complications, remaining incurable invalids. Today, treatment gives good results, and preventive vaccination of children is carried out to help him.

In the abandoned corners of the world, there is still a "wild virus" that can get into "civilization" through doctors, reporters, rescuers. In this case, a sick person is always considered the source of infection, and the disease is transmitted through water, food and various objects.

The unvaccinated get sick, and the infection spreads very quickly. One of her severe complications is paralysis.

During the disease, there are signs that resemble other diseases, and this complicates the correct diagnosis.
The first stage is incubation. Duration - 10 - 12 days. During the incubation period, symptoms do not appear.

Second stage. Periods:

• preparalytic;
• paralytic;
• restorative;
• residual period.

1. Preparalytic. The temperature rises, a runny nose, cough and other signs of acute respiratory infections, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation begin. The first changes in the nervous system may begin. By the end of this period, the temperature drops.
2. Paralytic. The main symptom at this time is mild paralysis, more often in the legs. They usually start in the morning. The limbs become pale and cold. In rare cases, symptoms appear in the absence of facial expressions.

In mild forms, all symptoms disappear completely. Severe cases are accompanied by complications, which can lead to disability as a result. But in modern world Severe forms of poliomyelitis are rare, due to the fact that children are vaccinated in a timely manner.

Two drugs are used for vaccination:

1. Oral live polio vaccine. They put it in her mouth.
2. An inactivated polio vaccine containing a killed virus. Enter in the form of an injection.

These vaccines protect against the first, second and third types of the disease.

Vaccination Schedule:

• the first vaccination against infection is given when the child is three months old;
• the second vaccination is given at four and a half months;
• the third is carried out for prophylaxis with live vaccines at six months;

And then revaccination is carried out at 18, 20 months and at 14 years.

Types of vaccines:

1. Pentaxim - vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis and Haemophilus influenzae. They make an injection. Manufacturer France.
2. Tetraxim - prevention of whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis. Manufacturer France.
3. Infanrix Hexa - whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, hepatitis B, invasive infection. Do in the form of an injection. Belgium.
4. Infanrix Penta - whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B. Belgium.
5. Poliorix is ​​an inactivated vaccine. Belgium.

Before the first vaccination, it is necessary to consult a neurologist and take tests. If your child has allergies, first discuss with your doctor which allergy medications you will be using. Buy something for fever - in a baby, it can be a reaction to vaccination.

Do not introduce a new complementary food, an allergy may appear. Take your child's temperature before vaccination. If it is, in no case should you administer the vaccine. Vaccination is carried out by injection or droplets into the mouth. Usually two drops are dripped, but if the child burps, the procedure is repeated.

There is usually no response to the oral live polio vaccine. In rare cases, there may be side effects in the form of temperature. In very young children, diarrhea is very rarely observed, which will persist for one to two days. Such reactions are not considered a complication.

OPV remains in the intestines for up to one month and during this time immunity is developed almost the same as after the transfer of the disease. In this case, the virus does not enter the body. Protective cells are formed that recognize and destroy it.

Another important property of a live vaccine is that while it functions in the intestines, the wild virus does not enter the body. In regions where this infection exists, a newborn is vaccinated immediately at the maternity hospital with a live vaccine, and it protects the baby in the first month of life.

Then, when he is two months old, the first infectious dose is administered and after that he is vaccinated according to the schedule. The live vaccine against this disease stimulates the synthesis of interferon and therefore may protect against influenza.

The only serious complication that vaccination can give is (VAP). The disease most often manifests itself when the first vaccination is given to a baby born with an immunodeficiency, a gastrointestinal defect (congenital) or AIDS. In other cases, complications do not appear. Children who have undergone VAP should continue to receive vaccinations against this deadly disease, but only with inactivated polio vaccine.

Positive and negative sides

The medicine is available in doses. Babies under eighteen months are injected in one of the thighs, older ones in the shoulder. After vaccination, five percent have a local reaction to the injection in the form of redness, but this is not considered a complication.

Four percent of those vaccinated have minor side effects, such as a fever that persists for two days after vaccination. In response to the introduction of this virus, blood antibodies appear in the baby's body, which are not able to synthesize cells that kill viruses with the underlying pathogen.

This is a very big minus of the inactivated vaccine. There are no contraindications for IPV, and even children with immunodeficiency are vaccinated with it. Sometimes complications from IPV can be allergic reactions.

Unvaccinated immunocompromised people become infected and sick from people who have long been vaccinated.

It is very dangerous when people with AIDS become infected with this infection.

Healthy people do not have to observe quarantine after vaccination, you can walk with your baby as usual.

When a baby is vaccinated against polio, the consequences should not pose any danger to his health if it is done correctly. It helps a still weak child's body to fight a serious illness. It will forever save the child from the disease, and parents from the fears brought by the infection.

Poliomyelitis is one of the viral diseases that breaks out mainly in Asia and Africa. Having the ability to travel through the air, the virus also reaches prosperous regions of Europe and America. WHO sees only one way to fight the epidemic - to vaccinate children and adults.

The polio vaccine is included in the immunization calendar and is considered mandatory for

Types of polio vaccines with drug names

Polio vaccines are available in 2 forms:

• Drops. Contains weakened forms of the virus of all 3 types, are administered orally to develop passive immunity in the intestines. It is called Sebin Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV).
• Homogeneous suspensions in disposable syringes of 0.5 ml. They also include dead viral forms of 3 types. Vaccination is done intramuscularly. Immunity is formed at the injection site and then spreads throughout the body. It's called inactivated Salk vaccine (IPV).

The first form of the vaccine is cheaper than the second. It is successfully produced by domestic pharmaceutical companies, unlike IPV, which is an imported product.

Polio vaccines are divided into 2 types - monocomponent and combined:

• the former include Poliorix and Imovax Polio;
• the second -, Infanrix Penta, Infanrix IPV, Tetracoccus, Microgen (see also:).

Differences between OPV and IPV

Each type of polio vaccine has its own benefits and side effects, although IPV has fewer unpleasant symptoms after administration. In countries with high epidemiological levels, OPV is widely used. The reason is the cheapness of drops and the development of strong immunity. Distinctive features vaccines are presented in the table below.

Table of characteristics of polio vaccines:

How Vaccines Work

The principle of operation of the OPV is as follows. Getting on the root of the tongue or tonsils, the vaccine is absorbed into the bloodstream and enters the intestines. The incubation period of the virus is a month, the body actively begins to produce antibodies (protective proteins) and protective cells that can destroy the causative agent of polio upon contact with it in the future. The former constitute secretory immunity on the mucous membranes of the intestines and in the blood. Their task is to recognize the virus and prevent its entry into the body.

Additional bonuses from OPV are:

• Blocking the penetration of the wild form of the virus while weakened in the intestine.
• Activation of interferon synthesis. The child may get sick less often respiratory diseases viral nature, influenza.

The principle of IPV action: getting into the muscle tissue, it is quickly absorbed and remains at the injection site until the production of antibodies that spread throughout circulatory system. Since they are not on the intestinal mucosa, contact with the virus in the future will lead to infection of the child.

Children's vaccination schedule

In the Russian Federation, a sequence of vaccinations against poliomyelitis has been approved, consisting of 2 stages - vaccination and revaccination. With absence serious illnesses for a child who is entitled to a deferment from vaccination, the schedule is as follows:

• the first stage - at 3, 4.5 and 6 months;
• the second stage - at 1.5 years, 20 months and 14 years.

The schedule provides for a combination of OPV and IPV. For infants, pediatricians recommend intramuscular injections, and for babies after a year, drip. Older children are vaccinated against polio in the shoulder.

If parents choose only IPV for a child, then it is enough to vaccinate 5 times. The last injection is given at 5 years of age. Skipping a vaccine on schedule does not mean you have to start the regimen over again. Enough to agree optimal time with an immunologist and carry out as many procedures as needed.

How is the polio vaccine given?

At the time of vaccination, the child must be healthy, with normal body temperature, without relapse allergic disease. The pediatrician, if necessary, can prescribe tests - blood, urine and feces. Parents have the right to examine the child without their appointment and consult with an immunologist.

OPV

For a child under one year old, OPV is dripped onto the root of the tongue with a special pipette or syringe without a needle. Here the concentration of lymphoid tissue is greatest. For older children, the vaccine is dripped onto the tonsils. A sufficient amount of pink liquid - 2-4 drops.

The quality of OPV depends on compliance with the rules for its storage. The live vaccine is frozen and transported as such. After defrosting, it retains its properties for 6 months.

It is important to observe the accuracy of the vaccine so that the child does not swallow it or burp it, otherwise it is necessary to repeat the instillation. In the first case, the drug will be split gastric juice. After entering the drops, the child is allowed to drink water and eat food after an hour and a half.

IPV

The vaccine with killed polio pathogens is distributed in 0.5 ml disposable syringes or is included in combined vaccines. Where to enter it - it is better to coordinate with the pediatrician. Usually, babies under 1.5 years old are given an injection in the thigh area into the muscle tissue (we recommend reading:). Older children - in the shoulder. In rare cases, the vaccine is injected under the shoulder blade.

The skin puncture site does not need to be protected from water when bathing. It should not be rubbed or exposed to direct sunlight for the next 2 days.

4 inactivated vaccines are equal to 5 OPV in terms of the quality of produced immunity. To develop a strong immunity against polio, pediatricians insist on a combination of live and dead viruses.

Contraindications for vaccination

Contraindications for vaccination against polio are the following conditions:

• infectious disease in a child;
• period of exacerbation of a chronic disease.

Complete refusal of vaccination against polio due to complications have children with the following diseases and pathologies. For oral vaccine:

• HIV, congenital immunodeficiency, the presence of the latter in the relatives of the child;
• pregnancy planning, already pregnant mother of a baby for whom vaccination is planned;
• consequences of a neurological nature after past vaccinations - convulsions, disruption of the nervous system;
• severe consequences after a previous vaccination - heat(39 and above), allergic reaction;
• allergy to vaccine components (antibiotics) - streptomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin B, neomycin;
• neoplasms.

For vaccination with non-live virus:

• allergy to neomycin, streptomycin;
• complications after the last vaccination - severe swelling at the site of skin puncture up to 7 cm in diameter;
• malignant neoplasms.

Normal reaction to vaccination and possible side effects

The introduction of a third-party substance inevitably causes a reaction in the body. After vaccination against polio, it is considered conditionally normal when the baby has the following symptoms:

• on days 5-14, the temperature rose to 37.5 degrees;
• there is a disorder of the stool in the form of diarrhea or constipation, which disappears on its own after a couple of days;
• vomiting, nausea and weakness appear;
• anxiety increases before going to bed, he is naughty;
• the puncture site turns red and thickens, but its diameter does not exceed 8 cm;
• a mild rash appears, which is easily eliminated by short-term use of antihistamines.

Possible Complications

Complications after vaccination are serious and dangerous. The first is the result of a violation of vaccination prescriptions, for example, when a child had an acute respiratory viral infection or his immunity was weakened by a recent illness.

After polio vaccination dangerous complications OPV is vaccine-associated polio and severe bowel dysfunction. The first one, in terms of the nature of the manifestation and methods of treatment, is identical to the “wild” form, therefore the baby is subject to hospitalization in the infectious diseases department of the hospital. The second occurs when diarrhea does not go away within 3 days after vaccination.

The likelihood of VAP as a complication is higher at the first injection, with each subsequent it decreases. The risk of VAP is higher in children with immunodeficiency and developmental pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

Complications after the introduction of an inactivated vaccine are of a different nature. The most dangerous of them are arthritis, lifelong lameness. serious side effects there will be allergic reactions in the form of edema of the lungs, limbs and face, itching and rash, difficulty breathing.

Can a vaccinated child get polio?

The answer is unequivocal - yes, you can. Especially when a baby vaccinated with a live vaccine comes into contact with children who have not passed it or have a weakened immune system.

The danger of contact remains for:

• pregnant women;
• adults with HIV infection, AIDS;
• travelers visiting countries with a high epidemiological threshold for polio;
• medical workers - doctors of infectious diseases hospitals and laboratory assistants who come into contact with the virus during the creation of the vaccine;
• cancer patients and people taking medications to suppress the immune system.

In preschool institutions, children without vaccinations are limited to attendance for a month, at school - up to 2 months. Strict adherence to hygiene rules and the use of personal belongings by each baby can significantly reduce the risk of infection.

Should I get vaccinated or should I refuse?

Each parent finds the answer for himself. On the one hand, there are recommendations from WHO and the country's Ministry of Health, which unequivocally insist on vaccination, in terms of mortality from the virus. On the other hand, the body of each baby has its own characteristics, and his parents, having understood the mechanism of action of the vaccine, its composition and consequences, may be afraid to vaccinate.

The former are supported by the majority of pediatricians, immunologists, heads of children's institutions, who use methods of psychological pressure on parents. The interests of the latter are protected by the legislation of the country, leaving the right for parents to make a decision on the issue of vaccinating a child.