Russian national language in the historical development of the abstract. The origin of the Russian language stages of formation
Russian language- one of the East Slavic languages, one of the largest languages in the world, National language Russian people. It is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the most widespread language in Europe, both geographically and in terms of the number of native speakers (although a significant and geographically large part of the Russian language area is located in Asia). The science of the Russian language is called linguistic Russian studies, or, in short, simply Russian studies.
« The origins of the Russian language go back to ancient times. Approximately in 2000-1000 thousand BC. e. from the group of related dialects of the Indo-European family of languages, proto Slavic(at a later stage - approximately in the I-VII centuries - called Proto-Slavic). Where the Proto-Slavs and their descendants, the Proto-Slavs, lived is a debatable issue. Probably the Proto-Slavic tribes in the second half of the 1st century. BC e. and at the beginning of N. e. They occupied lands from the middle reaches of the Dnieper in the east to the upper reaches of the Vistula in the west, south of the Pripyat in the north, and forest-steppe regions in the south. Proto-Slavic territory expanded dramatically. In the VI-VII centuries. Slavs occupied lands from the Adriatic to the southwest. to the headwaters of the Dnieper and Lake Ilmen in the north-east. Proto-Slavic ethno-linguistic unity broke up. Three closely related groups were formed: eastern (Old Russian nationality), western (on the basis of which Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Lusatians, Pomeranian Slavs were formed) and southern (its representatives are Bulgarians, Serbo-Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians).
The East Slavic (Old Russian) language existed from the 7th to the 14th centuries. In the X century. on its basis, writing arises (the Cyrillic alphabet, see Cyrillic), which reached a high flowering (Ostromir Gospel, XI century; “The Word on Law and Grace” of the Kyiv Metropolitan Hilarion, XI century; “The Tale of Bygone Years”, the beginning of the XII century. ; "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", XII century; Russkaya Pravda, XI-XII centuries). Already in Kievan Rus (IX - early XII centuries) Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. In the XIV-XVI centuries. the southwestern variety of the literary language of the Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Principality of Moldavia. Feudal fragmentation, which contributed to dialect fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke (XIII-XV centuries), Polish-Lithuanian conquests led to the XIII-XIV centuries. to the collapse of the ancient Russian people. The unity of the Old Russian language also gradually disintegrated. Three centers of new ethno-linguistic associations were formed that fought for their Slavic identity: northeastern (Great Russians), southern (Ukrainians) and western (Belarusians). In the XIV-XV centuries. on the basis of these associations, closely related, but independent East Slavic languages are formed: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.
The Russian language of the era of Muscovite Russia (XIV-XVII centuries) had a complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. Two main dialect zones took shape—Northern Great Russian (approximately to the north from the Pskov-Tver-Moscow line, south of Nizhny Novgorod) and South Great Russian (to the south from this line to the Byelorussian and Ukrainian regions) dialects, which were overlapped by other dialect divisions. Intermediate Middle Russian dialects arose, among which the dialect of Moscow began to play a leading role. Initially, it was mixed, then it developed into a harmonious system.
The written language remains colorful. Religion and the rudiments of scientific knowledge were mainly served by the book-Slavonic, by origin the ancient Bulgarian, which experienced a noticeable influence of the Russian language, cut off from the popular colloquial element. The language of statehood (the so-called business language) was based on Russian folk speech, but did not coincide with it in everything. Speech cliches developed in it, often including purely bookish elements; its syntax, in contrast to the spoken language, was more organized, with the presence of cumbersome complex sentences; the penetration of dialect features into it was largely prevented by standard all-Russian norms. Written fiction was diverse in terms of linguistic means. Since ancient times, the oral language of folklore, which served until the 16th-17th centuries, played an important role. all segments of the population. This is evidenced by its reflection in Old Russian writing (tales about the Belogorod jelly, about Olga's revenge, etc. in The Tale of Bygone Years, folklore motifs in The Tale of Igor's Campaign, vivid phraseology in Daniil Zatochnik's Prayer, etc. ), as well as archaic layers of modern epics, fairy tales, songs and other types of oral folk art. Since the 17th century the first recordings of folklore works and book imitations of folklore begin, for example, songs recorded in 1619-1620 for the Englishman Richard James, lyrical songs by Kvashnin-Samarin, The Tale of Mount Misfortune, etc. The complexity of the language situation did not allow the development of uniform and stable norms. There was no single Russian literary language.
In the 17th century national ties arise, the foundations of the Russian nation are laid. In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. In the XVIII and early XIX centuries. secular writing became widespread, church literature was gradually relegated to the background and finally became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific and technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx into the Russian language of words and expressions from Western European languages. Especially great impact from the second half of the XVIII century. French began to render Russian vocabulary and phraseology. The clash of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language posed the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle of different currents. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to folk speech, the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic "Slovenian" language, which was incomprehensible to the general population. At the same time, among the upper strata of society, an excessive passion for foreign words, which threatened to clog the Russian language. The language theory and practice of M.V. Lomonosov, the author of the first detailed grammar of the Russian language, who proposed to distribute various speech means, depending on the purpose of literary works, into high, medium and low “calms”. Lomonosov, V.K. Trediakovsky, D.I. Fonvizin, G.R. Derzhavin, A.N. Radishchev, N.M. Karamzin and other Russian writers paved the way for the great reform of A.S. Pushkin. The creative genius of Pushkin synthesized various speech elements into a single system: Russian folk, Church Slavonic and Western European, and the Russian folk language, especially its Moscow variety, became the cementing basis. The modern Russian literary language begins with Pushkin, rich and diverse language styles (artistic, journalistic, scientific, etc.) are closely related to each other, common Russian phonetic, grammatical and lexical norms are defined that are mandatory for all who know the literary language, the lexical system. Russian writers of the 19th-20th centuries played an important role in the development and formation of the Russian literary language. (A.S. Griboyedov, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, M. Gorky, A.P. Chekhov, etc.) . Since the second half of the XX century. the development of the literary language and the formation of its functional styles - scientific, journalistic, etc. - begin to be influenced by public figures, representatives of science and culture.
Neutral (stylistically uncolored) means of the modern Russian literary language form its basis. The remaining forms, words and meanings have a stylistic coloring that gives the language all sorts of shades of expressiveness. The most widespread are colloquial elements that carry the functions of ease, some reduced speech in the written variety of the literary language and are neutral in everyday speech. However, colloquial speech as an integral part of the literary language does not represent a special language system.
A common means of stylistic diversity of the literary language is vernacular. It, like the colloquial means of the language, is dual: being an organic part of the literary language, at the same time it exists outside of it. Historically, vernacular goes back to the old colloquial and everyday speech of the urban population, which opposed the bookish language at a time when the norms of the oral variety of the literary language had not yet been developed. The division of the old colloquial and everyday speech into an oral variety of the literary language of the educated part of the population and vernacular began around the middle of the 18th century. In the future, vernacular becomes a means of communication for predominantly illiterate and semi-literate citizens, and within the literary language, some of its features are used as a means of bright stylistic coloring.
Dialects occupy a special place in the Russian language. Under the conditions of universal education, they quickly die out, being replaced by the literary language. In its archaic part, modern dialects make up 2 large dialects: North Great Russian (Okanye) and South Great Russian (Akanye) with an intermediate transitional Middle Great Russian dialect. There are smaller units, the so-called dialects (groups of close dialects), for example, Novgorod, Vladimir-Rostov, Ryazan. This division is arbitrary, since the boundaries of the distribution of individual dialect features usually do not coincide. The boundaries of dialect features cross Russian territories in different directions, or these features are distributed only in part of it. Before the emergence of writing, dialects were the universal form of the existence of a language. With the emergence of literary languages, they, changing, retained their strength; the speech of the vast majority of the population was dialectal. With the development of culture, the emergence of the national Russian language, dialects become predominantly the speech of the rural population. Modern Russian dialects are turning into a kind of semi-dialects, in which local features are combined with the norms of the literary language. Dialects constantly influenced the literary language. Dialectisms are still used by writers for stylistic purposes.
In modern Russian, there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused primarily by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the XVIII century. terminology was borrowed from the German language, in the XIX century. - from French, then in the middle of the XX century. it is borrowed mainly from of English language(in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, however, the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.
The modern Russian language is represented by a number of stylistic, dialectal and other varieties that are in complex interaction. All these varieties, united by a common origin, a common phonetic and grammatical system and the main vocabulary (which ensures mutual understanding of the entire population), constitute a single national Russian language, the main link of which is the literary language in its written and oral forms. Shifts in the very system of the literary language, the constant impact on it of other varieties of speech lead not only to its enrichment with new means of expression, but also to the complication of stylistic diversity, the development of variance, i.e., the ability to designate the same or similar in meaning with different words and forms.
The Russian language plays an important role as the language of interethnic communication between the peoples of the USSR. The Russian alphabet formed the basis of the writing of many young languages, and the Russian language became the second native language of the non-Russian population of the USSR. “The process of voluntary study of the Russian language, which is taking place in life, along with the native language, has a positive significance, since this contributes to the mutual exchange of experience and the introduction of each nation and nationality to the cultural achievements of all other peoples of the USSR and to world culture.”
Since the middle of the XX century. the study of the Russian language is expanding all over the world. The Russian language is taught in 120 states: in 1,648 universities in capitalist and developing countries and in all higher educational institutions of the socialist countries of Europe; the number of students exceeds 18 million people. (1975). The International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL) was founded in 1967; in 1974 - Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin; a special magazine is published ‹ Russian language abroad›» .
The history of the emergence and development of the Russian language
A Brief History of the Russian Language
Russian is one of the largest languages in the world: in terms of the number of speakers, it ranks fifth after Chinese, English, Hindi and Spanish. Russian language is one of the official and working languages of the United Nations. The number of Russian speakers is about 180 million people. It belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages. Among the Slavic languages, Russian is the most widespread. All Slavic languages show great similarities among themselves, but Belarusian and Ukrainian are closest to the Russian language. Together, these languages form the East Slavic subgroup, which is part of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family.
The history of the origin and formation of the Russian language
The history of the origin of the Russian language go back to ancient times. Approximately in the 2nd-1st millennium BC. e. from the group of related dialects of the Indo-European family of languages, the Proto-Slavic language stands out (at a later stage - approximately in the 1-7th centuries - called Proto-Slavic).
Already in Kievan Rus (9th - early 12th centuries), the Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. In the 14-16 centuries. the southwestern variety of the literary language of the Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Principality of Moldavia.
Feudal fragmentation, which contributed to dialect fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke (13-15 centuries), Polish-Lithuanian conquests led to the 13-14 centuries. to the collapse of the ancient Russian people. The unity of the Old Russian language also gradually disintegrated. 3 centers of new ethno-linguistic associations were formed that fought for their Slavic identity: northeastern (Great Russians), southern (Ukrainians) and western (Belarusians). In the 14-15 centuries. on the basis of these associations, closely related, but independent East Slavic languages are formed: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.
The history of the development of the Russian language - the era of Moscow Russia
The Russian language of the era of Moscow Russia (14-17 centuries) had a complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. Two main dialect zones took shape - Northern Great Russian approximately in the north from the line Pskov - Tver - Moscow, south of Nizhny Novgorod, and South Great Russian in the south from this line to the Belarusian and Ukrainian regions - dialects overlapped by other dialect divisions. Intermediate Middle Russian dialects arose, among which the dialect of Moscow began to play a leading role. Initially, it was mixed, then it developed into a harmonious system. For him became characteristic: akanye; pronounced reduction of vowels of unstressed syllables; explosive consonant "g"; the ending "-ovo", "-evo" in the genitive singular masculine and neuter in the pronominal declension; hard ending "-t" in the verbs of the 3rd person of the present and future tense; forms of pronouns "me", "you", "myself" and a number of other phenomena. The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language. At this time, in live speech, the final restructuring of the categories of time takes place (the ancient past tenses - aorist, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect are completely replaced by a unified form with "-l"), the loss of the dual number, the former declension of nouns according to six bases is replaced by modern types of declension and etc. The written language remains colorful.
In the 17th century national ties arise, the foundations of the Russian nation are laid. In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. In the 18th and early 19th centuries secular writing became widespread, church literature was gradually relegated to the background and, finally, became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific and technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx into the Russian language of words and expressions from Western European languages. Especially great impact from the 2nd half of the 18th century. on Russian vocabulary and phraseology began to provide French.
The clash of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language posed the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle of different currents. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to folk speech, the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic "Slovenian" language, which was incomprehensible to the general population. At the same time, an excessive passion for foreign words began among the upper strata of society, which threatened to clog the Russian language.
In modern Russian, there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused, first of all, by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the 18th century. terminology was borrowed by the Russian language from the German language, in the 19th century. - from the French language, then in the middle of the 20th century. it is borrowed mainly from of English language(in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, however, the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.
On the development of the Russian language
Starting from the middle of the 20th century. the study of the Russian language is expanding all over the world. Information for the mid-1970s: Russian is taught in 87 states: in 1648 universities; the number of students exceeds 18 million people. The International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL) was founded in 1967; in 1974 - Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/
Introduction
Language refers to those social phenomena that operate throughout the existence of human society.
The national language - the language of the nation, which has developed in the process of its development, largely determines the culture of the nation, its spiritual principles. It reflects the stages of the formation of a people, a nation, allows you to preserve traditions, makes a selection of what is important and necessary for the development of society. In turn, as noted by the scientist, language researcher S.P. Obnorsky: “It is in the language in the fullest way - and, moreover, in the understanding of the people themselves - that all stages of the history of the people from the most remote times are imprinted, all the steps along which the movement of its culture was directed. Therefore, the rich past of the people, the intensive development of its culture is the key to the rich and powerful development of the very language of this people.
How the Russian language changed in the pre-literate era and what it will become in the future, one can hypothesize. Many facts from the past have been established quite accurately, and a separate part of the science of the Russian language is built on them - the history of the Russian language.
The modern Russian language is a continuation of the Old Russian (East Slavonic) language. The Old Russian language was spoken by the East Slavic tribes, which formed in the 9th century. Old Russian nationality within the Kievan state. This language had a great similarity with the languages of other Slavic peoples, but already differed in some phonetic and lexical features. All Slavic languages come from a common root - a single Proto-Slavic language. As a result of the collapse of the Kyiv state, three independent languages arose: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, which, with the formation of nations, took shape in national languages. Russian is the national language of the Russian people.
The purpose of this work: to study the history of the development of the Russian national language.
The work consists of an introduction, two chapters of the main part, a conclusion and a list of references.
1. National language
Language is a means of human communication. Language is created by the people and serves them from generation to generation.
In its development, the language goes through several stages and depends on the degree of development of the ethnos. On the early stage a tribal language is formed, then the language of the people and, finally, the national one.
The national language is the language spoken by a historically formed group of people living in a common territory, connected by a common economy, culture, and lifestyle.
The national language is the result of the process of the formation of a nation and at the same time a prerequisite and condition for its formation.
The national language includes not only the literary (i.e. standardized) language, but also dialects, vernacular, jargons, and professionalisms.
The formation of the national language goes in the direction of the formation and strengthening of the language norm, the acquisition by the literary language (due to its positions in governing, educational and cultural institutions, starting from a certain period associated with the idea of the nation) of a priority position in relation to regional dialects, as well as, in a number of cases, in the struggle to supplant a foreign language that is dominant in culture and / or politics (for example, Latin, Church Slavonic, languages of metropolitan countries in former colonies). The colloquial form of the national language, which is based on one or more dialects, according to some experts, is already formed under the influence of the literary language.
Thus, the national language is a form of the existence of a language in the era of the existence of a nation, a complex systemic unity that includes the literary language, dialects, jargons, vernacular and slang.
The Russian language is the language of the Russian nation, the language of the Russian people. The history of the development of the Russian national language will be considered in more detail in the next chapter.
2. The history of the development of the Russian national language
The Russian national language has a complex and long history, its roots go back to ancient times.
The Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages. Among the Slavic languages, Russian is the most widespread. All Slavic languages show great similarities among themselves, but Belarusian and Ukrainian are closest to the Russian language. Together, these languages form the East Slavic subgroup, which is part of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family.
The development of the Russian language in different eras took place at different rates. An important factor in the process of its improvement was the mixing of languages, the formation of new words and the displacement of old ones. Even in prehistoric times, the language of the Eastern Slavs was a complex and motley group of tribal dialects that had already experienced various mixtures and crosses with the languages of different nationalities and contained a rich heritage of centuries of tribal life. Approximately in the 2nd-1st millennium BC. from the group of related dialects of the Indo-European family of languages, the Proto-Slavic language stands out (at a later stage - approximately in the 1st-7th centuries - called Proto-Slavic).
Already in Kievan Rus (IX - early XII centuries), the Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. Relations and contact with the Baltic peoples, with the Germans, with the Finnish tribes, with the Celts, with the Turkish-Turkic tribes (Hun hordes, Avars, Bulgarians, Khazars) could not but leave deep traces in the language of Eastern Slavs, just as Slavic elements are found in Lithuanian, German, Finnish and Turkic languages. Occupying the East European Plain, the Slavs entered the territory of ancient cultures in their centuries-old change. The cultural and historical ties established here between the Slavs and the Scythians and Sarmatians were also reflected and exfoliated in the language of the Eastern Slavs.
In the ancient Russian state, during the period of fragmentation, territorial dialects and adverbs developed that were understandable for a separate lot, so a language understandable to everyone was needed. He needed trade, diplomacy, the church. This language became the Old Church Slavonic language. The history of its origin and formation in Russia is connected with the Byzantine policy of the Russian princes and with the mission of the monk brothers Cyril and Methodius. The interaction of Old Slavonic and Russian spoken language made possible the formation of the Old Russian language.
The first texts written in Cyrillic appeared among the Eastern Slavs in the 10th century. By the 1st half of the X century. refers to the inscription on the korchaga (vessel) from Gnezdovo (near Smolensk). This is probably an inscription indicating the name of the owner. From the 2nd half of the X century. also preserved a number of inscriptions indicating the belonging of objects.
After the baptism of Russia in 988, book writing arose. The chronicle reports on "many scribes" who worked under Yaroslav the Wise. Mostly liturgical books were copied. The originals for the East Slavic handwritten books were mainly South Slavic manuscripts dating back to the works of the students of the creators of the Slavonic script Cyril and Methodius. In the process of correspondence, the original language was adapted to the East Slavic language and the Old Russian book language was formed - the Russian version (variant) of the Church Slavonic language.
In addition to books intended for worship, other Christian literature was copied: the works of the holy fathers, the lives of the saints, collections of teachings and interpretations, collections of canon law. The oldest surviving written monuments include the Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057. and the Archangel Gospel of 1092
The original compositions of Russian authors were moralizing and hagiographic works. Since the bookish language was mastered without grammars, dictionaries and rhetorical aids, compliance with language norms depended on the author's well-read and his ability to reproduce those forms and constructions that he knew from model texts.
Chronicles constitute a special class of ancient written monuments. The chronicler, outlining historical events, included them in the context of Christian history, and this united the chronicles with other monuments of book culture of spiritual content. Therefore, the annals were written in the bookish language and were guided by the same corpus of exemplary texts, however, due to the specifics of the material presented (concrete events, local realities), the language of the annals was supplemented with non-bookish elements.
In the XIV-XV centuries. the southwestern variety of the literary language of the Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Principality of Moldavia.
Feudal fragmentation, which contributed to dialect fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke, Polish-Lithuanian conquests led to the XIII-XIV centuries. to the collapse of the ancient Russian people. The unity of the Old Russian language also gradually disintegrated. 3 centers of new ethno-linguistic associations were formed that fought for their Slavic identity: northeastern (Great Russians), southern (Ukrainians) and western (Belarusians). In the XIV-XV centuries. on the basis of these associations, closely related, but independent East Slavic languages are formed: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.
In the XIV-XVI centuries. the Great Russian state and the Great Russian nationality are taking shape, and this time becomes a new stage in the history of the Russian language. The Russian language of the era of Muscovite Russia had a complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. 2 main dialect zones took shape - Northern Great Russian approximately north of the line Pskov - Tver - Moscow, south of Nizhny Novgorod and South Great Russian south from this line to the Belarusian and Ukrainian regions - dialects overlapping with other dialect divisions.
Intermediate Middle Russian dialects arose, among which the dialect of Moscow began to play a leading role. Initially, it was mixed, then it developed into a harmonious system. For him became characteristic: akanye; pronounced reduction of vowels of unstressed syllables; explosive consonant "g"; the ending "-ovo", "-evo" in the genitive singular masculine and neuter in the pronominal declension; solid ending "-t" in the verbs of the 3rd person of the present and future tense; forms of pronouns "me", "you", "myself" and a number of other phenomena. The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language.
At this time, in live speech, the final restructuring of the categories of time takes place (the ancient past tenses - aorist, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect are completely replaced by a unified form with “-l”), the dual number is lost, the former declension of nouns according to six bases is replaced by modern types of declension and etc. The written language remains colorful.
In the 2nd half of the XVI century. in the Moscow state, book printing began, which was of great importance for the fate of the Russian literary language, culture and education. The first printed books were church books, primers, grammars, dictionaries.
A new significant stage in the development of the language - the 17th century - is associated with the development of the Russian people into a nation - during the period of the growing role of the Muscovite state and the unification of Russian lands, the Russian national language begins to form. During the formation of the Russian nation, the foundations of the national literary language were formed, which is associated with the weakening of the influence of the Church Slavonic language, the development of dialects stops, and the role of the Moscow dialect increases. The development of new dialect features gradually stops, the old dialect features become very stable. Thus, the 17th century, when the Russian nation finally took shape, is the beginning of the Russian national language.
In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. Introduced civil alphabet on which secular literature is printed.
In the 18th and early 19th centuries secular writing became widespread, church literature was gradually relegated to the background and, finally, became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific and technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx into the Russian language of words and expressions from Western European languages. Especially great impact from the 2nd half of the XVIII century. French began to render Russian vocabulary and phraseology.
Its further development is already closely connected with the history and culture of the Russian people. The 18th century was reformatory. In fiction, in science, official business papers, the Slavic-Russian language is used, which has absorbed the culture of the Old Slavonic language. In everyday life, it was used, according to the poet-reformer V.K. Trediakovsky, "natural language".
The primary task was the creation of a single national language. In addition, there is an understanding of the special mission of the language in the creation of an enlightened state, in the field of business relations, its importance for science and literature. The democratization of the language begins: it includes elements of the lively oral speech of ordinary people. The language begins to free itself from the influence of the Church Slavonic language, which has become the language of religion and worship. There is an enrichment of the language at the expense of Western European languages, which primarily affected the formation of the language of science, politics, technology.
There were so many borrowings that Peter I was forced to issue an order to limit foreign words and terms. The first reform of Russian writing was carried out by Peter I in 1708-1710. A number of letters were eliminated from the alphabet - omega, psi, izhitsa. Letters were rounded and Arabic numerals were introduced.
In the XVIII century. society begins to realize that the Russian national language is capable of becoming the language of science, art, and education. A special role in the creation of the literary language during this period was played by M.V. Lomonosov, he was not only a great scientist, but also a brilliant researcher of language, who created the theory of three styles. He, possessing great talent, wanted to change the attitude towards the Russian language not only of foreigners, but also of Russians, he wrote the Russian Grammar, in which he gave a set of grammatical rules, showed the richest possibilities of the language.
He fought for the Russian language to become the language of science, for lectures to be read in Russian by Russian teachers. He considered the Russian language one of the strongest and richest languages and cared about its purity and expressiveness. It is especially valuable that M.V. Lomonosov considered language to be a means of communication, constantly emphasizing that people needed it for "a concordant common cause of the flow, which is controlled by the combination of different thoughts." According to Lomonosov, without language, society would be like an unassembled machine, all parts of which are scattered and inactive, which is why “their very existence is vain and useless.”
Since the 18th century The Russian language is becoming a literary language with generally recognized norms, widely used in both book and colloquial speech. The creator of the Russian literary language was A.S. Pushkin. In his work, the norms of the Russian literary language that later became national were fixed.
The language of Pushkin and writers of the 19th century. is a classic example of the literary language up to the present day. In his work, Pushkin was guided by the principle of proportionality and conformity. He did not reject any words because of their Old Slavonic, foreign or common origin. He considered any word acceptable in literature, in poetry, if it accurately, figuratively expresses the concept, conveys the meaning. But he opposed the thoughtless passion for foreign words, and also against the desire to replace mastered foreign words with artificially selected or composed Russian words.
In the 19th century a real struggle for the approval of linguistic norms unfolded. The clash of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language posed the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle of different currents. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to folk speech, the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic "Slovenian" language, which was incomprehensible to the general population.
At the same time, an excessive passion for foreign words began among the upper strata of society, which threatened to clog the Russian language. It was conducted between the followers of the writer N.M. Karamzin and Slavophile A.C. Shishkov. Karamzin fought for the establishment of uniform norms, demanded to get rid of the influence of three styles and Church Slavonic speech, to use new words, including borrowed ones. Shishkov, on the other hand, believed that Church Slavonic should be the basis of the national language.
The rise of literature in the 19th century had a great influence on the development and enrichment of the Russian language. In the first half of the XIX century. the process of creating the Russian national language was completed.
In modern Russian, there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused, first of all, by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the XVIII century. terminology was borrowed by the Russian language from the German language, in the 19th century. - from the French language, then in the middle of the twentieth century. it is borrowed mainly from the English language (in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, however, the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.
Thus, language embodies both the national character and the national idea and national ideals. Each Russian word bears experience, a moral position, properties inherent in the Russian mentality, which are perfectly reflected by our proverbs: “Everyone goes crazy in his own way”, “God saves the safe”, “Thunder will not strike, the peasant will not cross himself”, etc. And also fairy tales , where the hero (soldier, Ivanushka the Fool, man), getting into difficult situations, emerges victorious from them and becomes rich and happy.
The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre.
We can be proud of the works of great people written in Russian. These are the works of great Russian literature, the works of scientists well known in other countries in order to read the original works of Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Gogol and other Russian writers, many of them study Russian.
3. Features of the formation of the Russian language
3.1 Formation and development of the vocabulary of the Russian language
The vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language has been formed over many centuries, and its own resources were the main source of its replenishment.
The most ancient layer of the original Russian vocabulary is made up of the words of the common Indo-European fund: these are the words that passed from the Proto-Indo-European language into Proto-Slavic, from Proto-Slavic to Old Russian, and from it to modern Russian. These are many kinship names ( mother, daughter, son, brother), animal names ( wolf, beaver, goat, cow), tree names ( oak, birch, willow), names of natural phenomena, relief, substances and other words, for example, salt, coal, shore, swamp, moon, water.
The second layer of vocabulary in terms of time of formation is the words of the Proto-Slavic (common Slavic) language, among which are the names of substances ( gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, clay), animal names ( deer, bear, hare, fox), names of human body parts ( head, hand, leg, finger, beard), relief names ( earth, field, pit, lake, pond, ford), plant names ( poplar, spruce, walnut, willow, pumpkin, mushroom), names of the time of day and year, some names of kinship ( grandfather, father-in-law).
A significant part of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary is made up of abstract words, for example, faith, fear, anger, reason, will, spirit, shame, sin, guilt, punishment, life, freedom, death, power, glory, adjectives wise, stupid, kind, evil, stingy, generous, cute, cunning and etc.
The third layer of the original Russian vocabulary is made up of Old Russian (Common East Slavic) words, i.e. words equally known to Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, but unknown to southern and western Slavs. This layer includes, for example, the words absolutely, jackdaw, talker, bullfinch, ice.
Finally, native Russian words proper include those that arose after the 14th-15th centuries, i.e. after the separation of the Russian language from the common East Slavic. Actually Russian words are almost all nouns formed with the help of suffixes - schik, - aboutvshchik, - lboxer, - telstvo (mason, undertaker, cleaner, outrage), using the zero suffix and the suffix - tspruce (run, clamp, fire extinguisher, fuse) and many other words. It is the Russian words themselves that determine the specifics of the vocabulary of the Russian national language, its potential and real possibilities, they serve as the main base and the main source of its development, constitute the main nominative, as well as emotionally expressive fund of the Russian literary language.
The history of the Russian people is characterized by close economic and cultural ties with other (most often neighboring) peoples. As a result of these connections, a significant number of borrowed words have become stronger in the Russian language. The earliest borrowings go back to the Scandinavian (Swedish and Norwegian) languages, for example, herring, brand, whip, chest, pud, anchor. There are ancient Finnish borrowings: snowstorm, dumplings, tundra, walrus, herring, sleigh.
In the XI-XVII centuries. the names of household items, clothes, fabrics, animals, terms of trade and military affairs are borrowed from the Turkic languages: sheepskin coat, sundress, shoe, heel, stocking, felt, kumach, astrakhan fur, barn, shed, booth, closet, hearth, shack, hut, basin, iron, mattress, quiver, trap, horse, herd, money, arshin, goods, reed, guard, hero, pencil, fog, scarlet, brown, chest, pocket, cast iron, head, mess.
Most Greek words entered the Russian language in connection with the adoption of Christianity: altar, archangel, patriarch, idol, satan, canon, gospel. Not only church, but also everyday vocabulary was borrowed from Greek: bread, dish, doll, bed, notebook, lantern, ship, sail, cherry, muffin.
In the era of Peter I, many German words entered the Russian language, including the names of household items, animals, plants ( tie, tunic, case, corkscrew, pretzel, bow, potato, poodle, kitchen), medical terms (infirmary, bandage, scar), military terms ( soldier, officer, junker, corporal, camp, parade ground, flank, assault), crafts terms ( workbench, chisel, jointer, tongue, crane, button). In connection with the development of maritime affairs in the same period, Dutch words got into the Russian language: raid, pennant, mouthpiece, yacht, boat, gateway, frigate, cruiser, navigator, sailor, cabin boy, shipyard, cabin, hatch.
Starting from the XVI century. individual English words primarily related to maritime affairs. Since the 19th century sports, technical and political terms get from English into Russian, for example, station, rail, tunnel, express, tram, tractor, harvester, tennis, sports, record, start, finish, leader, club, steak, pudding, picnic, jacket, veranda, square.
In the 19th century the Russian language includes French words, among which are everyday ( suit, vest, coat, furniture, study, salon, buffet, soup, broth, compote, cutlet), military terms ( garrison, mine, attack, battery, dugout, vanguard, fleet, squadron), political terms ( debate, parliament), terms of art ( plot, genre, sketch, actor).
First of all, musical terms passed from Italian to Russian ( aria, sonata, libretto, tenor, bass) and some other words: barricade, grenade, barracks, pasta, vermicelli, cistern, newspaper, villa.
Very few Spanish words have entered the Russian language: guitar, serenade, tomato, marshmallow and some others.
At different times (mainly in the 17th-18th centuries), words from the Polish language entered the Russian language. For the most part, this is everyday vocabulary: stroller, carriage, apartment, tradesman, hussar, clerk, colonel, bully, zrazy, roll, parsley, jam, doughnut, chestnut, fruit, gooseberry, linger, beg, prance, respect, paint, draw.
Latin words entered the Russian language through Old Slavonic books and through European languages (French, German, Polish). Many Latinisms are created in modern international scientific terminology. Of Latin origin are, for example, such words as university, student, associate professor, colloquium, accent, punctuation, hyphen, intonation, constitution, radiation and many others.
Most of the borrowed words have long been mastered by the Russian language. They are not even perceived as having a foreign language origin. Some borrowed words attract attention with phonetic or grammatical features. Common borrowings in their functioning are no different from native Russian words, book borrowings (for example, scientific or political terms) are not known to all Russian speakers.
Thus, the vocabulary of the Russian language has been replenished over the centuries both by the formation of new words on the original Russian basis, and by borrowing words from other languages. The process of development of the vocabulary of Russian continues at the present time.
3.2 National specificity of the style system of the Russian language
language Russian vocabulary writing
The modern system of styles in the Russian language developed gradually, in the process of the formation of the Russian literary language.
Religious literature, annals and business documents stood out in ancient Russian literature. The language of business documents and everyday records were close to each other. M.V. Lomonosov applied the ancient theory of three styles to the Russian literary language. He identified the following three styles: high, medium and low. The stylistic theory of Lomonosov argued that the Russian literary language was formed as a result of a long joint development of the folk colloquial element and the bookish, "Slavonic" language, as they said in the 18th century. This stylistic theory based the norm of the literary language on those words, grammatical forms and turns of speech that were stylistically neutral and common to the colloquial and book Slavic languages, limited the use of little-known Slavic words and allowed the use of colloquial folk words in literary speech. Thanks to M.V. Lomonosov in the Russian language begins to take shape in a scientific style that did not previously exist in the Russian language.
Talent A.S. Pushkin gave impetus to the formation of a new, modern stage in the history of the literary language, and his work laid the foundations for the language of fiction, it served as a model for writers of the 19th century.
The official and business style of the Russian language goes back to the language of Moscow orders (highest government institutions) of the 16th-17th centuries. Peter's reforms had a huge impact on the official style of speech, in connection with which many words borrowed from European languages were included in the official speech. Significant changes in the vocabulary and style of official business speech occurred after the events of October 1917.
The forerunner of the journalistic style in the Old Russian era was the language of chronicles, teachings and sermons. In the Russian literary language, the journalistic style begins to take shape in the 18th century, is further developed in the 19th century, and is under strong pressure of ideology in the 20th century. Today, broad opportunities have opened up for journalistic style, and at the same time, new dangers have arisen associated with shortcomings in the culture of speech of speakers and writers.
Language as a mirror of culture reflects all changes in the way of life of the people and their mentality. The Russian character has always been a mystery, full of contradictions and complexities. By its nature, the Russian national language is heterogeneous. This is explained by the heterogeneity of the ethnos itself as a community of people.
The Russian language as a national language exists in several forms.
1. Dialect - a form of the national language, limited in territorial terms. Dialectal vocabulary is included in the vocabulary of individual dialects and is understandable only to a resident of a given area. For example: zobat - eat (Ryazan dialects), chew - beat hard, beat (Kaluga dialect). As the basis of a particular dialect, dialect words in some cases can also be used by native speakers of the literary language. Such words are called dialectisms. This term is used to refer to dialect words used in the language of fiction.
Some dialect words are included in our speech, become common. From dialects, such words as children, bully, arrogant, bully, tedious, tyrant, little boy, dark, frost, new settler, time off have entered the literary language.
2. Vernacular is one of the forms of the national Russian language, which does not have its own signs of a systemic organization and is characterized by a set of linguistic forms that violate the norms of the literary language. Speakers of vernacular do not realize such a violation of the norm:
in phonetics: sho "fer, put" to live, with "talk, radiculitis, kolidor, drushlag;
in morphology: my callus, with marmalade, delov, on the beach, without a coat, lie down;
in vocabulary: a pedestal instead of a pedestal, a semi-clinic instead of a polyclinic.
Vernacular includes linguistic phenomena (words and their meanings, grammatical forms and turns, pronunciation features), which are used for a rough, reduced image of the subject of thought. For example, such words and expressions as “great” (hello), “beg” (annoyingly ask), “hag” (old woman), “we don’t drip over us” (we don’t need to rush), are defined by modern dictionaries as colloquial. Non-literary vernacular is used by those native speakers of the national language who have not sufficiently mastered its literary form.
3. Jargon. In modern linguistic literature, the word "jargon" is usually used to refer to various branches of the common language, which serve as a means of communication for various social groups. The emergence of jargons is associated with the desire of individual groups to oppose themselves to society or others. social groups, isolate themselves from them, using the means of the language. Jargons are a social variety of speech, characterized by professional vocabulary and phraseology of the national language. Jargons belong to relatively open social and professional groups of people united by common interests, habits, occupations, social status (sportsmen, sailors, actors, doctors, lawyers, hunters, etc.). The term "jargon" is also used to refer to distorted, vulgar, incorrect speech, also called slang. Jargons and slang do not have their own phonetic and grammatical structure and are formed on the basis of the literary language through rethinking, metaphorization, sound distortion: "donkey" - I-16 aircraft, "ancestors" - parents, "basket" - basketball, "finags" - money , finance, "teacher" - teacher. The vocabulary of jargons is unstable, some of its elements can be part of different jargons (interjargon). The expressiveness and emotionality of jargon vocabulary contributes to the penetration of a number of elements into the literary language. In general, the use of jargon clogs and coarsens colloquial speech.
The basis of the vocabulary of modern colloquial speech is made up of neutral words that have long existed in the Russian language: words that arose in the 18th-19th centuries. (wonderful, interesting, visual); Soviet era words combine, find a job, pay, rent); words that have recently appeared in colloquial speech ( customs clearance, stable, steep).
A specific feature of colloquial speech is its significant proximity to vernacular and jargon, the difficulty of objectively distinguishing literary colloquial speech from vernacular and general jargon. This allows speakers in informal communication to widely use the expressive possibilities of the national language.
Thus, the system of styles of the Russian literary language is in a state of dynamic equilibrium: the orientation towards the classical norm is accompanied by changes in the stylistic assessment of individual words, the formation of new genres within existing styles, and the refinement of stylistic norms.
Conclusion
Thus, the national language is the language of a given people, taken in the totality of its inherent features that distinguish it from other languages, belonging to all speakers who use it as a means of communication. It concentrates and presents the entire historical experience of the people. The state of the language indicates the mentality of the people, the level of development of society and its culture.
The Russian literary language began its formation in Kievan Rus beginning in the 11th century. In the ancient Russian state, during the period of fragmentation, dialects and adverbs developed that were understandable for a separate destiny. This led to disunity not only territorial, but also cultural. We needed a language that everyone could understand. He needed trade, diplomacy, the church. Old Church Slavonic became such a language. The history of its origin and formation in Russia is connected with the Byzantine policy of the Russian princes and with the activities of the monk brothers Cyril and Methodius, who created the Slavic alphabet. The interaction of Old Slavonic and Russian spoken language made possible the formation of the Old Russian language. A new significant stage in the development of the language is associated with a period of increasing role of the Muscovite state and the unification of Russian lands. At this time, the role of the Moscow dialect, which preserves the traditions of Kievan Rus, was strengthened. In the 17th century the Russian nation is taking shape and the Russian national language begins to form on the basis of the Moscow dialect. The development of new dialects gradually stops. There is a democratization of the language, its liberation from the influence of the Church Slavonic language and enrichment at the expense of Western European languages. The next stage in the development and formation of the language is the 18th century. During this period, the literary language is expressive and rich, but colorful and unstable. A great merit in its stabilization and ordering belongs to M.V. Lomonosov, but the uniform norms of the language still have not been developed. In the subsequent period, all efforts were directed to solving this problem.
The formation of a national Russian literary language is being completed and the era of its modern development begins with the work of A.S. Pushkin, in whose works the national norms of the Russian literary language, conscious and accepted by contemporaries and subsequent generations, were developed and consolidated.
Bibliography
1. Vvedenskaya L.A. Russian language and culture of speech: tutorial for universities / L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashaev. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2007. -539 p.
2. Zvereva E.N. Fundamentals of speech culture: Theoretical course / E.N. Zverev. - M.: Ed. Center EAOI, 2008. - 219 p.
3. Lapteva M.A. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook-practice. allowance / M.A. Lapteva, O.A. Rekhlova, M.V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: CPI KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.
4. Priyatkina A.F. Russian language. Culture of speech / A.F. Priyatkin. - Vladivostok: TIDOT FENU, 2005. - 165 p.
5. Trofimova G.K. Russian language and culture of speech. Course of lectures / G.K. Trofimov. - M.: Flinta, 2004. - 160 p.
Hosted on Allbest.ru
Similar Documents
Theories of the emergence of language as a means of communication between people. Engels' doctrine of the origin of language. The process of formation of individual languages, the main patterns of their development. Education, formation and development of the vocabulary of the Russian language.
term paper, added 08/06/2013
Development of the Russian literary language. Varieties and branches of the national language. The function of the literary language. Folk colloquial speech. Oral and written form. Territorial and social dialects. Jargon and slang.
report, added 11/21/2006
Causes and main directions of reforming the Russian language. Analysis and key points of the main reforms of the Russian language that have influenced modern speech and spelling. Determining the prospects for the further development of the Russian spoken language.
term paper, added 03/19/2015
The history of the emergence of the Russian language. Specific features of the Cyrillic alphabet. Stages of the formation of the alphabet in the process of the formation of the Russian nation. Common features characteristic of the language of mass communication in the modern society of the Russian Federation. The problem of the barbarization of the Russian language.
abstract, added 01/30/2012
Brief information from the history of Russian writing. The concept of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. Figurative and expressive means of language. Vocabulary of the Russian language. Phraseology of the modern Russian language. Speech etiquette. Types of word formation.
cheat sheet, added 03/20/2007
Proto-Slavic language, its linguistic branches. The formation of the southern and northern dialects of the Russian language, their main dialectal phenomena. Creation by Cyril and Methodius of the Old Slavonic language. History of the Russian national language, Pushkin's contribution to its development.
abstract, added 06/18/2009
General understanding of style and stylistic stratification language tools on the functional styles Russian language. Their views: scientific, official-business, newspaper-journalistic, artistic and colloquial-everyday. Interaction of styles of the Russian language.
abstract, added 20.02.2009
The process of formation of the national literary language. The role of A.S. Pushkin in the formation of the Russian literary language, the influence of poetry on its development. The emergence of a "new style", an inexhaustible wealth of idioms and Russianisms in the works of A.S. Pushkin.
presentation, added 09/26/2014
Norms of the modern Russian literary language. Analysis of various facets of linguistic problems associated with linguistic normalization. Language norms, orthoepy, accentology, morphology, syntax. Research of the domestic theory of culture of speech.
abstract, added 12/27/2016
The concept, properties, forms of existence of the national Russian language. Dialects, jargons, vernacular, literary language are forms of the historical existence of the national language. Vernacular is a stylistic means for giving speech a specific shade.
Introduction
Slavic languages in the Indo-European family of languages
2. The ancestor of the Slavic languages \u200b\u200bis the Proto-Slavic language
Where did our common ancestors live?
The emergence of individual Slavic languages
Formation of the Russian language
Modern Russian
Conclusion
Sources
Introduction
It is impossible to overestimate the role of language in the formation of people's self-awareness. Language is probably main factor national identification of the person. It makes us speak, think and even feel in a certain way, which forms a unique feature of the perception and evaluation of the world around us by native speakers of this language. And the richer the language, the greater the potential for intellectual development has its carrier, because the richness, versatility of linguistic forms and elements determine the depth of human thinking. And we inherited this truly priceless gift from our ancestors.
Russian is one of the largest languages in the world: in terms of the number of speakers, it ranks fifth after Chinese, English, Hindi and Spanish.
So how did our language develop? Is it possible that one of the youngest ethnic groups - the Slavs - could form one of the richest languages in the world in such a short period (1.5-2 thousand years)? I'm trying to answer this question, I put in front of me
Target:trace the stages of the formation of the Russian language.
This goal defines the following tasks:
1.Study the literature on the chosen topic.
2.Analyze different points of view on this issue.
.Submit your observations as an abstract.
1 . Slavic languages in the Indo-European family of languages
All Slavic languages show great similarities among themselves, but Belarusian and Ukrainian are closest to the Russian language. Together, these languages form East Slavic subgroup,which is part of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family.
Slavic branches grow from a powerful trunk - the Indo-European language family. This family also includes Indian, Iranian, Greek, Romance, Celtic, Germanic, Baltic language groups, Armenian, Albanian and other languages. Of all the Indo-European languages, the Baltic languages are closest to Slavic: Lithuanian, Latvian and the dead Prussian language, which finally disappeared by the first decades of the 18th century. Presumably, in the II-I millennium BC. e. in the Indo-European language family, a Proto-Slavic dialect stood out, in the 1st millennium AD. e. transformed into the Proto-Slavic language.
2. The ancestor of the Slavic languages \u200b\u200bis the Proto-Slavic language
The Proto-Slavic language is the language - the ancestor of all Slavic languages. It had no written language and was not fixed in writing. However, it can be restored by comparing the Slavic languages with each other, as well as by comparing them with other related Indo-European languages.
A common source - the Proto-Slavic language - makes all Slavic languages related, endowing them with many similar features, meanings, sounds ... The consciousness of Slavic linguistic and ethnic unity was already reflected in the ancient self-name of all Slavs - Slavs.According to Academician O.N. Trubachev, this is etymologically something like "clearly speaking, understandable to each other." This state was preserved in the era of the formation of the ancient Slavic states and peoples. The Tale of Bygone Years, an ancient Russian chronicle of the early 12th century, says: “And the Slovenian language and Russian are the same…”. Word languageused here not only in the ancient meaning of "people", but also in the meaning of "speech".
3. In what territory did our common ancestors live?
The ancestral home of the Slavs, that is, the territory where they developed as a special people with their own language and where they lived until their separation and resettlement to new lands, has not yet been precisely determined due to the lack of reliable data. And yet, with relative certainty, it can be argued that it was located in the east of Central Europe, north of the foothills of the Carpathians. Many scientists believe that the northern border of the ancestral home of the Slavs ran along the Pripyat River (the right tributary of the Dnieper), the western border - along the middle course of the Vistula River, and in the east the Slavs settled Ukrainian Polesie to the Dnieper.
The Slavs constantly expanded the lands they occupied. They also participated in the great migration of peoples in the IV-VII centuries. The Gothic historian Jordanes wrote in his essay “On the Origin and Deeds of the Getae” (chronologically brought to 551) that “in the boundless spaces” from the Middle Danube to the lower Dnieper, “a crowded tribe of Veneti” was spread (the Germans called all the Slavs Wenden, Winden; in Finnish Venä jä means "Russia"). During the VI and VII centuries. waves of Slavic settlement poured into most of the Balkan Peninsula, including modern Greece, and including its southern part - the Peloponnese.
By the end of the Proto-Slavic period, the Slavs occupied vast lands in Central and Eastern Europe. Stretching from the coast of the Baltic Sea in the north to the Mediterranean in the south, from the Elbe River in the west to the headwaters of the Dnieper, Volga and Oka in the east.
During its long history, the Proto-Slavic language has experienced many changes. AT early period of its existence, it developed relatively slowly, was highly uniform, although dialectal differences existed in it even then ( dialect, otherwise dialect- the smallest territorial variety of the language).
In the late period (approximately from the 4th to the 6th century AD), the Proto-Slavic language underwent diverse and intense changes that led to its disintegration around the 6th century. AD and the emergence of separate Slavic languages. language slavic russian speech
4. The emergence of individual Slavic languages
In the VI-VII centuries. AD the Proto-Slavic language broke up into three groups: eastern, western and southern.
East Slavic group: Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian.
West Slavic group: Polish with a Kashubian dialect that has retained a certain genetic independence, Serbo-Lusatian languages (Upper and Lower Lusatian languages), Czech, Slovak and a dead Polabian language, which completely disappeared by the end of the 18th century.
South Slavic group: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene.
The ancestor of modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian languages was Old Russian(or East Slavic) language. Two main epochs can be distinguished in its history: pre-written (from the collapse of the Proto-Slavic language to the 10th century) and written. What this language was like before the emergence of writing can only be known through a comparative historical study of the Slavic and Indo-European languages, because. no ancient Russian writing existed at that time.
The oldest literary monuments in the history of the Russian language are the Novgorod Codex (1st quarter of the 11th century), the Ostromir Gospel (1056/1057) on Church Slavonic and birch bark letters (from the 11th century) in the Old Novgorod dialect.
5. Formation of the Russian language
The collapse of the Old Russian language led to the emergence Russian(or Great Russian) language, different from Ukrainian and Belarusian. This happened in the XIV century, although already in the XII-XIII centuries. in the Old Russian language, phenomena were outlined that distinguished the dialects of the ancestors of the Great Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians from each other.
From the beginning of the 15th century to the end of the 17th century, the Russian language was formed quite quickly. The modern Russian language is based on the northern and northeastern dialects of Ancient Russia. The center of development is Moscow, where the modern dialect was born.
There were many dialects outside the city, but the Moscow dialect became the main one. Clear word endings appear, cases are formed, spelling develops, words change by gender, case and number.
The later monuments of specific feudal Russia reflect the peculiarities of regional dialects. So, the monuments of Novgorod and Pskov fix "clatter" (menu "c" and "h" or their coincidence in one sound), the Novgorod pronunciation of "?", as "and" (which is deposited in the monuments as the name "?" and "and"); akanye is reflected in Moscow monuments from the 14th century; mena "?" and “e” (in the absence of a parallel exchange “?” and “i”) is inherent in the monuments that arose on the territory of the southern and middle Russian dialects, etc.
Taking into account the testimony of the monuments and checking them with data from a comparative study of Russian dialects, we can restore such major stages in the development of the grammatical structure of the Russian language XIV
· Loss of short forms of the adjective in indirect cases (in the modern language, such forms are preserved in frozen expressions such as on bare feet, in broad daylight, to a crazy hair dryer and etc.).
Loss of dual number category
· Wide development and consolidation in written monuments of a later era (from the 16th-17th centuries) of the form of the instrumental case of nouns and adjectives included in the compound predicate.
· Simplification of the system of past tenses.
· In the field of managing the case forms of nouns during the XII-XVII centuries, an increase and development of constructions with prepositions is noticed.
The development of the structure of speech is also the development of complex sentences. Let us compare, for example, the compound construction of a sentence from the annals (XIV century): “Lay Yaroslav the great city, the worthless city has a golden gate”, with the modern complex: “Yaroslav laid Big city in which there were golden gates.
At the end of the 17th century, the history of the development of the Russian language is undergoing a period of complete formation. Writing develops, new words, rules, modern church language appear, in which religious literature is written. In the 19th century, the ecclesiastical language was clearly distinguished from the literary one, which was used by all the inhabitants of Muscovite Russia. The language is becoming even more modern, similar to today. A lot of literature written in the new Russian language is being published.
With the development of the military, technical, scientific and political spheres of activity in the Russian language, modern terminology appears, words that are taken from foreign languages(French, German). The vocabulary changes a little, it becomes saturated with French words. Since the language began to be “clogged” with foreign words and speech turns, the issue of giving the Russian language the status of a national one has sharply taken up. Until Peter I decided to give the status of the Russian state to Moscow Russia, there were disputes over the national status of the Russian language. The emperor assigned a new name to the state, issued a decree on the adoption of the Russian language as a national language.
6. Modern Russian
Modern Russian language (standard version, in the Russian tradition known as the literary language
At the beginning of the 20th century, when the scientific field of activity was actively developing, English words began to be used, which were tightly intertwined with the Russian language, becoming inseparable from it. The church, as well as many politicians in the period of the 18th-20th centuries, fought for the preservation of a purely Russian-Slavic language as a national one. But the study of foreign speech has made its mark: a fashion has developed for words of foreign origin.
In the mid-twenties, the peak of popularity and development of the Russian language began in many countries of the world. In the seventies, almost all the main educational institutions of the world were engaged in the study of the Russian language. The number of countries that mastered the Russian language exceeded 90.
The spread of the media contributed to the standardization of oral speech
Conclusion
In conclusion, we note that since the Russian language appeared, it has undergone many metamorphoses from the basics to a modern rich and rich language with complex rules and a huge vocabulary. During its centuries-old history, the Russian language has never experienced such significant transformations as in the 20th century. History shows that the Russian language was formed gradually, but purposefully. We, Russians, must ourselves “know and feel” the Russian language, because we ourselves do not know it enough, we do not speak it well, we treat it carelessly, and yet we and only we are responsible for the state of our native language, its further development, enrichment, for his place in the world.
Sources
1.www.goldrussian.ru
2.http://answer.mail.ru/question/1102327/
Tutoring
Need help learning a topic?
Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Submit an application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.
A Brief History of the Russian Language
Russian is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, the fifth largest in terms of the total number of speakers. Moreover, it is the most widely spoken Slavic language in Europe. According to the classification, it belongs to the East Slavic subgroup of the Indo-European family of languages.
In the prehistoric period, the language of the Slavs was a complex group of dialects of different tribes. At the same time, the Old Russian language was divided into three ethnolinguistic groups: South Russian, North Russian and Central Russian (East Russian).
The origin of the Old Russian literary language dates back to the 11th century AD, that is, to the period of the formation of Kievan Rus. Greek culture had a certain influence on the formation of writing. However, the use of the Greek alphabet could not fully convey the features of the Slavic language, so the Byzantine emperor Michael III ordered the creation of a new alphabet for the Old Church Slavonic language.
This process contributed to the simplified translation of Greek religious texts into Slavonic. As a rule, the creation of the Russian literary language is associated with the Christian preachers Cyril and Methodius. The rapid spread of writing and the development of the language in Ancient Russia led to the fact that the Slavic language was on a par with the leading languages of the era.
The language became the main factor in the unification of the Slavic peoples from the 9th to the 11th century. One of the outstanding literary monuments of that period is "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" - a work about the campaign of Russian princes against the Polovtsians. The author of the epic has not been identified.
In the period from the 13th to the 14th centuries, due to feudal fragmentation, the increased influence of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and frequent raids by the Polish-Lithuanian troops, changes occurred in the development of the Russian language. Since then, it has been divided into three groups: Great Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.
With the formation of Muscovite Rus, some reforms took place in written speech. The sentences became short, with an abundance of everyday vocabulary and folk sayings. A vivid example of this language was the work "Domostroy", printed in the middle of the 16th century. Printing has played a significant role in the development of the literary language.
In the 17th century, the Polish language became the supplier of scientific, technical, legal and other terms in Europe. So, gradually there was a modernization of the Russian language. At the beginning of the 18th century, the alphabet underwent reforms and became closer to the European model. The Russian literary language henceforth existed independently of church ideology.
In the second half of the 18th century, the influence of the French language increased in Europe, and along with this, the Europeanization of Russian society also intensified. Around the same period, M. V. Lomonosov introduced new norms of the literary language, establishing a system of styles and combining all varieties of the Russian language (order, oral speech, regional variations).
Other writers who influenced the formation of the Russian language in the 18th - 19th centuries were Fonvizin, Derzhavin, Karamzin, Gogol, Lermontov and, of course, Pushkin. It was A. S. Pushkin who was able to show all the richness and beauty of the Russian language to the fullest, freeing it from stylistic restrictions.
In the 20th century, under the influence of the social and political life of Russia, the Russian language was enriched with many new words and expressions. In many ways, the development of these lexical forms was facilitated by the media and Internet communications.
