Interesting facts about blood transfusion. What is in the nature of people of the III blood group

It can be said without exaggeration that each portion of donated blood is necessary to save someone's life. Perhaps a beloved and close person, or even your own? ..

1. The word "donor" comes from lat. donare - "to give". A person who needs a transfusion and receives donated blood is called a "recipient".

2. In the body of an adult, on average, 5.5 liters of blood, only 350-450 ml are taken from the donor at a time.

3. The most famous blood donor in the world donated about 500 liters of blood 624 times during his life.

4. Active donors are less likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases and more easily endure blood loss in road accidents and other accidents. According to the World Health Organization, people who constantly donate blood live an average of 5 years longer than the average person, because they activate the hematopoietic system - red bone marrow cells - and regularly stimulate the immune system.

5. In order to provide enough blood for medical needs, the country must have at least 40 donors per 1,000 inhabitants. The average in Europe is 25–27, in the US and Canada it is 35–40. But in Russia, unfortunately, so far only 14.

6. More than 85 million blood donations are made annually in the world. About 35% of them are in developing countries and countries with economies in transition, where about 75% of the world's population lives.

7. Despite the fact that the need for donated blood in megacities is many times greater (due to the high accident rate), in Moscow today there are less than 10 donors per 1000 people.

8. 10-15% of the population can be donors, but in reality there are ten times fewer people who donate blood.

9. Every third inhabitant of the Earth at least once in his life, but will have to do a transfusion of donor blood. In Russia, 1.5 million citizens receive blood transfusions every year.

10. For one recipient, on average, three whole blood donors are needed.

11. During the Great Patriotic War the number of donors reached 5.5 million people. Thanks to this, the active army received over 1.7 million liters of preserved blood, which was used for 7 million transfusions during operations.

13. Original videos are the brightest examples of world creativity in promoting donation ideas.

If blood could be bought in a store

Give life. Donate blood

vampire party

14. In an episode of Beverly Hills, 90210 (season 2, episode 22), popular in the 1990s, Dylan surprised Brenda on Valentine's Day by going to the hospital with her to donate blood. As a child, he himself needed transfusions, and this is how he repays everyone for kindness. Great idea and really unusual move!

The text was prepared by the advertising group DRIVE adv based on the materials of the Podari Zhizn charity foundation and the AdMe portal.

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Fact #1

Why donate blood

Each person has about 4.5–5.5 liters of blood. And with each donation, about a tenth of the donor is taken from the donor - 450 ml. In the world, blood of the first group with a positive Rh factor is most often found, but in Russia the most common group is the second. And least of all people with the fourth blood group and a negative Rh factor. In most countries, people with this group make up no more than 1 percent of the country's population.

Who usually needs transfusions? These may include patients with severe injuries, burns, and those in need of surgical interventions associated with profuse bleeding. Transfusions are needed for many diseases of the hematopoietic system, such as leukemia or aplastic anemia. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy used in the treatment malignant tumors, lead to a drop in blood counts, and transfusions are often again necessary for successful therapy. For some genetic diseases, such as thalassemia or Diamond-Blackfan anemia, transfusions may be required for life. Donated blood products are needed to treat hemophilia. Blood is also needed in some diseases of the liver, kidneys, in the treatment of a number of serious infections, and so on. In certain cases, donated blood is needed for women in labor and newborns.

What happens if there is not enough donated blood? Such situations arise all the time. For doctors, this means that they will decide who receives blood transfusions and who does not. Because of this, operations, chemotherapy courses are postponed, anemia occurs in patients (associated with a lack of red blood cells - erythrocytes), bleeding and hemorrhage (associated with a lack of platelets). Lack of donated blood can become life-threatening.

Fact #2

About blood substitutes

There must be at least 40 donors per 1,000 inhabitants in the country so that there is enough blood for all those in need. Today, on average in Russia, this figure does not exceed 14 blood donations per 1,000 inhabitants. It would be tempting to use artificial blood substitutes: then there would be no need to constantly attract new donors, and the risk of transmission of infections would be eliminated. However, now there are no full-fledged alternatives to human blood.

Some functions of the blood, however, can be reproduced. There are compounds that can carry human body oxygen and thus, in the short term, replace red blood cells - erythrocytes. For example, Soviet scientists invented "blue blood". This is not a metaphor emphasizing aristocratic origin, but a real blood substitute - perftoran. There are cases when its use saved the lives of wounded or seriously injured people. However, for a number of reasons, it is far from always possible and advisable to use perftoran as a blood substitute.

Other oxygen carriers developed abroad have not yet become widespread. So, there are blood substitutes based on hemoglobin (HBOC). One variation is Hemopure, or HBOC-201, which uses bovine hemoglobin. This drug has recently been registered in Russia. But, unfortunately, he also has numerous side effects including increased blood pressure and risk of myocardial infarction. It has not received wide application yet.

In any case, all these substitutes perform the function of erythrocytes only. It is not yet possible to replace cells such as platelets (necessary for blood clotting) or white blood cells (which play a key role in the body's fight against infections).

In many cases, with severe blood loss, as a remedy emergency assistance simply solutions are used to replenish the volume of circulating fluid, such as Ringer's solution, dextran-based preparations, and many others. They help avoid shock. acute blood loss, but do not help to cope with the deficiency of the main blood cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.

Fact #3

What can be donated

Secondly, you can donate plasma. Plasma is the liquid part of the blood in which cells "float". It makes up more than half of the blood volume and contains numerous proteins, salts, vitamins, and hormones. Donor plasma is often needed, for example, in the treatment of burn patients, in some types of injuries, and also for the production medical preparations(for example, for the treatment of hemophilia).

Fourth, sometimes patients require granulocytes. This is a type of white blood cells - leukocytes. Granulocytes play a key role in the body's fight against bacterial and some other infections. Sometimes a patient can have a sharply reduced level of their own granulocytes, usually due to the intensive chemotherapy necessary to treat cancer. The body cannot fight severe infections, and when drugs alone are not enough to help it, there may be a need for transfusions of donor granulocytes.

Fifth, the donor can donate erythrocytes - red blood cells. Usually, however, they are isolated from whole blood, but new technologies also allow targeted donation of red blood cells. However, in this case there are very strict requirements for donors: only young healthy men of sufficient weight are suitable.

Donating blood components takes significantly longer than donating whole blood. A large volume of donated blood must pass through a special system where the required component is isolated, and all the rest are returned to the donor. Recovery of the body in this case is much faster. If whole blood can be donated every two months, then platelets or plasma, according to existing standards, once every two weeks.

Fact #4

About strange contraindications

In Russia, the requirements for donors are much more stringent than in other countries. And some of our contraindications to donation are almost never found abroad.

For example, the age limit is far from always tied to the age of majority, as in our country: in the UK and the USA, you can become a donor as early as 17 years old, and with the permission of parents or guardians - even from 16. In our country, a donor must have arterial pressure not lower than 100/60, and in the USA you can donate blood at 80/50 mm. rt. Art.

Myopia is not a limitation in many countries, but in Russia, myopia over 6 diopters is the reason for rejecting donation. Official explanation: blood donation may increase the risk of retinal detachment. However, ophthalmologists refute this opinion.

In Russia, it is forbidden to donate blood during menstruation, while in Australia and Spain there are no such prohibitions. In Russia, any viral hepatitis excludes donation for life, while in some countries people who had hepatitis A in childhood are eligible to become donors.

But Western countries have their own limitations, which we do not have. For example, in France and Belgium, donation is delayed when a sexual partner changes. Even if you use a condom, you should wait 4 months and only then go to donate blood.

Fact #5

On the dangers of travel

A contraindication to donation may be a visit to another country. So, for Russian travelers who spent more than 3 months in "malarial" countries, donation is prohibited for three years.

Australians rightly consider Russia to be a country with a fairly high risk of HIV infection. Therefore, if during the trip there was sex with a person permanently residing in Russia, donation becomes banned for 12 months.

British donors visiting Romania or Italy between 1 May and 30 November will have to take a four-month break due to possible infection West Nile virus. After traveling to India, this period will increase to six months.

Fact #6

On donation as a way to lose weight and prevent a heart attack

Increased blood viscosity leading to the formation of blood clots is one of the problems that donation helps to solve. Sports, diet, smoking cessation and regular donations make the blood less viscous. In addition, donation is an opportunity to get rid of excess iron, which is likely to increase the risk of certain cancers and myocardial infarction. A Finnish study found that donors have an 88% lower risk of heart attack than those who have never donated blood or have done so once. Perhaps the reason is also that before donation, people undergo mandatory examinations and tests. In other words, donors are in control of their own health.

Donation is a bit strange, but still a way to lose weight. During one donation of whole blood, a person loses 650 kcal, while donating plasma - 470 kcal. The reason is not only in the actual loss of 450 ml of blood, although this also affects body weight in some way. Rather, the fact is that by losing plasma or whole blood, the body subsequently spends a large number of energy to produce new blood components. Of course, it is forbidden to donate blood every week, so losing ten kilograms without much effort will still not work.

Fact #7

The situation with male donors who have sex in homosexual couples is still ambiguous. For example, until recently, men who had even a one-time homosexual experience around the world did not have the right to become donors. Men of non-traditional sexual orientation have a higher risk of contracting HIV, hepatitis B and C. Of course, all donated blood is subjected to additional testing in order to identify dangerous infections, however, no test can give a 100% guarantee.

But now in some countries this ban has become less categorical. So, in the UK, Australia, the Czech Republic and some other countries, bi- and homosexual men can donate blood if they have not entered into a homosexual relationship for a year. There are countries where the withdrawal period is more or less than a year: from 6 months to 5 years. In many states, including the United States, a lifetime ban on donation for homosexual men is still in effect, although disputes about its expediency do not stop.

In Russia, there is currently no formal ban on blood donation by homosexual men: since 2008, this item has been excluded from the list of contraindications. However, it is indicated that a donor cannot donate blood if his lifestyle is associated with an increased risk of contracting blood-borne diseases (first of all, of course, HIV and hepatitis). Therefore, in fact, the possibilities of donation for gay men are greatly reduced. In 2013, the possibility of an official ban on blood donation for men practicing homosexual contacts was again discussed in Russia, but so far this issue has not been resolved.

Fact #8

About blood donation after death

Theoretically, you can become a blood donor even after death. This practice existed in the USSR in the 1920s–1960s. Cadaveric blood has a number of undeniable advantages: you can get several times more blood from a dead donor than from a living one, and such blood is stored longer. In the period from 1932 to 1944 at the Research Institute of Emergency Medicine. N. V. Sklifosovsky conducted 5000 transfusions (transfusions) of cadaveric blood. The method was considered very promising, the USSR was a leader in this matter.

But now cadaveric blood is not used: there are too many shortcomings - in particular, the presence of fibrinolysis products (dissolution blood clots) and the risk of bacterial contamination. It is not possible to conduct some studies to establish the safety of transfused blood. There are also a number of legal complications.

Fact #9

About animal donors

Animals can also be donors. But, of course, the recipients (that is, the recipients) in this case will be their relatives. Donation is practiced among cats, dogs, horses, cows, and in rare cases among other animals. In ornamental animals, breeds do not matter: a pit bull may well become a donor for a lap dog. But finding a donor is still not easy: not all owners agree to take blood from their pet, there is also the problem of matching blood types. In addition, the donor animal must be young, healthy and vaccinated, without chronic diseases. There are also requirements for the ratio of height and weight, it is necessary that the animal is calm and able to endure the blood sampling procedure.

In some countries, there are even entire blood banks for pets. Donor databases have been created in Italy, Lithuania, and Great Britain. Russia does not yet have its own register, but some veterinary clinics create their own blood banks. In addition, there is a website where owners can leave information about their animal and add it to the database as a potential donor.

Today, blood transfusion is considered a standard and safe medical procedure. But this was not always the case. Even some 100 years ago, scientists in an attempt to understand how the circulatory system works, conducted strange and terrible experiments. They will be discussed in this review.

1. Primitive experimentation

In the 17th century, human blood was considered "the essence of life and useful only because of its supposed psychic effects." This belief lasted for nearly 200 years until blood was used in replacement therapy for a British woman who was suffering from postpartum hemorrhage. This was preceded by years of experimentation, when various liquids were tried instead of blood.

The first intravenous injection was made in London in 1657, when Christopher Wren injected ale and wine into a dog's veins. The dog became intoxicated and the experiment was deemed a success. Eight years later, the first transfusion of blood from one animal to another took place. This clearly demonstrated that transfusion was vital to the restoration of the circulatory system and led to a series of experiments throughout Europe over the next three centuries.

2. Blood of corpses

Most often, blood transfusions led to disastrous consequences until the discovery of blood groups in 1901 by the Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner. This medical breakthrough saved the lives of countless people who fought during World War I. However, direct and instantaneous blood transfusions on the battlefield were essential for survival. Over the next two decades, scientists pondered how blood could be stored for later use, rather than looking for immediate options for transfusion.

In 1930, Soviet scientists Vladimir Shamov and Sergei Yudin discovered that blood from cadavers could be preserved for a short time. However, its viability was still in question. On March 23, 1930, Yudin performed the first transfusion of cadaveric blood into a living patient. Surprisingly, this procedure was successful.

3. Crisis prevention

By 1938 the Second World War seemed inevitable. In the same year, Brigadier Lionel Whitby was appointed director of the British Autonomous Blood Transfusion Service of Great Britain, which provided blood to military personnel from centralized warehouses. Three years later, the United States declared that it could not transport blood by air to Europe or Africa, and this caused a shortage of blood for transfusion in American allied forces.

To ensure that wounded American soldiers would not bleed to death on the battlefield because British troops would have priority in getting it, US President Franklin Roosevelt threatened British Prime Minister Winston Churchill with bankruptcy of the British Empire.

Apparently, Roosevelt's blackmail had an effect, since Churchill gave the order to use the British blood supply to supply the needs of the American army. This continued until the spring of 1945, when all the Allies finally developed methods for long-distance transportation and storage of blood. In total, 50,000 liters of blood were sent abroad. The events that took place during this time led to the emergence of the National Blood Transfusion Service, and Brigadier Whitby was given the status of a Knight of the Crown.

4. Blood donations

In 1984, 3 years after the first case of this terrible disease, HIV was found to be the cause of AIDS. AT next year US blood banks have begun using screening tests to detect the virus. However, the technology did not meet the parameters for the detection of viral antigens and antibodies. By 1993, the number of people living in the United States who contracted AIDS through a blood transfusion was 1,098.

It revealed the public's vulnerability to a disease that few knew about, and also led to the destruction of the perception that HIV/AIDS is exclusively a disease of homosexuals. Hostility began to grow towards state and public institutions, which cast a shadow over all aspects of the country's health infrastructure, including biomedical and behavioral research. Despite today's advances in developing effective HIV testing methods, even the most sensitive screening technologies for donated blood cannot detect the virus during the first week after infection.

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, of the approximately 16 million blood donations that occur each year, approximately 11 blood samples are infected and 20 have been observed to contain positive reaction for HIV. This has the potential to infect many recipients of donated blood.

5 Deadly Consequences

When Teyano star Selena was fatally shot by Yolanda Saldívar in March 1995, it sparked questions about whether the singer's death could be prevented. According to court documents, when a 23-year-old girl was bleeding to death, her father argued with the doctors, not allowing them to transfuse blood because of the religious beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses. However, the doctors injected the dying girl with 3 liters of blood to save her, but everything turned out to be ineffective.

Such tragic but preventable cases are commonplace among Jehovah's Witnesses, who believe that taking the blood of another person is as sinful as an extramarital affair. This belief has led to countless unnecessary deaths among faithful followers of Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States. Just as Jehovah's Witnesses have the right to refuse blood transfusions, doctors also have the right to "fold their hands" if a surgical operation cannot be performed without a transfusion.

6. France 1667

In 1667, a 15-year-old boy in France bled himself too much to improve his health (then bloodletting was very popular). As a result, in addition to his old ailments, the boy also suffered severe blood loss. This prompted Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denis to perform the first documented human transfusion using sheep blood. Surprisingly, the boy survived. The second experiment was also successful. But with the third patient, Antoine Maurois, things went awry.

Morua was mentally ill and roamed the streets in the nude, shouting obscenities. Dr. Denis forcibly gave him a transfusion. After receiving three transfusions of calf blood, Maurois died and Denis was charged with murder. After a lengthy legal battle, the doctor was rehabilitated, but it was decided that there would no longer be blood transfusions in France for people without the approval of the Paris Medical Faculty.

7. Street transfusions

In the village of Delmas, Mpumalanga province (South Africa), drug dealers roam the streets in broad daylight, and the number of drug addicts is constantly growing, amounting to tens of thousands of people. Today, the most popular drug here is "nyaope" because of its effectiveness and incredibly cheap price (only $2). Although it is a white powdery substance that is a mixture of marijuana, low-grade heroin, rat poison and household detergents, you can smoke, most often it is mixed with water and injected into a vein to achieve a longer effect.

8. Blood for gold

Until the discovery of intravenous circulation in 1628 by William Harvey, it was believed that drinking the blood of another person would be beneficial both with medical point vision, as well as in a spiritual context. In the days of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, spectators drank the blood of dying gladiators, believing that through this they would be given the courage and strength of these fighters. Perhaps the most absurd case based on this archaic and erroneous belief occurred in 1492, when the first recorded blood transfusion attempt was described by Stefano Infessura.

After Pope Innocent VIII fell into a coma, three ten-year-old boys were promised a ducat (gold coin) in exchange for their blood. When the children were allowed to bleed, they began to pour it into the pontiff through the mouth. Not surprisingly, this procedure was not successful, resulting in the deaths of all three boys, as well as the Pope.

9. Change of soul

As mentioned above, the first human blood transfusion was performed in 1667 by Dr. Denis, who used sheep's blood. The choice of sheep was not random, nor was it related to the convenience and availability of sheep blood. In fact, various animals have been used as blood providers based on specific factors relating both to the characteristics of the animal and to specific individuals.

In the 17th century, it was believed that receiving someone else's blood changed the soul and endowed the recipient with various traits that the donor exhibited. Therefore, the doctors conducting such experiments sought to find a balance between two different personalities in order to create a more even and balanced personality. If a patient in need of a transfusion was known to have a violent temper, the ideal transfusion animal would be the tender lamb, whose blood was believed to bring peace to an agitated soul.

10. Fountain of Youth

In the 17th century, a German physician suggested that the source of youth could be a transfusion of "hot and strong blood young man". This idea was practiced by the Soviet physician Alexander Bogdanov in 1924, who began injecting "young blood" into his own veins. Bogdanov, who is said to be the founder of the world's first institution entirely dedicated to the field of blood transfusion, concluded that he discovered effective method life extension. In fact, with every transfusion Bogdanov gave, he insisted that his health was definitely improving.

The Soviet doctor's naive attempt to become immortal ended up with the blood he transfused himself becoming contaminated with malaria and tuberculosis, which caused his death. Interestingly, Bogdanov's theory may not be too far off the mark, according to a 2014 study published in Nature Medicine. According to the researchers, young blood, which was injected into old mice, sharpened their reaction, spatial learning and memory. The study found that blood may have anti-aging properties that can improve the ability to learn and think.

It remains only to note that blood is one of.

Good afternoon friends. We continue the “bloody” topic started in the last article Judging by the comments left, the topic aroused interest, although few people now act in the honorary role of a donor, or have manifested themselves once or twice in their lives. But I think there is more to come…!

Today I bring Interesting Facts about blood. Let's sum up the results of the "photo-rebus" from the last post.

Of course, donation is a noble mission. And I'm glad that you shared this opinion with me in the comments, interesting information about blood, donation, and blood types was also revealed there. Thought it would be educational for everyone. So what are some interesting facts about our blood?

Blood occupies 8% of our weight and has a volume of 5 to 6 liters.

Blood consists of plasma, red and white blood cells that perform certain functions in the body. These blood cells are called:

1. leukocytes;
2. erythrocytes;
3. platelets.

Blood is not a liquid, the plasma underlying it is a mobile, slightly transparent, pale yellow connective tissue, although it consists of water. It occupies 60% of the total blood volume, the rest is blood cells.

Blood in the body performs several functions:

• transport;
• protective;
• thermostatic.

The red color of blood is provided by iron, which carries oxygen.

The blood in the body is produced in red bone marrow, mainly in the pelvic and long tubular bones.

About 100 thousand kilometers - this is the total length of all blood vessels in our body! Represented!

In one day, the heart is able to pump almost 10,000 liters of blood.

Blood is a mirror of the body, reflecting its state. That is why when we get sick, we immediately take blood tests.

Blood penetrates through the system of vessels and capillaries to all corners of the body, but only The cornea is the only organ not supplied with blood. Nature took care of its complete transparency.

It is scientifically substantiated that the liquid is very close to the composition of blood plasma. It was not in vain that we drank juice from coconuts on, would have known that the fact was scientifically confirmed, would have drunk more.

The concept of "blue blood", of course, is mythical, it arose from people who have thin, pale transparent skin, through which slightly bluish blood vessels were visible.

There is a rare genetic disease, which is treated by "bleeding".

We all put a sea shell to our ear to hear the sound of the sea. And everyone knows that what we hear is nothing more than the noise of the movement of our own blood, which resonates in the curls of the shell cavity.

Mosquitoes are able to distinguish the blood type of a person, in their preference the first group.

An Australian named James Harrison is called "The Man with Golden Blood". His blood is unique due to the content of rare antibodies. In his 80 years of life, he has donated over 1,000 times and saved the lives of over 2 million babies! The fact was brought by Andrey Pogudin. 🙂

Human blood groups

Blood, together with man, has come a long way of civilization and has undergone a number of significant changes in the course of mutation. Actually, the conditional groups into which the whole of humanity is divided according to the composition of the blood depend on the composition and type of red blood cells.

The classification into groups was made not so long ago, only in 1930. Austrian Karl Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize for this scientific fact.

The Rh factor was discovered 10 years later.

In the 1940s, the first blood bank was established.

The blood type of each person is individual and does not change throughout life. It does not depend on the nationality of a person, but the influence of territorial affiliation takes place.

In total, there are 4 blood groups: 0 (I), A (II), B (III) and AB (IV).

It is believed that the first group is the oldest, since the time of the Neanderthals. It is also called unique blood due to its compatibility with all other groups. But in practice, everything is a little different: blood of the exact group is almost always infused, and if there is no recipient with right group, then replaced with plasma.

And a positive thing. Swedish medical scientists have named a blood type that is immune to cancer. It turned out that the smallest number of cases so dangerous disease among those people who have I blood group.

People with blood group II most often suffer from stomach cancer, and carriers of groups III and IV - pancreatic cancer.

The nature of a person by blood type

At all times, the attitude to blood was quivering, mysterious and slightly mystical. And how many legends, superstitions, rituals, where blood is involved, when you need to “swear on blood” or sign it.

There are beliefs that blood type affects character. That's what the Japanese say. I take this with irony, but for the sake of interest I will tell you:

The nature of the people of the first group

The key to the health of these people is activity. They are ambitious, hardy and natural leaders. They have increased performance.

Men are active lovers, women are temperamental and terribly jealous.

People of the first group prefer meat in their diet.

Negative qualities - irresponsibility and some superficiality of judgments, explosive character.

The nature of people of the II blood group

This group of blood carriers is workers and hard workers, very reliable and responsible. They have excellent health.

A little cool and restrained in emotions, a little unsociable. Among vegetarians, there are many people with this group, because it appeared precisely due to the flourishing of agriculture among ancient people.

Ladies with blood type II are almost ideal spouses, faithful, sensitive and understanding, loving children and their home. Well, that's exactly about me! 🙂

What is in the nature of people of the III blood group

People are smart, but often do not delve into the depths of the process, patient, flexible, and even a little meticulous.

Men are fickle, easily fall in love and change the object of their passions.

Women are extravagant and sophisticated, they like to go to the end in their judgments and actions, defending their own opinion.

In nutrition, they are usually omnivores.

They do not have excellent health, so it is important to take preventive measures in advance. This group is inherent in merchants and entrepreneurs.

IV blood type and character

This is the rarest and newest blood type. It is believed that it appeared only a thousand years ago. It has only 5% - 8% of the world's population.

The people of this group are kind, emotional, a little melancholic, subtle connoisseurs of beauty. Very diplomatic. Vulnerable to ancient diseases, but usually have good immunity against modern ones. Most often, they suffer from joints, bones and blood vessels, hearing organs and skin. Exhausting work is contraindicated for them.

Men with this blood type are recognized seducers, and a rare woman will resist their charms.

Women with the IVth group are outwardly attractive, very selective in communication.

How do you like the facts? Did you find something that suits you? It is possible that the blood type somehow leaves an imprint on the character and personal abilities. But we must not forget about genes, the environment in which a person grew up and was brought up, and about the star horoscope of each.

Voting results

And in conclusion, as promised, let's sum up the results of me - a donor in my youth in the b/w picture in the last article.

Six people took the risk of recognizing who is who under the honorary donor package, as Pessimist said 🙂 Thanks to everyone who made a bet for your logic and imagination.

Everyone passed the first approximation, thinking between number two and three.

In fact, at that time we were outwardly similar to my friend Lyudmila, that's the name of the girl number 2. Even with our own eyes, people sometimes confused us :). Photo without "donor camouflage" of the same time:

Ollie and Alisha also made the right choice, but a little later. Guys, you are all great, you have rich intuition, logic and obviously something else! I was a little surprised by the results that people who communicate with me not so much and not so long ago easily figured me out.

The prize will go to Voronezh in the coming days.

That's all for today. Be healthy and take care of yourself!

10. Primitive experiments

In the 17th century, human blood was considered "the essence of life and useful only because of its supposed psychic effects." Because of this belief, it took almost 200 years before blood was tried as a replacement therapy tool in the treatment of a British woman who was suffering from postpartum hemorrhage.

This achievement in medicine was preceded by years of experimentation, when various other liquids were used instead of blood. The first intravenous injection occurred in London in 1657, when Christopher Wren injected ale and wine into a dog's vein.

The dog got tipsy, and the experiment was considered a success. Eight years later, the first animal-to-animal blood transfusion was performed when Richard Lower used two dogs as subjects of his research. After a small dog was bled to near death, Lower opened an artery in a large mastiff and transfused blood from it into the bled animal. In doing so, Lower demonstrated that transfusion was vital to the restoration of the circulatory system. This led to a series of experiments that took place throughout Europe over the next three centuries.

9 Cadaverous Blood

Before the Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner discovered the existence of blood groups in 1901, blood transfusions often led to tragic consequences. This medical breakthrough saved countless lives in the trenches during World War I.

Direct and rapid blood transfusions on the battlefield were essential for survival, but over the next two decades, scientists speculated on how to learn how to store blood long enough for later use and not urgently look for a donor.

In 1930, Soviet scientists Vladimir Shamov and Sergei Yudin discovered that cadaveric blood could be stored for a short time. However, its viability was still in question.

On March 23, 1930, Yudin performed the first transfusion of cadaveric blood into a living patient. This procedure was successful, though questionable given the source. However, refrigeration blood storage centers were established throughout Russia, paving the way for the modern practice of long-term storage of canned blood.

8. Crisis prevention

In 1938, the onset of World War II seemed imminent. In the same year, Brigadier Lionel Whitby was appointed director of the UK's autonomous blood transfusion service, which provided blood to military personnel from its centralized warehouses.

Three years later, the United States realized that they could not transport American blood by air to Europe or Africa, which caused a shortage of it in American troops fighting far from their homeland. As a result, Whitby faced the daunting task of providing blood to both armies at a time when blood supplies were running low.

To ensure that American soldiers would not suffer from a lack of blood on the battlefield due to British troops having priority in getting it, President Franklin Roosevelt threatened Winston S. Churchill with the bankruptcy of the British Empire. Apparently, Roosevelt's blackmail was heard, since Churchill gave the order to provide British blood to both armies of the Western countries.

This continued until the spring of 1945, when the Allies mastered the technique of storing and transporting blood. In total, almost 50,000 liters of blood were sent abroad. Events that occurred during this time led to the emergence of the National Blood Transfusion Service, and Brigadier Whitby was awarded a knighthood.

7. Donated blood

In 1984, three years after the first case of AIDS, HIV was found to be the cause. The following year, American blood banks began using screening tests to detect the virus. However, the technology did not meet the necessary requirements for the determination of viral antigens and antibodies.

By 1993, the number of Americans who contracted AIDS through a blood transfusion was 1,098. It exposed a vulnerability in public health that few people knew about and led to the realization that HIV and AIDS are not just a disease of homosexuals. The new data sowed growing distrust of state and public institutions, they challenged the entire health infrastructure of the country, including biomedical and behavioral research.

Despite today's advances in developing effective HIV testing methods, even the most sensitive screening technologies for donated blood cannot detect the virus during the first week after infection. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are approximately 16 million blood donations each year in the country that go to hospitals and public blood banks. This number accounts for approximately 11 cases of infected blood and 20 cases of HIV-infected blood components. This has the potential to infect many recipients of donated blood.

6. Fatalities

When Tejano star Selena Quintanilla was fatally shot by Yolanda Saldívar in March 1995, it sparked a debate about whether her death could have been prevented. When the 23-year-old girl bled to death, her father tried to prevent doctors from transfusing her blood because of Jehovah's Witnesses' religious beliefs, according to court documents. However, the doctors injected the dying singer with three liters of blood, but this did not save her.

Such tragic but preventable occurrences are commonplace among Jehovah's Witnesses, who believe that accepting the blood of another person is just as sinful as having an extramarital affair. According to their interpretation of the Acts of the Apostles, one who does not keep the Scriptures is deprived of divine love and becomes unworthy of resurrection.

This belief has led to countless unnecessary deaths of faithful followers of Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States. Just as Jehovah's Witnesses have the right to refuse blood transfusions, doctors have the right to remain inactive if a surgical operation cannot be performed without a transfusion. According to surgeon Lyall Gorenstein, doing an operation with possible heavy bleeding without the possibility of a transfusion is like performing a deadly acrobatic stunt without insurance.

5. France, 1667

In 1667, a 15-year-old boy in France bled himself a lot as a result of a desire to improve his health. As a result, in addition to his past ailments, he began to suffer from severe blood loss. This prompted Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denis to perform the first documented human blood transfusion using sheep blood.

Surprisingly, the boy survived. The second experiment of Dr. Denis also ended successfully. In the third case, with the patient Antoine Maurois, things went from bad to worse. A mentally ill Parisian, Maurois, who roamed the streets naked and shouting obscenities, was forced by Dr. Denis to undergo a transfusion.

After the third infusion of calf blood into M. Morois, the patient died, and Dr. Denis was accused of murder. After a long trial, the doctor was rehabilitated, but it was decided that blood transfusions would no longer be performed in France without the approval of the Paris Medical Faculty.

4. Street transfusions

In the village of Delmas in the South African province of Mpumalanga, drug dealers roam the streets in broad daylight, and drug addicts number in the tens of thousands. The most commonly used drug is a mixture called "nyaope" because it is very effective and incredibly cheap, only $2 per dose.

This white powdery substance is a mixture of marijuana, low-grade heroin, rat poison, and household chemical cleaners. It can be smoked, but most often it is dissolved in water and injected into a vein for longer lasting effects.

3. Blood for gold

Before William Harvey created his theory of blood circulation in 1628, it was believed that drinking the blood of another person could be beneficial both in medicine and in a spiritual context. During the time of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, spectators drank the blood of dying gladiators, believing that they would thereby acquire their courage and strength.

Perhaps the most absurd case resulting from this archaic and erroneous belief occurred in 1492, when the first recorded blood transfusion attempt was made, described by Stefano Infessura. After Pope Innocent VIII fell into a coma, three ten-year-old boys were promised a ducat (gold coin) in exchange for their blood.

When the children's veins were opened, blood was poured into the pontiff through the mouth. Not surprisingly, this procedure was not successful and led to the death of all three boys, as well as the Pope himself.

2. Change of soul

As we have said, the first human blood transfusion was performed in 1667 by Dr. Denis using sheep's blood. The choice of sheep was not random, nor was it related to the convenience and availability of sheep blood at a time of crisis.

In fact, a variety of animals were used as blood providers, based on factors related to the characteristics of both the individual animal and the individual. In the 17th century, it was believed that receiving someone else's blood changes the soul and endows the recipient with the various traits that the donor manifested in his life.

Therefore, the doctors who conducted such experiments sought to find a balance between two different personalities in order to create a person with more uniform characteristics. If a patient in need of a transfusion was known to have a violent temper, the ideal animal was the tender lamb, whose blood was believed to bring calm to an agitated soul.

On the other hand, if the patient was reserved or timid, in order to make the shy person more sociable, the blood of the most sociable beings was chosen.

1. Fountain of youth

In the 17th century, a German physician suggested that the infusion of "hot and strong blood of a young man" could become a source of youth. This idea was picked up and tried to be implemented by the Soviet doctor Alexander Bogdanov in 1924. He began injecting "young blood" into his own veins.

Bogdanov, who is said to be the founder of the world's first institution entirely dedicated to the field of blood transfusion, came to the conclusion that he had discovered an effective method of prolonging life. In fact, after every transfusion Bogdanov gave himself, he insisted that his health was definitely improving.

The Soviet doctor's naive attempt to become immortal eventually ended up with the blood he transfused into his body being contaminated with malaria and tuberculosis, causing his death. Interestingly, Bogdanov's theory may not be too far off the mark, according to a 2014 study published in the journal Nature Medicine.

According to the researchers, young blood, which was injected into old mice, sharpened the rodents' reactions, spatial thinking and memory. The study showed that blood can carry anti-aging properties that can improve learning and thinking.

Especially for readers of my blog, the site - based on an article from listverse.com - was translated by Dmitry Oskin

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