What does a person's blood type depend on? How many blood groups are there? What does blood type mean, compatibility, features

The determining component of the blood is the Rh factor or antigen. It is located on the surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes). More than 85 percent of the population has this Rh factor, and they are Rh-positive. Those people who do not have it are considered Rh-negative.

Species, groups, types of blood

In total, four blood groups are distinguished, each of which has certain biochemical characteristics. This fact has been established by science for a long time - around the beginning of the twentieth century. All over the world, these groups are designated by such symbols: I (0), II (A), III (B), IV (AB). The first is the most common around the world, since its owners are approximately 45 percent of the inhabitants of our planet.
The blood of the second group belongs to the majority of the inhabitants of Europe, and its owners are almost 35 percent of the population. The third group is not very numerous, since it is found in only 13 percent of the world's population. Well, the fourth blood group is the rarest, because its carriers are only 7 percent of the world's population. And if the owners of the first blood group with a negative Rh factor are quite common, then the Rh-negative owners of the fourth blood group are very rare. The most common first blood group. The fourth positive is common. The fourth group is generally a mystery, because it appeared as a result of the merger of two completely different types- A and B.

Depending on the types of antigens that make up the blood cells (erythrocytes), a specific blood group is determined. For each person, it is constant and does not change from birth to death.

The number of red blood cells determines the blood type

Who discovered the blood group in humans

The Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner managed to identify the class of human biological material in 1900. At that time, only 3 types of antigen were identified in the membranes of erythrocytes - A, B and C. In 1902, it was possible to identify 4 classes of erythrocytes.

Karl Landsteiner was the first to discover blood types

Karl Landsteiner was able to make another important achievement in medicine. In 1930, a scientist in tandem with Alexander Wiener discovered the Rh factor of blood (negative and positive).

Classification and characteristics of blood groups and Rh factor

Group antigens are classified according to a single system AB0 (a, b, zero). The established concept divides the composition of blood cells into 4 main types. Their differences are in alpha and beta agglutinins in plasma, as well as the presence of specific antigens on the membrane of erythrocytes, which are denoted by the letters A and B.

Table "Characteristics of blood classes"

Rh factor

In addition to the AB0 system, biological material is classified according to the blood phenotype - the presence or absence of a specific D antigen in it, which is called the Rh factor (Rh). In addition to protein D, the Rh system covers 5 more main antigens - C, c, d, E, e. They are found in the outer shell of red blood cells.

The Rh factor and the class of blood cells are laid down in the child in the womb, and are transmitted to him from his parents for life.

Method for determining blood group and Rh factor

Methods for identifying group membership

Several methods are used to detect specific antigens in erythrocytes:

• simple reaction - a standard serum of classes 1, 2 and 3 is taken, with which the patient's biological material is compared;
• double reaction - a feature of the technique is the use of not only standard sera (compared with the studied blood cells), but also standard erythrocytes (compared with the patient's serum), which are preliminarily prepared in blood transfusion centers;
• monoclinal antibodies - anti-A and anti-B cyclones are used (prepared using genetic engineering from the blood of sterile mice), with which the biological material under study is compared.

Method for detecting blood group by monoclinal antibodies

The very specificity of the study of plasma for its group affiliation consists in comparing a sample of the patient's biological material with standard serum or standard erythrocytes.

The sequence of such a process is as follows:

• intake of venous fluid on an empty stomach in the amount of 5 ml;
• distribution of standard samples on a glass slide or a special plate (each class is signed);
• parallel to the samples, the patient's blood is placed (the amount of material should be several times less than the volume of standard serum drops);
• blood fluid is mixed with prepared samples (simple or double reaction) or with cyclones (monoclinal antibodies);
• after 2.5 minutes, a special saline solution is added to those drops where agglutination occurred (proteins of groups A, B or AB were formed).

The presence of agglutination (gluing and precipitation of erythrocytes with the corresponding antigens) in the biological material makes it possible to attribute erythrocytes to one or another class (2, 3, 4). But the absence of such a process indicates a zero (1) form.

How to determine the Rh factor

There are several methods for detecting Rh-affiliation - the use of anti-Rh sera and a monoclinal reagent (group D proteins).

In the first case, the procedure is as follows:

• the material is taken from the finger (it is allowed to use canned blood or the erythrocytes themselves, which were formed after the serum was settled);
• 1 drop of an anti-Rhesus sample is placed in a test tube;
• a drop of the investigated plasma is poured into the prepared material;
• slight shaking allows the serum to evenly settle in a glass container;
• after 3 minutes, sodium chloride solution is added to the container with serum and blood cells under study.

After several inversions of the tube, the specialist decrypts. If agglutinins appeared against the background of a clarified liquid, we are talking about Rh + - a positive Rh factor. The absence of changes in the color and consistency of the serum indicates a negative Rh.

Determination of the blood group according to the Rh system

The study of Rh using a monoclinal reagent involves the use of anti-D super tsoliklon (special solution). The analysis procedure includes several stages.

1. The reagent (0.1 ml) is applied to the prepared surface (plate, glass).
2. A drop of the patient's blood (no more than 0.01 ml) is placed next to the solution.
3. Two drops of material are mixed.
4. The decoding takes place 3 minutes after the start of the study.

Most people on the planet have an agglutinogen of the Rhesus system in their erythrocytes. When viewed as a percentage, 85% of recipients have protein D and are Rh-positive, while 15% do not have it - this is Rh-negative.

Compatibility

Blood compatibility is a match for the group and Rh factor. This criterion is very important when transfusing a vital fluid, as well as during pregnancy planning and gestation.

What blood type will the child have?

The science of genetics provides for the inheritance of group affiliation and Rhesus from parents by children. Genes transmit information about the composition of blood cells (agglutinin alpha and beta, antigens A, B), as well as Rh.

Table "Inheritance of blood groups"

Mixing groups of red blood cells with different Rh leads to the fact that the child's Rh factor can be both "plus" and "minus".

1. If Rh is the same in spouses (group D antibodies are present), children will inherit the dominant protein in 75%, and it will be absent in 25%.
2. In the absence of a specific protein D in the membranes of the erythrocytes of the mother and father, the child will also be Rh-negative.
3. In a woman Rh-, and in a man Rh + - the combination suggests the presence or absence of Rh in the child in a ratio of 50 to 50, while a conflict between the antigen of the mother and the baby is possible.
4. If the mother has Rh +, and the father does not have anti-D, the Rh will be transmitted to the baby with a 50/50 probability, but there is no risk of antibody conflict.

It is important to understand that the Rh factor is transmitted at the genetic level. Therefore, if the parents are Rh-positive, and the child was born with Rh-, men should not rush to question their paternity. Such people in the family simply have a person without a dominant D protein in red blood cells, which the baby inherited.

Blood type for transfusion

When performing blood transfusion (blood transfusion), it is important to observe the compatibility of antigen groups and Rh. Specialists are guided by the Ottenberg rule, which states that the donor's blood cells should not stick together with the recipient's plasma. In small doses, they dissolve in a large volume of the patient's biological material and do not precipitate. This principle applies in the case of a transfusion of vital fluid up to 500 ml and is not suitable when a person has severe blood loss.

Representatives of the rare 4th class for blood transfusion are suitable for 1, 2 and 3 types of blood fluid. They are considered universal recipients (people who receive blood infusions).

Patients with 1 (0) positive for transfusion will be suitable 1 class (Rh+/-), while a person with a negative Rh can only be infused with zero with Rh-.

For people who have 2 positive, 1 (+/-) and 2 (+/-) are suitable. Patients with Rh- can only use 1 (-) and 2 (-). The situation is similar with the 3rd grade. If Rh + - you can pour in 1 and 3, both positive and negative. In the case of Rh-, only 1 and 3 will do without anti-D.

Compatibility at conception

When planning a pregnancy great importance has a combination of the Rh factor of a man and a woman. This is done to avoid Rhesus conflict. This happens when the mother has Rh-, and the child has inherited Rh + from the father. When the dominant protein enters the human blood, where it is not present, an immunological reaction and the production of agglutinins may occur. This condition provokes the adhesion of the resulting erythrocytes and their further destruction.

Blood compatibility table for conceiving a child

The incompatibility of the Rhesus of the mother and child during the first pregnancy is not dangerous, but before the second conception it is better to break the production of anti-Rhesus bodies. A woman is injected with a special globulin that destroys immunological chains. If this is not done, the Rh conflict can provoke an abortion.

Can blood type change?

In medical practice, there are cases of changes in group affiliation during pregnancy or as a result of previous serious illnesses. This is because under such conditions, a strong increase in the production of red blood cells is possible. This slows down the adhesion and destruction of red blood cells. In the analysis, such a phenomenon is reflected as a change in markers in the composition of the plasma. Over time, everything falls into place.

The blood class, like the Rh factor, is genetically laid down in a person even before birth and cannot change throughout life.

Diet by blood type

The main principle of nutrition by group affiliation is the selection of products that are genetically close to the body and allow you to adjust the work. digestive system and also lose weight.

Peter D'Adamo was the first person to suggest considering blood type when choosing food. The naturopathic physician has published several books in which he outlined his idea of ​​a healthy diet. If you choose the right food, you can forget about poor absorption useful substances and stomach and intestinal problems.

Table "Diet by blood type"

Diet by group affiliation involves limiting alcohol, smoking. An active lifestyle is also important - running, walking in the fresh air, swimming.

Character traits by blood group

Blood type affects not only physiological features organism, but also on the character of a person.

Zero group

In the world, about 37% of carriers of the zero blood group.

Their main features are:

• stress tolerance;
• leadership inclinations;
• purposefulness;
• energy;
• courage;
• ambition;
• sociability.

The owners of the zero group prefer to engage in dangerous species sports, love to travel and not be afraid of the unknown (they easily take on any job, they learn quickly).

2 group

The most common group is 2 (A). Its carriers are reserved people who are able to find an approach to the most difficult personalities. They try to avoid stressful situations, are always friendly and hardworking. The owners of the 2nd group are very economic, conscientiously fulfill their duties and are always ready to help.

Among the shortcomings of character, stubbornness and the inability to alternate work with rest are distinguished. It is difficult to stir up such people to some rash acts or unexpected events.

3 group

A person whose blood is dominated by group B antigens is changeable in nature. Such people are distinguished by increased emotionality, creativity and independence from the opinions of others. They easily embark on travel, take on new things. In friendship - devoted, in love - sensual.

Among the negative qualities are often manifested:

• frequent change in mood;
• inconstancy in actions;
• high demands on others.

Owners of the 3rd blood group often try to hide from the realities of the world in their fantasies, which is not always a positive character trait.

4 group

Carriers of the 4th group have good leadership qualities, which is manifested in the ability to negotiate and be collected at a crucial moment. Such people are sociable, easily converge with others, moderately emotional, versatile and smart.

Despite the many virtues in character, representatives of the 4th group often cannot come to a single decision, suffer from duality of feelings (internal conflict) and are slow-witted.

The specific composition of the blood and the presence or absence of a dominant factor (antigen D) in it is transmitted to a person with genes. There are 4 blood groups and the Rh factor. Thanks to the classification according to the AB0 and Rh system, specialists have learned how to safely transfuse donor blood, determine paternity and avoid Rh conflict during the child. Each person can check their group affiliation in the laboratory by passing biological material from a finger or a vein.

At the heart of what distinguishes blood types, there is a classification according to the Rh factors - positive and negative. These results have been proven by laboratory research many years ago.

Even despite the fact that it is the fourth blood group that has not yet been finally disclosed, its main features are known and understandable to modern man. This applies to the nature of people, diet, various diseases, pregnancy and many other features. You can also use a blood test to find out the Rh factor and a certain affiliation of a person. Therefore, plasma in the body plays the most importance in all its senses.

Varieties

Since the existence of four blood groups is already known, it is worth noting that there are:

0 (I) - 1st blood group

A (II) - 2nd blood group

B (III) - 3rd blood group

AB (IV) - 4th blood group

Also in medicine there is a special table that distributes all groups for compatibility during transfusion and pregnancy. They also take into account the Rh factor, which plays a very important role in compatibility.

Such differences are determined by the correspondence of antigens and antibodies. In medicine, there is a basic classification system - AB0. In the form of the fact that there is a Rh factor, you need to know what it is and what types of it are. Rhesus is a special protein that is either on the surface of red blood cells in the blood, or it is not.

The presence of such a factor indicates a positive Rh factor, and the absence - a negative one. Such a protein is called an antigen and its presence depends on the group predisposition. The Rh factor is determined immediately after birth and does not change throughout a person's life. Therefore, it is useful and even necessary to know what Rh factors you and your family have. For example, this may be useful for transfusion of blood types or in any other emergency for other recipients. To date, almost 80% of the population of the entire planet has a positive Rh, that is, the presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells. All the rest have a correspondingly negative Rh factor.

Indications for blood types

No matter how many blood types there are, the indications for their existence are almost always the same. This is especially true of the two most common groups - the first and second. But despite this, the third and fourth groups are rarer. It:

• possible hemolytic disease of newborn babies, which occurs when the mother and child are incompatible;
• determination of compatibility for transfusion;
• preparation for surgery and determination of the Rh factor;
• pregnancy - direct preparation for pregnancy and careful monitoring throughout the entire period, especially for negative Rh.

Differences in blood types

All four blood groups differ from each other not only in their composition, but also in the characteristics of the person himself. Given that the first and second groups are the most common, they have their own characteristics. It can be said about such people that they are the most enduring and prepared for the most different situations. This they have preserved since the time of mutation, when they had to adapt to different habitats and eat different foods. No matter how many such people there are, they are somehow different from each other, because each person is individual in his own way.

The third and fourth blood groups are considered rarer, but the fourth negative is the rarest of all groups. They all differ from each other in terms of nutrition and health. For example, it is quite difficult for women with the fourth negative blood type to successfully conceive and bear a healthy child. To do this, it is necessary to undergo preliminary training, take various tests and be observed all the time during pregnancy.

Whatever the results, you should always believe in the best and hope for a happy family in medical practice, there are quite a few cases when women with a negative fourth bear and naturally give birth to healthy babies. There are also the worst forecasts, when, with some compatibility of blood types, a couple cannot have children. But in such situations, people are offered special treatment approaches to fertilize the egg. Most often, a special vaccine is chosen, the action of which is aimed at the temporary destruction of some antigens and compatibility with others. But on the other hand, you need to remember, no matter how many different options for solving the problem, you need to try to get pregnant naturally.

For different blood types, many nutritionists make individual diets, choosing only those foods that are suitable for everyone. This is especially true of the fourth, because it is the rarest and most often such people suffer from certain diseases. These are cancerous diseases, various infectious and viral infections.

How is the analysis carried out?

To determine the blood type, an analysis is taken from a vein on an empty stomach, which allows you to fully determine the presence of the Rh factor and possible other contraindications to transfusion. This is also done to determine possible compatibility with all others. Most often this is done in order to determine approximately how many people have certain blood types. The duration of such an analysis of the definition of groups lasts for 1-2 days. No specific preparation is required for this, except to exclude the intake of all medications and the use of alcohol. Just during this time, you can mentally prepare yourself for any result.

Some doctors prescribe a certain diet that will remove all harmful substances from the body, and the result will be the most accurate. Most often, women do this when they are planning a pregnancy or are already pregnant. This also applies to men who are preparing to become fathers, because married couples always need to control their health indicators, as well as the compatibility of groups of one and the other partner. It can also be useful for determining paternity, which in particular requires an analysis of the Rh factor.

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How many blood types does a person have

Blood group - a specific set of properties of red blood cells, different or the same in many people. It is impossible to identify a person only by characteristic changes in the blood, but this makes it possible, under certain conditions, to detect the relationship between the donor and the recipient, and is an indispensable requirement for organ and tissue transplantation.

Blood groups in the form in which we are used to talking about them were proposed by the Austrian scientist K. Landsteiner in 1900. 30 years later, he received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this. There were other options, but Landsteiner's AB0 classification proved to be the most convenient and practical.

At present, knowledge of cellular mechanisms, discoveries of genetics are added. So what is a blood group?

What are blood groups

The main "participants" that make up a certain blood group are red blood cells. There are about three hundred different combinations of protein compounds on their membrane, which are controlled by chromosome number 9. This proves the hereditary acquisition of properties, the impossibility of their change during life.

It turned out that with the help of only two typical antigen proteins A and B (or their absence 0) it is possible to create a “portrait” of any person. Because the corresponding substances (agglutinins) are produced in plasma for these antigens, they are called α and β.

So four possible combinations turned out, they are also blood groups.

AB0 system

How many blood groups, so many combinations in the AB0 system:

• the first (0) - has no antigens, but there are both agglutinins in plasma - α and β;
• the second (A) - in erythrocytes there is one antigen A and β-agglutinin in plasma;
• the third (B) -B-antigen in erythrocytes and α-agglutinin;
• the fourth (AB) - has both antigens (A and B), but there are no agglutinins.

The designation of the group in Latin letters has been fixed: large ones mean the type of antigen, small ones - the presence of agglutinins.

What is "Rh factor"

The researchers found the Rh factor in the blood serum and confirmed its ability to stick together red blood cells. Since then, the blood group has been necessarily added with information about the person's Rh affiliation.

About 15% of the world's population has a negative reaction to Rh. Studies of the geographical and ethnic characteristics of blood groups have shown that the population differs in group and Rhesus: black people are overwhelmingly Rh-positive, and in the Spanish province with Basques living, 30% of the inhabitants do not have the Rh factor. The reasons for this phenomenon have not yet been established.

Among the Rh antigens, 50 proteins were identified, they are also designated in Latin letters: D and further alphabetically. Practical use finds the most important D Rh factor. It occupies 85% of the structure.

Other group classifications

The discovery of unexpected group incompatibility in all the analyzes done continues to develop and does not stop research on the significance of different erythrocyte antigens.

1. The Kell system - ranks third in identification after Rh belonging, takes into account 2 antigens "K" and "k", forms three possible combinations. It is important during pregnancy, the occurrence of hemolytic disease of the newborn, complications of blood transfusion.
2. The Kidd system - includes two antigens associated with hemoglobin molecules, provides for three options, is important for blood transfusion.
3. Duffy system - adds 2 more antigens and 3 blood groups.
4. The MNSs system is more complex, includes 9 groups at once, takes into account specific antibodies during blood transfusion, and clarifies the pathology in newborn babies.

The definition is shown taking into account different group systems

The Vel-negative group was discovered in 1950 in a patient suffering from colon cancer. She had a severe reaction to the second blood transfusion. During the first transfusion, antibodies to an unknown substance were formed. The blood was single-group by Rhesus. The new group began to be called "Vel-negative". Subsequently, it was found that it occurs with a frequency of 1 case per 2.5 thousand. Only in 2013, an antigen protein called SMIM1 was discovered.

In 2012, a joint study by scientists from the USA, France and Japan identified two new protein complexes in the erythrocyte membrane (ABCB6 and ABCG2). They, in addition to antigenic properties, are engaged in the transfer of electrolyte ions from the outside into the cells and back.

AT medical institutions there is no way to know blood groups by all known factors. Only the group affiliation in the AB0 system and the Rh factor are determined.

Methods for determining blood groups

Methods for determining group membership depend on the serum or erythrocyte standard used. The most popular 4 ways.

Standard Simple Method

It is used in medical institutions, at feldsher-obstetric stations.

The patient's erythrocytes are taken in capillary blood from a finger, standard sera with known antigenic properties are added. They are made under special conditions at the "Blood Transfusion Stations", labeling and storage conditions are strictly observed. Each study always uses two series of sera.

On a clean white plate, a drop of blood is mixed with four types of serum. The result is read in 5 minutes.

Double cross reaction method

It is used as a clarifying method when agglutination is doubtful with the first method. Here the erythrocytes are known and the patient's serum is taken. The drops are mixed on a white plate and also evaluated after 5 minutes.

Zolicloning method

Natural sera are being replaced by synthetic anti-A and anti-B soliclones. Serum controls are not required. The method is considered more reliable.

If there is no reaction to anti-A agglutinins in the upper row, then there are no corresponding antigens in the patient's erythrocytes, this is possible with the third group

Express determination method

Provided for field use. Blood type and Rh factor are determined simultaneously using plastic cards with wells of the "Erythrotest-Groupcard" set. The necessary dried reagents are already applied to the bottom of them.

The method allows you to set the group and Rhesus even in a preserved sample. The result is “ready” after 3 minutes.

Method for determining the Rh factor

Used venous blood and standard sera of two types, Petri dish. Serum is mixed with a drop of blood, put in a water bath for 10 minutes. The result is determined by the appearance of agglutination of erythrocytes.

Without fail, Rh is determined:

• in preparation for a planned operation;
• during pregnancy;
• from donors and recipients.

Blood compatibility issues

It is believed that this problem is caused by the urgent need for blood transfusions 100 years ago during the First World War, when the Rh factor was not yet known. A large number of complications of single-group blood transfusion has led to subsequent research and limitations.

Currently, vital signs have made it possible to transfuse in the absence of one-group donor blood of no more than 0.5 liters of Rh-negative 0 (I) group. Modern recommendations suggest using erythrocyte mass, which is less allergenic to the body.

The information in the table is used less and less

The above systematic studies of other groups of antigens have changed the existing opinion about people with the first Rh-negative blood group as universal donors, and with the fourth Rh-positive, as recipients suitable for any donor properties.

Until now, plasma prepared from the fourth blood group is used to compensate for a sharp protein deficiency, since it does not contain agglutinins.

Before each transfusion, an individual compatibility test is carried out: a drop of the patient's serum and a drop of donor blood are applied to a white plate in a ratio of 1:10. After 5 minutes check agglutination. The presence of small dotted flakes of erythrocytes indicates the impossibility of transfusion.

The direct harm of such a diet has been proven when trying to use it for the treatment of obesity.

Are blood types related to human health and character?

The conducted studies allowed to establish predisposing factors for the occurrence of some pathology.

• Provides reliable data on a greater propensity to disease of cardio-vascular system persons with the second, third and fourth groups than with the first.
• But people with the first group are more likely to suffer from peptic ulcer disease.
• It is believed that for the B (III) group, the occurrence of Parkinson's disease is more dangerous.

D'Adamo's theory, widely promoted over the past 20 years, has been debunked and is not considered scientific in connection with the type of diet and the danger of certain diseases.

The connection of group membership with character should be taken into account at the level of astrological predictions.

Each person should know their blood type and Rh factor. No one can be isolated from emergency situations. The analysis can be done in your clinic or at the blood transfusion station.

Types of blood groups

Blood groups are invariable inherited traits, which are a combination of erythrocyte agglutinogens. There are four blood groups. It is believed that the presence four groups blood is the result of the evolutionary development of man. What are the types of blood group in a person, does the indicator affect the character, predisposition to certain diseases and other features.

Options

There is a theory of AB0, which determines the compatibility of blood groups. The fact is that antigen proteins of type A and B can be present on the surface of an erythrocyte. The surface of a red blood cell may not have an antigen protein and be smooth.

Rh factor

In addition, a classification of blood differences according to Rh (Rhesus factor) has been adopted. If Rh is present on the red blood cell, the blood is considered Rh positive. Accordingly, if there is no Rh protein on the erythrocyte, then the blood is called Rh-negative. The majority of the population of the planet Earth (about 80%) have Rh+. Accordingly, 20% of earthlings have Rh-.

Table of blood groups and Rh factors

In the mid-twentieth century, it was generally accepted that type 0(I) blood, which did not have the Rh protein, was universal and could be transfused to people with all kinds of blood types. Blood donors with these blood characteristics were considered universal. Incompatibility " universal blood» groups was recorded infrequently, so such facts were not given much attention.

It is now understood that other antigens are able to cause complications in blood transfusion. Therefore, even knowing the answer to the question: what are the blood types? does not guarantee complete safety during the transfusion procedure. Pre-prepared and carefully preserved own blood is best suited for blood transfusion. It can be used during the operation.

Compatibility differences

All blood groups differ not only in composition, but characterize the person himself. It turned out that belonging to the first two types of blood provides an advantage in stress resistance, endurance and health. Apparently, people with such blood characteristics evolved under conditions of rapidly changing nutritional and living conditions, which led to gene mutations.

The percentage of residents with the third, and especially the 4th blood group is much less than the owners of groups I and II. In women who find it difficult to get pregnant, who find it difficult to bear a child, what are the blood types? The statistics point to women in the fourth group of Rh-. They need to take a variety of tests, undergo enhanced primary training and, despite the difficulties, do not lose faith in a successful outcome.

Blood type incompatibility can make it impossible for some couples to have children.

Blood type compatibility table

The unfortunate spouses do not experience any methods of treatment. From artificial fertilization of an egg to the use of a vaccine that temporarily suppresses an immune imbalance by inactivating incompatible antigens.

In people with 4 and 3 blood groups, the strength of health is inferior to the owners of the first and second blood groups. And the physiology of digestion is a little different.

Nutritionists make special diets for blood groups. Most of the problems are in people with the fourth blood group.

Methods of determination

How to determine the blood group? Blood is taken on an empty stomach, from a finger. But, you can also use venous blood selected for general analysis blood. No preparation is required for blood sampling for analysis. It is not allowed to drink alcoholic beverages and medicines on the eve of blood sampling. And, only in exceptional situations, for some patients, the doctor prescribes a therapeutic diet. This technique allows you to remove ballast substances and toxins. Especially often, this has to be done by pregnant women and in planning conception.

Men preparing to become fathers also need to monitor the compatibility of their blood with that of their partner. A paternity test cannot be done unless the blood type and Rh are determined.

There are many methods for determining blood groups. This is the definition of coliclones, cross method, monoclonal antibodies, gel cards. The generally accepted method is considered to determine AB0.

Serum test results

For analyzes, a room with good illumination and a temperature of 20 ± 5 ° C is required. The full name of the patient is recorded, then the groups are designated: 0, A, B. Apply a drop of diagnostic sera under each inscription using individual dry pipettes. Blood is taken from a finger, mixed with sera using glass rods, shaken for about 5 minutes and an agglutination reaction is observed, that is, the appearance of red lumps. Three minutes later, a drop of saline is added. If the lumps have not collapsed in 5 minutes, then hemagglutination is true.

The blood of the first group does not give a reaction, the blood of the second group gives positive reactions with sera AB and A, blood group III gives positive reactions with sera AB and B, the blood of the fourth group gives positive reactions with all three sera.

When determining the Rh factor, a plate or plate is used that has a surface that can be wetted. Signed: "serum control" and "serum antirhesus". Take a drop of blood from a finger. Mixed with sera with dry glass rods, shake for about 5 minutes and observe the agglutination reaction, that is, the appearance of red lumps. After three minutes, add 6 drops of saline. If the lumps have not collapsed in 5 minutes, then hemagglutination is true.

The control serum shows no agglutination. If agglutination occurs in a drop of anti-Rhesus serum, then the blood has Rh +, if not, then RH-.

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Blood type (AB0): essence, definition in a child, compatibility, what does it affect?

Some life situations(upcoming operation, pregnancy, desire to become a donor, etc.) require an analysis, which we used to call simply: “blood type”. Meanwhile, in the broad sense of this term, there is some inaccuracy here, since most of us mean the well-known AB0 erythrocyte system, described in 1901 by Landsteiner, but do not know about it and therefore say “blood test per group”, thus separating, another important Rhesus system.

Karl Landsteiner, awarded for this discovery Nobel Prize, throughout his life continued to work on the search for other antigens located on the surface of red blood cells, and in 1940 the world learned about the existence of the Rhesus system, which occupies the second place in importance. In addition, scientists in 1927 found protein substances secreted into the erythrocyte systems - MNs and Pp. At that time, this was a huge breakthrough in medicine, because people suspected that blood loss could lead to the death of the body, and someone else's blood could save lives, so they made attempts to transfuse it from animals to humans and from humans to humans. Unfortunately, success did not always come, but science was steadily moving forward and at present we are only out of habit talking about the blood type, meaning the AB0 system.

What is a blood type and how did it become known?

Determination of the blood group is based on the classification of genetically determined individually specific proteins of all tissues human body. These organ-specific protein structures are called antigens(alloantigens, isoantigens), but they should not be confused with antigens specific for certain pathological formations (tumors) or infection-causing proteins entering the body from outside.

The antigenic set of tissues (and blood, of course), given from birth, determines the biological individuality of a particular individual, which can be a person, any animal, or a microorganism, that is, isoantigens characterize group-specific features that make it possible to distinguish these individuals within their species.

The alloantigenic properties of our tissues began to be studied by Karl Landsteiner, who mixed the blood (erythrocytes) of people with the sera of other people and noticed that in some cases the erythrocytes stick together (agglutination), while in others the color remains homogeneous. True, at first the scientist found 3 groups (A, B, C), the 4th blood group (AB) was discovered later by the Czech Jan Jansky. In 1915, the first standard sera containing specific antibodies (agglutinins) that determined group affiliation were already obtained in England and America. In Russia, the blood group according to the AB0 system began to be determined in 1919, but the digital designations (1, 2, 3, 4) were put into practice in 1921, and a little later they began to use alphanumeric nomenclature, where antigens were designated in Latin letters (A and C), while antibodies are Greek (α and β).

It turns out there are so many...

To date, immunohematology has replenished with more than 250 antigens located on erythrocytes. The major erythrocyte antigen systems include:

• AB0 containing varieties of antigens A, B, H;
• MNSs (M, N, S, s, U);
• Rhesus (Rhesus, Rh - D, C, E, d, c, e);
• P (P 1 , P 2 , p, p k);
• Lutheran (Lutheran - Lu a, Lu b);
• Kell (Kell - K, k) or Kell-Cellano;
• Lewis (Lewis - Le a Le b). This system divides the human population into "highlighters" (80%) and "non-highlighters" (20%), and earlier (before the advent of genetic fingerprinting), together with other systems, it was actively used in forensic medicine;
• Duffy (Duffy - Fy a, Fy b)
• Kidd (Kidd - Jk a, Jk b);
• Diego (Diego - Di a, Di b);
• ii (I, i);
• Xg (Xg a).

These systems, in addition to transfusiology (blood transfusion), where AB0 and Rh still play the main role, most often remind themselves of themselves in obstetric practice (miscarriages, stillbirths, the birth of children with severe hemolytic disease), however, it is not always possible to determine the erythrocyte antigens of many systems (except for AB0, Rh), which is due to the lack of typing sera, the production of which requires large material and labor costs. Thus, when we talk about blood groups 1, 2, 3, 4, we mean the main antigenic system of erythrocytes, called the AB0 system.

Table: possible combinations of AB0 and Rh (blood groups and Rh factors)

In addition, approximately from the middle of the last century, antigens began to be discovered one after another:

1. Platelets, which in most cases repeated the antigenic determinants of erythrocytes, however, with a lesser degree of severity, which makes it difficult to determine the blood group on platelets;
2. Nuclear cells, primarily lymphocytes (HLA - histocompatibility system), which opened up wide opportunities for organ and tissue transplantation and solving some genetic problems (hereditary predisposition to a certain pathology);
3. Plasma proteins (the number of described genetic systems has already exceeded a dozen).

The discoveries of many genetically determined structures (antigens) made it possible not only to take a different approach to determining the blood group, but also to strengthen the position of clinical immunohematology in terms of fight against various pathological processes, made possible safe blood transfusion, as well as transplantation of organs and tissues.

The main system that divides people into 4 groups

The group affiliation of erythrocytes depends on group-specific antigens A and B (agglutinogens):

• Containing in its composition protein and polysaccharides;
• Closely associated with the stroma of red blood cells;
• Not related to hemoglobin, which does not participate in the agglutination reaction in any way.

By the way, agglutinogens can be found on other blood cells (platelets, leukocytes) or in tissues and body fluids (saliva, tears, amniotic fluid), where they are determined in much smaller quantities.

Thus, on the stroma of the erythrocytes of a particular person, antigens A and B can be found (together or separately, but always forming a pair, for example, AB, AA, A0 or BB, B0) or they can not be found there at all (00).

In addition, globulin fractions (agglutinins α and β) that are compatible with the antigen (A with β, B with α) float in the blood plasma, called natural antibodies.

Obviously, in the first group, which does not contain antigens, both types of group antibodies, α and β, will be present. In the fourth group, normally, there should not be any natural globulin fractions, because if this is allowed, antigens and antibodies will begin to stick together: α will agglutinate (glue) A, and β, respectively, B.

Depending on the combinations of options and the presence of certain antigens and antibodies, the group affiliation of human blood can be represented as follows:

• 1 blood group 0αβ(I): antigens - 00(I), antibodies - α and β;
• 2 blood group Aβ(II): antigens - AA or A0(II), antibodies - β;
• 3 blood group Bα (III): antigens - BB or B0 (III), antibodies - α
• 4 blood group AB0 (IV): antigens only A and B, no antibodies.

It may surprise the reader to learn that there is a blood group that does not fit into this classification. It was discovered in 1952 by a resident of Bombay, which is why it was called "Bombay". Antigen-serological variant of erythrocyte type « bombey» does not contain antigens of the AB0 system, and in the serum of such people, along with natural antibodies α and β, anti-H are found(antibodies directed to substance H, which differentiates antigens A and B and does not allow their presence on the stroma of erythrocytes). Subsequently, "Bombay" and other rare types of group affiliation were found in different parts of the world. Of course, you cannot envy such people, because in case of massive blood loss, they need to look for a saving environment all over the globe.

Ignorance of the laws of genetics can cause tragedy in the family

The blood group of each person according to the AB0 system is the result of the inheritance of one antigen from the mother, the other from the father. Receiving hereditary information from both parents, a person in his phenotype has half of each of them, that is, the blood group of the parents and the child is a combination of two traits, therefore it may not coincide with the blood type of the father or mother.

Mismatches between the blood types of parents and the child give rise to doubts and suspicions in the minds of individual men about the infidelity of their spouse. This happens due to the lack of elementary knowledge of the laws of nature and genetics, therefore, in order to avoid tragic mistakes on the part of the male, whose ignorance often breaks happy family relationships, we consider it necessary to once again explain where this or that blood type comes from in the child according to the AB0 system and bring examples of expected results.

Option 1. If both parents have the first blood type: 00(I) x 00(I), then the child will have only the first 0(I) Group, all others are excluded. This is because the genes that synthesize antigens of the first blood group - recessive, they can only manifest themselves in homozygous state when no other gene (dominant) is suppressed.

Option 2. Both parents have the second group A (II). However, it can be either homozygous, when two traits are the same and dominant (AA), or heterozygous, represented by a dominant and recessive variant (A0), so the following combinations are possible here:

• AA(II) x AA(II) → AA(II);
• AA(II) x A0(II) → AA(II);
• A0 (II) x A0 (II) → AA (II), A0 (II), 00 (I), that is, with such a combination of parental phenotypes, both the first and second groups are likely, third and fourth are excluded.

Option 3. One of the parents has the first group 0 (I), the other has the second:

Possible groups in a child are A (II) and 0 (I), excluded - B(III) and AB(IV).

Option 4. In the case of a combination of two third groups, inheritance will go according to option 2: a possible membership would be the third or first group, while the second and fourth will be excluded.

Option 5. When one of the parents has the first group, and the second has the third, inheritance is similar option 3– the child may have B(III) and 0(I), but excluded A(II) and AB(IV) .

Option 6. Parent groups A(II) and B(III) when inherited, they can give any group membership of the system AB0(1, 2, 3, 4). The emergence of 4 blood types is an example codominant inheritance when both antigens in the phenotype are equal and equally manifest themselves as a new trait (A + B = AB):

Option 7. With a combination of the second and fourth groups, parents can the second, third and fourth group in a child, the first one is excluded:

Option 8. A similar situation develops in the case of a combination of the third and fourth groups: A (II), B (III) and AB (IV) will be possible, and the first one is excluded.

Option 9 - the most interesting. The presence of blood groups 1 and 4 in parents as a result turns into the appearance of a second or third blood group in a child, but never – first and fourth:

Table: child's blood type based on parents' blood types

Obviously, the statement about the same group affiliation in parents and children is a delusion, because genetics obeys its own laws. As for determining the child's blood group according to the group affiliation of the parents, this is only possible if the parents have the first group, that is, in this case, the appearance of A (II) or B (III) will exclude biological paternity or motherhood. The combination of the fourth and first groups will lead to the emergence of new phenotypic traits (group 2 or 3), while the old ones will be lost.

Boy, girl, group compatibility

If in the old days, for a birth in the family of an heir, they put the reins under the pillow, but now everything is put almost on a scientific basis. Trying to deceive nature and “order” the sex of the child in advance, future parents perform simple arithmetic operations: they divide the father’s age by 4, and the mother’s age by 3, whoever has the largest balance wins. Sometimes this coincides, and sometimes it is disappointing, so what is the probability of getting the desired gender using calculations - official medicine does not comment, therefore it is up to everyone to calculate or not, but the method is painless and absolutely harmless. You can try, what if you get lucky?

for reference: what really affects the sex of the child - combinations of X and Y chromosomes

But the compatibility of the blood type of the parents is a completely different matter, and not in terms of the sex of the child, but in the sense of whether he will be born at all. The formation of immune antibodies (anti-A and anti-B), although rare, can interfere with the normal course of pregnancy (IgG) and even feeding the baby (IgA). Fortunately, the AB0 system does not interfere with reproduction so often, which cannot be said about the Rh factor. It can cause miscarriage or the birth of babies with hemolytic disease of the newborn, the best consequence of which is deafness, and in the worst case, the child cannot be saved at all.

Group affiliation and pregnancy

Determining the blood group according to the AB0 and Rhesus (Rh) systems is a mandatory procedure when registering for pregnancy.

In the case of a negative Rh factor in the expectant mother and the same result in the future father of the child, you don’t have to worry, because the baby will also have a negative Rh factor.

Do not immediately panic a "negative" woman and first(abortions and miscarriages are also considered) pregnancies. Unlike the AB0 (α, β) system, the Rhesus system does not have natural antibodies, so the body still only recognizes the “foreign”, but does not react to it in any way. Immunization will occur during childbirth, therefore, so that the woman’s body does not “remember” the presence of foreign antigens (Rh factor is positive), on the first day after childbirth, a special anti-Rhesus serum is introduced to the puerperal, protecting subsequent pregnancies. In the case of a strong immunization of a “negative” woman with a “positive” antigen (Rh +), compatibility for conception is a big question, therefore, without looking at long-term treatment, a woman is haunted by failures (miscarriages). The body of a woman with a negative Rh, having once “remembered” a foreign protein (“memory cell”), will respond with active production of immune antibodies at subsequent meetings (pregnancy) and will in every possible way reject him, that is, her own desired and long-awaited child, if he has positive Rh factor.

Compatibility for conception sometimes should be borne in mind in relation to other systems. By the way, AB0 is quite loyal to the presence of a stranger and rarely gives immunization. However, there are known cases of the emergence of immune antibodies in women with AB0-incompatible pregnancy, when the damaged placenta allows access to the fetal erythrocytes in the mother's blood. It is generally accepted that the highest probability of isoimmunization of a woman is introduced by vaccinations (DTP), which contain group-specific substances of animal origin. First of all, such a feature was noticed for substance A.

Probably, the second place after the Rhesus system in this regard can be given to the histocompatibility system (HLA), and then to Kell. In general, each of them is sometimes able to present a surprise. This is because the body of a woman who has a close relationship with a certain man, even without pregnancy, reacts to his antigens and produces antibodies. This process is called sensitization. The only question is to what level sensitization will reach, which depends on the concentration of immunoglobulins and the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. With a high titer of immune antibodies, compatibility for conception is in great doubt. Rather, we will talk about incompatibility, requiring huge efforts of doctors (immunologists, gynecologists), unfortunately, often in vain. A decrease in titer over time also does little to reassure, the “memory cell” knows its task ...

Video: pregnancy, blood type and Rh conflict

Compatible blood transfusion

In addition to compatibility for conception, no less important is transfusion compatibility where the AB0 system plays a dominant role (transfusion of blood that is incompatible with the AB0 system is very dangerous and can be fatal!). Often a person believes that the 1 (2, 3, 4) blood type of him and his neighbor must be the same, that the first will always suit the first, the second - the second, and so on, and in some circumstances they (neighbors) can help each other friend. It would seem that a recipient with a 2nd blood group should accept a donor of the same group, but this is not always the case. The thing is that antigens A and B have their own varieties. For example, antigen A has the most allospecific variants (A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, A 0, A X, etc.), but B is not much inferior (B 1, B X, B 3, B weak, etc. .), that is, it turns out that these options may simply not be combined, even though when analyzing blood for a group, the result will be A (II) or B (III). Thus, given such heterogeneity, can one imagine how many varieties can a 4th blood group have, containing both A and B antigen in its composition?

The statement that blood type 1 is the best, as it suits everyone without exception, and the fourth accepts any, is also outdated. For example, some people with 1 blood type are for some reason called a "dangerous" universal donor. And the danger lies in the fact that, having no antigens A and B on erythrocytes, the plasma of these people contains a large titer of natural antibodies α and β, which, entering the bloodstream of a recipient of other groups (except the first), begin to agglutinate the antigens located there (A and / or AT).

blood type compatibility during transfusion

At present, transfusion of different types of blood is not practiced, with the exception of some cases of transfusions that require special selection. Then the first Rh-negative blood group is considered universal, the erythrocytes of which, in order to avoid immunological reactions washed 3 or 5 times. The first blood group with a positive Rh can be universal only in relation to Rh (+) erythrocytes, that is, after determining for compatibility and washing the erythrocyte mass can be transfused to a Rh-positive recipient with any group of the AB0 system.

The most common group in the European territory of the Russian Federation is the second - A (II), Rh (+), the rarest - 4 blood group with negative Rh. In blood banks, the attitude towards the latter is especially reverent, because a person with a similar antigenic composition should not die just because, if necessary, they will not find the right amount of erythrocyte mass or plasma. By the way, plasma AB(IV) Rh(-) is suitable for absolutely everyone, since it contains nothing (0), however, such a question is never considered due to the rare occurrence of 4 blood groups with negative Rh.

How is the blood group determined?

Determination of the blood group according to the AB0 system can be done by taking a drop from the finger. By the way, every health worker with a diploma of higher or secondary medical education should be able to do this, regardless of the profile of their activity. As for other systems (Rh, HLA, Kell), a blood test for a group is taken from a vein and, following the method, the affiliation is determined. Similar studies are already within the competence of the doctor. laboratory diagnostics, and immunological typing of organs and tissues (HLA) generally requires special training.

A blood test per group is done using standard sera made in special laboratories and meeting certain requirements (specificity, titer, activity), or using tsoliklones obtained in the factory. Thus, the group affiliation of erythrocytes is determined ( direct method). In order to exclude an error and obtain complete confidence in the reliability of the results obtained, at blood transfusion stations or in laboratories of surgical and, especially, obstetric hospitals, the blood group is determined cross method where serum is used as the test sample, and specially selected standard erythrocytes act as a reagent. By the way, in newborns, it is very difficult to determine the group affiliation by the cross method, although α and β agglutinins are called natural antibodies (data from birth), they begin to be synthesized only from six months and accumulate by 6-8 years.

Blood group and character

Does the blood type affect the character and is it possible to predict in advance what can be expected in the future from a one-year-old rosy-cheeked toddler? Official medicine considers group affiliation in this perspective little or no attention to these issues. A person has a lot of genes, group systems too, so one can hardly expect the fulfillment of all the predictions of astrologers and determine the character of a person in advance. However, some coincidences cannot be ruled out, because some predictions do come true.

the prevalence of blood groups in the world and the characters attributed to them

So astrology says:

1. Carriers of the first blood group are brave, strong, purposeful people. Leaders by nature, possessing indefatigable energy, they not only reach great heights themselves, but also carry others along, that is, they are wonderful organizers. At the same time, their character is not without negative traits: they can suddenly flare up and show aggression in a fit of anger.
2. People of the second blood group are patient, balanced, calm, slightly shy, empathetic and take everything to heart. They are distinguished by homeliness, thriftiness, the desire for comfort and coziness, however, stubbornness, self-criticism and conservatism interfere in solving many professional and everyday tasks.
3. The third blood type involves the search for the unknown, creative impulse, harmonious development, communication skills. With such a character, yes, move mountains, but that's bad luck - poor tolerance for routine and monotony does not allow this. The owners of group B (III) quickly change their mood, show inconstancy in their views, judgments, actions, dream a lot, which prevents the realization of the intended goal. Yes, and their goals are changing quickly ...
4. With regard to individuals with the fourth blood type, astrologers do not support the version of some psychiatrists who claim that among its owners there are most maniacs. People who study the stars agree that the 4th group has collected the best features of the previous ones, therefore it is distinguished by a particularly good character. Leaders, organizers, possessing enviable intuition and sociability, representatives of the AB (IV) group, at the same time, are indecisive, contradictory and peculiar, their mind is constantly fighting with their hearts, but which side will win is a big question mark.

Of course, the reader understands that all this is very approximate, because people are so different. Even identical twins show some kind of individuality, at least in character.

Nutrition and diet by blood type

The concept of a blood type diet owes its appearance to the American Peter D'Adamo, who at the end of the last century (1996) published a book with recommendations proper nutrition depending on the group affiliation according to the AB0 system. At the same time, this fashionable trend penetrated into Russia and was ranked among the alternative ones.

According to the vast majority of physicians with medical education, this direction is anti-scientific and contradicts the prevailing ideas based on numerous studies. The author shares the view official medicine, so the reader has the right to choose whom to believe.

• The statement that at first all people had only the first group, its owners "hunters living in a cave", obligatory meat-eaters with a healthy digestive tract, can be safely questioned. Group substances A and B were identified in the preserved tissues of mummies (Egypt, America), whose age is more than 5000 years. Proponents of the concept "Eat right for your type" (the title of D'Adamo's book), do not indicate that the presence of 0(I) antigens is considered risk factors for diseases of the stomach and intestines (peptic ulcer), in addition, carriers of this group more often than others have problems with pressure (arterial hypertension).
• The owners of the second group are recognized by Mr. D'Adamo as pure vegetarians. Given that this group affiliation in Europe is prevalent and in some areas reaches 70%, one can imagine the outcome of mass vegetarianism. Probably, mental hospitals will be overcrowded, because modern man is an established predator.

Unfortunately, the A (II) blood group diet does not draw the attention of those interested in the fact that people with this antigenic composition of erythrocytes make up the majority of the number of patients. ischemic disease heart (CHD), thrombophilia, rheumatism. They happen more often than others myocardial infarctions. So, maybe a person should work in this direction? Or at least bear in mind the risk of such problems?

• The carriers of the third blood group were the luckiest of all: they are recognized as "nomads", and therefore omnivores. That's right, they need to eat very well, because, despite the high immunity from nature, their risk of contracting tuberculosis is much higher than that of other members of the human population.
• A diet for blood group AB (IV), containing both A and B, is recommended moderately mixed, that is, as they say, a little bit of everything, because the omnivorous "nomads" and the vegetarianism of "farmers" open up broad prospects in terms of diversity, but narrow the possibilities in sense of volume. We can only note that the owners of group AB (IV) due to the presence of antigen A also need to be aware of the risk of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction.

Food for thought

An interesting question is when should a person switch to the recommended blood type diet? From birth? During puberty? In the golden years of youth? Or when old age knocks? Here the right to choose, we just want to remind you that children and adolescents should not be deprived of the necessary trace elements and vitamins, one should not be preferred and the other ignored.

Young people love something, they don’t like something, but if healthy man is ready, only having crossed the age of majority, to follow all the recommendations in nutrition in accordance with group affiliation, then this is his right. I just want to note that, in addition to the antigens of the AB0 system, there are other antigenic phenotypes that exist in parallel, but also contribute to the life of the human body. Should they be ignored or kept in mind? Then they also need to develop diets and it’s not a fact that they will coincide with the current trends that promote healthy eating for certain categories of people who have one or another group affiliation. For example, the HLA leukocyte system is more than others associated with various diseases; it can be used to calculate in advance the hereditary predisposition to a particular pathology. So why not do just that, more real prevention immediately with the help of food?

Video: the secrets of human blood groups

Tell me please! Everywhere it is indicated that if both parents have 1 group, the child will be 100% with the first group. Why do I have 2 positive? Both parents have exactly 1, I'm not 100% adopted. And they didn’t work up, so to speak, me (also impossible), so what is the reason ??

Hello! Parents with the first blood group will have children only with the first, no other groups are possible. If you have a second one, then, perhaps, one of the parents or you was identified incorrectly. An error in analysis is the only reason for this situation, provided that both parents are your biological father and mother.

Classification of blood groups

Is it possible to mix blood of different types?

The materials are published for review and are not a prescription for treatment! We recommend that you contact a hematologist at your healthcare facility!

Blood type and Rh factor are special proteins that determine its individual character, just like the color of a person's eyes or hair. Group and Rh are of great importance in medicine in the treatment of blood loss, blood diseases, and also affect the formation of the body, the functioning of organs, and even psychological features person.

The concept of blood type

Even ancient doctors tried to compensate for blood loss by transfusing blood from a person to a person and even from animals. As a rule, all these attempts had a sad outcome. And only at the beginning of the 20th century, the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered differences in blood types in people, which were special proteins in erythrocytes - agglutinogens, that is, causing an agglutination reaction - gluing of erythrocytes. She was the cause of the death of patients after blood transfusion.

There are 2 main types of agglutinogens, which were conditionally named A and B. Gluing of erythrocytes, that is, blood incompatibility, occurs if the agglutinogen combines with the protein of the same name - agglutinin, contained in the blood plasma, respectively, a and b. This means that in human blood there cannot be proteins of the same name that cause agglutination of erythrocytes, that is, if there is agglutinogen A, then it cannot contain agglutinin a.

It was also found that both agglutinogens, A and B, can be present in the blood, but then it does not contain any type of agglutinins, and vice versa. All these are the signs that determine the blood type. Therefore, when the proteins of the same name in erythrocytes and plasma are combined, a conflict develops over the blood group.

Types of blood groups

Based on this discovery, 4 main types of blood groups have been identified in humans:

• The 1st, which does not contain agglutinogens, but contains both agglutinins a and b, is the most common blood type, which is possessed by 45% of the world's population;
• 2nd, containing agglutinogen A and agglutinin b, is determined in 35% of people;
• 3rd, in which there is agglutinogen B and agglutinin a, 13% of people have it;
• 4th, containing both agglutinogens A and B, and not containing agglutinins, this blood type is the rarest, it is determined only in 7% of the population.

In Russia, the designation of blood grouping according to the AB0 system is accepted, that is, according to the content of agglutinogens in it. Accordingly, the blood group table looks like this:

Blood type is inherited. Can the blood type change - the answer to this question is unequivocal: it cannot. Although the history of medicine knows the only case associated with gene mutations. The gene that determines the blood group is located in the 9th pair of the human chromosome set.

Important! The judgment about which blood type is suitable for everyone has lost its relevance today, as well as the concept of a universal donor, that is, the owner of the 1st (zero) blood group. Many subspecies of blood groups have been discovered, and only one-group blood is transfused.

Rh factor: negative and positive

Despite Landsteiner's discovery of blood groups, transfusion reactions still continued to occur during transfusion. The scientist continued his research, and together with his colleagues Wiener and Levine, he managed to discover another specific erythrocyte antigen protein - the Rh factor. It was first identified in great ape rhesus macaque, from where it got its name. It turned out that Rh is also present in the blood of most people: 85% of the population has this antigen, and 15% do not have it, that is, they have a negative Rh factor.

The peculiarity of the Rh antigen is that when it enters the bloodstream of people who do not have it, it contributes to the production of anti-Rh antibodies. Upon repeated contact with the Rh factor, these antibodies give a severe hemolytic reaction, which is called the Rh conflict.

Important! When the Rh factor is negative, this means not just the absence of the Rh antigen in the red blood cells. Anti-Rhesus antibodies may be present in the blood, which could be formed during contact with Rh-positive blood. Therefore, an analysis for the presence of Rh antibodies is mandatory.

Determination of blood group and Rh factor

Blood type and Rh factor are subject to mandatory determination in the following cases:

• for blood transfusion;
• for bone marrow transplantation;
• before any operation;
• during pregnancy;
• with blood diseases;
• in newborns with hemolytic jaundice (Rhesus incompatibility with the mother).

However, ideally, every person, both an adult and a child, should have information about group and Rh affiliation. Severe injury or acute illness when blood is needed urgently.

Determination of the blood group

The determination of the blood group is carried out with specially obtained monoclonal antibodies according to the AB0 system, that is, serum agglutinins, which give erythrocyte agglutination upon contact with the agglutinogens of the same name.

The algorithm for determining the blood group is as follows:

1. Prepare coliclones (monoclonal antibodies) anti-A - pink ampoules, and anti-B - blue ampoules. Prepare 2 clean pipettes, glass mixing sticks and glass slides, a 5 ml disposable syringe for blood collection, a test tube.
2. Perform blood sampling from a vein.
3. A large drop of coliclones (0.1 ml) is applied to a glass slide or a special marked plate, small drops of the test blood (0.01 ml) are mixed with separate glass rods.
4. Observe the result for 3-5 minutes. A drop of mixed blood can be homogeneous - reaction minus (-), or flakes fall out - reaction plus or agglutination (+). Evaluation of the results must be carried out by a doctor. Options for the study of determining the blood group are presented in the table:

Definition of the Rh factor

The determination of the Rh factor is performed similarly to the determination of the blood group, that is, using a serum monoclonal antibody to the Rh antigen. A large drop of the reagent (zoliclone) and a small drop of freshly taken blood are applied to a special clean white ceramic surface in the same proportions (10:1). The blood is carefully mixed with a glass rod with the reagent.

Determination of the Rh factor with coliclones takes less time, because the reaction occurs within 10-15 seconds. However, it is necessary to withstand the maximum time limit of 3 minutes. Just as in the case of determining the blood group, a test tube with blood is sent to the laboratory.

In medical practice today, a convenient and fast express method for determining group affiliation and Rh factor is widely used using dry soliclones, which are diluted with sterile water for injection immediately before the study. The method is called "Erythrotest-Groupcard", it is very convenient both in clinics and in extreme and field conditions.

The nature and health of a person by blood type

Human blood as its specific genetic trait has not yet been fully studied. AT last years scientists have discovered options for blood subgroups, new technologies are being developed to determine compatibility, and so on.

Blood is also credited with the ability to influence the health and character of its owner. And although this issue remains controversial, nevertheless, long-term observations have noticed Interesting Facts. For example, Japanese researchers believe that it is possible to determine the character of a person by blood type:

• owners of the 1st blood group are strong-willed, strong, sociable and emotional people;
• owners of the 2nd group are distinguished by patience, scrupulousness, perseverance, diligence;
• representatives of the 3rd group are creative individuals, but at the same time they are too impressionable, domineering and capricious;
• people with the 4th blood group live more with feelings, are indecisive, sometimes unreasonably harsh.

As for health, depending on the blood type, it is believed that it is the strongest in the majority of the population, that is, in the 1st group. Persons with the 2nd group are prone to heart disease and cancer, the owners of the 3rd group are characterized by weak immunity, low resistance to infections and stress, and the representatives of the 4th group are prone to cardiovascular pathology, joint diseases, cancer.