slide 3

Brief history of Greece

• At the first Crete-Mycenaean or Helladic stage, the speakers of the Greek language - the Achaeans are just beginning to settle in the Balkans
• They are dominated by tribal relations, their main occupation is the introduction of agriculture. At the end of this stage, they begin to develop writing.
• The policy stage is divided into 3 stages:
• Homeric (prepolis) period, "dark ages" (XI-IX centuries BC)
• Archaic Greece (VIII-VI centuries BC).
• Classical Greece (V-IV centuries BC).

slide 4

Homeric period

• The Homeric period is characterized by the transition of tribal relations into early class relations. But even more this period is characterized by uncertainty, because. almost the only source of information about him are the poems of Homer, which for a long time were considered a literary myth.
• Based on the poems, during this period there was a war between the Achaeans (Greeks) and the Trojans. The people of that time were famous for their military exploits and sacredly believed in their gods.

Slide 5

archaic period

Archaic period (VIII-VI centuries BC) The beginning of the period is considered to be the date of the establishment of the Ancient Olympic Games in 776 BC. e. It is characterized by three main processes that had a decisive influence on the development of Greek civilization:

1. Great colonization - the development by the Greeks of the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, Azov Sea. The development of commodity production and a significant increase in the number of foreign slaves, overpopulation of policies.
2. Registration of the policy as a special type of community. The craft separated from agriculture, the Greek city-states became large craft centers. 2 types of policies are being formed: trade and craft (Athens) and agricultural (Sparta). The transition from bronze to iron. The introduction of iron in all spheres of production, economic recovery.

slide 6

Development of production as a prerequisite for the crisis

Contradictions begin to emerge in the minds of the people:

• free - slave
• rich - poor
• community - personality

1. The development of commodity production and economic recovery were directly related to the development of slavery
2. Cheap slave labor made it possible to obtain a higher income and was more actively used in the main branches of production.
3. The polis (or ancient) becomes the leading form of land ownership - only citizens had the right to own land on the territory of the policy; free people who were not citizens (meteks) did not have this right. There is a socio-economic stratification
4. In this regard, there is an intensification of the political struggle between the tribal nobility and free citizens.
5. The separation of the individual from the community is manifested in the peculiarities of the literature of that time.

Slide 7

Archaic Literature

“I myself escaped death.
And let my Shield disappear.
No worse than a new one I can get"
Archilochus 6th century BC

• The heroic time of the dark ages, described in the Iliad and Odyssey by Homer, is being replaced by a lyrical time filled with intimate feelings and meditation.
• Representatives of the lyrical genre were Archilochus, Sappho, Alkey, Alkman, and others.
• It is noteworthy that in the Hellenistic time, the time when the crisis actually occurred, it was the canon of lyric poets (VI-IV centuries BC) that was assessed as worthy of study.

Slide 8

Greek science

• The motto is "Knowledge for the sake of knowledge!"
• Great aptitude for theory. Greek thinkers neglected practical application, considering it the lot of the not free.
• Discoveries in mathematics, physics, mechanics - served either the cause of destruction: military vehicles and weapons, or a means of entertainment: mechanical products on the stages of theaters. And only in the last turn to facilitate labor productivity. As a result, the gap between spiritual and material culture

Slide 9

Science vs religion

• Science, with its laws, laws and inventions, strongly influenced people's ideas about the essence of the world and its processes. Moreover, both positively, inspiring and facilitating life, and negatively undermining former values, customs and beliefs.
• Therefore, in 433-432. BC e. the Athenian soothsayer Diopif, an adherent of antiquity and an enemy of "sophistical" innovations, proposed a law on judicial responsibility for "non-recognition of recognized gods and the introduction of new deities." It was under this article that Socrates was convicted in 399 BC.

Slide 10

Classical Greece (V-IV centuries BC)

• The growing conflict between trade and craft types of policies with democratic forms of government and backward agrarian policies with an aristocratic system - the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) - the defeat of Athens
• The overall result is the weakening of all Greek policies.
• The war undermined the economic and political potential of Hellas
• The flourishing of the economy and culture of the Greek city-states in the 5th century. BC.
• The victory of the Greeks in the Greco-Persian wars (500-449 BC) is the rise of Athens, the Delian League is created (led by Athens).

slide 11

Crisis of the policy - IV century BC. e.

• A feature of the crisis was that it took place in conditions of economic recovery.
• Wealth accumulated mainly in the hands of non-citizens - meteks and freedmen, who performed the functions of "organizers" of handicraft production, financiers, usurers, creditors, merchants who profited from domestic and international trade. Citizens were forbidden to engage in all these activities, as well as the exploitation of the silver mines in Lavrion, as this was considered unworthy of their occupation.
• Large land holdings were formed, in which land ownership was no longer associated with polis citizenship.
• Tyranny was established in a number of policies. Tyranny limited the rights and freedoms of the citizens of the policy, controlled even their private lives. The policies could no longer defend themselves with the help of a citizen's militia. A clear sign of the crisis is mercenarism. Policies hire an army, which becomes paid.
• The main measure of value is money, it is they who determine the position of a person in society.

slide 12

Hellenism

• Weakened policies by war among themselves, the loss of national unity - the disunity of society became easy prey for the Macedonian kingdom of Philip II in 338 BC. e.
• Then, under the leadership of the son of Philip Alexander of Macedon (336-323 BC), the Greek-Macedonian state will expand its borders and establish itself as a world power
• Due to even greater expansion of borders, even greater stratification of society, the mood of the inhabitants will be characterized by individualism and cosmopolitanism.
• The urban economy gradually begins to decline even under Alexander, while the norms and ideals of ancient Greece spread throughout the world, but not in Greece. After the death of Alexander, intrigues and wars for the throne and division of the empire will begin.
• In 146 BC. The Roman Empire will inflict another defeat on the Achaean League and subdue Greece

slide 13

Roman Empire on its way to dominance

• The early history of Rome is marked by the dominance of the tribal aristocracy, the patricians, except for whom no one could sit in the Senate.
• And the Roman aristocratic education resembled the Spartan special attention to patriotism, discipline, courage and military prowess.
• But already in 287 BC. e. the struggle of the plebeians with the patricians will end in favor of the former. This will lead to
• to a change in the social structure of Roman society: having achieved political equality, the plebeian estate ceased to differ from the patrician estate; noble plebeian families, together with the old patrician families, constituted a new elite - the nobility. This contributed to the weakening of the internal political struggle in Rome and the consolidation of Roman society, which allowed him to mobilize all his forces for active foreign policy expansion.

Slide 14

Rome is a world power, Rome is a decaying Republic

• After the conquests of the III-I centuries. BC e. Rome has become world power, and the Mediterranean Sea - into the inner Roman lake.
• But the expansion of borders, the increase in power, wealth, the penetration of other cultures (Hellenistic), the increase in population, mainly due to slaves and foreigners, inevitably undermines the old values ​​and standards. So it was with Greece, so it was with Rome
• The Romans themselves of that time, feeling the changes in society not for the better, “sounded the alarm” developing the theory of “decline in morals”:
• “Valery Maximus said that a tendency to a less strict lifestyle began to appear after the second Punic War (201). Livy believed that the occupying army returning from Asia (187) brought with them to Rome the habit of extravagance. Polybius, considered the disappearance of ancient modesty and frugality as a consequence of the war with Perseus (168). Posidonius began his period of decline with the destruction of Carthage (146), and in this he was followed by Sallust. Thus, the dating of the beginning of the decline of morals, given by the Roman authors themselves, fluctuates between 290 and 146.

slide 15

Decline theory

The activities of the "Censor" from 182 BC Cato the Elder:

• The political program was based on the struggle against the "new abominations" (novaflagitia) and on the restoration of ancient customs;
• In the first place were, undoubtedly, such vices, allegedly brought from a foreign land to Rome, as self-interest and greed (avaritia), the desire for luxury (luxuria), vanity (ambitus). The penetration of even these vices into Roman society was, according to Cato, main reason moral decline. Interests that take precedence over civil, public interests.

Letters of Sallust to Caesar (approx. historically controversial moment)

• The theme of the decline of morals is developed in the most detailed way by Sallust. He states first of all the depravity of the people, and then the weakness, impotence of the senate. The loss of land was the first impetus that caused the further decomposition of the people.
• He identifies 2 main vices that develop in Roman society: the lust for power - ambitio and the passion for money - avaritia
• Only wealth is respected, virtue is trampled on, poverty is considered a disgrace, honesty - as if ill-intention.

slide 16

Policy Crisis

• The cause of the crisis of ancient Roman morality was the crisis of the policy, and the "decline in morals", the breaking of traditions, the departure from ancient norms and foundations - only an inevitable consequence.
• It is unthinkable to govern a huge state and exercise in it not only one's material, but also spiritual superiority, based on moral criteria and norms that have developed in a small urban community and are designed specifically for members of this closed community.

The crisis of the policy and morals - the fall of the Republic:

• "contradiction between political form republics of the 1st century BC e. and its social class content. The wide Mediterranean market, new groups of provincial slave owners, complex relations between Italy and the provinces, between citizens and "non-citizens" urgently demanded new system management. It was impossible to manage a world power with methods and apparatus suitable for a small community on the Tiber. The old classes, whose interests were reflected by the Roman Republic, by the end of the 1st century. BC e. disappeared or degraded. The Italian peasantry has almost completely disappeared; nobility and equestrianism as a result civil wars in a significant part of them died physically or went bankrupt.

Slide 17

Fall of the Republic, 1st century BC e.

• Seizure of power by the dictator and tyrant Sulla 82-79 BC
  The introduction of proscription - the hunt for "enemies of the people" and rewards for their heads - denunciations, murders, gaining some at the expense of the death of others
• Rise of Spartacus 75-71 years. BC.
  Rebellion of slave gladiators thirsting for freedom and justice
• Julius Caesar from 46 to 44 BC e. laid down the principles of dictatorship in the Roman Republic, which became the basis for the emergence of the Roman Empire, which actually took shape under the rule of Caesar's heir, Octavian Augustus.

Slide 18

Empire of intrigue

• After the conspiracy and assassination of Caesar, an eternal struggle ensued for the throne.
• For the title of the first emperor, they gathered troops, weaved intrigues Foster-son Caesar - Augustus Octavino (left) and Caesar's former associate Mark Antony (right).
• According to a similar scenario, the history of the empire developed until its collapse into Eastern and Western parts.

Slide 19

Crisis of the 3rd century AD

The crisis is preceded by constant successive emperors, barbarian raids, a civil war of 193-197. and corruption

Military bloc:

• demographic crisis. Unwillingness to serve in the army - young people chopped off thumb right hand. Empire and ancestral conquest no longer inspired
• Large landowners also did not want to give their labor to the public service.

Economic block:

• The decline of middle landownership. Crushing large holdings and renting them out. The high cost of taxes on the transportation of products leads to a rupture of ties between individual provinces
• The destruction of the monetary system. So in Roman Britain it comes to the point that money completely loses its significance and trade relations begin to be introduced through barter.

Slide 20

In the crisis of the Roman Empire, its further collapse, the English historian of the 18th century E. Gibbon names 5 reasons

1. The destruction of the institution of the family
2. Decreased sense of personal responsibility
3. exorbitant taxes
4. Striving for hedonism
5. The Decline of Religion

In 410, Rome was taken by the Visigoths, and on September 4, 476, the leader of the Germans, Odoacer, forced the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, to abdicate. Thus ended the 12-century dominion of Rome.

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Hellenistic era

• Pergamon altar. Fragment. Around 180 BC e. Berlin.

• In children's burials of the Hellenistic era, similar toys are found.

• Nike of Samothrace (goddess of victory). Marble. End of the 4th c. BC e. Paris. Louvre.

• Head of a girl from the island of Chios. Marble. Boston. Museum of Fine Arts.

• The girl from Anzio. Head. Marble. Rome. Museum Therm.

• Statue of a Hellenistic ruler (the so-called Diadochus). Rome. Museum Therm.

• Head of Aphrodite from Pergamon. Marble. Beginning of the 2nd c. BC e. Berlin.

• Philosophy of Plato
• Aristotle and Epicurus.

• "Apology to Socrates"
• Apology (from the Greek apologia) - praise, protection of someone or something.

• Main estates:
• Philosophers who, on the basis of the contemplation of ideas, govern the entire state.
• Warriors whose main goal is to protect the state from internal and external enemies.
• Workers (peasants and artisans who support the state financially by providing it with vital resources).
• Main forms of government:
• Monarchy.
• Aristocracy.
• Democracy.

• It is based on the destruction of private property, the community of wives and children, state regulation of marriages, public education of children (they should not know their parents).
• each person is in his place and does what he is most capable of.

• The main task of Plato's pedagogical activity is the formation of a harmoniously developed person through everyday efforts and a philosophical lifestyle.
• Spiritual exercises: preparation for sleep, in adversity to remain calm and not indignant.
• 4 main sciences: mathematics, astronomy, music and dialectics.

• dialectics is a method of dividing the one into many, reducing the many to one and structurally representing the whole as a single-separated plurality.
• The overall goal is the good.
• Plato's dialectic is the doctrine of indivisible wholes; producing all sorts of logical divisions, it knows how to merge everything together.

• The One is the basis of all being; devoid of any signs, has no parts, that is, no beginning, no end, does not occupy any space, cannot move, because change is necessary for movement.
• The mind is a product of the "single", has a pure and unmixed nature.

• World soul - unites Plato's "mind" and the corporeal world. Receiving from the "mind" the laws of its motion, the "soul" differs from it in its eternal mobility (the principle of self-motion).
• The death of the body is its transition to another state.

• The world of ideas (eidos) exists outside of time and space.
• In man, the role of an idea is played by his immortal soul. Ideas (eidos) have the qualities of constancy, unity and purity.
• The human soul is represented by Plato in the form of a chariot with a rider and two horses, white and black.

• Fate is the path from the unknown to the unknown.
• Man is God's plaything. This is what must be followed. We must live by playing.
• For a speech to be good, beautiful, does not the speaker's mind have to grasp the truth of what he is about to speak?
• A man who has become stupid from superstition is the most contemptible of people.
• Socrates is a friend, but the closest friend is truth.
• The greatest victory is to conquer yourself.
• The speech of truth is simple.
• Discretion is the ability to curb one's desires and passions.
• Victory over oneself is the first and best of all victories.
• No one knows what death is and whether it is the greatest good for man. And yet, everyone fears her, as if in the consciousness that she is the greatest evil.
• God is in ourselves.

• (384 BC - 322 BC)
• - Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist

• All knowledge is divided into three parts:
• - theoretical (physics and
• metaphysics)
• - practical (ethics and politics)
• - poetic (creativity)

• Physics is the science of motion, which is possible due to the ontological difference between force and energy.
• Metaphysics is the doctrine of the first principles of being or the first philosophy.
• => 4 principles: form, matter, effective cause (beginning), purpose.

• Ethics is the doctrine of morality.
• The main virtue is to find the middle between two extremes.
• Politics is the doctrine of the state.
• The state is communication for the common good.

• 1) Aristotle singled out:
• correct forms of government - monarchy, aristocracy, polity
• wrong forms of government - tyranny, oligarchy, democracy
• 2) The best form of government is polity - rule by the majority in the interests of the common good.
• The worst is ochlocracy, a degenerate form of democracy based on the changing whims of the mob.
• 3) At the head of everything is the law.
• 4) Law embodies political justice and serves as the norm of political relations between people (political law => natural and conditional).
• 5) The state consists of families and is opposed to families - communication for the sake of private good.

• 1. A person is a political being, i.e. social, and it carries in itself an instinctive desire for "cohabitation".
• Man is distinguished by the capacity for intellectual and moral life.
• 2. Society is identical to the state
• Layers of citizens (state elements):
• - very wealthy (-)
• - medium - "golden mean" (+)
• - extremely poor(-)
• 3.Human perfection supposed perfect citizen, a excellence of a citizen - perfection of the state.
• 4. The nature of the state is "ahead" of the family and the individual.

• 1. The position of a person in society is determined by property.
• 2.Private property is the only possible and progressive one.
• 3. In this case, you need:
• 1) “generosity” - supporting the poor
• 2) "friendship" - solidarity of equals

• 1. essence - man, horse
• 2. "how much" - two cubits long
• 3. "what" - white, able to read and write
• 4. "in relation to something" - half, more
• 5. "where" - in the Lyceum, on the square
• 6. "when" - yesterday, last year
• 7. "to be in some position" - lies, sits
• 8. "possess" - shod, armed
• 9. "act" - cuts, burns
• 10. "to endure" - they cut him, burn him

• 1. There are primary and secondary entities.
• - primary- this is the one that is not mentioned in any subject and is not in any subject (a separate person or a separate horse)
• -secondary- those to which, as species, entities belong, so called in the primary sense, and these species, and their genera (“individual person” - “man” - “living being”)
• 2. The species is more of an essence than a genus.
• 3. A common feature of any entity is not to be in the subject.
• 4. The first entities denote a certain something.
• 5. Essences are characterized by the fact that nothing is opposite to them.
• 6. Essence does not allow greater or lesser degrees.
• 7. Essence, being one and identical in number, is capable of accepting opposites.

• 1. It can be separate (number, word) and continuous (line, time, place).
• 2. Some quantities consist of parts that have a certain position in relation to each other, while others consist of parts that do not have such a position.
• 3. Nothing is opposite to quantity.
• 4. The quantity does not allow more and less.
• 5. Quantity is spoken of as equal and unequal

• 1. Correlated - this is what they say that what it is, it is in connection with another or being in some other relation to another.
• 2. Correlatives have opposites
• 3. Correlative admits a greater and a lesser degree.
• 4. All correlated [sides] are mutual.
• 5. Correlative [parts] by nature exist together.
• 6. Neither the first entities nor their parts are said to be correlated.
• 7. Perceived by the senses exists before the sense perception.

• 1.Quality - thanks to which the essence is defined.
• 2. Has many meanings (types):
• - stable and transient properties
• - inborn abilities/inability
• - endured properties and states
• 3. Quality also has its opposite.
• 4. Not everything qualitatively defined admits a greater or lesser degree.
• 5. Such and such [things] are called in accordance with the enumerated types of quality by names derived from them or names formed from them in some other way.

• Action and suffering allow:
• 1) the opposite of yourself
• 2) a greater or lesser degree
• "Where", "when", "possess" (what?) -
• do not have any key features, are used in the literal sense

• Concerning things that are opposed to each other, it says:
• - or how about correlated with each other
• - or how about opposites
• - or as about deprivation and possession
• - or how about affirmation and negation

• Opposites
• Previous and after
• given together
• Possession
• Traffic:
• 1.appearance
• 2.destruction
• 3.increase
• 4.decrease
• 5.transformation
• 6.moving

• Logic treatises -
• « Categories”, “On Interpretation”, “First Analysts”,
• "Second Analysts"
• Physical treatises -
• "Physics", "On the emergence and destruction", "On the sky", "Meteorology"
• Biological treatises -
• "History of animals", "On the parts of animals", "On the origin of animals", "On the movement of animals",
• "About the Soul"
• Ethical essays -
• Nicomachean Ethics, Eudemic Ethics
• Socio-political writings -
• "Politics", "Athenian polity"
• Essays on art -
• Rhetoric, Poetics

• "Nothing destroys a person so much as prolonged inactivity."
• “If there were no women, all the money in the world would mean nothing.”
• “It is better to do a small part of a job perfectly than to do ten times more badly.”
• "Happiness is self-satisfaction."
• "The lesser of evils must be chosen."
• "Knowledge begins with wonder."
• "Plato is my friend but the truth is dearer".

• The biggest obstacle to happiness is fear.
• Three main fears:
• 1. Fear of fate
• 2. Fear of the gods
• 3. Fear of death

• Happiness requires choosing pleasure and avoiding pain:
• 1) the pursuit of pleasure must be reasonable
• 2) only natural and necessary pleasures are important
• 3) the absence of suffering is pleasure
• 4) happiness lies not in what is outside of us, but in ourselves

• Epicurus was a supporter of atomistic materialism.
• the weight of the atoms determines their movement after the first push
• an infinite number and variety of spontaneously developing worlds, which are the result of the collision and separation of atoms, in addition to which there is nothing but empty space.
• In the space between these worlds are the gods.
• The soul is a material object consisting of atoms. The most important part of the soul is the mind, located in the heart.

• the main source of knowledge is sensations, with the help of which a person can only receive any information about the world around him.

• - Live unnoticed.
• To whom little is not enough, everything is not enough.
• -The greatest fruit of the limitation of desires is freedom
• -Death for a person is nothing, because when we exist, death is not yet present, and when death is present, then we do not exist.
• -Life is not bitter for someone who is firmly convinced that not living at all is not a problem.
• -The best friend is the one who imperceptibly for you pours poison into your cup and you die serenely, in ignorance!
• -Live unnoticed!
• -If God listened to the prayers of people, then soon all people would die, constantly wishing harm to each other.
• - In philosophical disputes, the loser wins, because he acquires new wisdom.
• -Let's thank the wise nature for making the necessary easy and the heavy unnecessary.
• -It is better to be unhappy with reason than to be happy without reason.
• - We value our character as our property, whether it is good and respected by people or not; so should the character of others be valued.

• ASCETISM (from the Greek asketes - exercising in something), restriction or suppression of sensual desires, voluntary transfer of physical pain, loneliness, etc., inherent in the practice of philosophical schools (for example, cynics) and especially various religions (monasticism, etc.) .). The goal of asceticism may be to achieve freedom from needs, concentration of the spirit, preparation for ecstatic states, the achievement of "supernatural abilities" (yoga), in Christianity - participation in the "suffering" of Christ.

• Literature

• D.A. Gusev - “Introduction to Philosophy”
• Khachaturian - “History of World Civilizations”
• Sites: 1.www.aphorism.ru
• 2.wikipedia.org
• 3.www.peoples.ru
• 4. www.krugosvet.ru

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Presentation on the topic: Ancient Greece and Rome

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

Greece Crete-Mycenaean (late III-II millennium BC). Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. Polisny (XI-IV centuries BC). Ethnic consolidation of the Greek world. Hellenistic (IV-I centuries BC). Short-term assertion of the world power of Alexander the Great. Origin, flourishing and decay of Rome Royal period (mid-VIII century BC - 510 BC) Republican (510-30 BC) Imperial (30 BC) - 476 AD) Stages of History

slide number 3

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Briefly about the history of Greece At the first Crete-Mycenaean or Helladic stage, the speakers of the Greek language - the Achaeans are just beginning to settle in the Balkans. They are dominated by tribal relations, their main occupation is the introduction of agriculture. At the end of this stage, they begin to develop writing. The polis stage is divided into 3 stages: the Homeric (pre-polis) period, the "dark ages" (XI-IX centuries BC) Archaic Greece (VIII-VI centuries BC). Classical Greece (V-IV centuries BC).

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

The Homeric period is characterized by the transition of tribal relations into early class relations. But even more this period is characterized by uncertainty, because. almost the only source of information about him are the poems of Homer, which for a long time were considered a literary myth. Based on the poems, during this period there was a war between the Achaeans (Greeks) and the Trojans. The people of that time were famous for their military exploits and sacredly believed in their gods.

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

Archaic period (VIII-VI centuries BC) The beginning of the period is considered to be the date of the establishment of the Ancient Olympic Games in 776 BC. e. It is characterized by three main processes that had a decisive influence on the development of Greek civilization: The Great Colonization - the development by the Greeks of the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, Azov Sea. The development of commodity production and a significant increase in the number of foreign slaves, overpopulation of policies 2. Formation of the policy as a special type of community. The craft separated from agriculture, the Greek city-states became large craft centers. 2 types of policies are formed: trade and craft (Athens) and agrarian (Sparta) 3. Transition from bronze to iron Introduction of iron into all spheres of production, economic recovery.

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

The development of production as a prerequisite for the crisis Contradictions begin to emerge in the minds of the people: free - rich slave - poor community - personality The development of commodity production and economic growth were directly related to the development of slavery. Cheap slave labor made it possible to obtain more income and was more actively used in the main industries. The polis (or ancient) becomes the leading form of land ownership - only citizens had the right to own land on the territory of the policy; free people who were not citizens (meteks) did not have this right. There is a socio-economic stratification In this regard, there is an intensification of the political struggle between the tribal nobility and free citizens. The isolation of the individual from the community is manifested in the features of the literature of that time

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

“I myself escaped death. And let my Shield disappear. No worse than a new one I can get” Archilochus VI century BC The heroic time of the dark ages, described in the Iliad and Odyssey by Homer, is being replaced by a lyrical time filled with intimate feelings and meditation. Representatives of the lyric genre were Archilochus, Sappho, Alcaeus, Alcman, and others. It is noteworthy that in Hellenistic times, the time when the crisis actually occurred, it was the canon of lyric poets (VI-IV centuries BC) that was assessed as worthy of study. Archaic Literature

slide number 8

Description of the slide:

Greek Science Motto - "Knowledge for the sake of knowledge!" Great aptitude for theory. Greek thinkers neglected practical application, considering it the lot of the not free. Discoveries in mathematics, physics, mechanics - served either the cause of destruction: military vehicles and weapons, or a means of entertainment: mechanical products on the stages of theaters. And only in the last turn to facilitate labor productivity. As a result, the gap between spiritual and material culture

slide number 9

Description of the slide:

Science vs Religion Science, with its laws, regularities and inventions, strongly influenced people's ideas about the essence of the world and its processes. Moreover, both positively, inspiring and facilitating life, and negatively undermining former values, customs and beliefs. Therefore, in 433-432. BC e. the Athenian soothsayer Diopif, an adherent of antiquity and an enemy of "sophistical" innovations, proposed a law on judicial responsibility for "non-recognition of recognized gods and the introduction of new deities." It was under this article that Socrates was convicted in 399 BC.

slide number 10

Description of the slide:

Classical Greece (V-IV centuries BC) Growing conflict between trade and craft types of policies with democratic forms of government and backward agrarian policies with an aristocratic structure - Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) - the defeat of Athens The overall result was the weakening of all Greek policies. The war undermined the economic and political potential of Hellas. The heyday of the economy and culture of the Greek policies in the 5th century. BC. The victory of the Greeks in the Greco-Persian wars (500-449 BC) is the rise of Athens, the Delian League is created (led by Athens).

slide number 11

Description of the slide:

Crisis of the policy - IV century BC. e. A feature of the crisis was that it took place in conditions of economic recovery. Wealth accumulated mainly in the hands of non-citizens - meteks and freedmen, who performed the functions of "organizers" of handicraft production, financiers, usurers, creditors, merchants who profited from domestic and international trade. Citizens were forbidden to engage in all these activities, as well as the exploitation of the silver mines in Lavrion, as this was considered unworthy of their occupation. Large land holdings were formed, in which land ownership was no longer associated with polis citizenship. Tyranny was established in a number of policies. Tyranny limited the rights and freedoms of the citizens of the policy, controlled even their private lives. The policies could no longer defend themselves with the help of a citizen's militia. A clear sign of the crisis is mercenarism. Policies hire an army, which becomes paid. The main measure of value is money, it is they who determine the position of a person in society. $

slide number 12

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Weakened policies by war among themselves, the loss of national unity - the disunity of society became easy prey for the Macedonian kingdom of Philip II in 338 BC. e. Then, under the leadership of the son of Philip Alexander of Macedon (336-323 BC), the Greek-Macedonian state will expand its borders and establish itself as a world power. Hellenism Due to even greater expansion of borders, even greater stratification of society, the mood of the inhabitants will be characterized by individualism and cosmopolitanism . The urban economy gradually begins to decline even under Alexander, while the norms and ideals of ancient Greece spread throughout the world, but not in Greece. After the death of Alexander, intrigues and wars for the throne and division of the empire will begin. In 146 BC. The Roman Empire will inflict another defeat on the Achaean League and subdue Greece

slide number 13

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The Roman Empire on the Path to Dominance The early history of Rome was marked by the dominance of the tribal aristocracy, the patricians, except for whom no one could sit in the Senate. And the Roman aristocratic education was reminiscent of the Spartan one with a special attention to patriotism, discipline, courage and military skill. But already in 287 BC. e. the struggle of the plebeians with the patricians will end in favor of the former. This will lead to a change in the social structure of Roman society: having achieved political equality, the plebeian class no longer differs from the patrician class; noble plebeian families, together with the old patrician families, constituted a new elite - the nobility. This contributed to the weakening of the internal political struggle in Rome and the consolidation of Roman society, which allowed him to mobilize all his forces for active foreign policy expansion.

slide number 14

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Rome is a world power, Rome is a decaying Republic After the conquests of the III-I centuries. BC e. Rome became a world power, and the Mediterranean became an inland Roman lake. But the expansion of borders, the increase in power, wealth, the penetration of other cultures (Hellenistic), the increase in population, mainly due to slaves and foreigners, inevitably undermines the old values ​​and standards. So it was with Greece, so it was with Rome The Romans themselves of that time, feeling the changes in society not for the better, “sounded the alarm” developing the theory of “decline in morals”: ​​“Valery Maxim said that the tendency to a less strict lifestyle began to manifest itself after the second Punic war (201). Livy believed that the occupying army returning from Asia (187) brought with them to Rome the habit of extravagance. Polybius, considered the disappearance of ancient modesty and frugality as a consequence of the war with Perseus (168). Posidonius began his period of decline with the destruction of Carthage (146), and in this he was followed by Sallust. Thus, the dating of the beginning of the decline of morals, given by the Roman authors themselves, fluctuates between 290 and 146.

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Decline Theory Activities of the "Censor" from 182 BC Cato the elder: the political program was based on the struggle against the "new abominations" (nova flagitia) and on the restoration of ancient customs; In the first place were, undoubtedly, such vices, allegedly brought from a foreign land to Rome, as self-interest and greed (avaritia), the desire for luxury (luxuria), vanity (ambitus). The penetration of even these vices into Roman society was, according to Cato, the main cause of the decline of morals. Interests that take precedence over civil, public interests. Letters from Sallust to Caesar He states first of all the depravity of the people, and then the weakness, impotence of the senate. The loss of land was the first impetus that caused the further decomposition of the people. He singles out 2 main vices that develop in Roman society: the lust for power - ambitio and the passion for money - avaritia. Only wealth is respected, virtue is trampled on, poverty is considered a shame, honesty is, as it were, malice.

slide number 16

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The crisis of the policy The crisis of the policy was the cause of the crisis of ancient Roman morality, and the “decline in morals”, the breaking of traditions, the departure from ancient norms and foundations were only an inevitable consequence. It is unthinkable to govern a huge state and exercise in it not only one's material, but also spiritual superiority, based on moral criteria and norms that have developed in a small urban community and are designed specifically for members of this closed community. The crisis of the polis and morals - the fall of the Republic: “the contradiction between the political form of the republic in the 1st century. BC e. and its social class content. The wide Mediterranean market, the new groups of provincial slave owners, the complex relationship between Italy and the provinces, between citizens and "non-citizens" urgently demanded a new system of government. It was impossible to manage a world power with methods and apparatus suitable for a small community on the Tiber. The old classes, whose interests were reflected by the Roman Republic, by the end of the 1st century. BC e. disappeared or degraded. The Italian peasantry has almost completely disappeared; nobility and equestrianism as a result of civil wars, in a significant part, died physically or went bankrupt.

slide number 17

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Fall of the Republic, 1st century BC e. Seizure of power by the dictator and tyrant Sulla 82-79 BC The introduction of proscription - the hunt for "enemies of the people" and rewards for their heads - denunciations, murders, gaining some at the expense of the death of others 2. The uprising of Spartacus 75-71. BC e Rebellion of gladiator slaves thirsting for freedom and justice 3. Julius Caesar from 46 to 44 BC. e. laid down the principles of dictatorship in the Roman Republic, which became the basis for the emergence of the Roman Empire, which actually took shape under the rule of Caesar's heir, Octavian Augustus.

slide number 18

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Empire of intrigues After the conspiracy and assassination of Caesar, an eternal struggle for the throne ensued. For the title of the first emperor, troops were gathered, intrigued by Caesar's adopted son, Augustus Octavino (left) and Caesar's former ally Mark Antony (right). According to a similar scenario, the history of the empire developed until its collapse into Eastern and Western parts.

slide number 19

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Crisis of the 3rd century AD The crisis is preceded by constant successive emperors, barbarian raids, a civil war of 193-197. and corruption Military bloc: Demographic crisis. Unwillingness to serve in the army - young people chopped off the thumb of their right hand. Empire and ancestral conquest no longer inspired. Large landowners also did not want to give their labor force to the public service. Economic bloc: The decline of middle landownership. Crushing large holdings and renting them out. The high cost of taxes on the transportation of products leads to a rupture of ties between individual provinces. The destruction of the monetary system. So in Roman Britain it comes to the point that money completely loses its significance and trade relations begin to be introduced through barter.

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In the crisis of the Roman Empire, its further collapse, the English historian of the 18th century E. Gibbon names 5 reasons: 1. Destruction of the institution of the family 2. Weakening of the sense of personal responsibility 3. Exorbitant taxes 4. Striving for hedonism 5. The decline of religion In 410, Rome was taken by the Visigoths, and on September 4, 476, the leader of the Germans, Odoacer, forced the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, to abdicate. Thus ended the 12-century dominion of Rome.

General history. Story ancient world. Grade 5 Selunskaya Nadezhda Andreevna

§ 45. Rome and the Hellenistic world

Rome and the Hellenistic World

The whole of Roman history appears to us sometimes as an uninterrupted series of wars. The causes of each subsequent war were, as it were, enclosed in the results of the previous one. The steady expansion of Roman boundaries inevitably led to a clash between Rome and the states, to the borders of which its possessions approached.

Remember which states are called Hellenistic.

By defeating Carthage, Rome became the master of the western Mediterranean. Now the eyes of the Romans turned to the east. There were rich lands. The most important of these were Egypt, Syria and Macedonia. The balance of power between these states for a long time decided everything in the Hellenistic world. There was a period when there was a balance recognized by all: alone, not one of the countries dared to oppose Egypt, but it would be impossible for Egypt to defeat two other strongest states at the same time. Then the power-hungry rulers of Syria and Macedonia began to fight against the influence of Egypt in neighboring lands. Egypt could not stop them and began to give up their positions. On the other hand, small states were indignant, whose freedoms were trampled under the onslaught of warlike neighbors. Thus, the inhabitants of the Greek cities began to look first at Carthage, and then at the victorious Rome in search of a counterweight to the influence of Macedonia. Rome took advantage of this, intervening in the struggle under the pretext of protecting the weak from enslavement.

Notable Syrians. ancient mosaic

Rome's wars with Macedonia and Syria

The state of the Hellenistic world closest to Rome was the Macedonian kingdom, which at the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd century BC. e. King Philip V ruled. He was a talented commander and an active ruler who tried to expand the boundaries of his kingdom to the entire Balkan Peninsula. Rome fell upon the Macedonian kingdom with all its might. During the two Macedonian wars, the Romans managed to drive Philip out of Greece. In order to firmly gain a foothold in the Balkan Peninsula, they entered into an alliance with the Greeks, who were at enmity with the Macedonian king.

Coin of the Kingdom of Syria

The Syrian king Antiochus III also sought an alliance with the Greeks, counting on their help in the fight against Rome. He crossed with the army to the Balkans, but the Greeks did not support him, and in the battle with the Romans the Syrian army was defeated. After that, the Romans moved the war to Asia Minor. Their legions were led by the brother of the famous Scipio, who was chosen consul that year. The winner of Hannibal himself, who was his adviser, actually led the troops. In 190 BC. e. Antiochus was defeated and, according to the concluded peace, lost all his possessions in Asia Minor.

The forces of the once great states - the Macedonian and Syrian kingdoms - were exhausted. After the Battle of Pydna in 168 B.C. e. The Romans completely subjugated Macedonia. Twenty years later, the uprising of the Greeks, dissatisfied with the interference of Rome in their affairs, was suppressed. As a warning to the vanquished, the Romans completely destroyed Corinth, one of the ancient cities of Greece.

Remember at what time the period of the highest power of the Macedonian state fell.

"Carthage must be destroyed!"

Until the Romans remembered Carthage, busy with business in the East, he gradually recovered from defeat, growing rich in maritime trade. However, Rome could not reconcile itself to the revival of its ancient enemy. Each speech of one of the most authoritative Roman senators, Mark Porcius Cato, ended with the words: “And yet, I believe that Carthage must be destroyed!” Finally, the Senate issued a verdict: Carthage was to be destroyed, and its inhabitants to be resettled away from the sea, which for centuries fed them and ensured the prosperity of the city.

Senate meeting in Rome. Modern drawing

In 149 BC. e. The Romans laid siege to Carthage and the Third Punic War began. At first it seemed that this war would be easy. But in the face of inevitable death, the inhabitants of Carthage showed amazing courage and resilience, defending themselves from their old enemy. Men and women, old and young, strengthened the walls and gates, forged weapons day and night without rest. The siege lasted for about three years. The assault on the city was led by Publius Scipio Emilianus, the grandson of the brave consul who died at Cannae, adopted by the family of Scipio, the winner of Hannibal. When Carthage was taken and plundered, a furrow was drawn through the whole city with a plow as a sign that it was forbidden to settle in this place forever and ever.

Ruins of Carthage

Mithridatic Wars

The last powerful opponent of Rome in the Hellenistic East was the Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator (120-63 BC). His kingdom was located on the northern coast of the Black Sea. Mithridates VI was a remarkable personality, he achieved power and glory in spite of many adversities. He was distinguished by his enormous growth, he knew no equal in the art of riding and archery. But Mithridates was tempted not only in military affairs, but also in the art of the ruler. Possessing the ability to enter into profitable alliances, he was able to unite around him all the opponents of Rome. The Armenian king, sea pirates of the Mediterranean, and Greek cities became his allies.

In 88 BC. e. a huge army of the Pontic king attacked the Roman possessions in Asia Minor. Mithridates managed to win the sympathy of local residents who were dissatisfied with the Romans. The invasion of the Pontics at first seemed to them a deliverance from oppression. The Romans were expelled from many cities in Asia Minor. Then the army of the Pontic king landed in Macedonia, and soon the entire Balkan Peninsula rose up against the power of the Romans.

Mithridates VI. Image on the coin

The wars with Mithridates dragged on for a long twenty years. The first of them ended with the expulsion of the Pontics from Greece, the second led to the final collapse of the rule of Mithridates in Asia. The content of a large army forced the king to demand money from the Greek cities, to which he himself promised freedom from taxes. The Greeks stopped supporting Mithridates. In the end, the Pontic king lost all his allies and committed suicide. In Rome, the death of a formidable enemy was celebrated as the greatest victory. The wars with Mithridates effectively ended Rome's struggle for dominance over the Hellenistic world. Egypt was the last of the great Hellenistic states to recognize Roman power over itself in 30 BC. e.

Using the map and text, tell about the wars of Rome with the Pontic kingdom.

Summing up

During the long wars, Rome subjugated the largest Hellenistic states - Macedonia, Syria, the Bosporan kingdom, Egypt.

2nd-1st century BC e. Roman victories over the Hellenistic states.

Questions and tasks

1. What Hellenistic rulers and states did the Romans have to fight?

2. Who in the Hellenistic world was the last dangerous enemy for Rome?

3. Try to explain why the Romans chose to destroy the rich trading cities of Corinth and Carthage to the ground.