Benign stomach tumor symptoms. Benign tumors of the stomach: characteristics and manifestations

benign tumor stomach is a neoplasm that does not have signs of a malignant process. In some cases, there remains a small risk of rebirth in the absence of appropriate treatment. Benign neoplasms of the stomach account for up to 5% of all tumor diseases of the stomach; they can develop from the epithelium, nervous tissue, fatty structures or vascular structures. Growth can be fast or slow. In the direction of growth, tumors are isolated, moving towards the lumen of the stomach, towards the organs abdominal cavity and neoplasms that grow inside the wall. By localization, they occur with the same frequency in the body of the stomach, antrum or in other places.

Varieties and features of gastric tumors

By origin, all neoplasms localized in the stomach area are divided into two large groups: epithelial and non-epithelial.

Among the first group there are adenomas and polyps (single or in groups). The difference is that polyps are outgrowths in the lumen of an organ, they are usually round in shape and have a wide base, they can be located on a stalk. Polyp development is associated with age-related changes- more common after the age of 40, the disease affects men more often than women. Histologically, a polyp is an overgrown glandular and epithelial tissue with connective tissue elements and a developed network of blood vessels.

Adenomas are true benign neoplasms consisting mainly of glandular tissue. Unlike polyps, adenomas can regenerate more often. But they are less common than polyps.

Non-epithelial tumors are rare. They form in the wall of the stomach and can be made up of a variety of tissues.

Non-epithelial neoplasms include:

Myoma - is formed from muscle tissue.
Neurinoma - is formed from the cells that make up the myelin sheath of nerve fibers.
Fibroma - develops from connective tissue.
Lipoma - consists of adipose tissue.
Lymphangiomas are tumor cells that originate from the walls of the lymphatic vessels.
Hemangiomas are cells that line the blood or lymph vessels.
and other options, including tumors of a mixed nature.

Unlike polyps, which are more common in men, non-epithelial tumors are more commonly diagnosed in women. All such neoplasms have distinctive features: as a rule, they have a clear contour, smooth surface, rounded shape. They can grow to considerable sizes.

The non-epithelial tumor leiomyoma is especially distinguished - it occurs with a higher frequency than other neoplasms from this group. This tumor can cause gastric bleeding or potentiate the formation of ulcers due to germination in the gastric mucosa. All non-epithelial neoplasms are characterized by a rather high risk of oncological degeneration - malignancy.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a tumor of the stomach, as a rule, are mild. If the neoplasm does not grow, then it practically does not manifest itself and is not observed in any way. Very often, benign tumors are determined by indirect signs or are detected by chance during endoscopic examination.

The clinical picture includes:

Manifestations characteristic of gastritis, but without sufficient diagnostic features for the diagnosis of gastritis.
Hemorrhage in the stomach.
Decreased appetite, fatigue, weight fluctuations are common disorders that can be associated with diseases of the digestive system.
Dyspepsia.
With frequent hemorrhages - anemia.

With an absolutely calm course, pains of a dull and aching nature can be observed, localized, as a rule, in the epigastrium. Pain often occurs after eating. Quite often, patients associate these symptoms with gastritis.

With tumors of a sufficiently large size, more pronounced manifestations can be observed. Heaviness appears, nausea attacks occur, frequent belching appears. In vomit and stool, patients find blood impurities. AT laboratory tests determine low hemoglobin. Patients experience weakness and dizziness. Regardless of the preservation of a normal appetite, weight loss begins. In total, more than a hundred types of benign neoplasms are distinguished - with a different course and clinical picture. The severity of symptoms depends on the location, size and rate of growth of the tumor. The classic clinical picture, which makes it possible to suspect a tumor, is bleeding, accompanied by general disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

The reasons

To date, all the causes of the formation of benign tumors of the stomach are unknown. Therefore, it is correct to talk about risk factors - factors that provoke pathological processes leading to the appearance of neoplasms. Among them are the presence of other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

The most current theory says that polyps appear as a result of violations of the natural regeneration of the gastric mucosa. Therefore, polyps often develop against the background of gastritis. Adenomas are more often accompanied by atrophic gastritis. It was noted that more than 70% of all neoplasms develop in lower third stomach - that is, in an area with a low concentration of hydrochloric acid.

Non-epithelial tumors may be caused by embryonic abnormalities or the presence of chronic diseases. Since specific causes cannot be identified, there is no specific prevention of benign tumors. We must not forget about hereditary predisposition - patients whose relatives had gastric neoplasms, it is necessary to perform an endoscopic examination even in the absence of any symptoms of a stomach disease. In any case, if you suspect the presence of a polyp or polypoid formation of the stomach, you should contact the surgeon.

Our doctors

Chief Surgeon of CELT, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Chief Specialist of the Moscow Department of Health in Endosurgery and Endoscopy, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Faculty Surgery No. 1, SBEI BPO MGMSU, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Doctor the highest category, Professor

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of gastric tumors consists of three main stages: history taking, examination, radiographic and endoscopic examination. A blood test is also prescribed, which reveals a decrease in hemoglobin levels, that is, anemia, characteristic of tumors that cause bleeding. The benignity of a neoplasm is determined by the following features: size, presence of peristalsis (with instrumental research), the form. fuzzy contours, fast growth and the absence of peristalsis indicate that the polyp is malignant.

To clarify the diagnosis, EGDS is used - esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which allows you to visually assess the condition of the mucosa and see in real time the shape and size of tumors localized on the mucosa. This method allows you to assess the risk of malignancy - it is visually impossible to distinguish a malignant tumor early stage from benign, a biopsy is required. If oncology is suspected during FGDS, a sample is taken for histological examination in the laboratory - a biopsy allows you to accurately determine the nature of the neoplasm.

Since non-epithelial tumors are very diverse, it is often possible to make a final diagnosis only after surgery.

The study of tumors located outside the mucosa is possible by the same means: contours are visible on radiography, and endoscopic examination in combination with an ultrasound method (endo-ultrasound) allows you to determine the compression zones that appear when tumors grow inside the walls of the stomach or towards internal organs.

Treatment

Treatment of a benign tumor of the stomach is only surgical. Conservative methods are ineffective. Surgery may be delayed if the tumor is small and there is no risk of malignancy. But in most cases, surgical removal is indicated - with the help of modern technologies operation is safe. Early removal is especially important in the case when it is not possible to reliably determine the nature of the tumor - malignant neoplasms must be removed at an early stage.

There are several methods for removing a benign tumor that are currently used:

Endoscopic electroexcision is the name of a minimally invasive operation that involves electrocoagulation through endoscopic access. In this way, polyps are removed.

Enucleation - allows you to reduce blood loss, is performed through endoscopic or laparoscopic access (depending on the location of the formation).
Laparoscopic resection of the stomach - an operation with access through punctures of the anterior abdominal wall and an incision in the stomach wall, in which part of the stomach is removed and then a continuous digestive tract is restored using a hardware suture.
Gastrectomy is the complete removal of the stomach. Practically not used for benign tumors.

Endoscopic surgery is indicated when polyps are detected, which are visible during diagnosis and are located singly. If the polyp is small, coagulation is sufficient. For neoplasms larger than 5 mm, electroexcision is used - the polyp is pulled by the leg, and then removed with an electrocoagulator. For larger polyps, a submucosal resection of the formation is performed (through an endoscope).

Approximately nine out of ten gastric neoplasms are malignant. One tenth are benign tumors. As a rule, they do not threaten the life of the patient and give a favorable prognosis. But it happens that some of them undergo malignant transformation. Therefore, patients with such a diagnosis should be observed by a gastroenterologist, undergo an annual examination, treatment, and monitor their diet. What are the symptoms and what are the prognosis for recovery in patients?

The nature of neoplasms

Each tumor of the stomach has its own tumor growth and cellular origin. Among neoplasms benign the vast majority are polyps. Polyps are glandular neoplasms that grow into the lumen of the stomach, with a rounded shape, on a thin stalk and with a wide base. According to quantitative characteristics, the concept of a single polyp and multiple (polyposis) are divided.

Tumor classification by histology:

in muscle tissue (leiomyoma);
submucosal layer (lipoma);
in vessels (angioma);
in nerve fibers (neurinoma);
in connective tissue (fibroma).

Classification of the tumor at the site of localization:

cardiac department (section of the transition of the esophagus to the stomach);
cavity of the stomach;
antral or pyloric section (the lower section at the junction with the duodenum).

Classification of the tumor according to the direction of growth:

endogastric (into the lumen);
exogastric (with compression on the wall from the outside);
intramural (inside the wall).

Until now, medical science has not exactly established why normal tissues are transformed and turn into benign tumors. However, gastroenterologists identify several predisposing factors and conditions in which oncopathology is more likely to form:

Chronic stomach infection (Helicobacter pylori).
Inadequate treatment of gastritis.
A history of atrophic gastritis.
genetic predisposition.
Not proper nutrition.
Bad habits (tobacco, alcohol).
Unfavorable environmental conditions.

Clinical signs and diagnosis

Clinical feature: benign tumors often do not give pronounced symptoms. The disease is running long time without any complaints from the patient. It can be a dull or aching pain in the stomach area. As the tumor grows, the patient complains of constant feeling severity regardless of food intake, belching, nausea, vomiting. He noticeably loses weight regardless of the degree of appetite. He complains of weakness, drowsiness and dizziness. Frequent symptoms- pain attack is accompanied by vomiting, tarry stools.

Polyposis symptoms:

soreness of a pulling and pressing nature in the epigastric region within one to three hours after eating;
belching food or air;
constant burning sensation in the retrosternal region;
diarrhea or constipation.

Polyposis is often complicated by hemorrhages. Minor bleeding is determined by analysis for occult blood in feces.

Chronic bleeding leads to iron deficiency or hypochromic anemia.

Leiomyoma (a neoplasm of muscle tissue) usually does not give symptoms. Only when necrotic changes begin do symptoms of internal bleeding appear in the form of weakness, weight loss, and iron deficiency anemia.

For the diagnosis of a benign tumor of the stomach, the presence of symptoms such as pain for the doctor is not of diagnostic value, because it can accompany both ulcerative and cholelithiasis, colitis

Generally according to this disease objective research is uninformative.

Diagnosis requires endoscopic and x-ray examination.

X-ray specifies the number of polyps, size and location. With polyps, formations are visible in the picture correct form and with even outlines, with unchanged gastric mucosa that surrounds this area.

Gastroscopy is considered more accurate than an x-ray. It makes it possible to detect growths of small sizes that cannot be seen on x-rays. The second advantage of endoscopy is the possibility of taking biopsy material for morphological examination.

A comprehensive examination (X-ray, endoscopy with targeted biopsy and cytology) plays a decisive role in the diagnosis.

Therapy

Surgical treatment of benign neoplasms.

Treatment of polyps is the removal of them using a gastroscope. During diagnostic procedure esophagogastroduodenoscopy, after assessing the condition of the digestive organs using an endoscope, the surgeon excised either the neoplasm itself, or the tumor body with part of the gastric wall. After

tissue excisions are urgently sent to the laboratory for histological analysis.

Treatment of diffuse polyposis is also surgical. Only in this case, a gastrectomy (complete removal of the stomach) is performed.

After surgical treatment with excision has been carried out, medications are prescribed:

drugs that reduce the production of hydrochloric acid;
when infected Helicobacter pylori antibiotic treatment is indicated.

The prognosis for the disease is relatively favorable. From the moment the diagnosis is confirmed, the patient is registered with a dispensary with a mandatory annual full examination. As a preventive measure for the development of benign tumors, you should get rid of bad habits, eat only healthy food and treat gastritis in time.

NONEPITHELIAL MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE GASTRIC

Primary sarcoma of the stomach is quite rare and accounts for about 4-5% of all malignant tumors of the stomach. The ratio among sick women and men is 1.4:1.0, i.e., there is a certain predominance of women. By age, these patients are much younger than patients with stomach cancer (V. N. Gerasimenko, E. O. Kovalevsky, A. A. Klnmen-

Localization of sarcomas does not follow the patterns that are characteristic of cancerous tumors. Sarcomas are most often located along greater curvature stomach, then on the anterior and posterior walls, along the lesser curvature. Much less often, sarcomas are localized in the antrum of the stomach.

Almost all histological types of sarcomas are found in the stomach, but reticulosarcomas (lymphosarcomas) predominate, then myosarcomas, fibrosarcomas, malignant neuromas, polymorphic cell sarcomas, etc.

According to the nature of growth and distribution in the stomach, these tumors are divided into:

1) exogastric;

2) endogastric;

3) intramural (infiltrating);

4) endoexogastric.

Exogastric sarcomas affect a limited area of the stomach. Growing from under the serous cover, exogastric forms of sarcomas grow into the abdominal cavity, pushing apart, squeezing and sprouting neighboring organs. Usually these tumors have a rounded tuberous or lobular shape and reach a huge size, descending in some cases into the cavity of the small pelvis. The mucous membrane of the stomach in this form suffers, as a rule, a little.

Depending on the localization, direction of growth and distribution, an appropriate clinical picture is observed.

Endogastric sarcomas grow into the lumen of the stomach in the form of small polyps, often on a broad base, coming from the submucosal layer. They do not reach large sizes. The mucous membrane around the tumor changes little. Necrobiotic changes in the tumor are possible during the growth of the sarcoma. AT clinical picture the symptoms of impaired patency of food and evacuation of the contents of the stomach predominate.

Intramural (infiltrating) sarcoma accounts for about 60% of all forms. It differs by faster infiltrating growth along the gastric wall, the stomach grows over a large extent from the pyloric region to the cardia. By the nature of growth it resembles infiltrating gastric cancer. If the tumor occupies a smaller area, it may have the appearance of tuberous nodes that undergo disintegration with the formation of extensive ulcers.

Mixed (exo-endogastric) sarcomas in the lumen of the stomach grow like an endogastric tumor, but spread more into the abdominal cavity as an exo-gastric one, reaching large sizes. Internally, these tumors are connected by a stalk various shapes and length, sometimes relatively narrow. Almost 30% of sarcomas give early metastases to regional The lymph nodes. The first two forms have a more favorable course.

Clinic. The clinical course of gastric sarcomas is very diverse. With exogastric growth, when the bulk of the tumor is located outside the stomach, symptoms associated with the germination of neighboring organs (liver, pancreas, intestines) come first. Exogastric sarcomas can reach very large sizes, descend into the small pelvis and simulate a tumor of the female genital area. The pain syndrome is especially pronounced. In most cases, the tumor is palpable. Attention is drawn to the discrepancy between the general satisfactory condition of the patient and the size of the palpable tumor. Bleeding into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is rare. Usually, with these forms of the tumor, dyspeptic phenomena are absent and appear only in the advanced stage of the disease.

Significant difficulties for diagnosis are endogastric, intramural and mixed forms of sarcomas. The clinical, radiological and endoscopic picture resembles gastric cancer. Unlike cancer, achlorhydria is observed much less frequently, and anemia occurs in only 25% of patients. Rapidly progressive weight loss, increasing weakness, fatigue, apparently associated with the rapid absorption of decay products

a growing tumor, severe pain of a permanent nature, vomiting, a short (1-6 months) history of the disease may indicate gastric sarcoma. In addition to these symptoms, the clinical picture may be dominated by phenomena associated with various complications of gastric sarcoma.

Due to the disintegration and bleeding from the tumor into the lumen of the stomach or abdominal cavity, corresponding symptoms occur, sometimes requiring emergency surgical intervention. A feverish state is most often associated with an infected decaying tumor, up to the development of peritonitis. With large exogastric sarcomas on the leg, it is possible to twist it with the subsequent development of peritonitis. Often such patients undergo urgent surgery with a diagnosis of ovarian cyst torsion.

Diagnostics. Diagnosis of gastric sarcomas should be complex, the main role belongs to x-ray examination. The nature of the growth of gastric sarcoma determines the x-ray picture of the changes.

Endoscopic (gastroscopic) diagnosis in exo-gastric and infiltrating forms of sarcomas is based only on indirect data. Due to the submucosal growth of the tumor, it is extremely difficult to obtain morphological confirmation of the diagnosis. With endogastric and mixed forms of growth, in some cases it is possible to make a biopsy. With endo-g astral tumors emanating from the anterior wall of the stomach, laparoscopy can help with the correct diagnosis.

Preoperative diagnosis of gastric sarcomas is extremely difficult. The diagnosis in most cases can be presumptive before surgery. The final diagnosis is made only after laparotomy and histological examination of the drug. In these cases, the role of urgent histological examination during the operation becomes extremely important.

Treatment and prognosis. The main method of treatment is subtotal resection of the stomach or gastrectomy. With exogastric and endogastric forms of sarcomas, due to the long absence of metastases, the percentage of radically operated patients reaches 70-80. Good long-term results were obtained in 15-20% of patients.

Radiation therapy and medicinal treatment possible only if the tumor is sensitive. This applies mainly to reticulosarcomas (lymphosarcomas) of the stomach.

Radiation therapy is indicated for inoperable reticulosarcomas or as a prophylactic irradiation after radical surgery. Irradiation of an inoperable tumor has two main objectives: direct exposure aimed at obtaining therapeutic effect; transfer of the tumor to an operable state, followed by surgical treatment. After

surgical removal of gastric reticulosarcoma postoperative radiation therapy aims to increase the radicalism of the operation.

In connection with the development of medicinal methods for the treatment of malignant tumors, the possibility of combining surgical and chemotherapeutic (sarcolysine, cyclophosphamide, endoxan, etc.) methods of treating reticulosarcoma (lymphosarcoma) of the stomach attracts attention. In this regard, it is advisable to conduct preventive courses of treatment after radical operations. Given the sensitivity of reticulosarcomas (lymphosarcomas) to ionizing radiation and chemotherapy, this method should be considered promising.

TUMORS OF THE LIVER, BILE TRACTS,

PANCREAS

All neoplasms of this type can be divided into two large subgroups:

epithelial (originated in the mucous membrane);

non-epithelial (intramural, intramural).

Non-epithelial benign tumors are divided into: fibromyomas; fibromas; neurofibromas; lipomas; neuromas; neurilemmomas; chondromas; choristomas; osteomas; osteochondromas; hemangiomas; endothelioma; lymphangiomas.

They differ in the type of origin from various tissues: muscular (leiomyoma); submucosal layer (lipomas); blood vessels (angiomas); nerve fibers(neurinoma); connective (fibroma).

Intramural neoplasms (neurogenic, leiomyomas) can grow to large sizes, so it becomes possible to palpate them.

Polyposis of the stomach

The most common benign tumors are polyps - have the following symptoms.

Pain of a pulling, aching nature in the epigastric (pit of the stomach) region, which occurs immediately or 1-3 hours after eating.
Nausea, sometimes vomiting (may be mixed with blood if there is bleeding from the tumor).
Belching of food eaten, sometimes air.
Heartburn, burning sensation in the chest.
Unsteady stool (alternating diarrhea with constipation).
Weakness, fatigue, dizziness, which can also be associated with hidden bleeding from an ulcerated (having ulcers (deep defects in the mucous membrane)) polyp.

Polyps of the stomach (tumor-like outgrowths in the lumen of the stomach, having a leg or a wide base, spherical and oval shape, dense or soft consistency).

single polyp.

Multiple polyps.

Polyposis (many polyps).

Adenomatous (polyps from the glandular epithelium (a layer of cells that form and secrete various substances (gland secretions)), which have a higher risk of malignancy (transition into a malignant tumor, the cell type of which differs from the cell type of the organ from which it originated)). It should be noted that gastric polyps rarely degenerate into cancer - a malignant tumor, the cell type of which is not similar to the cell type of the organ from which it originated (about 0.4-0.8% of all cases, which is approximately 10-20% adenomatous polyps). The larger the polyp, the higher the risk of degeneration into cancer.
Hyperplastic (tumor-like polyps with a low risk of malignancy) are the most common (70-80% of all polyps). However, they are often accompanied by atrophic gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa), which can lead to the development of stomach cancer.
Menetrier's disease These are multiple polyps (polyposis). They are often referred to as precancerous diseases.
Inflammatory fibromatous polyps are not inherently polyps, but resemble them in shape. When examined under a microscope, it can be seen that they contain a large number of eosinophils (blood cells).

Leiomyoma of the stomach (benign tumor of the muscle tissue of the stomach).

Lipoma (benign tumor of the submucosal tissues of the stomach).

Neurinoma (benign tumor of the nervous tissue of the stomach).

Angioma (benign tumor of the blood vessels of the stomach).

Fibroma (benign tumor of the connective tissue of the stomach).

Cause the occurrence of benign neoplasms of the stomach was not detected.

Predisposing factors:

chronic gastritis ( chronic inflammation mucous membrane of the stomach);
infection Helicobacterpylori(a microorganism that enhances the secretion (excretion) of hydrochloric acid and leads to a decrease in the protective properties of the gastric mucosa);
the presence of neoplasms in relatives;
bad habits (alcohol and smoking);
unbalanced and irrational nutrition (excessive consumption of salty, smoked foods, lack of vegetables and fruits in the diet);
unfavorable ecology;
decrease in immunity.

Diagnostics

Analysis of the anamnesis of the disease and complaints (when (how long ago) did abdominal pain, nausea, belching, vomiting (may be mixed with blood), a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, weight loss, weakness, fatigue, blood in the feces appear; with what the patient associates the occurrence of these symptoms).
Analysis of the patient's life history (the patient has various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, other past diseases, bad habits (alcohol consumption, smoking)).
Analysis of a family history (presence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as oncological diseases in relatives).
Objective examination data (examination skin, mucous membranes, determination of the presence of obesity).
General blood analysis. It is possible to detect anemia (anemia).
Coprogram (fecal analysis). It is possible to detect blood impurities in the feces, which indicates gastrointestinal bleeding.
Instrumental methods of diagnostics.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) is a diagnostic procedure during which the doctor examines and evaluates the condition of the inner surface of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum using a special optical instrument (endoscope) with a mandatory biopsy (taking a fragment of an organ to determine the structure of its tissue and cells and the presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori(a microorganism that enhances the secretion (excretion) of hydrochloric acid and leads to a decrease in the protective properties of the gastric mucosa)). As a rule, when polyps are found during the study, they are immediately removed and sent to histological examination(examination of tissue under a microscope to determine its good quality (the type of tumor cells is similar to the type of cells of the organ from which it originated)).

Diagnostics Helicobacter pylori by any available method (breath test (the test is based on the study of exhaled air), analysis of feces, blood).

X-ray examination of the abdominal organs. It is used to determine irregularities in the stomach, which may indirectly indicate the presence of a neoplasm in the stomach.

Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the abdominal organs to determine the presence of a tumor of the stomach.

Computed tomography (CT) to detect stomach tumors.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more accurate than CT scan, diagnostic method. Performed to detect a tumor of the stomach.

Treatment of benign tumors of the stomach

Disease treatment only surgical. Removal of the tumor is performed surgically.

If these are polyps, then, as a rule, they are removed using a gastroscope (a special flexible tube) during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) - a diagnostic procedure during which the doctor examines and evaluates the condition of the inner surface of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum using a special optical instrument (endoscope). In this case, depending on the number of neoplasms, either only the tumor itself is removed, or the tumor together with part of the stomach wall. During the operation, an emergency histological (microscopic examination of tissue) of the tumor is performed to confirm its good quality.
With diffuse polyposis, a gastrectomy is performed (removal of the stomach).

After the removal of the polyp or the removal of any other tumor, it is necessary to undergo a course drug therapy:

inhibitors proton pump(drugs that reduce the production of hydrochloric acid by the stomach);
if there was an infection Helicobacter pylori(a microorganism that enhances the secretion (excretion) of hydrochloric acid and leads to a decrease in the protective properties of the gastric mucosa) , then - antibiotics (drugs that destroy and slow down the growth of microorganisms).

Complications and consequences

Forecast relatively favorable. But relapses (renewals) of the disease are possible. Patients should be under dispensary observation for the rest of their lives.

Malignancy of a tumor (degeneration into a malignant tumor, the cell type of which differs from the cell type of the organ from which it originated).
Perforation of the tumor (the formation of a hole in the wall of the stomach) with the development of peritonitis (severe inflammation of the abdominal organs).
Stenosis (a significant reduction or narrowing of the lumen) of the stomach, which occurs most often when the tumor reaches a large size.
Ulceration of the surface of the tumor (formation of ulcers (deep defects in the mucous membrane on the surface of the tumor)).
The occurrence of bleeding from a tumor of the stomach.
Polyp injury. Long-stalked polyps may protrude into the duodenum and become strangulated in the pylorus (the muscular ring between the stomach and duodenum) causing severe pain.

Prevention of benign tumors of the stomach

There is no specific prevention of benign neoplasms of the stomach. Recommended:

stop drinking alcohol and smoking;
rationally and balanced diet (exclude excessive consumption of too salty, fried, smoked, pickled foods; increase the amount of fresh fruits and vegetables);
treat gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining);
be regularly examined by a gastroenterologist. After removal of neoplasms, control gastroscopic examinations are recommended after 3 and 6 months, and in the future - 1-2 times a year.

A tumor of the stomach is a pathological neoplasm, despite the fact that in addition to the malignant course, it can also be of a benign nature. Regardless of its nature, it always begins development from one layer of this organ, but is prone to damage to all structural tissues. Quite often it has an asymptomatic course and is characterized by slow growth.

Neoplasms can develop in absolutely every person, regardless of age and gender. This means that a large number of different predisposing factors can cause development, ranging from burdened heredity to malnutrition.

The clinical picture is completely dictated by the type of tumor. The danger lies in the fact that often the disease is asymptomatic or expressed in non-specific signs.

It is possible to make a correct diagnosis, as well as to establish the histological structure of the formation, only after a wide range of instrumental and laboratory examinations of the patient.

Treatment of gastric tumors is often surgical, and conservative therapies play a supporting role.

The international classification of diseases ICD-10 does not allocate a separate value for gastric neoplasms. Malignant tumors have a code - C16, and benign tumors belong to the category of other formations that have a code - D10-D36.

Etiology

To date, the mechanisms of why stomach tissues change and tumors form remain completely unknown. Nevertheless, specialists from the field of gastroenterology have been able to identify a number of the most likely predisposing factors that greatly increase the likelihood of a malignant or benign formation.

It is worth noting that the causes will be the same for the formation of any type of tumor. Thus, as a provocateur of the disease can be:

any nature;
the negative impact of a bacterium such as, which can provoke the development of a wide range of gastrointestinal pathologies, in particular;
diagnosing similar neoplasms in close relatives;
abuse bad habits;
any conditions leading to a decrease in immune resistance;
the impact of unfavorable environmental conditions;
malnutrition, namely human consumption a large number fatty, spicy and salty foods. This should also include a lack of fiber and vitamins in the menu, which are found in fresh vegetables and fruits;
transferred earlier surgical intervention aimed at excision of part of the stomach;
pernicious;
the course of Menetrier's syndrome;
unfavorable working conditions under which a person is constantly forced to contact with chemical, toxic and poisonous substances.

The main risk group includes people of working age. It is noteworthy that any tumors are often diagnosed in males than in women.

Classification

There are many varieties of the disease, but the main division of neoplasms divides them into:

malignant tumors of the stomach- are the most frequent formations, which are characterized by an unfavorable outcome. A high percentage of mortality is due to the fact that they are completely asymptomatic for a long time or are expressed in nonspecific clinical signs. This leads to the fact that a person seeks qualified help too late. Diagnosis at an early stage of development is extremely rare and mostly by chance;
benign tumors of the stomach– are characterized by slow growth and a relatively favorable outcome, because some of them can transform into cancer. It is worth noting that among all formations, benign ones occur in about 5% of cases.

Each variety has its own classification. Thus, malignant neoplasms of the fundus of the stomach or any other localization can be represented by:

- Among clinicians, it is considered the most common form, since it is diagnosed in almost 95% of cases of malignant tumors. The second name of the pathology is glandular cancer of the stomach;
leiomyoblastomas - consist of smooth muscle tissues;
malignant - based on the name, it becomes clear that they contain lymphatic tissues;
carcinoid tumor of the stomach - formed from cells nervous system. In the medical field, it is also known under a different name - a neuroendocrine tumor of the stomach;
leiomyosarcomas.

It is also worth highlighting the category of the rarest types of formations that have a malignant course:

fibroplastic or angioplastic sarcoma;
retinosarcoma;
gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach;
malignant neuroma.

Among benign tumors it is worth highlighting:

- this form is diagnosed in the vast majority of cases. Such formations can be either single or multiple. In the latter case, they talk about the stomach. They are divided into adenomatous, hyperplastic and fibromatous. The first type is most often transformed into oncology;
fibroma - formed from connective tissue and is considered the most common among mesenchymal tumors;
leiomyoma - in its composition it has muscle tissue;
- is considered a submucosal tumor of the stomach;
neurinoma - includes nerve tissue;
angioma - consists of blood vessels.

Those benign neoplasms that develop from the elements of the walls of this organ constitute a group of non-epithelial tumors of the stomach.

connective and adipose tissue;
muscle and vascular tissue.

There is also a classification depending on the localization of a particular formation, but the cardia of the stomach is most often exposed to pathology. This is due to the fact that it is close to the esophagus, diseases of which can lead to the development of a malignant or benign tumor.

It should be noted that all formations have not exophytic, but endophytic growth, in which the tumor grows deep into the walls of this organ.

Symptoms

The symptomatic picture will differ not only from the nature of the lesion of the stomach, but also from such factors:

type of tumor;
the size and number of education;
the presence or absence of ulcers.

Most often, benign neoplasms occur without expressing any symptoms, which is why they are a diagnostic surprise. You can find them only during the passage of the planned instrumental examination or when diagnosing a completely different ailment.

However, a benign tumor of the stomach has the following symptoms:

that occurs during a meal or a few hours after eating;
bouts of nausea, rarely leading to vomiting. Vomiting often leads to relief of the patient's condition. An alarming sign is the presence of bloody impurities in the vomit;
belching, accompanied by an unpleasant sour smell;
and decreased appetite
increased gas formation and bloating;
the appearance of a characteristic rumbling;
weakness and weakness;
headaches and dizziness;
stool disorder;
weight loss and decreased performance;
pallor of the skin.

Such manifestations cannot accurately indicate the development of benign formations, which is why it is inappropriate to rely only on the clinical picture during diagnosis.

Signs of a tumor of the stomach of a malignant form are distinguished by the fact that they can be accompanied by symptoms of the underlying disease, which often also acts as an ulcer.

Early symptoms may include:

fullness and discomfort in the stomach;
change in eating habits;
pain and heaviness - prone to exacerbation after eating meals;
loss of appetite;
weight loss.

As the oncology progresses, the above symptoms will be supplemented:

general weakness and fatigue;
frequent mood swings and depression;
headaches different intensity and dizziness;
sleep disorder;
pallor or cyanosis of the skin;
rise in temperature;
dry mucous membranes;
profuse sweating and salivation;
nausea with repeated vomiting.

Diagnostics

To differentiate a malignant tumor from a benign formation, a comprehensive diagnostic approach is needed, which is based on a number of laboratory and instrumental studies.

However, first of all, the gastroenterologist should:

study the medical history of not only the patient, but also his immediate family;
collect and analyze the anamnesis of the patient's life;
conduct a thorough physical examination;
to interview the patient in detail - to compile a complete symptomatic picture.

Laboratory and instrumental diagnosis of a stomach tumor will include:

general clinical blood test;
blood biochemistry;
microscopic examination of feces;
specific breath tests;
general analysis urine;
blood test for tumor markers;
EKDS and ultrasound;
CT and MRI;
biopsy - for histological examination;
radiodiagnosis using a contrast agent.

Treatment

The tactics of eliminating the neoplasm is dictated by its classification, but often they turn to surgical intervention.

Polypoid and other benign tumors are treated by complete or partial excision of the stomach. After surgery, patients are shown:

drug therapy aimed at taking proton pump inhibitors and antibacterial substances;
physiotherapy procedures;
diet therapy;
the use of folk remedies, but only after consulting with your doctor.

Treatment malignant tumor body of the stomach or other localization consists of:

laparoscopic or laparotomic surgery - in this case, not only the affected organ, but also nearby tissues are subject to removal. This is done to avoid relapse;
chemotherapy;
radiation therapy.

The last two therapeutic techniques can be performed both before and after the intervention. After the operation, the above conservative methods of therapy are prescribed.

Possible Complications

The specificity of the course of a benign or malignant gastric tumor can lead to life-threatening complications.

The consequences of benign formations can be:

frequent relapses;
transformation into oncology;
perforation and stenosis;
ulceration of the surface of the tumor;
concealment of hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract;
anemia and.

The malignant course of neoplasms is fraught with:

close and distant metastases;
heavy bleeding;
exhaustion of the patient;
infringement;
stenosis and the appearance of a hole in the stomach.

Prevention and prognosis

To completely avoid or reduce the likelihood of the formation of a particular neoplasm, it is necessary to adhere to general simple recommendations:

complete rejection of bad habits;
strengthening immune system;
balanced and proper nutrition;
compliance with safety rules when working with toxic substances;
prevention of emotional and physical overstrain;
early detection and treatment of any pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract;
regular examination by a gastroenterologist.

The prognosis will be individual for each patient, but in any case, a favorable prognosis provides timely diagnosis and complete treatment.