Meningitis in children and adults. Clinical Practice Guideline: Meningococcal Infection in Children Federal clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis

RCHD (Republican Center for Health Development of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan)
Version: Clinical Protocols of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan - 2015

Meningococcal infection (A39)

Short description

Recommended by the Expert Council
RSE on REM "Republican Center for Health Development"
Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan
dated September 15, 2015
Protocol #9

Meningococcal infection- an acute infectious anthroponotic disease caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis, transmitted by airborne droplets and characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations from nasopharyngitis and meningococcal carriage to generalized forms in the form of purulent meningitis, meningoencephalitis and meningococcemia with damage to various organs and systems.

I. INTRODUCTION

Protocol name: Meningococcal infection in adults.

Protocol code:

ICD-10 code(s):

A39 - Meningococcal disease
A39.0 Meningococcal meningitis
A39.1 - Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcal adrenal syndrome)
A39.2 - Acute meningococcemia
A39.3 Chronic meningococcemia
A39.4 Meningococcemia, unspecified
A39.5 ​​- Meningococcal heart disease
A39.8 - Other meningococcal infections
A39.9 Meningococcal infection, unspecified

Abbreviations used in the protocol:

ABP - antibacterial drugs

BP - arterial pressure

APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time

GP - doctor general practice

VR - recalcification time

GHB - gamma-hydroxybutyric acid

DIC - disseminated intravascular coagulation

IVL - artificial lung ventilation

ITSH - infectious-toxic shock

KGL - Crimean hemorrhagic fever

CT - CT scan

KShchR - acid-base balance

INR - international normalized ratio

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

ENT - laryngootorhinologist

OARIT - department of anesthesiology and resuscitation and intensive care

In / in - intravenously

V / m - intramuscularly

AKI - acute kidney injury

BCC - volume of circulating blood

PHC - primary health care

PCR - polymerase chain reaction

FFP - fresh frozen plasma

CSF - cerebrospinal fluid

ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate

MODS - multiple organ failure syndrome

CVP - central venous pressure

TBI - traumatic brain injury

ECG - electrocardiography

EEG - electroencephalography

Protocol development date: 2015

Protocol Users: general practitioners, general practitioners, infectious disease specialists, neurologists, emergency physicians / paramedics, obstetrician-gynecologists, anesthesiologists-resuscitators.

Note: The following classes of recommendations and levels of evidence are used in this protocol:

Recommendation classes:
Class I - Usefulness and effectiveness of a diagnostic method or therapeutic effect proven and/or generally accepted
Class II - conflicting evidence and/or differences of opinion about the benefit/effectiveness of treatment
Class IIa - available evidence of benefit/effectiveness of treatment
Class IIb - benefit/effectiveness less convincing
Class III - available evidence or general opinion that treatment is not helpful/effective and in some cases may be harmful

Classification

Clinical classification

I. According to clinical manifestations(V.I. Pokrovsky, 1965):
Localized Forms:

meningococcal carriage;

Acute nasopharyngitis.

Generalized forms:

Meningococcemia (typical, fulminant or "fulminant" - 90% of deaths, chronic);

Meningitis;

Meningoencephalitis;

Mixed form (meningitis and meningococcemia).

rare forms meningococcal infection :

Endocarditis, pneumonia, iridocyclitis, septic arthritis, urethritis.

II. According to the severity of clinical manifestations:

Clinically expressed (typical);

Subclinical form; abortive form (atypical).

III. By gravity:

Light;

Medium;

heavy;

Extremely heavy.

IV. According to the course of the disease:

Lightning;

Acute;

lingering;

Chronic.

V. By the presence and absence of complications :

Uncomplicated

Complicated:

Infectious-toxic shock;

DIC;

Acute edema and swelling of the brain;

Acute renal failure.

Diagnostics

II. METHODS, APPROACHES AND PROCEDURES FOR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

List of basic and additional diagnostic measures

Basic (mandatory) diagnostic examinations performed at the outpatient level in patients with meningococcal nasopharyngitis, meningococcal carriage and contact persons:

General blood analysis;

Bacteriological examination of a smear from the nasopharynx for meningococcus.

Additional diagnostic examinations performed at the outpatient level: not performed.

The minimum list of examinations that must be carried out when referring to planned hospitalization: not carried out.

The main (mandatory) diagnostic examinations carried out on stationary level :

General blood analysis;

General urine analysis;

Biochemical analysis blood (according to indications: blood electrolytes - potassium, sodium, determination of the level of PO2, PCO2, glucose, creatinine, urea, residual nitrogen);

Coagulogram (according to indications: blood clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin index or ratio, fibrinogen A, B, ethanol test, thrombin time, plasma heparin tolerance, antithrombin III);

Spinal puncture with CSF analysis (in the presence of general cerebral symptoms and meningeal symptoms);

Bacterioscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid, blood, smear from the nasopharynx with Gram stain (depending on the clinical form);

Serological study blood (RPHA) to determine the dynamics of the increase in the titer of specific antibodies;

Bacteriological examination of a smear from the nasopharynx, blood, cerebrospinal fluid for meningococcus with the determination of sensitivity to antibiotics (depending on the clinical form);

Measurement of daily diuresis (according to indications).

Additional diagnostic examinations carried out at the hospital level:

Blood culture for sterility (according to indications);

Determination of blood type (according to indications);

Determination of Rh-affiliation (according to indications);

CSF analysis for the presence of arachnoid cells (according to indications);

X-ray of organs chest(if pneumonia is suspected);

Radiography paranasal sinuses nose (with suspicion of ENT pathology);

ECG (with pathology of cardio-vascular system);

MRI of the brain (according to indications: for differential diagnosis with a volumetric process in the brain);

CT scan of the brain (according to indications: for differential diagnosis with vascular diseases brain);

EEG (according to indications).

Diagnostic measures taken at the stage of emergency medical care:

Collection of complaints and anamnesis of the disease, including epidemiological;

Physical examination (mandatory - determination of meningeal syndrome, measurement of temperature, blood pressure, pulse, examination skin for the presence of a rash with an emphasis on typical places localization of the rash - buttocks, distal sections lower extremities, time of last urination, degree of consciousness disorder).

Diagnostic criteria diagnosis

Complaints:

Meningococcal nasopharyngitis:

Nasal congestion;

Dryness and sore throat;

An increase in body temperature up to 38.5 ° C;

Headache;

Brokenness;

Dizziness.

meningococcal meningitis

Headache (excruciating, pressing or bursting nature, not relieved by conventional analgesics);

Increase in body temperature up to 38-40°C, with chills;

Repeated vomiting, not associated with eating, not bringing relief;

Hyperesthesia (photophobia, hyperacusis, hyperosmia, tactile hyperalgesia);

lethargy;

Sleep disturbance.

Meningococcemia(the onset is acute, sudden or against the background of nasopharyngitis):

Sudden increase in body temperature up to 40 ° C with chills;

Headache;

Pain in bones, joints;

Muscle pain;

Feeling of brokenness;

Dizziness;

Hemorrhagic rash on the lower extremities, gluteal regions, trunk (on the first day of illness).

Anamnesis:

Acute onset of the disease against the background of complete health (with generalized forms with an indication of the exact time).

Epidemiological history:

Contact with a patient with fever, rash and catarrh in the last 10 days;

Contact with a meningococcal carrier or a patient with a confirmed diagnosis of Meningococcal infection within the last 10 days;

Frequent visits and prolonged stay in public places (transport, shopping centers, cinemas, etc.);

High-risk groups (schoolchildren, students, military personnel; persons living in dormitories, boarding schools, closed-type institutions; persons from large families; employees of a children's preschool educational organization, an orphanage, an orphanage, a school, a boarding school, family members of the sick person, all persons who communicated with the sick person)

Physical examination:

Meningococcal nasopharyngitis:

Nasopharyngitis - nasal congestion, the predominance of inflammatory changes on the back of the pharynx (the mucosa is edematous, brightly hyperemic, with sharply enlarged multiple lymphoid follicles, abundant mucopurulent overlays);

Other parts of the pharynx (tonsils, uvula, palatine arches) may be slightly hyperemic or unchanged;

subfebrile temperature body

meningococcal meningitis:

Triad of symptoms: fever, headache, vomiting;

Positive meningeal symptoms (after 12-14 hours from the onset of the disease, neck stiffness and / or symptoms of Kernig, Brudzinsky (upper, middle, lower) appear;

Impaired consciousness (with the development of cerebral edema);

Reduction of abdominal, periosteal and tendon reflexes, their unevenness (anisoreflexia) is possible.

Meningococcal meningoencephalitis:

Fever with chills;

Impaired consciousness (deep stupor, psychomotor agitation, often visual or auditory hallucinations);

convulsions;

Positive meningeal symptoms (stiff neck muscles, symptoms of Kernig, Brudzinsky;

Damage to the cranial nerves, cortical disorders - mental disorders, partial or complete amnesia, visual and auditory hallucinations, euphoria or depression;

Persistent focal cerebral symptoms (paresis of facial muscles in the central type, severe anisoreflexia of tendon and periosteal reflexes, severe pathological symptoms, spastic hemi- and paraparesis, less often - paralysis with hyper- or hypoesthesia, coordinating disorders).

Meningococcemia(acute meninococcal sepsis):

Fever up to 40 ° C and above (without pronounced local foci of infection) OR normal / subnormal body temperature (with the development of infectious-toxic shock);

Severe intoxication (arthralgia, myalgia, weakness, headache,

Dizziness);

Hemorrhagic rash (more often on the 1st day of illness, various sizes, irregular shape(“star-shaped”), protruding above the level of the skin, dense to the touch, may be with elements of necrosis) on the lower extremities, gluteal regions, torso, less often on upper limbs, face); may be accompanied by severe pain syndrome (simulation " acute abdomen» etc.), diarrhea;

Paleness of the skin, acrocyanosis;

Hemorrhages in the sclera, conjunctiva, mucous membranes of the nasopharynx;

Other hemorrhagic manifestations: nasal, gastric, uterine bleeding, micro- and macrohematuria, subarachnoid hemorrhages (rarely);

Drowsiness, impaired consciousness;

Decreased blood pressure over 50%, tachycardia

Criteria for the severity of meningococcemia:

Progressive hemodynamic disorders (hypotension, tachycardia);

Decrease in body temperature against the background of an increase in symptoms of intoxication;

Increasing thrombo-hemorrhagic syndrome;

Spread of hemorrhagic rash on the face, neck, upper half of the body;

Bleeding of mucous membranes;

Dyspnea;

Anuria;

Multiple organ failure;

decompensated acidosis;

Leukopenia<4,0 х 109/л на фоне прогрессирования заболевания.

Standard case definition for meningococcal disease(WHO, 2015)

Supposed case:
All diseases characterized by a sudden rise in temperature (more than 38.5 ° C - rectal and more than 38 ° C - axillary) AND one or more of the following signs:

Neck stiffness;

Altered consciousness;

Other meningeal symptoms;

Petechial purple rash.

Probable case: suspected case AND

Turbidity of the cerebrospinal fluid with the number of leukocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid> 1000 cells in 1 µl or in the presence of Gram-negative diplococci in it)

Unfavorable epidemiological situation and / or epidemiological relationship with a confirmed case of the disease

Confirmed case: suspected or probable case AND culture isolation of N. meningitides (or detection of N. meningitides DNA PCR method).

Laboratory research :
General blood analysis: leukocytosis of a neutrophilic nature with a stab shift, an increase in ESR; possible anemia, thrombocytopenia.

General urine analysis: proteinuria, cylindruria, microhematuria (in severe generalized forms as a result of toxic damage to the kidneys).

Blood chemistry: increased levels of creatinine and urea in the blood, hyponatremia, hypokalemia (with the development of AKI).

CSF study:
. color - on the 1st day of illness, the cerebrospinal fluid may be transparent or slightly opalescent, but by the end of the day it becomes cloudy, milky white or yellowish green;
. pressure - the liquid flows out in a jet or frequent drops, the pressure reaches 300-500 mm of water. Art.;
. neutrophilic cytosis up to several thousand in 1 µl or more;
. increase in protein to 1-4.5 g / l (the highest - with the development of meningoencephalitis);
. moderate decrease in sugar and chlorides.

Coagulogram: decrease in prothrombin index, prolongation of prothrombin time, prolongation of APTT, increase in INR.

Gram coloring of cerebrospinal fluid: Identification of Gram-negative diplococci.

Serological blood test(RPHA): an increase in the titer of specific antibodies in dynamics by 4 times or more (diagnostic titer 1:40);

Bacteriological examination of a smear from the nasopharynx: detection of Neisseria meningitidis and sensitivity of the microbe to antibiotics;

Bacteriological blood test: blood culture of Neisseria meningitidis and sensitivity of the microbe to antibiotics;

Bacteriological examination of cerebrospinal fluid: culture of Neisseria meningitidis and sensitivity of the microbe to antibiotics;

PCR smear from the nasopharynx, blood, cerebrospinal fluid: Neisseria meningitides DNA detection.

Table 1- Criteria for assessing the severity of the disease according to the results laboratory diagnostics:

Instrumental Research:
. X-ray of the chest organs: signs of pneumonia, pulmonary edema (with the development of non-specific complications);

X-ray of the paranasal sinuses: signs of sinusitis;

CT / MRI of the brain: cerebral edema, signs of meningoencephalitis, dyscirculatory encephalopathy;

ECG: signs of myocarditis, endocarditis;

EEG: assessment of the functional activity of brain cells (when confirming the diagnosis of brain death).

Indications for consultation of narrow specialists:

Consultation of a neurologist: to clarify the nature of the topical CNS lesion, if intracranial complications are suspected, to clarify the diagnosis in doubtful cases, to determine indications for CT / MRI;

Consultation of a neurosurgeon: for differential diagnosis with volumetric brain processes (abscess, epiduritis, tumor, etc.);

Ophthalmologist's consultation: determination of papilledema, craniocerebral insufficiency (examination of the fundus) (according to indications);

Consultation of an otorhinolaryngologist: for differential diagnosis with secondary purulent meningitis in the presence of pathology from the ENT organs, in case of damage to the auditory analyzer (neuritis VIII couples cranial nerves, labyrinthitis);

Consultation with a cardiologist: if there are clinical and electrocardiographic signs of severe heart damage (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis);

Consultation of a phthisiatrician: for differential diagnosis with tuberculous meningitis (according to indications);

Consultation of the resuscitator: determination of indications for transfer to the intensive care unit.

Differential Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

table 2- Differential diagnosis of meningococcal nasopharyngitis

Table 3- Differential diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis

Table 4- Differential diagnosis of meningitis by CSF

Table 5- Differential diagnosis of meningococcemia

Picture 1- Algorithm for diagnosing meningitis

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Treatment

Treatment Goals:

Prevention of development and relief of complications;

clinical recovery;

CSF sanitation (for meningitis/meningoencephalitis);

Eradication (elimination) of the pathogen.

Treatment tactics

Non-drug treatment:

Bed rest (generalized forms);

Diet - complete, easily digestible food, tube feeding (in the absence of consciousness).

Medical treatment

Medical treatment provided on an outpatient basis:

Treatment of meningococcal nasopharyngitis and meningococcal carriage:
Antibacterial therapy (treatment course 5 days):
Monotherapy with one of the following drugs is recommended:

Chloramphenicol 0.5 g x 4 times a day, by mouth;

Amoxicillin - 0.5 g x 3 times a day, inside;

Ciprofloxacin 500 mg x 2 times a day orally (in the absence of the effect of chloramphenicol and amoxicillin);

Paracetamol- tablets of 0.2 and 0.5 g, rectal suppositories 0.25; 0.3 and 0.5 g (with hyperthermia above 38 ° C);

Rinsing the oropharynx with antiseptic solutions.

Treatment (prophylactic) of contacts (persons who have been in contact with patients with meningococcal infection(without isolation from the collective)): Antibacterial therapy, monotherapy with one of the following drugs is recommended

Rifampicin* 600 mg/day 12 hourly for 2 days;

Ciprofloxacin** 500 mg IM once;

Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM once.

List of essential medicines:
Antibacterial therapy, monotherapy with one of the following drugs is recommended:

Amoxicillin - tablets, 250 mg;

Ciprofloxacin - tablets of 250 mg, 500 mg;

Rifampicin - capsules 300 mg.

List of additional medicines:

Paracetamol - tablets of 0.2 and 0.5 g, rectal suppositories 0.25; 0.3 and 0.5 g.

Chloramphenicol 0.5 g x 4 times a day, by mouth

Amoxicillin - 0.5 g x 3 times a day, by mouth

Ciprofloxacin 500 mg x 2 times a day orally (in the absence of the effect of chloramphenicol and amoxicillin).

Benzylpenicillin sodium salt 300-500 thousand units / kg per day, administered every 4 hours, intramuscularly, intravenously;

Ceftriaxone 2.0-3.0 gr. 2 times a day, administered every 12 hours, intramuscularly, intravenously; (UD - A)

Cefotaxime 2.0 gr., every 6 hours. The highest daily dose of the drug for adults is 12 g. In people with elevated BMI, the daily dose is 18 grams. (UD - A)

With intolerance to β-lactam antibiotics:

Ciprofloxacin 0.2% - 200 mg/100 ml twice daily IV (LE: A)

Reserve drugs in the absence of effect:

Meropenem (for meningitis / meningoencephalitis, 40 mg / kg every 8 hours is prescribed. The maximum daily dose is 6 g every 8 hours). (UD - V)

Chloramphenicol - 100 mg/kg per day IV (no more than 4 g/day) for 1-2 days

With the subsequent appointment of benzylpenicillin sodium salt - 300-500 thousand U / kg per day, every 4 or 6 hours, intramuscularly, intravenously or alternative drugs (see above).

Criteria for stopping antibiotics:

Clinical recovery (normalization of temperature, absence of intoxication and cerebral symptoms);

Normalization of indicators general analysis blood;

CSF sanitation (lymphocytic cytosis in 1 µl less than 100 cells or total cytosis less than 40 cells).

Detoxification therapy in dehydration mode:
Infusion of physiological saline, 10% dextrose solution IV in a volume of 30-40 ml/kg per day under the control of blood glucose and sodium (when determining the volume of infusion, take into account physiological needs, pathological losses, CVP, diuresis; maintain a negative balance in the first 2 days therapy);
Mannitol (15% solution) with furosemide and / or L-lysine aescinate (5-10 ml). (UD - V)

hormone therapy(for the prevention of severe neurological complications, reducing the risk of hearing loss):

Dexamethasone 0.2-0.5 mg / kg (depending on the severity) 2-4 times a day for no more than 3 days (due to a decrease in brain inflammation and a decrease in the permeability of the BBB).

With the subsequent appointment of benzylpenicillin sodium salt - 300 - 500 thousand U / kg per day, every 3-4 hours, intramuscularly, intravenously or alternative drugs (see above).

Criteria for antibiotic withdrawal:
. clinical recovery (normalization of temperature, absence of intoxication and cerebral symptoms, regression of hemorrhagic rash)
. normalization of indicators of the general blood test

TSS treatment:

Restoration of airway patency, if necessary - tracheal intubation and transfer to mechanical ventilation;

Continuous oxygenation by supplying humidified oxygen through a mask or nasal catheter;

Ensuring venous access (catheterization of central/peripheral veins).

The introduction of a catheter into the bladder for a period until the patient is taken out of shock to determine the hourly diuresis in order to correct the therapy;

Monitoring the patient's condition - hemodynamics, respiration, level of consciousness, nature and growth of the rash.

Sequence of administration of drugs for TSS
. The volume of injected solutions (ml) = 30-40 ml * patient's body weight (kg);

Intensive infusion therapy: crystalloid (physiological saline, acesol, lactosol, di- and trisol, etc.) and colloidal (hydroxyethyl starch solutions) solutions are used in a ratio of 2:1.

(!) Fresh frozen plasma is not administered as a starting solution.

Administer hormones at a dose:
with TSS 1 degree - Prednisolone 2-5 mg / kg / day or Hydrocortisone - 12.5 mg / kg / day per day;
with ITSH of the 2nd degree - Prednisolone 10-15 mg / kg / day or Hydrocortisone - 25 mg / kg / day per day;
with TSS 3 degrees - Prednisolone 20 mg / kg / day or Hydrocortisone - 25-50 mg / kg / day per day;

Administer an antibiotic- Chloramphenicol at a dose of 100 mg / kg per day (no more than 2 g / day), every 6-8 hours;

Heparin therapy(every 6 hours):
ITSH 1 degree - 50-100 IU / kg / day;
ITSH 2 degrees - 25-50 IU / kg / day;
ITSH 3 degrees -10-15 units / kg / day.

With no effect from hormone therapy start the introduction of catecholamine of the first order - Dopamine with 5-10 mcg / kg / min under the control of blood pressure;
. Correction of metabolic acidosis;
. In the absence of a hemodynamic response to Dopamine (at a dose of 20 mcg / kg / min), start the introduction of Epinephrine / norepinephrine at a dose of 0.05-2 mcg / kg / min;
. Re-introduction of hormones at the same dose - after 30 minutes - with compensated TSS; after 10 minutes - with decompensated ITSH;
. Protease inhibitors - Aprotinin - from 500-1000 ATE (antitrypsin units) / kg (single dose); (Gordox, Kontrykal, Trasilol);
. With stabilization of blood pressure - furosemide 1% - 40-60 mg;
. In the presence of concomitant cerebral edema - mannitol 15% - 400 ml, intravenously; L-lysine aescinat (5-10 ml in 15-50 ml of sodium chloride solution IV drip; maximum dose for adults 25 ml / day); dexamethasone according to the scheme: initial dose 0.2 mg/kg, after 2 hours - 0.1 mg/kg, then every 6 hours during the day - 0.2 mg/kg; further 0.1 mg/kg/day while maintaining signs of cerebral edema;
. Transfusion of FFP, erythrocyte mass. Transfusion of FFP 10-20 ml/kg, erythrocyte mass, if indicated, in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 501 dated July 26, 2012 “On approval of the Nomenclature, Rules for the procurement, processing, storage, sale of blood and its components, as well as the Rules for storage, transfusion blood, its components and preparations

Albumin - 10% solution, 20% solution for infusions if indicated according to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 501 dated July 26, 2012 "On approval of the Nomenclature, Rules for the preparation, processing, storage, sale of blood and its components, as well as Rules for storage, transfusion of blood, its components and preparations.

Systemic hemostatics: Etamzilat 12.5% ​​solution, 2 ml (250 mg) 3-4 times / day. in / in, in / m

Prevention of steroid and stress lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (Famotidine (Kvamatel) 20 mg intravenously x 2 times a day; Controloc 40 mg intravenously x 1 time per day).

Treatment of cerebral edema:
Raised head end.
Adequate lung ventilation and gas exchange (oxygen therapy).
Dehydration therapy:

Infusion therapy in the amount of ½ - ¾ physiological needs. Composition: glucose-salt solutions (with control of blood sugar and plasma sodium);

Osmodiuretics: mannitol (10, 15 and 20%): - 400 ml for 10-20 minutes.

Saluretics: furosemide in doses of 40-60 mg (in severe cases up to 100 mg) 1 time per day; diacarb - tablets 250.0 mg

Angioprotectors and microcirculation correctors: L-lysine aescinate (5-10 ml in 15-50 ml of sodium chloride solution IV drip; maximum dose for adults 25 ml / day);

Corticosteroids:
Dexamethasone according to the scheme: initial dose 0.2 mg/kg, after 2 hours - 0.1 mg/kg, then every 6 hours during the day - 0.2 mg/kg; further 0.1 mg/kg/day while maintaining signs of cerebral edema;

Barbiturates:
10% sodium thiopental solution intramuscularly at 10 mg/kg every 3 hours. Daily dose up to 80 mg/kg.
You should pay attention! Do not use barbiturates for arterial hypotension and unreplenished BCC.

Antihypoxants - sodium oxybutyrate 20% solution at a dose of 50-120 mg / kg (single dose); (UD - D)
Dopamine at a dose of 5-10 mcg / kg / min.

List of Essential Medicines:

Benzylpenicillin sodium salt - powder for solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration in a vial of 1,000,000 IU;

Ceftriaxone - powder for solution for injection for intramuscular and intravenous administration in a 1 g vial;

Cefotaxime - powder for solution for injection for intramuscular and intravenous administration in a 1 g vial;

Chloramphenicol - powder for solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration - 0.5 g, 1.0 g;

Chloramphenicol - tablets 250 mg, 500 mg;

Ciprofloxacin - solution for infusion 0.2%, 200 mg / 100 ml; 1% solution in 10 ml ampoules (concentrate to be diluted); coated tablets 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg;

Immediate intravenous administration 0.9% 800.0 ml NaCl solution and 400.0 ml colloidal solution.

Prednisolone - 90-120 mg intravenously, 15 minutes before the administration of the antibiotic.

Chloramphenicol - 1.0-2.0 g intramuscularly.

Provide humidified oxygen supply.

Other treatments
Other outpatient treatments: None.
Other types of treatment provided at the inpatient level: not available.
Other types of treatment provided at the stage of emergency medical care: not carried out.

Surgical intervention
Surgical intervention provided on an outpatient basis: not performed.

Surgical intervention in stationary conditions :

In the presence of deep necrosis with meningococcemia, necrectomy is performed;

In the presence of abscesses and empyema of the brain, a craniotomy is performed to remove the abscess (in the conditions of the neurosurgery department).

Preventive actions :

Isolation of patients;

Frequent ventilation of the room where the patient is located; . wet cleaning indoors;

All persons who communicated with the patient should be subject to medical supervision with daily clinical examination and thermometry, a single bacteriological examination (nasopharyngeal swab);

Persons who have been in contact with patients are given preventive treatment (see above);

During the period of a seasonal rise in the incidence, it is prohibited to hold events with a large crowd of people, the breaks between screenings in cinemas are lengthened;

Vaccination with meningococcal vaccine according to epidemiological indications is carried out when the incidence rises and its level is exceeded (more than 20.0 per 100 thousand population). The order and scheme of immunization are provided for by the instructions for the vaccine.

Further management:

Meninococcosis carriers are admitted to groups with a negative single bacteriological examination result, the material for research is taken from the nasopharynx 3 days after the end of antibiotic therapy;

Clinical examination of patients who have had a generalized form of meningococcal infection (meningitis, meningoencephalitis) is carried out for 2 years with an examination by a neurologist during the first year of observation 1 time per quarter, then 1 time in 6 months.

Treatment effectiveness indicators:

Clinical indicators:
. persistent normal body temperature;
. relief of meningeal syndrome;
. relief of symptoms of ITS;
. regression of the rash

Laboratory indicators:
. sanitation of liquor: cytosis of less than 100 cells in 1 μl, lymphocytic nature (at least 80% of lymphocytes);
. in the localized form: a single negative result in bacteriological examination of mucus from the nasopharynx, performed 3 days after the end antibacterial treatment;
. in the generalized form - a double negative result in bacteriological examination of mucus from the nasopharynx 3 days after the end of antibacterial treatment, with an interval of 2 days.

Drugs ( active substances) used in the treatment

Groups of drugs according to ATC used in the treatment

Hospitalization

Indications for hospitalization

Indications for planned hospitalization: not carried out.

Indications for emergency hospitalization :

According to clinical indications: generalized forms.

According to epidemiological indications: localized forms.

Acute nasopharyngitis - persons living in hostels, communal apartment, barracks, other closed institutions; persons from large families; employees of a children's preschool educational organization, an orphanage, an orphanage, a school, a boarding school, family members of the sick person, all persons who communicated with the sick person;
- meningococcal carriers - during the period of epidemiological trouble. Minutes of the meetings of the Expert Council of the RCHD MHSD RK, 2015

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missing.

Reviewers:
Kulzhanova Sholpan Adlgazievna - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology of JSC "Astana Medical University".

Indication of the conditions for revising the protocol: revision of the protocol 3 years after its publication and from the date of its entry into force or in the presence of new methods with a level of evidence.




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RCHD (Republican Center for Health Development of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan)
Version: Clinical Protocols of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan - 2016

Neurology, Children's neurology, Pediatrics

general information

Short description

Recommended
Expert Council
RSE on REM "Republican Center for Health Development"
Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan
dated May 26, 2015
Protocol #5

Meningitis- inflammation of the membranes of the head and spinal cord. Inflammation of the dura mater is referred to as "pachymeningitis", and inflammation of the pia and arachnoid membranes is referred to as "leptomeningitis". The most common inflammation of the meninges, the term "meningitis" is used. Its causative agents can be various pathogenic microorganisms: viruses, bacteria, protozoa.

Protocol development date: 2016

Protocol Users: general practitioners, general practitioners, infectious disease specialists, neuropathologists, resuscitators, clinical pharmacologists, medical experts, doctors/ambulance paramedics.

Level of evidence scale:
Correlation between strength of evidence and type of research

Classification

Classification :

1. By etiology:
bacterial (meningococcal, pneumococcal, staphylococcal, tuberculosis, etc.),
Viral (acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis caused by Coxsackie and ECHO enteroviruses, mumps and etc.),
fungal (candidiasis, cryptococcosis, etc.),
Protozoal (with toxoplasmosis, malaria) and other meningitis.

2. By the nature of the inflammatory process in the membranes and changes in the cerebrospinal fluid, serous and purulent meningitis are distinguished. With serous meningitis, lymphocytes predominate in the liquor, with purulent meningitis - neutrophils.

3. By pathogenesis meningitis is divided into primary and secondary. Primary meningitis develops without prior systemic infection or infectious disease any organ, and the secondary is a complication of an infectious disease (general and local).

4. By prevalence processes in the membranes of the brain, generalized and limited meningitis are isolated (for example, on the basis of the brain - basal meningitis, on the convex surface of the cerebral hemispheres - convexital meningitis).

5. Depending on the rate of onset and course of the disease:
· lightning fast;
acute;
subacute (sluggish);
chronic meningitis.

6. By severity allocate:
light;
· moderate;
heavy;
extremely severe form.

Diagnostics (outpatient clinic)

DIAGNOSTICS AT OUTPATIENT LEVEL

Diagnostic criteria

Complaints :
An increase in body temperature up to 38 C;
· headache;
· brokenness;
· dizziness;
· nausea and vomiting;
Weakness, decreased ability to work;
convulsions with loss of consciousness;
drowsiness.

Anamnesis:
Anamnesis - should be addressed Special attention on the:
determination of the relationship between the onset and development of symptoms of the disease with signs of an infectious disease transferred or present at the time of examination;
collection of an epidemiological history, namely, taking into account the seasonality of the disease, the geographical distribution of the pathogen, travel, the patient's occupation, contact with infectious patients, animals and insects - carriers of infections;
Immunization and immune status of the patient, including those caused by chronic intoxications (drug addiction, alcoholism, substance abuse) and secondary immunodeficiency states.

Physical examination:

General somatic examination with an emphasis on controlling the function of vital organs and systems (body temperature, respiratory rate, blood pressure, pulse rate and rhythm).

Neurological status: assessment of the level of consciousness (stupor, stupor, coma) using the 15-point Glasgow Coma Scale;

cerebral syndrome:
Determining the severity of cerebral syndrome (mild, moderate, severe);
dizziness, photophobia, vomiting, depression of consciousness, convulsions.

Meningeal Syndrome: the presence of meningeal signs (stiff neck, symptoms of Kernig, Brudzinsky, Bekhterev, Lessage, Bogolepov);

Focal neurological syndrome:
damage to the cranial nerves;
The presence of focal neurological symptoms, that is, associated with damage to a specific area of ​​​​the brain.

General infectious syndrome: fever, chills.

Laboratory research:
Complete blood count - leukocytosis, anemia is possible;
Urinalysis - leukocyturia, bacteriuria, proteinuria, microhematuria (in severe cases as a result of kidney damage).

Computed tomography of the brain - signs of cerebral edema, focal changes brain;
· Electrocardiography - indirect signs of myocarditis, endocarditis;
X-ray of the chest - signs of pneumonia;

Diagnostic algorithm:

Diagnostics (ambulance)

DIAGNOSTICS AT THE STAGE OF EMERGENCY AID

Diagnostic measures: data evaluation - the level of consciousness, the nature and duration of the attack, control of blood pressure, respiratory rate, pulse, temperature.

Diagnostics (hospital)

DIAGNOSTICS AT THE STATIONARY LEVEL

Diagnostic criteria at the hospital level

Complaints and anamnesis:see ambulatory level.
Physical examination: see ambulatory level.

Laboratory research:
Complete blood count - to clarify inflammatory changes in the blood (leukocytosis of a neutrophilic nature with a stab shift is possible, an increase in ESR; anemia, thrombocytopenia are possible);
Urinalysis - for the diagnosis of inflammatory changes (possible proteinuria, leukocyturia, hematuria in severe cases with kidney damage);
General analysis of cerebrospinal fluid - to determine the nature of inflammatory changes and their severity (level and nature of cytosis, transparency, protein level);
Biochemical blood test - to clarify the indicators of toxins, electrolytes, liver tests, inflammatory markers (determination of glucose, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALaT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASaT), total bilirubin, potassium, sodium, calcium, C-reactive protein, total protein);

Instrumental research:
CT / MRI of the brain without and with contrast - to exclude damage to the medulla and detect cerebral edema;
X-ray survey of the chest - to exclude pathology of the lungs;
Electrocardiographic study (in 12 leads) - to assess the activity of the heart);

Diagnostic algorithm

List of main diagnostic measures:
· Complete blood count 6 parameters;
General clinical urinalysis (general urinalysis);
General clinical examination of cerebrospinal fluid;
Determination of glucose in blood serum;
· Examination of feces (coprogram) general clinical;
Determination of creatinine in blood serum;
Determination of ALAT in blood serum;

Determination of ASAT in blood serum;
· Electrocardiographic study (in 12 leads);
X-ray survey of the chest (1 projection);
Computed tomography of the brain without and with contrast;

List of additional diagnostic measures:
· Statement of the Wassermann reaction in the blood serum;
Counting platelets in the blood;
· Calculation of leukoformula in blood;
Bacteriological examination of blood for sterility (isolation of pure culture);
Determination of sensitivity to antimicrobials selected structures;
· Determination of "C" reactive protein (CRP) semi-quantitatively/qualitatively in blood serum;
Determination of total protein in blood serum;
Determination of total bilirubin in blood serum;
Determination of blood gases (pCO2, pO2, CO2);
Determination of potassium (K) in blood serum;
Determination of calcium (Ca) in blood serum;
Determination of sodium (Na) in blood serum;
Determination of blood clotting time;
· Determination of prothrombin time (PT) with subsequent calculation of prothrombin index (PTI) and international normalized ratio (INR) in blood plasma (PT-PTI-INR);
· Determination of Ig M to herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 types (HSV-I, II) in blood serum;
· Bacteriological examination of cerebrospinal fluid for Neisseria meningitis;
· Bacteriological examination of transudate, exudate for sterility;
· Determination of Ig M to the early antigen of the Epstein-Barr virus (HSV-IV) in blood serum by immunochemiluminescence;
· Determination of Ig G to cytomegalovirus (HSV-V) in blood serum by immunochemiluminescence;
Determination of lactate (lactic acid) in blood serum
Determination of procalcitonin in blood serum
· Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain without and with contrast;
· Electroencephalography;
X-ray of the paranasal sinuses (to exclude ENT pathology);
Computed tomography of the pyramids of the temporal bones.

Differential Diagnosis

Table 1. Differential diagnosis and rationale for additional studies.

Table 2. Differential diagnosis of purulent and serous meningitis.

Treatment abroad

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Treatment

Drugs (active substances) used in the treatment

Treatment (ambulatory)

TREATMENT AT OUTPATIENT LEVEL

Treatment tactics: It is determined by the nature of the infection, the degree of prevalence and severity of the pathological process, the presence of complications and concomitant diseases.

Non-drug treatment:
Elevated position of the head in relation to the body;
prevention of aspiration of vomit Airways(turn to the side).

Medical treatment:
Symptomatic therapy :
Mild severity - outpatient therapy is not provided; treatment to begin at the stage of hospitalization.
Moderate and severe severity:

With hyperthermia(38 - 39 degrees C)
Paracetamol 0.2 and 0.5 g:
for adults 500 - 1000 mg orally;
for children aged 6 - 12 years - 250 - 500 mg, 1 - 5 years 120 - 250 mg, from 3 months to 1 year 60 - 120 mg, up to 3 months 10 mg / kg inside;
ibuprofen 0.2 g for adults and children over 12 years of age 300-400 mg orally.

When vomiting
metoclopramide 2.0 (10 mg):
adults intramuscularly or intravenously slowly (for at least 3 minutes) 10 mg.
children from 1 to 18 years, intramuscularly or intravenously slowly (over at least 3 minutes) 100 - 150 mcg / kg (max. 10 mg).

In toxic shock
prednisolone 30 mg or dexamethasone 4 mg
adults prednisolone 10 - 15 mg / kg body weight, one-time possible
administration of up to 120 mg of prednisolone.
children prednisolone or dexamethasone 5 - 10 mg / kg (based on
prednisone).

With an epileptic seizure and / or psychomotor agitation
diazepam 10 mg
Adults: intravenously or intramuscularly 0.15 - 0.25 mg / kg (usually 10 - 20 mg); the dose may be repeated after 30 to 60 minutes. For the prevention of seizures, a slow intravenous infusion can be carried out (maximum dose of 3 mg / kg body weight for 24 hours);
Elderly: doses should not be more than half of the commonly recommended doses;
children 0.2 - 0.3 mg / kg body weight (or 1 mg per year) intravenously. The dose may be repeated if necessary after 30 to 60 minutes.

Detoxification therapy
Infusion of saline sodium chloride solution 200 ml intravenously.

List of Essential Medicines

List of additional medicines

Algorithm of actions in emergency situations:

Table - 3. Algorithm of actions in emergency situations

Other treatments: no.

consultation of an otorhinolaryngologist - to exclude the pathology of the ENT organs;




consultation of a pediatrician - to assess the somatic status of children;
consultation with an ophthalmologist - examination of the fundus;
consultation of a neurosurgeon - to decide on surgical treatment.

Preventive actions:
Measures of primary and secondary prevention are:
· timely treatment premorbid background - somatic disorders (otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, sepsis, etc.);
Sanitation of chronic foci of infection.

Patient monitoring:
assessment of life-supporting functions - respiration, hemodynamics;
· grade neurological status to identify and monitor the above-described cerebral, meningeal, general infectious syndromes with records by a doctor in accordance with the rules of conduct medical records this institution (PHC, medical centers etc.).

maintaining life-supporting functions stable with the transfer of the patient to the ambulance stage emergency care for transport to the hospital.

Treatment (ambulance)

TREATMENT AT THE EMERGENCY STAGE

Non-drug treatment: lay the patient on his side, prevent aspiration of vomit, protect the head from impact during an attack, unfasten the collar, access to fresh air, oxygen supply.
Medical treatment: see ambulatory level.

Treatment (hospital)

TREATMENT AT THE STATIONARY LEVEL

Treatment tactics: The choice of tactics for the treatment of meningitis will depend on its type and pathogen.
− Non-drug treatment:
Mode II, drinking plenty of water, setting nasogastric tube and tube feeding at risk of aspiration and depression of consciousness;
Elevated position of the head in relation to the body;
Prevention of aspiration of vomit into the respiratory tract (turning to the side).

Treatment of purulent meningitis in children.

Hospitalization
All patients with purulent meningitis, regardless of the clinical form and severity of the disease, are subject to mandatory hospitalization in a specialized infectious diseases department. The child in the first days of being in the hospital should lie on his side to prevent aspiration.
Children with signs of intracranial hypertension (ICH) and cerebral edema (CSE) should be hospitalized in the intensive care unit or intensive care unit. If there are signs of ICH and / or OMO in a patient, the bed on which he is located should be with a raised head end by 30 °. In order to prevent bedsores, it is necessary to turn the child every 2 hours.
Monitoring of the child's condition in the hospital is carried out nurse at the first time of hospitalization every 3 hours, then every 6 hours. The doctor assesses the child's condition 2 times a day, more if necessary.

Antibacterial therapy

for meningitis, it is used in cases where the etiology of meningitis could not be established at the first time of hospitalization, the lumbar puncture was postponed, or the Gram staining of CSF smears is uninformative.

Etiotropic therapy of purulent meningitis, taking into account the isolated pathogen

Table - 6. Doses of antibiotics for purulent meningitis in children*

* All drugs are administered intravenously
**Dose in the ratio 1:5

Table - 7. Multiplicity of antibiotic administration per day

Table - 8. Duration of antimicrobial therapy for purulent meningitis in children

After 24-48 hours from the start of therapy, a control lumbar puncture is performed to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy started. The criterion for its effectiveness is the reduction of pleocytosis by at least 1/3.

Reserve antibiotics are used in the absence of the effectiveness of initial antibiotic therapy within 48-72 hours or with a certain resistance of the microorganism to the prescribed antibiotic.
The criterion for the abolition of antibiotic therapy for purulent meningitis is the sanitation of the cerebrospinal fluid. A control spinal puncture is performed after a stable normalization of body temperature, the disappearance of meningeal syndrome, and normalization of the general blood test. Therapy is stopped if the number of cells in 1 µl of CSF does not exceed 50 due to lymphocytes.

Complementary Therapy

Indications for appointment dexamethasone
1. Meningitis in children aged 1 to 2 months. Dexamethasone is not prescribed for newborns with meningitis.
2. Children who have gram-negative bacilli in a CSF smear.
3. Patients with high ICP.
4. Patients with BT.
Dexamethasone is given at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg every 6 hours for 2-4 days. The drug is administered 15-20 minutes before the first dose of antibiotic or 1 hour after.

Infusion therapy
Infusion therapy for purulent meningitis requires some caution due to the tendency to hypervolemia, which is associated with the syndrome of inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone, impaired capillary permeability and the risk of developing ICH and / or AHM.

As starting solutions for purulent meningitis, a 5-10% glucose solution (with a potassium chloride solution - 20-40 mmol / l) and physiological sodium chloride solution in a ratio of 1: 1 are recommended. In children of 1 year of age, this ratio is 3:1.

With a decrease in blood pressure, a decrease in diuresis, hydroethyl starch (HES) of the III generation (130/0.4) at a dose of 10-20 ml/kg is indicated as a starting solution. With the stabilization of blood pressure, the resumption of diuresis, infusion therapy is carried out with glucose-salt solutions.

The volume of intravenous infusions on the first day is limited due to the threat of developing ICH and BT. With stable hemodynamics on the first day, it should be no more than half of the physiological need, provided that diuresis is normal and there are no symptoms of dehydration. The volume of intravenous infusions per day is approximately 30-50 ml / kg of body weight and should not exceed diuresis. The total volume of fluid (intravenous and through the mouth) on the first day is prescribed based on the physiological need. Subject to positive dynamics, a single infusion is acceptable for 6-8 hours.

Mannitol (10-20%) as a starting solution in case of increased intracranial pressure is used in case of threat or presence of BT, coma or convulsions, plasma hypoosmolarity less than 260 mOsmol/l. Mannitol is administered as a bolus, if necessary, 2-4 times a day. Children under 2 years old - in a single dose of 0.25-0.5 g / kg (for 5-10 minutes), older children - 0.5-1.0 g / kg (for 15-30 minutes). The daily dose in children under 2 years of age should not exceed 0.5-1.0 g / kg, older children - 1-2 g / kg. Re-introduction of mannitol should be carried out no earlier than after 4 hours, but it is desirable to avoid this due to its ability to accumulate in the interstitial space of the brain, which can lead to a reverse osmotic gradient and an increase in OHM.

4. Renal failure.
5. Coma.
After the infusion of mannitol and 2 hours after it, furosemide is prescribed at a dose of 1-3 mg/kg. Also, after the end of this infusion, dexamethasone is administered at a dose of 1-2 mg/kg, after 2 hours - again at a dose of 0.5-1 mg/kg.
After mannitol, colloidal solutions are administered (preparations of HES of the IIIrd generation; 130/0.4) at a dose of 10-20 ml/kg. In children of 1 year of age - 5% albumin solution at a dose of 10-20 ml / kg.

Standard maintenance infusion is carried out with 5 - 10% glucose solution (with a solution of potassium chloride - 20 - 40 mmol / l) and saline sodium chloride in a ratio of 1: 1. In children of 1 year of age, this ratio is 3:1.

The rate of fluid administration in case of purulent meningitis with ICH and OMO phenomena is 10–15 ml/year in children of the first 2 years of life, and 60–80 ml/year in older children, with the exception of mannitol.

a) control of normovolemia - central venous pressure (CVP) 8-12 mm Hg. Art. or wedge pressure in the pulmonary capillaries (DZLK) 8-16 mm Hg. Art.; mean arterial pressure (SAT) 65 mm Hg. Art. and more, the saturation of the central venous blood is more than 70%, the stabilization of microcirculation.
b) control of plasma isoosmolarity and iso-oncoticity - hematocrit at the level of 35-40% in children under 6 months, 30-35% in children older than 6 months, plasma sodium level - 145-150 mmol / l, blood albumin level - 48-52 g / l, Plasma osmolarity - up to 310-320 mosmol / kg, normoglycemia, normokalemia.

Respiratory support
with purulent meningitis in children:
1. Impairment of consciousness: complicated coma I and deeper degrees of oppression of consciousness (less than 8 points on the Glasgow scale), high ICH, the threat of developing dislocation syndromes, repeated convulsions.
2. Increasing signs of respiratory distress syndrome (high cost of breathing, increasing psychomotor agitation, dependence on inhalation of high concentrations of oxygen - partial pressure oxygen (PaO2) 60 mm Hg. Art. or cyanosis at an oxygen concentration (FiO2) of 0.6, an increase in pulmonary bypass over 15-20% - PaO2 / FiO2<200).
3. Preservation of signs of TSS despite the infusion of fluid with a volume of 60-90 ml/kg of body weight.

Respiratory support should be carried out according to the principles of lung-protective ventilation:
1. Applying a decelerating flow.
2. Selection of the optimal positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) - within 8-15 cm of water.
3. Tidal volume 6-8 ml/kg body weight, but not more than 12 ml/kg body weight.
4. Plateau pressure is not more than 32 cm w.c.
5. The use of recruitment techniques and kinetic therapy in the absence of contraindications.
Treatment of children with purulent meningitis, which is accompanied by TSS, is carried out as for meningococcemia.

Treatment of purulent meningitis in adults

All patients with purulent meningitis, regardless of the clinical form and severity of the disease, are subject to mandatory hospitalization.
Patients with cerebral edema (CSE) should be hospitalized in the intensive care unit or intensive care unit.

Antibacterial therapy

Empiric antibiotic therapy for meningitis, it is used in cases where the etiology of meningitis could not be established during the first time of hospitalization, the spinal puncture was postponed.

Etiotropic therapy of purulent meningitis, taking into account the isolated pathogen
When examining a culture isolated from CSF, antibiotic therapy is prescribed taking into account the specificity of the pathogen, its sensitivity or resistance to antibiotics.

MIC - minimum inhibitory concentration.

Monitoring the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy

After 48 - 72 hours from the start of therapy, a control lumbar puncture is performed to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy started. The criterion for its effectiveness is the reduction of pleocytosis by at least 1/3.
When the etiological cause of the disease is identified, starting antibiotics can be replaced with others, in accordance with the sensitivity of the pathogen. However, in the presence of pronounced positive dynamics, namely, a decrease in intoxication syndrome, normalization of body temperature, disappearance of meningeal symptoms, a significant decrease in pleocytosis, a decrease in leukocytosis, a neutrophil shift in the blood count, it is advisable to continue it.

Reserve antibiotics are used in the absence of the effectiveness of initial antibiotic therapy for 48-72 hours or with a certain resistance of the microorganism to the prescribed antibiotic.
The criterion for the abolition of antibiotic therapy for purulent meningitis is the sanitation of the cerebrospinal fluid. A control spinal puncture is performed after a stable normalization of body temperature, the disappearance of meningeal syndrome, and normalization of the general blood test. Therapy is stopped if the number of cells in 1 µl of CSF does not exceed 50.
With a recurrence of purulent meningitis, reserve antibiotics are prescribed.

Complementary Therapy
Indications for the appointment of dexamethasone for purulent meningitis in adults:
1. Patients with high ICP.
2. Patients with BT.
Dexamethasone is prescribed at a dose of 4-8 mg every 6 hours for 4 days. The drug is administered 15-20 minutes before the first dose of antibiotic or 1 hour after.

Infusion therapy
With a decrease in blood pressure, a decrease in diuresis, hydroethyl starch preparations (HES) of the IIIrd generation (130/0.4) at a dose of 10 - 20 ml / kg are indicated as a starting solution. With the stabilization of blood pressure, the resumption of diuresis, infusion therapy is carried out with glucose-salt solutions.
In case of hypovolemia, drip intravenous administration of isotonic solutions (sodium chloride, a complex solution (potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride) is necessary. To correct the acid-base state in order to combat acidosis, 4-5% sodium bicarbonate solution (up to 800 ml) is administered intravenously In order to detoxify, plasma-substituting solutions are injected intravenously, which bind toxins circulating in the blood.
The volume of intravenous infusions on the first day is limited due to the threat of developing ICH and BT. With stable hemodynamics on the first day, it should be no more than half of the physiological need, provided that diuresis is normal and there are no symptoms of dehydration. The volume of intravenous infusions per day is approximately 30 - 50 ml / kg of body weight and should not exceed diuresis. The total volume of fluid (intravenous and through the mouth) on the first day is prescribed based on the physiological need. Subject to positive dynamics, a single infusion is acceptable for 6-8 hours.

Dehydration therapy
If there are signs of increased intracranial pressure or HMO, infusion therapy is aimed at regulating the volume and optimizing cerebral microcirculation by supporting isovolemia, isoosmolarity, and isooncoticity.
To reduce intracranial pressure, dehydration therapy is performed.
· Raise the head end of the bed at an angle of 30C, the patient's head is given a median position - this achieves a decrease in intracranial pressure by 5 - 10 mm Hg. Art.
Reduction of intracranial pressure in the first days of the disease can be achieved by limiting the volume of injected fluid to 75% of the physiological need, until the syndrome of inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is excluded (may occur within 48-72 hours from the onset of the disease). Restrictions are gradually canceled as the condition improves and intracranial pressure decreases. Preference is given to an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, all drugs are also administered on it.
You can apply forced diuresis of the dehydration type. The starting solution is mannitol (20% solution) at the rate of 0.25 - 1.0 g / kg, it is administered intravenously for 10 - 30 minutes, then after 60 - 90 minutes it is recommended to administer furosemide at a dose of 1 - 2 mg / kg of body weight . There are different patterns of dehydration when intracranial pressure rises.

Contraindications to the introduction of mannitol:
1. The level of sodium in the blood plasma is more than 155 mmol / l.
2. Plasma osmolarity is greater than 320 mOsmol/kg.
3. Heart failure.
4. Renal failure.
After the infusion of mannitol and 2 hours after it, furosemide is administered at a dose of 1–3 mg/kg.
Colloidal solutions are used as starting solutions for ICH, OMT in combination with hypovolemia, arterial hypotension.
The volume of infusions on the first day with purulent meningitis from ICH or BT should not exceed 50% of the physiological need, provided that diuresis is preserved, geodynamics is stable and it is evenly distributed throughout the day. The total volume of fluid is 75% of the physiological need.

In the presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, spasm of peripheral vessels, the introduction of colloidal solutions is contraindicated. Of the crystalloid solutions, only physiological sodium chloride solution is administered.
From the second day, the goal of infusion therapy is to maintain a zero water balance, in which the amount of urine excreted should not be less than the intravenously administered volume of fluid and not less than 75% of the total daily volume of fluid administered.

Monitoring of infusion therapy in severe forms of purulent meningitis:
1. Dynamics of symptoms from the side of the central nervous system, control of the size of the pupils.
2. Control of body temperature and seizures;
3. Control of hemodynamics, hourly diuresis (not less than 0.5 ml/kg/h).
4. Control of the level of sodium, potassium, if possible - magnesium in the blood plasma, blood glucose levels, blood plasma osmolarity, acid-base balance of the blood.
5. Maintenance of normovolemia, isosmolarity and iso-oncoticity of plasma:
Indications for tracheal intubation and initiation artificial lung ventilation (ALV) with purulent meningitis in adults:
1. Violation of consciousness: complicated coma I and deeper degrees of depression of consciousness, the threat of the development of dislocation syndromes, repeated convulsions.
2. Increasing signs of respiratory failure, respiratory distress syndrome (high cost of breathing, increasing psychomotor agitation, dependence on inhalation of high oxygen concentrations - oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) 60 mm Hg or cyanosis at oxygen concentration (FiO2) 0.6 , increase in pulmonary bypass over 15 - 20% - PaO2/FiO2<200).
3. Preservation of signs of TSS despite the infusion of fluid volume of 60 - 90 ml/kg of body weight.
4. Insufficiency of the left ventricle, the threat of pulmonary edema.

List of medicines:

Surgical intervention: no.
- Other types of treatment: not provided.

Indications for expert advice:
consultation of an ophthalmologist - the need to visualize the picture of the fundus to exclude edema of the optic nerve head;
consultation of an ENT doctor - for diagnosing the pathology of ENT organs;
Consultation with a pulmonologist - to rule out pneumonia;
consultation of an infectious disease specialist - to exclude the infectious nature of meningitis;
consultation of a resuscitator - to determine the indications for transfer to the ICU;
· consultation of a phthisiatrician - for differential diagnosis with tuberculous meningitis (according to indications);
consultation of a neurosurgeon - for differential diagnosis with volumetric processes of the brain (abscess, epiduritis, tumor, etc.), the presence of signs of occlusion;
consultation with a cardiologist - in the presence of clinical and electrocardiographic signs of severe heart damage (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis);
consultation of a pediatrician - to assess the somatic status of children.

Indications for transfer to the intensive care unit and resuscitation:

Indications for transfer to the intensive care unit and resuscitation in children:
Disturbance of consciousness: stunning, stupor, coma I and deeper degrees of oppression of consciousness (less than 8 points on the Glasgow scale), high ICH, the threat of developing dislocation syndromes, repeated convulsions;
An increase in signs of respiratory distress syndrome (high cost of breathing, increasing psychomotor agitation, dependence on inhalation of high oxygen concentrations - partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) 60 mm Hg or cyanosis at an oxygen concentration (FiO2) of 0.6, an increase in pulmonary bypass over 15-20% - PaO2/FiO2<200);
Preservation of signs of ITS (infectious-toxic shock) despite the infusion of fluid with a volume of 60-90 ml / kg of body weight;

Indications for transfer to the intensive care unit and resuscitation in adults:
Disturbance of consciousness: stunning, stupor, coma;
Respiratory failure
signs of infectious-toxic shock with symptoms of acute adrenal insufficiency;
left ventricular failure, the threat of pulmonary edema.

Treatment effectiveness indicators:
Clinical Criteria:
persistent normal temperature;
relief of cerebral syndrome;
relief of meningeal syndrome;
relief of symptoms of ITS.
Laboratory Criteria:
Sanitation of cerebrospinal fluid, cytosis less than 50 cells in 1 µl.

Further management:

Dispensary observation of children in the clinic at the place of residence

Table - 12. Dispensary observation of children

Dispensary observation of adults in the clinic at the place of residence: who has been ill with meningitis is registered at the dispensary, on the basis of a polyclinic with the supervision of a neuropathologist for a period of 2 years, examines the convalescent once a month for 3 months after the transfer of the disease, subsequently visits are 1 time in 3 months during the year, and over the next - 1 once every 6 months. The duration of dispensary observation can be 2 years or more.

medical rehabilitation

It is carried out in accordance with the Standard for organizing the provision of medical rehabilitation to the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan, approved by order of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 27, 2013 No. 759.

Hospitalization

Indications for planned hospitalization: not carried out.

Indications for emergency hospitalization:
acute development of meningitis;
An increase in cerebral and meningeal symptoms in patients (signs of edema-swelling of the brain, dislocation of brain structures, impaired consciousness, a series of epileptic seizures, status epilepticus).

Information

Sources and literature

1. Minutes of the meetings of the Expert Council of the RCHD MHSD RK, 2015
   1. 1. Skoromets A.A., Skoromets A.P., Skripchenko N.V., Kryukova I.A. Meningitis.// Neurology. National leadership, Moscow, 2009 2. Lobzin B.C. Meningitis and arachnoiditis.- L.: Medicine, 1983.-192 p. 3. Kramarev S.A. Approaches to antibiotic therapy of purulent meningitis in children.// Current infections. 2000, pp. 84-89. 4. Berlit.P., Neurology // Moscow, 2010 p. 335 5. Karpov I.A., Ivanov A.S., Yurkevich I.V., Kishkurno E.P., Kachanko E.F. //Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for Management of Patients with Bacterial Meningitis Review 6. Fitch M.T., van de Beek D. Emergency diagnosis and treatment of adult meningitis. Lancet Infect Dis 2007; 7(3): 191-200. 7. Chaudhuri A, Martinez-Martin P, Kennedy PG, Andrew Seaton R, Portegies P, Bojar M, Steiner I, EFNS Task Force. EFNS guideline on the management of community-acquired bacterial meningitis: report of an EFNS Task Force on acute bacterial meningitis in older children and adults. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Jul;15(7):649-59. 8. Deisenhammer F., Bartos A., Egg R., Gilhus N. E., Giovannoni G., Rauer S., Sellebjerg F. Guidelines on routine cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Report from an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2006 Sep; 13(9):913-22. 9. Brouwer M.C., McIntyre P., Prasad K., van de Beek D. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group/ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews/ Published: 12 September 2015/ 10. Bhimraj A. Acute community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults: an evidence-based review. Cleve Clin J Med. Jun 2012; 79(6):393-400. 11. Clark T., Duffell E., Stuart J.M., Heyderman R.S. Lumbar puncture in the management of adults with suspected bacterial meningitis--a survey of practice. J Infect. May 2006; 52(5):315-9. 12. Schut E.S., de Gans J., van de Beek D. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults. Pract Neurol. 2008 Feb;8(1):8-23. 13. Van de Beek D., de Gans J., Tunkel A.R., Wijdicks E.F. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 5; 354(1):44-53. 14. Flores-Cordero J.M., Amaya-Villar R., Rincón-Ferrari M.D., Leal-Noval S.R., Garnacho-Montero J., Llanos-Rodríguez A.C., Murillo-Cabezas F. Acute community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults admitted to the intensive care unit: clinical manifestations, management and prognostic factors. Intensive Care Med. Nov 2003; 29(11):1967-73. 15. Aronin S.I., Peduzzi P., Quagliarello V.J. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis: risk stratification for adverse clinical outcome and effect of antibiotic timing. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Dec 1; 129(11):862-9. 16. Klein M., Pfister H.W., Leib S.L., Koedel U. Therapy of community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis: the clock is running. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Nov;10(16): 2609-23.

Information

Abbreviations used in the protocol

List of protocol developers with qualification data:

17. Indication of no conflict of interest: no.

18. List of reviewers: Dushanova Gulsim Abdurakhmanovna - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Neurology, Psychiatry and Psychology of the South Kazakhstan State Pharmaceutical Academy.

19. Indication of the conditions for revising the protocol: Revision of the protocol 3 years after its publication and from the date of its entry into force or in the presence of new methods with a level of evidence.

Attached files

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General approaches to diagnostics.
Diagnosis of meningococcal infection is made by collecting anamnesis, detailed clarification of complaints, clinical examination, additional (laboratory and instrumental) examination methods and is aimed at determining the clinical form, severity of the condition, identifying complications and indications for treatment, as well as identifying factors in the anamnesis that prevent immediate initiation of treatment or requiring correction of treatment. These factors can be:
the presence of intolerance to drugs and materials used at this stage of treatment;
inadequate psycho-emotional state of the patient before treatment;
a life-threatening acute condition/disease or an exacerbation of a chronic disease requiring the involvement of a specialist in the profile of the condition/disease for prescribing treatment;
refusal of treatment.
2.1 Complaints and anamnesis.
MI can occur in various forms with a combination of certain syndromes.
(Appendix D2). The threat is represented by generalized forms, due to the high risk of life-threatening complications (Appendix D3-D6, D9).
For the timely detection of children at risk for the development of GMI, it is recommended, when collecting an anamnesis, to clarify the fact of possible contact with patients with meningococcal infection (carriers of meningococcus).

Comment. Possible contacts in the family, in the close environment of the sick person, facts of stay or close contact with people who visited regions in regions with a high incidence of MI (countries of the "meningitis belt" of Subequatorial Africa; Saudi Arabia) are specified. .
It is recommended to focus on complaints indicating a high risk of developing GMI, which include:
persistent febrile fever;
headache,.
photophobia,.
hyperesthesia.
vomiting (profuse regurgitation in children under 1 year old).
dizziness,.
rapid breathing.
cardiopalmus,.
drowsiness,.
unmotivated excitement.
refusal to eat.
reduced fluid intake (more than 50% of normal intake within 24 hours - for children under 1 year old),.
monotonous / shrill cry (for children under one year old),.
change in color and temperature of the skin.
leg pain.
rash,.
decreased diuresis.
Level of persuasiveness of recommendations B (level of evidence - 2+).
Comment. GMI is characterized by a sharp rise in temperature to high numbers (38.5-40 ° C and above); often there is a 2-hump character of the temperature curve - on the first rise in temperature, a short-term effect on the antipyretics used is noted, with a second rise (after 2-6 hours) - the introduction of antipyretics has no effect. A similar nature of the temperature curve is observed not only with HMI, but also with other severe infections occurring with sepsis syndrome, with viral and bacterial neuroinfections (encephalitis, meningitis).
The presence of hyperesthesia in young children m. B. Suspected with the so-called “mother's hands” symptom: when the mother complains that the child begins to worry sharply when trying to take him in her arms.
In the structure of the general infectious syndrome, complaints of diffuse and local muscle and joint pains are often noted, however, it is complaints of intense pain in the legs and abdomen (in the absence of manifestations of intestinal infection and the presence of surgical pathology) that refer to the symptoms of the so-called "red flags" in case of clinical diagnosis of sepsis, m. B. Signs of developing septic shock. .
In the presence of a rash, it is recommended to specify the time of appearance of the first elements, their nature, localization, dynamics of changes. The presence of a hemorrhagic rash is pathognomonic for GMI, however, in most cases, the appearance of hemorrhagic elements is preceded by a roseolous or roseolous-papular rash (so-called Rash-rash), the elements of which can be located on different parts of the body and are often regarded as allergic manifestations. The appearance of a widespread hemorrhagic rash without a previous rash within a few hours of the onset of the disease, as a rule, indicates the extreme severity of the disease. .
It is necessary to clarify the features of diuresis: the time of the last urination (in infants - the last change of diapers). Decrease / absence of diuresis (more than 6 hours in children of the 1st year of life, more than 8 hours in patients older than a year) may be signs of the development of septic shock. .

2.2 Physical examination.

2.3 Laboratory diagnostics.

And antivirals. If the disease is severe, then resuscitation procedures may be required.

Can meningitis be cured or not? Obviously yes. Next, consider how to treat meningitis.

What to do when discovered?

The course of the disease is often rapid. If you notice one of the symptoms of purulent meningitis, then treatment should begin as soon as possible. The problem can become more global if a person loses consciousness. In this case, it will be very difficult to determine what he feels at the moment. The patient must be taken to the vascular center, where they will do a CT scan and MRI.

Which doctor treats meningitis? If violations are not detected, in this case, the victim will be sent to the hospital. When a patient has a fever, he should be sent to an infectious disease specialist. In no case should you leave him alone at home, since assistance in such situations must be provided immediately.

The appearance of a hemorrhagic rash is a very bad symptom. This suggests that the disease is severe, so the lesion can spread to all organs.

Important! Often, for the treatment of such a disease, they turn to an infectious disease doctor, and if a child has a lesion, then to a pediatric infectious disease specialist.

Now you know who treats this disease.

Basic principles of meningitis treatment

The main principle of meningitis treatment is timeliness. Treatment of the inflammatory process in the brain is carried out only in a hospital - in this case, the disease begins to develop very rapidly, which, if not treated in time, leads to death. The doctor may prescribe antibiotics and broad-spectrum medications. This choice is due to the fact that it is possible to establish the pathogen when taking cerebrospinal fluid.

Antibiotics are administered intravenously. The activity of antibacterial drugs is determined on an individual basis, but if the main signs have disappeared and the patient's temperature is at a normal level, then antibiotics will be administered for several days in order to consolidate the result.

The next direction is the appointment of steroids. Hormone therapy will help the body cope with the infection and bring the pituitary gland back to normal. Diuretics are used in the treatment, as they relieve swelling. However, it is worth taking into account that all diuretics wash out calcium from the human body. Spinal puncture not only relieves the condition, but also reduces pressure on the brain.

How and how to treat meningitis? There are several methods.

Medical method

The best cure for meningitis is antibiotics. Together with them, antibacterial agents are also prescribed:

• Amikacin (270 rubles).
• Levomycetin succinate (58 p.).
• Meronem (510 rubles).
• Tarivid (300 rubles).
• Abaktal (300 rubles).
• Maximim (395 rubles).
• Oframax (175 rubles).

Among the antipyretics, the following are prescribed:

• Aspinat (85 rubles).
• Maxigan (210 rubles).
• Paracetamol (35 p.).

Corticosteroid drugs include:

• Daxin
• Medrol

All tablet prices are approximate. They may vary depending on the region and area.

Taking herbs and fruits

Advice! Before using any of the recipes, it is important to consult a specialist. In the process of taking alternative medicine, a person is provided with complete peace of mind and is protected from loud sounds.

You can use these methods:

Diet

The doctor should tell you that you need to follow a special diet for such a disease. It will be supported by vitamin balance, metabolism, protein and salt-water balance. Prohibited products include the following:

• Horseradish and mustard.
• beans.
• Hot sauces.
• Buckwheat, barley.
• Whole milk.
• Sweet dough.

exercise therapy

General strengthening exercises will help you recover faster and return to your usual rhythm of life. But you need to resort to exercise therapy only with the permission of the doctor - you do not need to make decisions on your own.

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy includes taking such means:

• Immunostimulating.
• Sedative.
• Tonic.
• Ion-correcting.
• Diuretic.
• Enzyme stimulating.
• Hypocoagulants.
• Vasodilator.

When is an operation needed?

Surgery is needed if meningitis is severe. Indications for surgical intervention are as follows:

• Sudden increase in blood pressure and heart rate.
• Increased dyspnea and pulmonary edema.
• Respiratory paralysis.

Is it possible to get rid of at home?

Can it be treated at home? You can treat meningitis at home only if it is at an early stage.

Also at home, you can restore the health of the patient, providing him with proper care and peace. During this period, a person is given antibiotics, and folk remedies are also used.

It is important to comply with the following conditions:

1. Follow bed rest.
2. Darken the room in which the patient is located.
3. Nutrition should be balanced, and drinking plentiful.

Terms of recovery

How long does it take to treat an illness? It depends on:

• Forms of the disease.
• General condition of the body.
• The time the treatment started.
• individual susceptibility.

REFERENCE! The duration of treatment depends on the form - if it is severe, then more time will be needed to recover.

Possible complications and consequences

They can be represented like this:

• ITSH or DVS. They develop as a result of circulating endotoxin in the blood. All this can lead to bleeding, impaired activity and even death.
• Waterhouse-Frideriksen syndrome. It manifests itself as an insufficiency of the function of the adrenal glands, which produce a number of hormones. All this is accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure.
• Myocardial infarction. This complication occurs in older people.
• Cerebral edema due to intoxication and subsequent wedging of the brain into the spinal canal.
• Deafness as a result of toxic nerve damage.

Read more about the complications and consequences of meningitis in the separate materials of the site.

Timing of follow-up for contact patients?

The observation period for contacts is 10 days. During this time, the patient fully recovers.

Symptoms

All symptoms are conditionally divided into the following:

1. Syndrome of intoxication.
2. Craniocerebral Syndrome.
3. meningeal syndrome.

The first is the syndrome of intoxication. It is caused due to septic lesions and the appearance of infection in the blood. Often sick people are very weak, they get tired quickly. Body temperature rises to 38 degrees. Very often there is a headache, cough, fragility of the joints.

The skin becomes cold and pale, and the appetite is significantly reduced. In the early days, the immune system fights the infection, but after that, you can’t do without the help of a professional doctor. The craniocerebral syndrome is the second.

It develops as a result of intoxication. Infectious agents quickly spread throughout the body and are introduced into the blood. Here they attack cells. Toxins can lead to blood clotting and blood clots. In particular, the medulla is affected.

ATTENTION! Blockage of blood vessels leads to the fact that the metabolism is disturbed, and fluid accumulates in the intercellular space and brain tissues.

Due to edema, different parts of the brain are affected. The center of thermoregulation is affected, and this leads to an increase in body temperature.

Often, the patient is observed vomiting, because the body can not tolerate the smell and taste of food. Progressive cerebral edema increases intracranial pressure. This leads to impaired consciousness and psychomotor agitation. The third syndrome is meningeal.

It is caused by a violation of the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid against the background of intracranial pressure. Fluid and edematous tissue irritates the receptors, the muscles contract, and the patient's movements become abnormal. Meningeal syndrome can manifest itself in this way:

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Dovgalyuk I.F., Starshinova A.A., Korneva N.V.,Moscow, 2015

Tuberculous meningitis is a tuberculous inflammation of the meninges, characterized by multiple rash of miliary tubercles on the meninges and the appearance of serous-fibrinous exudate in the subarachnoid space.

Primary tuberculous meningitis - occurs in the absence of visible tuberculous changes in the lungs or other organs - "isolated" primary meningitis. Secondary tuberculous meningitis - occurs in children as a hematogenous generalization with damage to the meninges against the background of active pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Meningeal tuberculosis (TBMT) or tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe localization of tuberculosis. Among the diseases accompanied by the development of meningeal syndrome, tuberculous meningitis is only 1-3% (G. Thwaites et al, 2009). Among extrapulmonary forms, tuberculous meningitis is only 2-3%.

In recent years, 18-20 cases of tuberculosis of the central nervous system and meninges have been registered in the Russian Federation (Tuberculosis in the Russian Federation 2011), which is a rare pathology. Late diagnosis of TBM and, consequently, untimely initiation of treatment (later than day 10 of the disease) affect the results of treatment, reduce the chances of a favorable outcome and lead to death.

The prevalence of TBM is a generally recognized marker of trouble for tuberculosis in the territory. In various regions of the Russian Federation, the prevalence of TBM is from 0.07 to 0.15 per 100,000 population. In the context of the HIV epidemic, the incidence rate of TBM tends to increase.

The development of tuberculous meningitis is subject to the general patterns that are inherent in tuberculous inflammation in any organ. The disease usually begins with non-specific inflammation, which later (after 10 days) becomes specific. An exudative phase of inflammation develops, and then an alternative-productive phase with the formation of caseosis.

Central to the inflammatory process is the defeat of cerebral vessels, mainly veins, small and medium-sized arteries. Large arteries are rarely affected. Most often, the middle cerebral artery is involved in the inflammatory process, which leads to necrosis of the basal ganglia and the internal capsule of the brain. Around the vessels, voluminous cellular muffs are formed from lymphoid and epithelioid cells - periarteritis and endarteritis with proliferation of subendothelial tissue, concentrically narrowing the lumen of the vessel.

Changes in the vessels of the pia mater and the substance of the brain such as endoperivasculitis can cause necrosis of the walls of blood vessels, thrombosis and hemorrhage, which entails a violation of the blood supply to a certain area of ​​the substance of the brain - softening of the substance.

Tubercles, especially in treated processes, are rarely visible macroscopically. Their sizes are different - from poppy seeds to tuberculoma. Most often they are localized along the Sylvian furrows, in the choroid plexuses, at the base of the brain; large foci and multiple miliary - in the substance of the brain. There is swelling and swelling of the brain, expansion of the ventricles.

Localization of specific lesions in tuberculous meningitis in the pia mater of the base of the brain from the optic chiasm to the medulla oblongata. The process can move to the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, especially along the Sylvian furrows, in which case basilar-convexital meningitis develops.