Clinical blood test decoding. Blood test with leukocyte formula

A biochemical blood test is a diagnostic study that is widely used in all areas of medicine and allows you to judge the functioning of organs and systems and the whole organism as a whole. results this study can indicate with high accuracy the onset of inflammatory processes in the body, pathologies of a malignant nature, hormonal disruptions and so on. In this material, we will consider the decoding of a biochemical blood test in adults in the table.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

A biochemical blood test shows the presence of pathological processes in the body at the most early stages, that is, when clinical symptoms do not yet appear and the person does not even suspect about the disease.

The correct interpretation of the results of the study allows you to determine the diagnosis and prescribe a timely effective treatment. By and large, blood biochemistry shows how metabolic processes proceed in the body, what is the level of hormones, the presence of cancer cells and other pathological foci.

Indications for the study

A biochemical blood test is prescribed to all patients who turn to a therapist or other specialist with any complaints. The indications for this study are:

• diseases of the female reproductive sphere - infertility, failures and menstrual irregularities of unclear etiology, inflammation of the uterus and appendages, fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis;
• diseases of the liver and organs of the gastrointestinal tract - pancreatitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer stomach, cholecystitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis;
• organ diseases endocrine system – diabetes, hypo and hyperthyroidism, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, obesity, suspected tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels - past heart attacks and stroke, hypercholesterolemia, cerebral ischemia, ischemic disease hearts;
• suspicion of renal or hepatic insufficiency - in order to identify pathology or control ongoing treatment;
• oncological diseases;
• inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system - arthritis, osteoporosis, arthrosis.

In some cases, a biochemical blood test is enough to make a correct diagnosis for the patient, and sometimes this requires an additional methods diagnosis, which depends on the course of the disease and the characteristics of the patient's body.

How is a biochemical blood test done?

A biochemical blood test is a sampling of biological material from the cubital vein (or any other vein, if the cubital is not available for any reason) in the amount of 5 ml. Sometimes, up to 20 ml of blood is collected from a patient to conduct several diagnostic tests. In order for the results of the analysis to be truthful and as accurate as possible, you should properly prepare for the procedure.

Preparation for donating blood from a vein consists of the following steps:

1. 3 days before the study, the patient needs to follow a certain diet - fatty, sweet, spicy, alcohol, strong coffee and strong black tea, spices and smoked meats, pickles and canned food are excluded from the diet;
2. the day before the test and on the day of blood sampling, you must stop smoking, eating and taking medicines- if it is impossible to cancel the medication for vital reasons, then you should definitely inform the doctor about it;
3. on the day of blood sampling, you can’t eat anything - the analysis is taken strictly on an empty stomach!;
4. avoid stress and overexertion the day before and on the day of blood sampling - test results such as blood for hormones may be unreliable if the patient is nervous or physically overloaded.

The results of the analysis are transmitted to the doctor who issued the referral for the examination, and the specialist will inform the patient about the presence of deviations, depending on which he will select the treatment.

Table of norms for a biochemical blood test in adults

The table shows the indicators of a biochemical blood test that doctors pay attention to, as well as the norms for men and women over 18 years of age.

total protein

The term "total protein" means the total amount of proteins that are generally found in the blood. Proteins take an active part in the biochemical processes of the body:

• are catalysts for chemical reactions;
• transport substances to organs and tissues;
• take part in the immune defense of the body against infections.

Normally, in a healthy adult, the level of protein in the blood should not exceed 84 g / l. In case of a significant increase in this norm human body becomes vulnerable to attack by viruses and infections.

Increased protein in the blood: causes

The main reasons for increasing the level of protein in the blood are:

1. rheumatism;
2. inflammation of the joints;
3. oncological neoplasms.

Reduced blood protein levels: causes

The causes of low protein in a blood test from a vein are:

• liver disease;
• intestinal pathology;
• disorders in the work of the kidneys;
• malignant tumors in the body.

When studying indicators of blood biochemistry, attention is also paid to albumin. Albumin is a protein produced by the human liver and is the main protein in blood plasma. Enhanced Level albumin in the blood is observed when:

• extensive burns;
• intractable diarrhea;
• dehydration of the body.

A decrease in the level of albumin in the blood is characteristic of:

1. pregnant and lactating women;
2. cirrhosis of the liver or chronic hepatitis;
3. sepsis;
4. heart failure;
5. drug overdose and poisoning.

Glucose

Normal in a biochemical blood test in an adult healthy person from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol / l are detected (glucose tolerance test is performed).

Increased glucose levels, causes

An increase in sugar levels in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of:

• diabetes;
• diseases of the endocrine system;
• tumor of the pancreas;
• hemorrhagic stroke;
• cystic fibrosis.

The short-term tolerable rise in blood sugar levels is due to overeating, stress, and eating too much sweets.

Low blood sugar: causes

A decrease in blood glucose below 3.5 mmol / l often occurs against the background of such conditions:

• liver disease;
• inflammatory diseases of the pancreas;
• hypothyroidism;
• alcohol poisoning;
• drug overdose;
• stomach cancer;
• adrenal cancer.

Uric acid

Uric acid is a breakdown product of nucleic acids (purine formations). Normally, in a healthy adult, uric acid does not accumulate in the body and is excreted by the kidneys with urine. In the blood, uric acid values ​​normally do not exceed 0.43 mmol / l.

Increased uric acid level

The reasons for the increase in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma are:

1. kidney failure;
2. lymphoma;
3. leukemia;
4. alcoholism;
5. exhausting long diets;
6. overdose of diuretics and salicylates.

Decreased uric acid levels

A decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma of less than 0.16 mmol / l is noted under the following conditions:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia;
2. Allopurinol treatment;
3. hepatitis.

Urea

Urea is formed in the body as a breakdown product of proteins. An increase in the level of urea is observed in kidney diseases.

A decrease in the level of urea in the blood is typical for pregnant women, people who play sports or practice therapeutic starvation. A pathological decrease in the level of urea in the blood is associated with celiac disease, heavy metal poisoning, and cirrhosis of the liver.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a protein breakdown product that does not accumulate in the body, but is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. This substance is a product of protein metabolism occurring in skeletal muscles and the brain. The level of this product in the blood plasma directly depends on the condition of the kidneys and muscles.

Increased creatinine: causes

The reasons for the increased content of creatinine in the blood plasma are the following conditions:

• kidney failure;
• muscle injury;
• hyperfunction thyroid gland;
• excessive physical activity.

In some cases, an increase in creatinine in the blood can be caused by taking medications.

ALT (ALAT, alanine aminotransferase) and AST (AsAT)

ALT is an enzyme that is synthesized inside the liver cells and takes part in the functioning of the organ. With the development of any liver disease, its cells are destroyed, and part of the alanine aminotransferase enters the blood. Determining the level of ALT allows you to judge about possible violations liver function and the presence of diseases of this organ.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is found inside the cells of the heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscles, kidneys, nerve fibers and takes an active part in anacid metabolism. An increase in the level of ALT above the level of AST is characteristic of liver diseases. In the case when the AST indicators exceed the ALT indicators, the patient in most cases is diagnosed with pathologies such as:

• myocardial infarction;
• angina;
• rheumatic heart disease;
• toxic hepatitis;
• pancreatitis in acute form;
• liver cancer;
• heart failure.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a constituent component of lipid metabolism, which takes an active part in the formation of cell membranes, the synthesis of hormones reproductive system and vitamin D. There are several types of cholesterol:

1. low density cholesterol (LDL);
2. high density cholesterol (HDL);
3. total cholesterol;
4. lipoprotein cholesterol.

Depending on the level of increase in cholesterol levels, there are:

1. mild degree of hypercholesterolemia - up to 6.5 mmol / l, the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases;
2. the average degree - up to 8 mmol / l, is corrected by a special low-lipid diet;
3. high degree - more than 8 mmol / l, requires the appointment of drugs.

Increased cholesterol: causes

The main reasons for high blood cholesterol levels are:

• atherosclerosis;
• hypothyroidism;
• diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation;
• chronic hepatitis;
• mechanical jaundice.

Cholesterol is lowered: causes

A decrease in blood cholesterol levels below normal is a consequence of the following conditions:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• prolonged fasting;
• malignant tumors in the liver;
• violation of metabolic processes;
• hyperthyroidism;
• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a red-yellow pigment that is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Normally, in the blood of an adult, from 5 to 20 µmol / l.

High bilirubin

The causes of elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood are:

1. oncological diseases of the liver;
2. cholelithiasis;
3. acute cholecystitis;
4. cholangitis.

Decreased bilirubin level

A decrease in the level of bilirubin in the blood below the norm is observed in the following conditions:

1. acute hepatitis;
2. liver disease caused by a bacterial infection;
3. drug poisoning;
4. toxic hepatitis.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of carbohydrates and facilitates the digestion process. Amylase is found in the pancreas and salivary glands, distinguish diastase (alpha-amylase) and pancreatic amylase.

Increase in amylase

An increase in amylase in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of such conditions:

• pancreatitis;
• peritonitis;
• diabetes;
• stones in the pancreas;
• cholecystitis;
• kidney and liver failure.

Decreased amylase levels

A reduced level of amylase in terms of a blood test is characteristic of the following conditions:

• myocardial infarction;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• pancreatic necrosis.

Minerals: potassium and sodium in the blood

Potassium

Normally, the blood of a healthy adult contains from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l of potassium. A decrease in the level of this microelement is observed in such conditions:

• disease of the adrenal cortex;
• debilitating diets;
• insufficient intake of salt with food, prolonged salt-free diets;
• dehydration of the body as a result of vomiting and diarrhea;
• excessive levels of adrenal hormones in the blood, including an overdose of hydrocortisone in the form of injections;
• cystic fibrosis.

An increase in potassium in the blood is characteristic of:

• acute renal failure;
• kidney disease;
• insufficiency of the adrenal cortex;
• convulsions;
• severe injuries.

An increase in the level of potassium in the blood is called hyperkalemia, and a decrease is called hypokalemia.

Sodium

The main purpose of sodium in the blood is to maintain the physiological pH level and osmotic pressure in tissues and cells. The amount of sodium in the blood is controlled by the hormone of the adrenal cortex - aldosterone.

A decrease in sodium in the blood is observed in the following conditions:

• diabetes;
• chronic heart failure;
• swelling;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• abuse of diuretics.

An increase in sodium in the blood is observed when:

• salt abuse;
• diabetes insipidus;
• profuse sweat;
• intractable vomiting and prolonged diarrhea;
• diseases of the hypothalamus;
• coma.

As a conclusion

Biochemical analysis of blood is an integral part in the diagnosis of diseases. internal organs. Norms for men and women may differ slightly depending on the conditions of blood sampling, adherence to the rules of preparation and laboratory.

Thanks

The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

General blood test - characteristic

Currently, complete blood count is a routine method. laboratory diagnostics a wide range of different pathologies. This analysis is used both to confirm a suspected disease, and to identify hidden, symptomatic pathologies, and for a preventive examination, and to monitor a person’s condition during treatment or chronic course incurable disease, etc., as it provides a wide range of information about the state of the blood system and the body as a whole. Similar versatility general analysis blood is explained by the fact that in the course of its implementation, various blood parameters are determined, which are influenced by the state of all organs and tissues of the human body. And, therefore, any pathological changes in the body are reflected in varying degrees of severity on the parameters of the blood, because it reaches literally every cell of our body.

But such universality of the general blood test has also reverse side- it is non-specific. That is, changes in each parameter of the general blood test may indicate various pathologies from different organs and systems. The doctor cannot unequivocally say, based on the results of a general blood test, what disease a person has, but can only make an assumption, consisting of a whole list of various pathologies. And in order to accurately diagnose the pathology, it is necessary, firstly, to take into account the clinical symptoms that a person has, and secondly, to appoint other additional studies that are more specific.

Thus, a general clinical blood test, on the one hand, provides a large amount of information, but on the other hand, this information requires clarification and can serve as the basis for further targeted examination.

Currently, a general blood test necessarily includes counting the total number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets, determining the level of hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and counting the number of different types of leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes (leukocyte formula). These parameters are determined in any laboratory and are mandatory components of a general blood test.

However, due to the widespread use of last years various automated analyzers, other parameters determined by these devices (for example, hematocrit, average erythrocyte volume, average hemoglobin content in one erythrocyte, average platelet volume, thrombocrit, reticulocyte count, etc.) can be included in the general blood test. All these additional parameters are not required for a complete blood count, but since the analyzer automatically determines them, the laboratory staff includes them in the final test result.

In general, the use of analyzers allows you to perform a general blood test quickly and process a larger number of samples per unit time, but this method does not make it possible to deeply assess various pathological changes in the structure of blood cells. In addition, analyzers, just like people, make mistakes, and therefore their result cannot be considered the ultimate truth or more accurate than the result of manual calculations. And the number of indices automatically calculated by the analyzers is also not an indicator of their advantage, since they are calculated based on the main values ​​of the analysis - the number of platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin, leukocyte formula, and therefore can also be erroneous.

That is why experienced doctors often ask laboratory staff in difficult cases to conduct a general blood test in manual mode, since this method is individual and allows you to identify such features and nuances that no apparatus is able to determine, working according to some average canons and norms. We can say that a general blood test in manual mode is like individual tailoring, like manual work, but the same analysis on an automatic analyzer is like mass production of clothes according to average patterns or like working on a conveyor. Accordingly, the difference between a blood test in manual mode and on an analyzer is the same as between manual individual production and conveyor assembly. For example, when working on the analyzer, anemia (low hemoglobin level) can be detected, but additional studies will have to be performed to determine its cause. If the blood test is carried out manually, then the laboratory assistant can determine the cause of anemia in most cases by the size and structure of red blood cells.

Naturally, with sufficient experience of the laboratory assistant, a manual general blood test is more accurate and complete than that done on the analyzer. But to perform such analyzes, you need staff of laboratory assistants and their rather painstaking and long training, but to work on the analyzer, a smaller number of specialists is enough, and you don’t have to train them so carefully with the layout of various nuances and "undercurrents". The reasons for switching to a simpler, but less informative general blood test on the analyzer are diverse, and everyone can isolate them on their own. We will not talk about them, since they are not the subject of the article. But as part of the description of the differences between manual and automatic CBC options, we should mention this.

Any version (manual or on the analyzer) of the general blood test is widely used in the medical practice of doctors of all specialties. Without it, the usual preventive annual examination and any examination about a person's disease is unthinkable.

Currently, blood samples from a vein and from a finger can be used for a complete blood count. The results of the study of both venous and capillary (from a finger) blood are equally informative. Therefore, you can choose the method of donating blood (from a vein or from a finger) that the person himself likes more and is better tolerated. However, if you have to donate blood from a vein for other tests, then it is rational to take a sample of venous blood for a general analysis in one go.

What does a general blood test show?

Thus, summarizing, we can say that a general blood test shows in which way (inflammation, dystrophy, tumor, etc.) a certain pathology occurs in a person. Together with the symptoms, according to the general blood test, it is possible to localize the pathology - to understand which organ was affected. But further for the diagnosis, the doctor prescribes clarifying tests and examinations. Thus, a complete blood count, together with symptoms, is an invaluable guide in the matter of diagnostics: "What to look for and where to look?".

In addition, a complete blood count allows you to track a person’s condition during therapy, as well as in acute or incurable chronic diseases and adjust the treatment in a timely manner. For the purpose of evaluation general condition of the body, a general blood test is also mandatory when preparing for planned and emergency operations, after surgical interventions to track complications, in case of injuries, burns and any other acute conditions.

Also, a general blood test must be given as part of preventive examinations for a comprehensive assessment of a person's health status.

Indications and contraindications for complete blood count

• Preventive examination (annual, upon admission to work, upon registration in educational institutions, kindergartens, etc.);
• Scheduled examination before admission to the hospital;
• Suspicion of existing infectious, inflammatory diseases (a person may be disturbed by fever, lethargy, weakness, drowsiness, pain in any part of the body, etc.);
• Suspicion of blood diseases and malignant tumors (a person may be disturbed by pallor, frequent colds, prolonged non-healing of wounds, fragility and hair loss, etc.);
• Monitoring the effectiveness of ongoing therapy for an existing disease;
• Monitoring the course of an existing disease.

Before the complete blood count (preparation)

However, since a complete blood count must be taken on an empty stomach, within 12 hours before taking a blood sample, you must refrain from any food, but you can drink liquid without restriction. In addition, 12 to 14 hours before taking a blood test, it is advisable to refrain from smoking, high physical exertion and strong emotional impressions. If for some reason it is impossible to refuse food within 12 hours, then a general blood test is allowed 4 to 6 hours after the last meal. Also, if it is not possible to exclude smoking, physical and emotional stress within 12 hours, then you should refrain from them for at least half an hour before taking the test.

Children should be reassured before taking a general blood test, as prolonged crying can cause an increase in the total number of leukocytes.

It is advisable to stop taking medications 2 to 4 days before the blood test, but if this is not possible, then you must definitely tell the doctor which medications are being taken.

It is also advisable to take a complete blood count before any other medical manipulations. In other words, if a person has to undergo a comprehensive examination, then first you need to pass a general blood test, and only after that go for other diagnostic manipulations.

Delivery of a general blood test

General rules for taking a general blood test

After taking a complete blood count, you can go about your usual activities, since taking a blood sample does not significant impact for well-being.

General analysis of blood from a finger

Blood is usually taken from the ring finger, but if after the puncture of the pad it is not possible to squeeze out even a drop of blood, then another finger is punctured. In some cases, you have to pierce several fingers to get the required amount of blood. If it is impossible to take blood from a finger, then it is taken from the earlobe or heel according to the same method as from the finger.

General analysis of blood from a vein

To take blood from a vein, a tourniquet is applied to the arm just below the shoulder, they are asked to clench and unclench their fist several times so that the veins clearly stand out in the elbow area, swell and become visible. After that, the elbow area is treated with a swab moistened with an antiseptic, and a vein is pierced with a syringe needle. Entering the vein, the nurse pulls the plunger of the syringe towards herself, drawing blood. When the required amount of blood has been collected, the nurse removes the needle from the vein, pours the blood into a test tube, and puts cotton wool moistened with an antiseptic on the puncture site and asks to bend the arm at the elbow. The hand must be held in this position for several minutes until the bleeding stops.

On an empty stomach or not to take a general blood test?

That is why, in order to obtain a reliable and accurate result, a complete blood count should always be taken only on an empty stomach after the previous 8-14 hour fast. Accordingly, it is understandable why it is recommended to take a general blood test in the morning on an empty stomach - when, after a night's sleep, a hungry period of sufficient duration passes.

If for some reason it is impossible to take a general blood test in the morning on an empty stomach, then it is allowed to take the test at any time of the day, but only at least 4 hours after the last meal. Thus, at least 4 hours should pass from the moment a person has eaten to taking a general blood test (but it is better if more passes - 6-8 hours).

Indicators of the general blood test

• Total number of red blood cells (may be referred to as RBC);
• Total white blood cell count (may be referred to as WBC);
• Total platelet count (may be referred to as PLT);
• Hemoglobin concentration (may be referred to as HGB, Hb);
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (may be referred to as ESR);
• Hematocrit (may be referred to as HCT);
• The number of different types of leukocytes in percent (leukocyte formula) - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. The leukocyte formula also separately indicates the percentage of young and blast forms of leukocytes, plasma cells, atypical mononuclear cells, if any are found in a blood smear.

In addition to these mandatory parameters, additional indicators may be included in the general blood test. These indicators are not determined specifically, they are automatically calculated by the hematology analyzer on which the analysis is performed. Depending on the programs embedded in the analyzer, the following parameters can be additionally included in the complete blood count:

• Absolute content (number) of neutrophils (may be referred to as NEUT#, NE#);
• Absolute content (number) of eosinophils (may be referred to as EO#);
• Absolute content (number) of basophils (may be referred to as BA#);
• Absolute content (number) of lymphocytes (may be referred to as LYM#, LY#);
• Absolute content (number) of monocytes (may be referred to as MON#, MO#);
• Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV);
• Average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte in picograms (MCH);
• The concentration of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte in percent (MCHC);
• The width of the distribution of erythrocytes by volume (may be referred to as RDW-CV, RDW);
• Mean platelet volume (MPV);
• Platelet distribution width by volume (may be referred to as PDW);
• The relative content of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils in percent (may be referred to as MXD%, MID%);
• Absolute content (number) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (may be referred to as MXD#, MID#);
• The relative content of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils as a percentage (may be referred to as IMM% or young forms);
• The absolute content (number) of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (may be referred to as IMM # ​​or young forms);
• The relative content of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils as a percentage (may be referred to as GR%, GRAN%);
• The absolute content (number) of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (may be referred to as GR #, GRAN #);
• The relative content of atypical lymphocytes in percent (may be referred to as ATL%);
• The absolute content (number) of atypical lymphocytes (may be referred to as ATL#).

The above additional parameters are included in the complete blood count in cases where they are automatically calculated by the analyzer. But since the analyzers can be different, the list of such additional parameters of the general blood test is also different, and depends on the type of hematological apparatus. In principle, these additional parameters are not too necessary, since if necessary, the doctor can calculate them independently based on the main indicators of the general blood test. Therefore, in fact, in practice, doctors pay little attention to all additional parameters in the general blood test calculated by the analyzer. Accordingly, you should not be upset if there are few or no specified additional parameters in the general blood test, since they are, in principle, not needed.

The norms of a general blood test in adults

So, the total number of red blood cells is counted in pieces per liter or microliter. Moreover, if the count is per liter, then the number of red blood cells is indicated as follows: X T / l, de X is the number, and T / l is the tera per liter. The word tera means the number 1012. Thus, if the result of the analysis is 3.5 T / l, then this means that 3.5 * 1012 pieces of red blood cells circulate in one liter of blood. If the calculation is per microliter, then the number of red blood cells is indicated by X million / μl, where X is the number, and million / μl is a million per microliter. Accordingly, if it is indicated that erythrocytes are 3.5 million / μl, then this means that 3.5 million erythrocytes circulate in one microliter. It is characteristic that the number of erythrocytes in T / l and million / μl coincides, since there is only a mathematical difference between them in a unit of measurement of 106. That is, a tera is more than a million by 106, and a liter is more than a microliter by 106, which means that the concentration of erythrocytes in T/l and mln/µl is exactly the same, and only the unit of measurement differs.

Normally, the total number of red blood cells is 3.5 - 4.8 in adult women and 4.0 - 5.2 in adult men.

The total number of platelets in the blood is normal in men and women is 180 - 360 g / l. The unit of measure G/l means 109 pieces per litre. Thus, if, for example, the number of platelets is 200 g / l, then this means that 200 * 109 platelets circulate in a liter of blood.

The total number of leukocytes is normal in men and women 4 - 9 g / l. Also, the number of leukocytes can be counted in thousand / μl (thousands per microliter), and it is exactly the same as in G / l, since both the number of pieces and the volume differ by 106, and the concentration is the same.

According to the leukocyte formula, normal blood in adult men and women contains different kinds leukocytes in the following ratios:

• Neutrophils - 47 - 72% (of which 0 - 5% are young, 1 - 5% are stab and 40 - 70% are segmented);
• Eosinophils - 1 - 5%;
• Basophils - 0 - 1%
• Monocytes - 3 - 12%;
• Lymphocytes - 18 - 40%.

The concentration of hemoglobin is normal in adult women 120 - 150 g / l, and in adult men - 130 - 170 g / l. In addition to g/l, hemoglobin concentration can be measured in g/dl and mmol/l. To convert g/l to g/dl, divide the g/l value by 10 to get the g/dl value. Accordingly, to convert g / dl to g / l, you need to multiply the hemoglobin concentration value by 10. To convert the value in g / l to mmol / l, you need to multiply the number in g / l by 0.0621. And to convert mmol / l to g / l, you need to multiply the value of hemoglobin concentration in mmol / l by 16.1.

Normal hematocrit for adult women is 35 - 47, and for men - 39 - 54.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is normally 5-15 mm/hour in women aged 17–60 years, and 5–20 mm/hour in women older than 60 years. ESR in men 17-60 years old is normally less than 3-10 mm/hour, and over 60 years old - less than 3-15 mm/hour.

The average erythrocyte volume (MCV) is normally 76-103 fl in men and 80-100 fl in women.

The concentration of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte (MCHC) is normally 32 - 36 g / dl.

The distribution width of erythrocytes by volume (RDW-CV) is normally 11.5 - 14.5%.

The average platelet volume (MPV) in normal adult men and women is 6-13 fl.

The platelet distribution width by volume (PDW) is normally 10–20% in men and women.

The absolute content (number) of lymphocytes (LYM#, LY#) in normal adults is 1.2 - 3.0 G/l or thousand/µl.

The relative content of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (MXD%, MID%) is normally 5-10%.

The absolute content (number) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils (MXD#, MID#) is normally 0.2 - 0.8 G / l or thousand / μl.

The absolute content (number) of monocytes (MON#, MO#) is normally 0.1 - 0.6 G/l or thousand/µl.

The absolute content (number) of neutrophils (NEUT #, NE #) is normally 1.9 - 6.4 G / l or thousand / μl.

The absolute content (number) of eosinophils (EO#) is normally 0.04 - 0.5 G / l or thousand / μl.

The absolute content (number) of basophils (BA#) is normally up to 0.04 G/l or thousand/µl.

The relative content of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils as a percentage (IMM% or young forms) is normally no more than 5%.

The absolute content (number) of immature granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (IMM # ​​or young forms) is normally not more than 0.5 G / l or thousand / μl.

The relative content of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (GR%, GRAN%) is normally 48 - 78%.

The absolute content (number) of all granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils (GR #, GRAN #) is normally 1.9 - 7.0 G / l or thousand / μl.

The relative content of atypical lymphocytes (ATL%) is normally absent.

The absolute content (number) of atypical lymphocytes (ATL#) is absent in the norm.

Table of norms for a general blood test in adults

The table above shows the main indicators of the general blood test with their normal values for men and women.

In the table below, we present the values ​​​​of the norms of additional indicators, which are the same for men and women.

Complete blood count in children - norms

A general (or clinical) blood test is performed to detect changes in the quantitative and qualitative indicators of its composition. Such a laboratory study of blood components can be carried out for the purpose of prophylaxis to exclude latent sluggish diseases, to confirm or refute a preliminary diagnosis, to track the dynamics of an already confirmed disease. The interpretation of the results of clinical analysis in adults has the form of a table containing the names of indicators, units of measurement, norms and actually detected deviations in the composition of the blood.

Human blood consists of plasma (liquid part) and formed elements (cells): leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes. Their amount in the blood directly depends on the age and sex of the person, as well as his physical condition. Each type of shaped elements has its own functions:

• leukocytes are responsible for immune defense,
• platelets - for blood clotting,
• erythrocytes provide transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Most of the processes affecting the state of various tissues and organs, one way or another, are reflected in the composition of the blood. This is evidenced by the change in a number of indicators determined during clinical analysis.

A clinical blood test includes counting all types of cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), determining their parameters (size and shape of cells), leukocyte formula, measuring hemoglobin levels, determining the ratio of cell mass to plasma (hematocrit). Also during the study, ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is determined, which is a clear indicator of autoimmune diseases.

AT laboratory diagnostics a general clinical blood test is one of the first places among other laboratory diagnostic procedures.

Indications for analysis

Changes in blood composition can be of diagnostic value in a number of human diseases.

A detailed clinical blood test is a standard study that is used in laboratory diagnostics to identify:

The main function of neutrophils is the formation of immunity. They have detoxification, antioxidant and bactericidal activity and are involved in the formation of the immune response in infectious diseases provoked by pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria.

In deciphering the analysis, neutrophils are designated as NEUT%, are determined as a percentage of the total volume of leukocytes. Normally, neutrophils in the blood of adults should contain 45-70%.

An increase in the number of neutrophils - neutrophilia - evidence of acute bacterial or fungal infections, bleeding, diseases accompanied by tissue necrosis, malignant neoplasms.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are the main cells of the immune system that provide the production of antibodies necessary for the formation of an immune response upon contact with pathogens.

The rate of lymphocytes in women and men does not differ, does not depend on age and is 19-37%.

Exceeding the indicator - lymphocytosis - is characteristic of most viral infections (influenza, SARS, herpes, hepatitis, etc.), exacerbation of allergic diseases.

A low number of lymphocytes is noted with immunodeficiency while taking immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids, as well as with certain types of anemia and leukemia.

Eosinophils

A type of leukocyte that has phagocytic properties and is involved in the formation of allergic reactions when the body comes into contact with external pathogens.

Normal levels of eosinophils in the blood in adults do not depend on gender and age and are in the range of 0-5%.

A decrease in eosinophils indicates acute infectious diseases, inflammatory processes in the organs abdominal cavity, blood poisoning. A significant deviation from the norm is observed within 16 hours after the onset of myocardial infarction, surgical intervention, burn or traumatic shock.

Monocytes

Monocytes are agranulocytes from the system of phagocytic mononuclear cells (macrophages) - long-lived cells, the properties and functions of which have much in common with neutrophils. They remove old, destroyed and dying cells, antigen complexes and altered native protein molecules from the body.

A decrease in the level of monocytes - a state of monocytopenia - is usually associated with inhibition of the hematopoietic process against the background of a deficiency of iron, B vitamins, folic acid, as a result of chemoradiation and hormonal therapy.

Basophils

Basophilic leukocytes are the first to react to the appearance of allergens, infections or other damaging factors in the body. They activate the mechanisms of an inflammatory-allergic nature, attracting other types of leukocytes, increasing the reactivity vascular wall, smooth muscles, changing the function of the cardiovascular and respiratory system, kidney.

Normally, the relative amount of basophils in the blood of an adult does not exceed 1% of the total number of leukocytes.

An increase in the indicator indicates the presence of food, seasonal or drug allergy, hypothyroidism, chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases.

A decrease in basophils can be the result of chronic stress, long-term use of antibiotics, cytostatics, chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Platelets (PLT)

Platelets are small, colorless, flat-shaped blood cells that form in the red bone marrow. Platelets take part in the process of blood clotting. They protect the walls of blood vessels from mechanical damage and prevent significant blood loss.

At rest, platelets are the smallest blood cells. However, if the vessel is damaged under the influence of biologically active substances they are capable of rapid transition to a new state.

When activated, platelets change their shape - many processes form on the surface of the cells, exceeding the size of the platelets themselves. This allows the cells to stick together and attach to the vessel wall, blocking the site of damage to the vessel wall. Thus, if necessary, platelets "close" wounds and stop bleeding.

Platelet counting is recommended for people who suffer from unexplained bruising, bleeding gums, excess blood during menstruation, nosebleeds, and those who do not stop bleeding from a small wound for a long time.

The index of platelet content is determined in the number of billion cells per liter of blood (* 10 9 l).

The average platelet volume is reduced - what does it mean

About what it means if the average platelet volume is lowered (denoted as MPV), people who are at risk for developing diseases of the thyroid gland, heart, and blood vessels need to know. Such a clinical picture can be observed in oncological diseases, iron deficiency anemia, pathologies of the hematopoietic system.

Some kidney diseases (for example, glomerulonephritis, an autoimmune, infectious, or allergic inflammation of the renal glomeruli) are also accompanied by a decrease in the average platelet volume. A physiological decrease in MPV is observed in pregnant women and nursing mothers.

If the average platelet volume is significantly below the physiological norm for several studies in a row, oncological diseases may be the cause, so such patients must be consulted by an oncologist.

The average platelet volume is increased - what does it mean

When a patient hears that he has an increased average platelet volume, you should not panic: first you need to figure out what this means and how dangerous it can be to health.

The following pathologies can lead to an increase in MPV in patients of any age:
• various forms of anemia;
• helminthic invasion;
• infectious and inflammatory diseases;
• cancerous tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

In some diseases of the hematopoietic system in the blood, there may also be a significant increase in the average volume of platelets.

A general clinical blood test is the most important element of the primary diagnosis, necessary for early detection existing disorders and the initial stages of inflammatory processes.

Donate blood at least once a year. People who are at risk for any pathologies or have chronic diseases should check their blood counts 2 to 4 times a year.

Hematocrit is an indicator that reflects how much blood is occupied by red blood cells. The hematocrit is usually expressed as a percentage: for example, a hematocrit (HCT) of 39% means that 39% of the blood volume is represented by red blood cells. Elevated hematocrit occurs with erythrocytosis (increased number of red blood cells in the blood), as well as with dehydration. A decrease in hematocrit indicates anemia (a decrease in the level of red blood cells in the blood), or an increase in the amount of the liquid part of the blood.

The mean volume of a red blood cell allows the doctor to obtain information about the size of the red blood cell. Mean cell volume (MCV) is expressed in femtoliters (fl) or cubic micrometers (µm3). Red blood cells with a small average volume are found in microcytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, etc. Red blood cells with an increased average volume are found in megaloblastic anemia (anemia that develops when there is a deficiency in the body of vitamin B12 or folic acid).

Platelets are small platelets of blood that are involved in the formation of a blood clot and prevent blood loss when blood vessels are damaged. An increase in the level of platelets in the blood occurs in some blood diseases, as well as after operations, after the removal of the spleen. Decreased platelet count occurs in some congenital diseases blood, aplastic anemia (impaired work bone marrow, which generates blood cells), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (destruction of platelets due to increased activity of the immune system), cirrhosis of the liver, etc.

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is responsible for developing immunity and fighting germs and viruses. The number of lymphocytes in different analyzes can be presented as an absolute number (how many lymphocytes were found), or as a percentage (what percentage of the total number of leukocytes are lymphocytes). The absolute number of lymphocytes is usually denoted LYM# or LYM. The percentage of lymphocytes is referred to as LYM% or LY%. An increase in the number of lymphocytes (lymphocytosis) occurs in some infectious diseases (rubella, influenza, toxoplasmosis, infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, etc.), as well as in blood diseases (chronic lymphocytic leukemia, etc.). A decrease in the number of lymphocytes (lymphopenia) occurs with severe chronic diseases, AIDS, kidney failure, taking certain drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids, etc.).

Granulocytes are white blood cells that contain granules (granular white blood cells). Granulocytes are represented by 3 types of cells: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. These cells are involved in the fight against infections, in inflammatory and allergic reactions. The number of granulocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms (GRA#) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes (GRA%).

Granulocytes are usually elevated when there is inflammation in the body. A decrease in the level of granulocytes occurs with aplastic anemia (loss of the ability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells), after taking certain medications, as well as with systemic lupus erythematosus (connective tissue disease), etc.

Monocytes are leukocytes that, once in the vessels, soon exit them into the surrounding tissues, where they turn into macrophages (macrophages are cells that absorb and digest bacteria and dead cells of the body). The number of monocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms (MON#) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes (MON%). An increased content of monocytes occurs in some infectious diseases (tuberculosis, Infectious mononucleosis, syphilis, etc.), rheumatoid arthritis, blood diseases. A decrease in the level of monocytes occurs after major operations, taking drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids, etc.).

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is an indicator that indirectly reflects the content of proteins in the blood plasma. Elevated ESR indicates possible inflammation in the body due to increased levels of inflammatory proteins in the blood. Besides, increase in ESR found in anemia malignant tumors etc. A decrease in ESR is rare and indicates an increased content of erythrocytes in the blood (erythrocytosis), or other blood diseases.

It should be noted that some laboratories indicate other standards in the test results, which is due to the presence of several methods for calculating indicators. In such cases, the interpretation of the results of a general blood test is carried out according to specified standards.

In addition to deciphering a blood test, you can also make transcripts of urine and feces tests.

A complete blood count (CBC) is a medical study that almost every person has had to deal with. People have an inherent curiosity that they try to satisfy, especially when it comes to their health. In polyclinics it is not uncommon to see a sympathetic therapist explain in detail to the patient all the implications of his analysis.

How to decipher without the help of a specialist a general clinical blood test obtained from a hematological analyzer? It is not enough to read Latin letters and digital symbols - knowledge is needed in order to decipher such information. Fortunately, there is the Internet and it contains everything you need to decode any information. Online decryption is available on many resources of the World Wide Web, it can be used by a person who does not have special knowledge.

General (clinical) blood test

What is a complete blood count and why is it called clinical? Complete blood count - diagnosis of the patient's health status using laboratory methods for studying blood parameters - white and red cells. Such a blood test is called clinical because this examination is included in the group of general clinical research methods.

When is clinical analysis prescribed?

The purpose of the general analysis is to provide generalized information about the physiological state of the patient. When a person complains about his state of health, the doctor examines the patient. The examination procedure is the first stage in the diagnosis of the patient. Based on the data obtained, the doctor forms the primary clinical picture the health status of the patient. The second stage is diagnostics based on physiological parameters - blood, feces, urine tests.

The interpretation of the results by the general practitioner is compared with the findings of the initial examination and, as a result, the treatment and regimen are prescribed. In cases where the doctor has doubts, he may prescribe additional examinations, for example, biochemical analysis blood, ultrasound diagnostics, serological analysis, analysis of thyroid hormones.

With the help of a general analysis, a diagnostician can identify such ailments as:

• leukemia;
• anemia of various types;
• problems with viscosity and blood clotting;
• infectious invasions of various etiologies;
• inflammatory process.

Even a child can describe the procedure for taking blood - a laboratory assistant pierces a finger bundle with a scarifier (a needle for piercing the skin), brushes off the first drop of blood with a cotton swab, then draws blood into test tubes with a glass adapter. In some cases, the laboratory assistant can take the material using a vacuum or closed scarifier - such tools are already found in laboratory practice.

Attention! A detailed clinical analysis involves actions that require blood of a special quality and in a larger volume, so blood for it can be taken from the cubital (ulnar) vein.

How to prepare for a general blood test?

In many first-aid posts and polyclinics, thematic posters and wall newspapers hang - it is always useful to read them for self-educational purposes. They contain the rules for visiting a doctor on the eve of blood sampling. Usually people sitting in line to the doctor, trying to somehow occupy themselves, read this information. While the patient has read everything, the queue approaches and time passes unnoticed.

Does the age and gender of the patient play a role in deciphering the complete blood count?

Deciphering the general blood test, in addition to common values takes into account additional factors - age and gender.

When deciphering the values ​​​​in the general blood test, be sure to pay attention to the age of the person - the indicators of the child are seriously different from the adult. Children have a different metabolism, different digestion, different immunity, and their blood has a different composition. With age, the situation changes. A child ceases to be considered as such after a hormonal restructuring of the body: in girls, this happens at 11-13 years old; for boys - at 12-14 years old. Moreover, a sufficient period of time is needed for the child's body to form completely. The period of life of children before hormonal changes is called prepubertal in medicine, after - puberty.

The norms of general analysis for women also have their own characteristics, their difference from men's is not very significant, but there are some nuances: a) menstrual cycle; b) gestation (pregnancy).

Attention! Menstruation is a limiting factor for donating blood for a general analysis. The doctor must be informed about monthly cycle and wait for his decision.

Deciphering a blood test using a table

The decoding of a clinical blood test is based on normal indicators, thanks to which you can find out about the presence pathological changes in the patient's body. The norms of a clinical blood test are indicated in the table. Separately, a table is given for adults (for women and men) and for children.

Attention! The information in the tables is published for informational and self-educational purposes only. It is approximate and cannot be a reason for starting self-treatment. If a person is sick, he should see a doctor!

Attention! In the tables, the most common units of measurement for the results of a general blood test were given. Some research medical centers these values ​​can vary, which are indicated relative to the qualitative and quantitative component of the study. Because of this, it is necessary to decipher the results carefully.

Parameters of the general clinical blood test

Indicators of a general blood test can be conditionally divided into three groups: leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Each of these groups has its own subgroups: in the first - granulocytic (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) and agranulocytic (lymphocytes and monocytes); in the second - erythrocytes plus ESR, hemoglobin plus hematocrit and color indicator; in the third - platelets plus thrombocrit.

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, ESR, color index

Erythrocytes are red blood cells. Visually, these are scarlet plates, concave in the middle. The form of erythrocytes that we have described is the form of normal erythrocytes; there are forms that indicate pathological abnormalities in the structure of red blood cells as a result of severe hereditary diseases, infections (sickle red blood cells are a symptom of malaria), and metabolic abnormalities. The red color of erythrocytes is given by the pigment protein hemoglobin, its main property is the retention of iron atoms in its structure. Thanks to iron, hemoglobin is able to bind oxygen and oxygen oxide - this ability allows you to carry out metabolic processes in cells. Oxygen is an important participant in many biochemical processes in the body.

General analysis, studying the state of erythrocytes, is interested, first of all, how much hemoglobin is in an erythrocyte. For this, methods of ESR and color index have been developed. ESR - which means "erythrocyte sedimentation rate." Hemoglobin is a heavy protein, and if you collect blood in a test tube, then, after an hour, the red blood cells will descend in relation to the interstitial fluid. By the rate of sedimentation and the depth of subsidence of red cells, one can conclude how much hemoglobin is contained in erythrocytes and what quality it is - normal or with a defect. There are no clear standards in this procedure - further diagnosis will depend on the interpretation of other clinical data.

Attention! The mass fraction of red blood cells relative to a unit volume of blood is called hematocrit.

The color indicator also examines the hemoglobin content in red blood cells. The laboratory assistant, studying erythrocytes under a microscope, looks at the center of the red cell (hemoglobin is concentrated there): if the erythrocyte has a transparent center, this will be evidence of the absence of hemoglobin in the cell or dysfunction of the peptide chain (hypochromia); if the center is orange, hemoglobin is normal (normochromia); if the center of the cell merges in color with the body of the erythrocyte, hemoglobin is in excess (hyperchromia).

Platelets, thrombocrit

Platelets are cells that play an important role in the blood clotting process. Platelets do not have a nucleus. Structurally, platelets are a piece of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, so their study provides a lot of information about the state of the bone marrow. The number of platelets in the blood, their qualitative composition is an important clinical marker of the bone marrow.

The norms of a general blood test for platelets are 180-320 in 10 9 cells per liter. The total number of platelets, as well as erythrocytes, is measured in absolute terms relative to a unit of blood volume. This parameter is called "thrombocrit".