What form of manifestation of the prelaunch state is the most effective. Varieties of the prelaunch state and control methods
2. Prelaunch fever and apathy
Prelaunch fever, first described by O.A. Chernikova, is associated with strong emotional arousal. It is accompanied by distraction, instability of experiences, which in behavior leads to a decrease in criticality, to capriciousness, stubbornness and rudeness in relations with relatives, friends, coaches. Appearance such a person can immediately be identified by his strong excitement: hands and feet tremble, feel cold to the touch, facial features are sharpened, a spotted blush appears on his cheeks. With a long-term preservation of this state, a person loses his appetite, intestinal upset is often observed, pulse, respiration and blood pressure are increased and unstable.
Prelaunch apathy is the opposite of fever. It occurs in a person either when he does not want to perform the upcoming activity due to its frequent repetition, or when, with a great desire to carry out the activity, as a result, “burnout” occurs due to long-lasting emotional arousal. Apathy is accompanied by a reduced level of activation, inhibition, general lethargy, drowsiness, slowness of movement, deterioration of attention and perception, slowing and uneven heart rate, weakening of volitional processes.
2. Combat excitement
From Puni's point of view, combat excitement is an optimal prelaunch state, during which a person's desire and mood for the upcoming fight is observed. Emotional arousal of medium intensity helps to mobilize and collect a person. A special form of the state of combat excitement is the behavior of a person in the event of a threat of aggression from another person in the event of a conflict.
Dashkevich O.V., revealed that in the state of “combat readiness”, along with an increase in the excitation process, there can also be some weakening of active internal inhibition and an increase in excitation inertia, which can be explained by the emergence of a strong working dominant.
Persons with a high degree of self-control have a desire to clarify instructions and tasks, to check and test the place of activity and equipment, there are no stiffness and an increased orienting reaction to the situation. The quality of task performance does not decrease, and vegetative indicators do not go beyond the upper limits of the physiological norm.
Prestart fever and prestart lethargy are thought to interfere with the effective performance of activities. However, practice shows that this is not always the case. First, it must be taken into account that the threshold for the occurrence of these conditions varies from person to person. In people of the excitable type, pre-start emotional arousal is much stronger than in people of the inhibitory type. Consequently, the level of excitement, which for the latter will be close to "fever", for the former will be the usual pre-launch state. Hence, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the emotional excitability and reactivity of different people. Secondly, in a number of activities, the state of starting fever can even contribute to the success of the activity (for example, with short-term intensive activity - running short distances at speed).
Probably, the negative impact of pre-start fever depends on its duration and type of work. A. V. Rodionov revealed that the pre-start excitement was more pronounced among the boxers who lost the fights even when there was one or two days left before the fight. The winners of the pre-launch excitement developed mainly before the fight. Thus, it can be assumed that the first ones simply “burned out”. In general, it should be noted that in experienced people (professionals) the pre-launch excitement is more precisely timed to the beginning of work than in beginners.
A decrease in the efficiency of activity can be observed not only with "fever", but also with superoptimal emotional arousal. This has been established by many psychologists. It was shown that along with the growth of prestart excitation, the heart rate and muscle strength increased; however, in the future, an increase in emotional arousal led to a decrease in muscle strength.
The severity of pre-work shifts depends on many factors:
Ш from the level of claims,
Ш from the need for this activity,
Ш from the assessment of the probability of achieving the goal,
Ш from individual typological personality traits
Ш from the intensity of the forthcoming activity.
An important question is how long before the activity it is expedient for the occurrence of prelaunch excitement. It depends on many factors: the specifics of the activity, motivation, length of service in this type of activity, gender, and even the development of intelligence. So, according to A. D. Ganyushkin, who considered these factors using the example of athletes, excitement two or three days before the start occurs more often in women (in 24% of cases) than in men (in 7% of cases); athletes with a more developed intellect (35%) than those with a secondary and eight-year education (13 and 10%, respectively). The author connects the latter feature with the fact that with an increase in intellect, a person's ability to predictive analysis is significantly improved. Finally, people with more experience, as a rule, begin to get excited about significant activities earlier than less experienced people.
It is obvious that a pre-launch state that occurs too early leads to a rapid exhaustion of the nervous potential, and reduces mental readiness for the upcoming activity. And although it is difficult to give an unambiguous answer here, for some types of activity an interval of 1-2 hours is optimal.
3. Starting state
The state of readiness for activity, or in other words, the state of expectation, is called "operational rest". This is a hidden activity, in order for an explicit activity to appear behind it, that is, an action.
Operational peace can be achieved in two ways:
increased mobility
increase in excitability thresholds for indifferent stimuli
In both cases, we are not talking about passive inaction, but about a special restriction of the act of excitation. Operative rest is a dominant, which, due to its inherent property of conjugated inhibition, suppresses the perception of stimuli that are not related to this dominant, by increasing the thresholds of sensitivity to inadequate (foreign) stimuli. In this regard, Ukhtomsky wrote that it is beneficial for the body to limit its indifferent, indifferent susceptibility to a variety of environmental stimuli in order to ensure selective excitability from a certain discharge. external factors. As a result, the information coming to a person receives orderliness.
"Operational rest" is the physiological basis for the emergence of volitional states of mobilization readiness and concentration
Prelaunch states occur long before the performance. There is a mental setting for a competition, increased motivation, motor activity increases during sleep, metabolism increases, muscle strength increases, the content of hormones, erythrocytes and hemoglobin. These manifestations are intensified before the start of work. Prelaunch states arise by the mechanism of conditioned reflexes.
Physiological changes occur in response to conditioned signals, which are such stimuli as the type of stadium, gym, the presence of rivals, sports uniforms, etc.
In the human cerebral cortex, before performing a voluntary action, certain shifts appear. There is an idea and a plan for the upcoming action. There are changes in the electrical activity in the cerebral cortex - intercentral relationships are intensified, the amplitude of the potentials changes. These changes reflect the preparation of the brain for the upcoming action and cause concomitant vegetative shifts and changes in the motor system, i.e., the working dominant with all its motor and autonomic components is actualized. The presence of a second signal system in a person, the ability to abstract from reality and foresee the future makes a person a psychological hostage of the future, makes him wait. The expectation itself proceeds differently for different people, which is due to their psychological and physiological-typological characteristics. There are two types of pre-launch changes - non-specific (during any work) and specific (associated with the specifics of the upcoming exercises). Nonspecific changes include three forms of prelaunch states: combat readiness, prelaunch fever, and apathy.
combat readiness provides the best psychological mood and functional preparation of athletes for work. There is an optimal level of physiological changes - increased excitability nerve centers and muscle fibers, an adequate amount of glucose entering the blood from the liver, a favorable excess of the concentration of noradrenaline over adrenaline, an optimal increase in the frequency and depth of breathing and heart rate, shortening the time of motor reactions.
In case of occurrence prelaunch fever the excitability of the brain is excessively increased, which causes a violation of the fine mechanisms of intermuscular coordination, excessive energy expenditure and consumption of carbohydrates, excessive cardiorespiratory reactions. At the same time, athletes have increased nervousness, false starts occur, and movements begin at an unreasonably fast pace and soon lead to depletion of the body's resources.
In contrast, the state prelaunch apathy characterized by an insufficient level of excitability of the central nervous system, an increase in the time of a motor reaction, low changes in the state of skeletal muscles and vegetative functions, depression and uncertainty in the athlete's abilities. In the process of long-term work, negative shifts in states as a result of fever and apathy can be overcome, but this is not possible with short-term exercises.
Specific prelaunch reactions reflect the features of the upcoming work. For example, functional changes in the body are higher before sprinting compared to upcoming long-distance running; they are larger before a competition compared to a regular workout.
Excessive pre-start reactions decrease in athletes as they get used to competitive conditions.
The forms of manifestation of pre-start reactions are influenced by the type of nervous system: in athletes with strong balanced nervous processes - sanguine and phlegmatic people, combat readiness is more often observed, in choleric people - pre-start fever; melancholics in difficult situations are prone to prelaunch apathy.
The ability of the coach to conduct the necessary conversation, switch the athlete to another type of activity, contributes to the optimization of pre-launch conditions. Properly performed warm-up has the greatest regulatory effect. In the case of pre-start fever, it is necessary to warm up at a low pace, connect deep rhythmic breathing (hyperventilation), since the respiratory center has a powerful normalizing effect on the cerebral cortex. With pre-launch apathy, on the contrary, it is necessary to increase excitability in the nervous and muscular systems, and this requires a warm-up at a fast pace.
2. 3. Warm-up, working out, "dead center" and "second wind"
The role of the warm-up in preparing the body for the upcoming work is great, because the conditioned reflex mechanisms of the pre-start states are joined, of course, by the reflex reactions caused by the work of the muscles.
Warm up- a set of general and special exercises performed before a workout or competition and that help speed up the process of working out and increase efficiency.
The physiological effects of warming up are varied. Warm-up increases the excitability and activity of sensory, motor and vegetative centers, enhances the activity of the endocrine glands, thereby creating conditions for more effective regulation of the vegetative and motor functions during subsequent work. Elevated temperature body and working muscles, increases the activity of enzymes and the rate of biochemical reactions in muscle fibers, increases the excitability and lability of muscles, and the speed of their contraction.
Warming up enhances the work of systems that provide oxygen transport to working muscles. Pulmonary ventilation, the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli into the blood, the IOC increase, the arterial vessels of the skeletal muscles expand, venous return increases, and the intensity of oxyhemoglobin dissociation in tissues increases (due to an increase in body temperature).
Warm-up is general and special.
The general warm-up is a series of exercises of the same type that solve the following tasks:
Normalization of the psychomotor state;
Gradual activation of metabolic processes and vegetative functions of the body to an optimal level.
The general warm-up should end no earlier than sweating, which signals the inclusion of thermoregulation in the work. In this state, the viscosity of muscles and tendons is reduced, and their elasticity increases, due to which the strength and speed of muscle contraction increases. At the same time, with an increase in body temperature, processes in the central nervous system are more active, the lumen of peripheral vessels increases and resistance in them decreases, which improves blood supply to working tissues.
A special warm-up solves the following tasks:
- restoration of motor dynamic stereotype:
Preparation of the motor apparatus directly for the upcoming work.
In a special warm-up, exercises specific to this sport are used (running is for a runner, working with a ball is for a volleyball player, working on apparatus is for a gymnast). In such work, temporary connections that form a motor dynamic stereotype are revived, and an optimal level of automation of movements is provided. Since when performing special exercises, those departments of the musculoskeletal system that carry the main load will be included in the work, their condition will be closer to a more effective exercise. It is not allowed that during the warm-up a person has
The duration of the warm-up is determined by many factors: individual features, weather, prelaunch condition, etc.
After the end of the warm-up before the start of the main work, it takes some time. The period of this time should not reduce physiological functions, but should maintain a high activity of thermoregulation and motor dynamic stereotype. These requirements correspond to a period of 5 to 8 minutes (this is purely individual, depending on the weather and condition).
Periods of rest and work are characterized by a relatively stable state of body functions, with well-functioning regulation. Between them there are two transitional periods of working out (from rest to work) and recovery (from work to rest). The gradual increase in a person's performance at the beginning of performing sports exercises is called working out. At this time, the neurohumoral mechanisms of regulation of movements and vegetative functions are restructured to a new, more intense mode of activity and improvement in coordination of movements. .
Workability different functions is different heterochrony, those. diversity of time, and an increase in the variability of their indicators. The rate of amplification of the activity of physiological systems during working out is not the same. The motor apparatus, which has high excitability and lability, adjusts to a new working level faster than vegetative systems. First, motor functions are quickly worked out, and then more inert vegetative ones. Of the vegetative indicators, the fastest growing to the working level are frequency parameters - heart rate and respiration, then volumetric characteristics - stroke and minute blood volumes, inspiratory depth and minute respiration volume. So, for example, during intensive running, the maximum speed of movement is reached by 5-6 seconds. The expansion of the arterial vessels of the muscles occurs in 60-90 seconds, and the heart rate, CO and IOC reach their maximum values only after 1.5-2 minutes. Due to the fact that oxygen transport increases gradually, at the beginning of any work, muscle contraction is carried out mainly under anaerobic conditions. The difference between the body's need for oxygen during the period of development and its actual intake is called oxygen deficiency. With light loads, the oxygen deficiency is covered during the work itself. When performing submaximal and maximum exercise, the resulting oxygen deficiency is eliminated after the completion of work, making up part of the total oxygen debt. Rate of change physiological functions during working in depends on the intensity (power) of the work performed. The greater the power, the faster the increase in the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory system. With exercises of the same nature and power, the faster the training, the higher the level of training of a person. The run-in period may end with the appearance of a "dead spot". It occurs in insufficiently trained athletes as a result of discoordination of motor and vegetative functions. With too intense movements and a slow restructuring of vegetative processes, a noticeable oxygen debt increases, a severe subjective state arises. There is an increase in the content of lactate in the blood, the pH of the blood decreases to 7.2 or less. The athlete has shortness of breath and impaired heart rate(arrhythmia, extrasystole), the vital capacity of the lungs decreases. During this period, performance drops sharply. It increases only after the willful overcoming of the "dead point", when a "second wind" opens, or as a result of a decrease in the intensity of work. Such a state can be repeatedly repeated during long-term work with increases in its power, inadequate to the capabilities of the athlete.
The mental state on the eve of the competition, which has significant differences from the everyday usual state, is called pre-start. The pre-launch state occurs in every athlete as a conditioned reflex reaction of the body to the upcoming competitive situation and activity. It is connected with the athlete’s feelings about his upcoming participation in competitions, and is reflected in the mind in different ways: to a certain extent, confidence in the outcome of the competition, in the joyful expectation of the start in the occurrence intrusive thoughts about defeat, etc.
The mental state of an athlete causes a number of changes in the functional systems of the body: respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine glands, etc. In sports practice, it is customary to distinguish three types of mental pre-start states: combat readiness, pre-start fever, pre-start apathy.
1 combat readiness. This state is characterized by: the optimal level of emotional excitement, intense anticipation of the start, increasing impatience in participating in competitions, sober self-confidence, a fairly high motivation for activity; the desire to fight to the end for the achievement of the set goal, the ability to consciously regulate and manage one's thoughts, feelings, behavior, personal interest in the upcoming wrestling, high concentration of attention on the upcoming activity, exacerbation of manifestation mental processes(perception, representation, thinking, memory, reaction, etc.), high noise immunity to confusing factors, an adequate or slightly overestimated level of claims. There are no special changes in facial expression, compared with the usual state. There is a hardness on the face. Calm and cheerful look.
The state of combat readiness positive influence on sports performance, and for each athlete this condition is individual.
2 Prelaunch fever. This condition is characterized by the following: excessive level of emotional arousal, increased (significant) pulse and respiration; increased sweating, increased blood pressure, increased trembling of hands, legs, excessive excitement, anxiety about the result, increased nervousness, mood instability, unreasonable fussiness, blunted mental processes (memory, thinking, perception, etc.), overestimation of one’s own strengths and underestimation of the opponent’s strengths, inability to control their thoughts, feelings, actions, attention is unstable.
appear on the face notable changes: lips are excessively compressed, jaw muscles are tense, frequent blinking, preoccupied facial expression, eyes burning, restless, running around.
This condition negatively affects the activity of the athlete, is unfavorable, and needs to be corrected. It can occur long before the start and go into another unfavorable state - apathy.
3 Prelaunch apathy. This condition is characterized by: low level emotional arousal, lethargy, drowsiness, lack of desire to compete; depressed mood, self-doubt, fear of the enemy; lack of interest in competition; low noise immunity to adverse factors; weakening of the course of mental processes, inability to get ready for the start, decreased volitional activity, sluggish movements. The face shows a pained expression, lack of a smile, passivity.
The state of apathy does not allow the athlete to mobilize for performance, his activity is carried out at a reduced functional level. It is much more difficult to get an athlete out of such a state than out of a pre-launch fever, and sometimes it is impossible.
The occurrence of one or another unfavorable prelaunch state is due to various reasons objective and subjective plan. The subjective reasons include: the upcoming performance in the competition, the lack of preparedness of the athlete, the responsibility for the performance in the competition, the lack of confidence in a successful performance; state of health, excessive excitability and anxiety as personal qualities, individually psychological features personalities, successful and unsuccessful performance in previous competitions and first starts. The objective reasons include: the strength of the opponents, the organization of the competition, biased refereeing, the behavior of the coach or his absence from the competition; the mood of the team, improperly organized pre-competitive preparation of the athlete.
Prelaunch state unites complex changes that occur in the body of an athlete before the start of exercise. It distinguishes between the earlier pre-launch and the actual starting state. The first occurs several hours and even days before the start of work, and the actual starting state occurs several minutes before the start.
Pre-launch changes in functions are conditioned reflex reactions. They prepare the body for the upcoming work and accelerate the process of working out.
Pre-launch changes in functions are conditioned reflex reactions. Physiological changes occur in response to conditioned signals, which are stimuli accompanying previous activities (type of stadium, gym, etc.). They prepare the body for the upcoming work and accelerate the process of working out.
The pre-launch state is characterized by an increase in the excitability of nerve centers, an increase in metabolism, an increase in heart rate, an increase in blood pressure, quickening and deepening of breathing, an increase in t 0 of the body, an increase in the content of glucose and lactic acid in the blood, adrenaline. In the prelaunch state, all changes are less pronounced than in the actual starting state. These changes depend on the nature of the upcoming load, the attitude of the athlete to it, the degree of training, the significance of the competition and other factors.
There are two types of pre-start changes - non-specific (during any work) and specific (associated with the specifics of the upcoming exercises).
Non-specific changes include 3 forms of prelaunch states: combat readiness, prelaunch fever and prelaunch apathy.
combat readiness provides the best psychological mood and functional preparation of athletes for work. An optimal level of physiological changes is observed: increased excitability of nerve centers and muscle fibers, an adequate amount of glucose entering the blood, from the liver, a favorable excess of adrenaline concentration, an optimal increase in the frequency and depth: respiration and heart rate, shortening of the time of motor reactions.
In case of occurrence prelaunch fever the excitability of the brain is excessively increased, which causes a violation of the fine mechanisms of intermuscular coordination, excessive energy expenditure and premature additional consumption of carbohydrates, excessive cardiorespiratory reactions. At the same time, athletes have increased nervousness, false starts occur, and movements begin at an unreasonably fast pace and soon lead to depletion of the body's resources.
In contrast, the state prelaunch apathy characterized by an insufficient level of excitability of the central nervous system, an increase in the time of motor reaction, low changes in the state of skeletal muscles and vegetative functions, depression and self-doubt of the athlete. In the process of long-term work, negative shifts in states as a result of fever and apathy can be overcome, but this is not possible with short-term exercises.
Ways to manage prestart states depend on their nature. Pre-launch fever requires a warm-up at a low pace, the connection of deep rhythmic breathing, which through the respiratory center has a normalizing effect on the cerebral cortex. With apathy, on the contrary, the warm-up should be carried out at a fast pace. The trainer's conversation and massage also contribute to the optimization of the pre-launch state.
2. Physiological effects and characteristics of the warm-up.
Warm up- This is a set of exercises performed before a workout or competition and helps to accelerate the process of working out and increasing efficiency.
The physiological effects of a warm-up are varied: 1) increased excitability and activity of sensory, motor and autonomic centers; 2) strengthening the activity of the endocrine glands; 3) an increase in body temperature and especially working muscles, which provides an increase in enzyme activity, as well as the rate of biochemical reactions in muscle fibers, muscle excitability and the rate of their relaxation and contraction; 4) increased skin blood flow, which facilitates heat transfer and prevents excessive overheating of the body.
Warm-up also enhances the work of systems that provide oxygen transport to working muscles: pulmonary ventilation increases, the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli into the blood increases, the minute volume of blood increases, the arterial vessels of the skeletal muscles expand, and blood pressure rises.
The warm-up consists of a general and a special part. General warm-up includes exercises that can increase the excitability of the central nervous system, activate the oxygen transport system, increase metabolism in muscles and other organs. This part of the warm-up should not cause fatigue and raise the body temperature above 38 C. Special warm-up its structure should correspond to the nature of the work to be done. It includes exercises that are complex in terms of coordination, providing the necessary adjustment of the central nervous system, that is, the "revival" of the motor dynamic stereotype.
The duration of the warm-up is from 10 to 30 minutes, the signal to stop it may be the beginning of sweating, indicating the readiness of thermoregulatory mechanisms for the upcoming work. A warm-up should not cause fatigue, so it is built strictly individually. You should also load the muscles that will not participate in the upcoming main work. The physiological effects of the warm-up can last up to 15 minutes. Then the effect of the warm-up begins to be lost and after a 45-minute break, it should be repeated.
The role of warm-up in various types sports under different external conditions is not the same. Its positive effect is most noticeable during speed-strength exercises of relatively short duration. Before running long distances, it is much less pronounced than when running medium and short distances. At high temperature air, a negative effect of warm-up on thermoregulation during long-distance running was found.
