Origin and formation of the Russian national language. Periods of development of the Russian language

The Russian national language has a complex and long history, its roots go back to ancient times.

The Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages. Among the Slavic languages, Russian is the most widespread. All Slavic languages ​​show great similarities among themselves, but Belarusian and Ukrainian are closest to the Russian language. Together, these languages ​​form the East Slavic subgroup, which is part of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family.

The development of the Russian language in different eras took place at different rates. An important factor in the process of its improvement was the mixing of languages, the formation of new words and the displacement of old ones. Even in prehistoric times, the language of the Eastern Slavs was a complex and motley group of tribal dialects that had already experienced various mixtures and crosses with the languages ​​of different nationalities and contained a rich heritage of centuries of tribal life. Approximately in the 2nd-1st millennium BC. from the group of related dialects of the Indo-European family of languages, the Proto-Slavic language stands out (at a later stage - approximately in the 1st-7th centuries - called Proto-Slavic).

Already in Kievan Rus (IX - early XII centuries), the Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. Relations and contact with the Baltic peoples, with the Germans, with the Finnish tribes, with the Celts, with the Turkish-Turkic tribes (Hun hordes, Avars, Bulgarians, Khazars) could not but leave deep traces in the language of Eastern Slavs, just as Slavic elements are found in Lithuanian, German, Finnish and Turkic languages. Occupying the East European Plain, the Slavs entered the territory of ancient cultures in their centuries-old change. The cultural and historical ties established here between the Slavs and the Scythians and Sarmatians were also reflected and exfoliated in the language of the Eastern Slavs.

In the ancient Russian state, during the period of fragmentation, territorial dialects and adverbs developed that were understandable for a separate lot, so a language understandable to everyone was needed. He needed trade, diplomacy, the church. This language became the Old Church Slavonic language. The history of its origin and formation in Russia is connected with the Byzantine policy of the Russian princes and with the mission of the monk brothers Cyril and Methodius. The interaction of Old Slavonic and Russian spoken language made possible the formation of the Old Russian language.

The first texts written in Cyrillic appeared among the Eastern Slavs in the 10th century. By the 1st half of the X century. refers to the inscription on the korchaga (vessel) from Gnezdovo (near Smolensk). This is probably an inscription indicating the name of the owner. From the 2nd half of the X century. also preserved a number of inscriptions indicating the belonging of objects.

After the baptism of Russia in 988, book writing arose. The chronicle reports on "many scribes" who worked under Yaroslav the Wise. Mostly liturgical books were copied. The originals for the East Slavic handwritten books were mainly South Slavic manuscripts dating back to the works of the students of the creators of the Slavonic script Cyril and Methodius. In the process of correspondence, the original language was adapted to the East Slavic language and the Old Russian book language was formed - the Russian version (option) Church Slavonic.

In addition to books intended for worship, other Christian literature was copied: the works of the holy fathers, the lives of the saints, collections of teachings and interpretations, collections of canon law. The oldest surviving written monuments include the Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057. and the Archangel Gospel of 1092

The original compositions of Russian authors were moralizing and hagiographic works. Since the bookish language was mastered without grammars, dictionaries and rhetorical aids, observance language norms depended on the erudition of the author and his ability to reproduce those forms and constructions that he knew from exemplary texts.

Chronicles constitute a special class of ancient written monuments. The chronicler, outlining historical events, included them in the context of Christian history, and this united the chronicles with other monuments of book culture of spiritual content. Therefore, the annals were written in the bookish language and were guided by the same corpus of exemplary texts, however, due to the specifics of the material presented (concrete events, local realities), the language of the annals was supplemented with non-bookish elements.

In the XIV-XV centuries. southwestern variety literary language Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Principality of Moldavia.

Feudal fragmentation, which contributed to dialect fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke, Polish-Lithuanian conquests led to the XIII-XIV centuries. to the collapse of the ancient Russian people. The unity of the Old Russian language also gradually disintegrated. 3 centers of new ethno-linguistic associations were formed that fought for their Slavic identity: northeastern (Great Russians), southern (Ukrainians) and western (Belarusians). In the XIV-XV centuries. on the basis of these associations, closely related, but independent East Slavic languages ​​are formed: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

In the XIV-XVI centuries. the Great Russian state and the Great Russian nationality are taking shape, and this time becomes a new stage in the history of the Russian language. The Russian language of the era of Muscovite Russia had a complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. 2 main dialect zones took shape - Northern Great Russian approximately north of the line Pskov - Tver - Moscow, south of Nizhny Novgorod and South Great Russian south from this line to the Belarusian and Ukrainian regions - dialects overlapping with other dialect divisions.

Intermediate Middle Russian dialects arose, among which the dialect of Moscow began to play a leading role. Initially, it was mixed, then it developed into a harmonious system. For him became characteristic: akanye; pronounced reduction of vowels of unstressed syllables; explosive consonant "g"; the ending "-ovo", "-evo" in the genitive singular masculine and neuter in the pronominal declension; solid ending "-t" in the verbs of the 3rd person of the present and future tense; forms of pronouns "me", "you", "myself" and a number of other phenomena. The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language.

At this time, in live speech, the final restructuring of the categories of time takes place (the ancient past tenses - aorist, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect are completely replaced by a unified form with “-l”), the dual number is lost, the former declension of nouns according to six bases is replaced by modern types of declension and etc. The written language remains colorful.

In the 2nd half of the XVI century. in the Moscow state, book printing began, which was of great importance for the fate of the Russian literary language, culture and education. The first printed books were church books, primers, grammars, dictionaries.

A new significant stage in the development of the language - the 17th century - is associated with the development of the Russian people into a nation - during the period of the growing role of the Muscovite state and the unification of Russian lands, the Russian national language begins to form. During the formation of the Russian nation, the foundations of the national literary language were formed, which is associated with the weakening of the influence of the Church Slavonic language, the development of dialects stops, and the role of the Moscow dialect increases. The development of new dialect features gradually stops, the old dialect features become very stable. Thus, the 17th century, when the Russian nation finally took shape, is the beginning of the Russian national language.

In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. Introduced civil alphabet on which secular literature is printed.

In the 18th and early 19th centuries secular writing became widespread, church literature was gradually relegated to the background and, finally, became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific and technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx into the Russian language of words and expressions from Western European languages. Especially great impact from the 2nd half of the XVIII century. French began to render Russian vocabulary and phraseology.

Its further development is already closely connected with the history and culture of the Russian people. The 18th century was reformatory. AT fiction, in science, official business papers, the Slavic-Russian language is used, which has absorbed the culture of the Old Slavonic language. In everyday life, it was used, according to the poet-reformer V.K. Trediakovsky, "natural language".

The primary task was the creation of a single national language. In addition, there is an understanding of the special mission of the language in the creation of an enlightened state, in the field of business relations, its importance for science and literature. The democratization of the language begins: it includes elements of the lively oral speech of ordinary people. The language begins to free itself from the influence of the Church Slavonic language, which has become the language of religion and worship. There is an enrichment of the language at the expense of Western European languages, which primarily affected the formation of the language of science, politics, technology.

There were so many borrowings that Peter I was forced to issue an order to limit foreign words and terms. The first reform of Russian writing was carried out by Peter I in 1708-1710. A number of letters were eliminated from the alphabet - omega, psi, izhitsa. Letters were rounded and Arabic numerals were introduced.

In the XVIII century. society begins to realize that the Russian national language is capable of becoming the language of science, art, and education. A special role in the creation of the literary language during this period was played by M.V. Lomonosov, he was not only a great scientist, but also a brilliant researcher of language, who created the theory of three styles. He, possessing great talent, wanted to change the attitude towards the Russian language not only of foreigners, but also of Russians, he wrote the Russian Grammar, in which he gave a set of grammatical rules, showed the richest possibilities of the language.

He fought for the Russian language to become the language of science, for lectures to be read in Russian by Russian teachers. He considered the Russian language one of the strongest and richest languages ​​and cared about its purity and expressiveness. It is especially valuable that M.V. Lomonosov considered language to be a means of communication, constantly emphasizing that people needed it for "a concordant common cause of the flow, which is controlled by the combination of different thoughts." According to Lomonosov, without language, society would be like an unassembled machine, all parts of which are scattered and inactive, which is why “their very existence is vain and useless.”

Since the 18th century The Russian language is becoming a literary language with generally recognized norms, widely used in both book and colloquial speech. The creator of the Russian literary language was A.S. Pushkin. In his work, the norms of the Russian literary language that later became national were fixed.

The language of Pushkin and writers of the 19th century. is a classic example of the literary language up to the present day. In his work, Pushkin was guided by the principle of proportionality and conformity. He did not reject any words because of their Old Slavonic, foreign or common origin. He considered any word acceptable in literature, in poetry, if it accurately, figuratively expresses the concept, conveys the meaning. But he opposed the thoughtless passion for foreign words, and also against the desire to replace mastered foreign words with artificially selected or composed Russian words.

In the 19th century a real struggle for the approval of linguistic norms unfolded. The clash of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language posed the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle of different currents. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to folk speech, the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic "Slovenian" language, which was incomprehensible to the general population.

At the same time, an excessive passion for foreign words began among the upper strata of society, which threatened to clog the Russian language. It was conducted between the followers of the writer N.M. Karamzin and Slavophile A.C. Shishkov. Karamzin fought for the establishment of uniform norms, demanded to get rid of the influence of three styles and Church Slavonic speech, to use new words, including borrowed ones. Shishkov, on the other hand, believed that Church Slavonic should be the basis of the national language.

The rise of literature in the 19th century had a great influence on the development and enrichment of the Russian language. In the first half of the XIX century. the process of creating the Russian national language was completed.

In modern Russian, there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused, first of all, by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the XVIII century. terminology was borrowed by Russian from German language, in the XIX century. - from French, then in the middle of the twentieth century. it is borrowed mainly from of English language(in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, however, the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.

Thus, language embodies both the national character and the national idea and national ideals. Each Russian word bears experience, a moral position, properties inherent in the Russian mentality, which are perfectly reflected by our proverbs: “Everyone goes crazy in his own way”, “God saves the safe”, “Thunder will not strike, the peasant will not cross himself”, etc. And also fairy tales , where the hero (soldier, Ivanushka the Fool, man), getting into difficult situations, emerges victorious from them and becomes rich and happy.

The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre.

We can be proud of the works of great people written in Russian. These are the works of great Russian literature, the works of scientists well known in other countries in order to read the original works of Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Gogol and other Russian writers, many of them study Russian.

The Russian language has come a long way of historical development.

There are three periods of development of the Russian language:

Early period (VI-VII - XIV centuries).

Middle period (XIV-XV - XVII centuries).

Late period (XVII-XVIII - the end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century).

I period (early) begins after the separation of the Eastern Slavs from the common Slavic unity and the formation of the language of the Eastern Slavs (Old Russian language) - the predecessor of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. This period is characterized by the presence in the language of Old Slavonicisms, Church Slavonic vocabulary, and Turkic borrowings.

II period (middle) begins with the collapse of the language of the Eastern Slavs and the separation of the Russian language proper (the language of the Great Russian people). By the second half of the 17th century the Russian nation is taking shape and the Russian national language is being formalized, based on the traditions of Moscow dialect.

III period- this is a period of development of the Russian national language, design and improvement Russian literary language.

In the 18th century there is an update, enrichment of the Russian language at the expense of Western European languages; society begins to realize that the Russian national language is capable of becoming the language of science, art, and education. He played a special role in the creation of the literary language M.V. Lomonosov who wrote "Russian grammar" and developed the theory of three styles (high, medium, low).

In the 19th century Throughout the century, there have been disputes about what should be considered the basis of the grammar of the Russian literary language, what role should the Church Slavonic language play in the development of its styles, how to relate to the common language and vernacular? In this dispute, they are primarily involved N.M. Karamzin and his Westernizers and Slavophiles, led by A.S. Shishkov.

A decisive influence on the development of Russian norms literary language rendered creativity A.S. Pushkin, who in relation to language was guided by the principle proportionality and conformity: any word is acceptable in poetry, if it accurately, figuratively expresses the concept, conveys the meaning.

In general, in the process of synthesis of various elements (folk colloquial, Church Slavonic, foreign borrowings, elements business language) the norms of the Russian literary language are developed. It is believed that in general Russian national language system developed around the first half of the 19th century.

In the XX century, there are two periods in the history of the Russian language:

Period 1 (October 1917 - April 1985) is characterized by the presence of the following processes in the language:

1) the withdrawal into the passive reserve of a huge layer of secular and church vocabulary ( lord, king, monarch, governor, gymnasium; Savior, Mother of God, bishop, Eucharist and etc.);

2) the emergence of new words reflecting changes in politics and economics. Most of them were official abbreviations of words and phrases: NKVD, RSDLP, collective farm, district committee, tax in kind, educational program and etc.;

3) interference of the opposite.

The essence of this phenomenon is that two words are formed that positively and negatively characterize the same phenomena of reality that exist in different political systems. After the October events of 1917, two lexical systems gradually took shape in the Russian language: one for naming the phenomena of capitalism, the other for socialism. So, if it was about enemy countries, then their scouts were called spies, warriors - occupiers, partisans - terrorists etc.;

4) renaming the denotation. Denotation- an object of extralinguistic reality, to which a linguistic sign belongs as part of an utterance. So, not only the names of cities and streets are renamed (Tsaritsyn - in Stalingrad, Nizhny Novgorod - in Bitter; Large noble - in Revolution Avenue), but also social concepts (competition - in social competition, harvesting bread - in battle for the harvest, peasants - in collective farmers etc.). As a result of renaming, the authorities, firstly, managed to break the connection with the pre-revolutionary past, and secondly, to create the illusion of a general renewal. Thus, through the word, the party and government oligarchy influenced the public consciousness.

During 2 periods(April 1985 - present) there have been serious political, economic, ideological changes that have led to significant changes in the Russian literary language:

1) a significant expansion of the vocabulary due to:

a) foreign vocabulary (barter, business, legitimate);

b) the formation in the Russian language itself of a mass of new words (post-Soviet, denationalization, desovietization);

2) return to active vocabulary words that left the language during the Soviet period ( Duma, governor, corporation; communion, liturgy, vigil);

3) withdrawal into the passive stock of words-sovietisms (collective farm, Komsomolets, district committee);

4) change in the meanings of many words, occurring for ideological and political reasons. For example, in the dictionary of the Soviet period about the word God the following is written: "God - according to religious and mystical ideas: a mythical supreme being, supposedly ruling the world"(Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1953). The definition includes indicators of unreliability (particle supposedly and adjective mythical). The purpose of such an interpretation is to impose on the user of the dictionary an atheistic worldview, corresponding to a totalitarian ideology.

In the modern dictionary - " God is in religion: the supreme omnipotent being…”(Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions. - M., 2006);

5) vulgarization - the use of jargon, vernacular and other non-literary elements in the speech of seemingly educated people ( bucks, rollback, disassembly, chaos);

6) "foreignization" of the Russian language - that is, the unjustified use of borrowings in speech ( reception desk- reception, reception point; Ganges- criminal association, gang; show- spectacle, etc.).

How often do we, Russian speakers, think about such important point how is the history of the emergence of the Russian language? After all, how many secrets are hidden in it, how many interesting things you can find out if you dig deeper. How did the Russian language develop? After all, our speech is not only everyday conversations, it is a rich history.

The history of the development of the Russian language: briefly about the main

Where did our mother tongue come from? There are several theories. Some scientists consider (for example, the linguist N. Gusev) the Sanskrit of the Russian language. However, Sanskrit was used by Indian scholars and priests. Such was the Latin for the inhabitants of ancient Europe - "something very clever and incomprehensible." But how did the speech that was used by the Indian scholars suddenly end up on our side? Is it really with the Indians that the formation of the Russian language began?

Legend of the Seven White Teachers

Each scientist understands the stages of the history of the Russian language differently: this is the origin, development, alienation of the bookish language from the folk language, the development of syntax and punctuation, etc. All of them can differ in order (it is still unknown when exactly the bookish language separated from the folk language) or interpretation. But, according to the following legend, seven white teachers can be considered the "fathers" of the Russian language.

In India, there is a legend that is even studied in Indian universities. In ancient times, seven white teachers came from the cold North (the Himalayas region). It was they who gave people Sanskrit and laid the foundation for Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North was one of the regions of Russia, so modern Hindus often go there on pilgrimage.

A legend today

It turns out that many Sanskrit words completely coincide with - such is the theory of the famous ethnographer Natalia Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific works on the history and religion of India. Most of them, by the way, have been refuted by other scientists.

This theory was not taken out of thin air by her. Her appearance was an interesting case. Once Natalia accompanied a respected scientist from India, who decided to arrange a tourist trip along the northern rivers of Russia. Communicating with the inhabitants of local villages, the Hindu suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter, saying that he was happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Then Guseva decided to devote her life to studying the mysterious phenomenon, and at the same time to establish how the Russian language developed.

Indeed, it is truly amazing! According to this story, representatives of the Negroid race live beyond the Himalayas, speaking a language so similar to our native one. Mystic, and only. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that our dialect originated from Indian Sanskrit is in place. Here it is - the history of the Russian language briefly.

Dragunkin's theory

And here is another scientist who decided that this story of the emergence of the Russian language is true. The famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin argued that a truly great language comes from a simpler one, in which there are fewer derivational forms, and the words are shorter. Allegedly, Sanskrit is much simpler than Russian. And the Sanskrit writing is nothing more than Slavic runes slightly modified by the Hindus. But after all, this theory is just where is the origin of language?

scientific version

And here is the version that most scientists approve and accept. She claims that 40,000 years ago (the time of the appearance of the first man) people had a need to express their thoughts in the process of collective activity. This is how the language was born. But in those days the population was extremely small, and all people spoke the same language. After thousands of years there was a migration of peoples. The DNA of people has changed, the tribes have isolated themselves from each other and began to speak differently.

Languages ​​differed from each other in form, in word formation. Each group of people developed their native language, supplemented it with new words, and gave it shape. Later, there was a need for a science that would deal with describing new achievements or things that a person came to.

As a result of this evolution, so-called "matrices" arose in people's heads. The well-known linguist Georgy Gachev studied these matrices in detail, having studied more than 30 matrices - language pictures of the world. According to his theory, the Germans are very attached to their home, and this served as the image of a typical German speaker. And the Russian language and mentality came from the concept or image of the road, the way. This matrix lies in our subconscious.

The birth and formation of the Russian language

About 3 thousand years BC, among the Indo-European languages, the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out, which a thousand years later became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. n. e. it was divided into several groups: eastern, western and southern. Our language is usually attributed to the eastern group.

And the beginning of the path of the Old Russian language is called the formation of Kievan Rus (IX century). At the same time, Cyril and Methodius invent the first Slavic alphabet.

It developed rapidly, and in terms of popularity it has already caught up with Greek and Latin. It was the Old Church Slavonic language (the predecessor of modern Russian) that managed to unite all the Slavs, it was in it that the most important documents and literary monuments were written and published. For example, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

Normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests in the 13th-14th centuries led to the fact that the language was divided into three groups of dialects: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects.

In the 16th century, in Muscovite Russia, they decided to normalize the writing of the Russian language (then it was called “prosta mova” and was influenced by Belarusian and Ukrainian) - to introduce the predominance of the composing connection in sentences and the frequent use of the unions “yes”, “and”, “a”. The dual number was lost, and the declension of nouns became very similar to the modern one. And the basis of the literary language was character traits Moscow speech. For example, "akanye", the consonant "g", the endings "ovo" and "evo", demonstrative pronouns (yourself, you, etc.). The beginning of book printing finally approved the literary Russian language.

Peter's era

It greatly influenced speech. After all, it was at this time that the Russian language was freed from the "guardianship" of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed so that it became closer to the European model.

In the second half of the 18th century, Lomonosov laid down new norms for the Russian language, combining everything that had come before: colloquial speech, folk poetry, and even command language. After him, the language was transformed by Derzhavin, Radishchev, Fonvizin. It was they who increased the number of synonyms in the Russian language in order to properly reveal its richness.

A huge contribution to the development of our speech was made by Pushkin, who rejected all restrictions on style and combined Russian words with some European ones to create a full and colorful picture of the Russian language. He was supported by Lermontov and Gogol.

Development trends

How did the Russian language develop in the future? From the middle of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries, the Russian language received several development trends:

1. Development of literary norms.
2. Rapprochement of the literary language and colloquial speech.
3. Expansion of the language through dialectisms and jargon.
4. The development of the genre "realism" in literature, philosophical problems.

A little later, socialism changed the word formation of the Russian language, and in the 20th century, the media standardized oral speech.

It turns out that our modern Russian language, with all its lexical and grammatical rules, originated from a mixture of various East Slavic dialects that were common throughout Russia, and the Church Slavonic language. After all the metamorphoses, it has become one of the most popular languages ​​in the world.

More about writing

Even Tatishchev himself (the author of the book “Russian History”) was firmly convinced that Cyril and Methodius did not invent writing. It existed long before they were born. The Slavs not only knew how to write: they had many types of writing. For example, traits-cuts, runes or a drop cap. And the scientist brothers took this very initial letter as a basis and simply finalized it. Perhaps they threw out about a dozen letters to make it easier to translate the Bible. Yes, Cyril and Methodius, but its basis was a letter. This is how writing appeared in Russia.

External threats

Unfortunately, our language has repeatedly been exposed to external danger. And then the future of the whole country was in question. For example, at the turn of the 19th century, all the "cream of society" spoke exclusively in French, dressed in the appropriate style, and even the menu consisted only of French cuisine. The nobles gradually began to forget their native language, ceased to associate themselves with the Russian people, acquiring a new philosophy and traditions.

As a result of this introduction of French speech, Russia could lose not only its language, but also its culture. Fortunately, the situation was saved by the geniuses of the 19th century: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. It was they who, being true patriots, did not allow the Russian language to perish. It was they who showed how beautiful he is.

Modernity

The history of the Russian language is polysyllabic and has not been fully studied. Don't briefly describe it. It will take years to study. The Russian language and the history of the people are truly amazing things. And how can you call yourself a patriot without knowing your native speech, folklore, poetry and literature?

Unfortunately, today's youth has lost interest in books, and especially in classical literature. This trend is also observed in older people. Television, the Internet, nightclubs and restaurants, glossy magazines and blogs - all this has replaced our "paper friends". Many people even stopped having personal opinion, to put it in the usual clichés imposed by society and the media. Despite the fact that the classics were and remain in the school curriculum, few people read them even in summary, which "eats" all the beauty and uniqueness of the works of Russian writers.

But how rich is the history and culture of the Russian language! For example, literature is able to provide answers to many questions better than any forums on the Internet. Russian literature expresses all the power of the wisdom of the people, makes you feel love for our homeland and better understand it. Each person must understand that the native language, native culture and people are inseparable, they are one whole. And what does a modern Russian citizen understand and think about? About the need to leave the country as soon as possible?

Main danger

And of course, foreign words are the main threat to our language. As mentioned above, such a problem was relevant in the 18th century, but, unfortunately, it has remained unresolved to this day and is slowly acquiring the features of a national catastrophe.

Not only is society too fond of various slang words, obscene language, and fictitious expressions, it also constantly uses foreign borrowings in its speech, forgetting that there are much more beautiful synonyms in the Russian language. Such words are: “stylist”, “manager”, “PR”, “summit”, “creative”, “user”, “blog”, “Internet” and many others. If it came only from certain groups of society, then the problem could be fought. But, unfortunately, foreign words are actively used by teachers, journalists, scientists and even officials. These people carry the word to people, which means they introduce an addiction. And it happens that a foreign word settles so firmly in the Russian language that it begins to seem as if it is native.

What's the matter?

So what is it called? Ignorance? Fashion for everything foreign? Or a campaign directed against Russia? Perhaps all at once. And this problem must be solved as soon as possible, otherwise it will be too late. For example, more often use the word “manager” instead of “manager”, “business lunch” instead of “business lunch”, etc. After all, the extinction of a people begins precisely with the extinction of the language.

About dictionaries

Now you know how the Russian language developed. However, that's not all. The history of Russian language dictionaries deserves special mention. Modern dictionaries evolved from ancient handwritten and later printed books. At first they were very small and intended for a narrow circle of people.

The most ancient Russian dictionary is considered to be a short supplement to the Novgorod Pilot Book (1282). It included 174 words from different dialects: Greek, Church Slavonic, Hebrew, and even biblical proper names.

After 400 years, much larger dictionaries began to appear. They already had a systematization and even an alphabet. The then dictionaries were mostly educational or encyclopedic in nature, so they were inaccessible to ordinary peasants.

First printed dictionary

The first printed dictionary appeared in 1596. It was another supplement to the grammar textbook by Priest Lavrentiy Zizania. It contained over a thousand words, which were sorted alphabetically. The dictionary was explanatory and explained the origin of many Old Slavonic and was published in Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian languages.

Further development of dictionaries

The 18th century was a century of great discoveries. They did not bypass explanatory dictionaries either. Great scientists (Tatishchev, Lomonosov) unexpectedly showed an increased interest in the origin of many words. Trediakovsky began to write notes. In the end, a number of dictionaries were created, but the largest was the "Church Dictionary" and its appendix. More than 20,000 words have been interpreted in the Church Dictionary. Such a book laid the foundation for the normative dictionary of the Russian language, and Lomonosov, along with other researchers, began its creation.

Most Significant Dictionary

The history of the development of the Russian language remembers such a significant date for all of us - the creation of " explanatory dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dahl (1866). This four-volume book has received dozens of reprints and is still relevant today. 200,000 words and more than 30,000 sayings and phraseological units can be safely considered a real treasure.

Our days

Unfortunately, the world community is not interested in the history of the emergence of the Russian language. His current position can be compared to one incident that once happened to the extraordinarily talented scientist Dmitri Mendeleev. After all, Mendeleev was never able to become an honorary academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (the current RAS). There was a grandiose scandal, and still: such a scientist cannot be admitted to the academy! But the Russian Empire and its world were unshakable: they declared that the Russians since the time of Lomonosov and Tatishchev were in the minority, and one good Russian scientist, Lomonosov, was enough.

This history of the modern Russian language makes us think: what if someday English (or any other) will supplant such a unique Russian? Pay attention to how many foreign words are present in our jargon! Yes, the mixing of languages ​​and friendly exchange is great, but the amazing history of our speech should not be allowed to disappear from the planet. Take care of your native language!

Allocate "external" and "internal" history of the language. Under the "internal" history is meant the development of the language structure and its individual subsystems (for example, the phonological subsystem, the grammatical subsystem, etc.). "External" history is connected with the history of the native speaker - the people. Naturally, the internal history is “superimposed” on the external one.

The following periods are distinguished:

1) East Slavic period (VI - IX centuries) The period of settlement of Slavic groups throughout Eastern Europe and their active interaction with the Baltic and Finno-Ugric peoples. During this period, territorial dialects are formed that serve the early state associations.

2) Old Russian period (IX - XIV centuries) Two sub-periods are distinguished here: a) Early Old Russian (before the end of the XI - the beginning of the XII century); b) Late Old Russian. In the early Old Russian period, the language of the Old Russian people was formed, associated with the emergence of a single state association of the Eastern Slavs - Kievan Rus. Cities arose on the territory of old tribal formations, old ethnonyms were replaced by the names of the inhabitants of the cities. So, on the territory of Slovenia, Novgorod land arises. At the same time, writing, transferred from the Slavic South, spread to Russia. In Kyiv, as the center of the Russian land, in the conditions of mixing dialects, a supradialect formation is being formed - Kievan Koine. In the late Old Russian period, in the era of feudal fragmentation, large dialect zones separate, primarily in the northeast and southwest, respectively, the linguistic processes occurring during this period receive a dialectal reflection. As a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Russia was divided into isolated spheres of influence, within which the development of individual East Slavic languages ​​begins - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

3) Old Russian (Great Russian) period (XIV - XVII centuries). Includes the history of the development of the Great Russian people. The Great Russians unite around the new center - Moscow. The most significant phonetic phenomenon of this period was the spread of akanya.

4) The initial period of the formation of the Russian national language (XVII - XVIII). As a result of the formation of the Russian nation, a single language is formed on the basis of Great Russian speech, which is characterized by multifunctionality, i.e. serving all areas of society. At this time, the functions of the Church Slavonic language were limited, as well as the leveling of dialects and their assignment outside the socio-economic centers.

5) Finally, the last, traditionally distinguished period is the era of the development of the national Russian language (XIX - XX centuries), they usually talk about it “from Pushkin to the present day”. The norm of the modern literary language is being formed in its main features and its oral variety is being formed.

6. Features of the construction of a syllable in the language of the Eastern Slavs.

The syllabic structure that developed in the late Proto-Slavic period was characterized by two laws: One of the main features of the Old Russian language was that all syllables here were open, there was a law of an open syllable. All syllables ended in a vowel or a syllabic consonant. Consonants R and l could be syllabic, in their qualities they were close to vowels and were syllable-forming. At present, this feature has been preserved, for example, in the Czech language (the Russian word top corresponds vrch, word throat - grlo, word wolf – vlk with syllabic l , r ). The following patterns also existed in the Old Russian phonetic system: 1) the construction of a syllable according to increasing sonority (all syllables were built from a less sonorous consonant to a more sonorous vowel or syllabic consonant): bra-t, sle-po-ta; 2) the law of syllable consonance (vowel harmony), suggesting that sounds close in the formation zone should coexist in a syllable - hard consonants with non-front vowels, soft consonants with front vowels: ko-n, plo-d.

In the Proto-Slavic language, in addition to the conditions, there was also the form the existence of a syllable. It would be unclear why this great importance received a phonetic syllable if we did not take into account the prosodic characteristics of the syllable, because it is the syllable that is their carrier. At the same time, quantitative oppositions (longitude-shortness) could be both in individual vowels and in individual syllables: the phonemic opposition of long-short vowels also collided with the phonetic difference between long and short syllables. Even in the Proto-Slavic language, quantitative oppositions of vowels were lost in favor of the syllable, for example: swan, lozѫ was given instead of . In short, it became necessary to link the longitude or shortness of each syllable with the longitude or shortness of neighboring syllables and, at the same time, to single out such a feature that could somehow explain the phonetic preference of this particular syllable. This sign was the sign intonation, because of all the prosodic (from Greek - stress) signs, only intonation can combine two adjacent syllables by its action, as if attaching them to each other: the increase (or decrease) of intonation begins 9 or ends) on the next to the substressed syllable. As a result, what the historians of the Proto-Slavic language call the transition of quantitative differences in vowels into qualitative ones took place, and which could be considered the third main regularity of the Proto-Slavic phonological system.

The modern Russian language by origin is one of the East Slavic languages ​​of the Indo-European language family. The sequence of stages of its formation is as follows:

II - I millennium BC - Proto-Slavic language (general Indo-European; Indo-European language-base).

I-VIIbb. AD - Proto-Slavic (common Slavic) language. On the basis of the common Slavic language, the East Slavic (Old Russian) language and the languages ​​of the Western and Southern Slavic groups were formed.

VII - XVIIbb. - Old Russian language - the language of the East Slavic tribes that formed the Old Russian people within the Kyiv state in the 9th century. As a result of the collapse of the Kievan state, on the basis of a single language of the ancient Russian people, three independent languages ​​arose, which, with the formation of nations, took shape in national languages. In general, this process can be represented in the diagram:

XVIIb. - present time - the formation and development of the national Russian language.

This periodization reflects the development of the Russian language as a whole. As for the history of the Russian literary language, the foundations of its periodization were laid by V.V. Vinogradov in the article "The main stages of the history of the Russian language" and continued in various concepts.

So, in the concept of B.A. Uspensky, the history of the Russian literary language is inextricably linked with the history of the Russian people, their culture and literature. He proposes to subdivide the history of the Russian literary language into two main periods: pre-national and national, highlighting smaller sub-periods of development in each of them. As a result, the periodization of B.A.

Uspensky looks like this:

I. Period before national development Russian literary language, or the period of development of the literary and written language of the people (in the beginning, Old Russian, Common East Slavic, and then, from the 14th century, Great Russian) (X - XVII centuries).

1. The first (Kyiv) sub-period (X - the beginning of the XII century). Corresponds to the historical existence of a single East Slavic people and a relatively single Old Russian (Kyiv) state.

2. The second sub-period (the middle of the XII - the middle of the XIV century). In the literary written language, dialectal branches of the single East Slavic language are noticeably manifested, which led to zonal varieties of the Old Russian literary language in the era of feudal fragmentation.

3. The third sub-period (XIV - XVII centuries). For the northeast, this is the language of the Moscow state, in other areas of the East Slavic settlement, these are the initial foundations of the subsequently developed independent national languages ​​\u200b\u200bof the East Slavic peoples (Belarusian and Ukrainian).

II. The period of national development of the Russian literary language (mid-XVIIb. - present day).

1. The first sub-period (the middle of the 17th - the beginning of the 19th century, before the era of Pushkin). This is a transitional sub-period, a time of gradual establishment and formation of comprehensive norms of the modern Russian language as the language of the nation.

2. The second sub-period (the 30s of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century).

3. The third sub-period (the beginning of the 20th century - our days).

The history of the Russian literary language will be considered by us in accordance with the periodization of B.A. Uspensky.