Nasal vowels. The phonetic system of the Old Russian language in the X-XI centuries See what "Nasal vowels" are in other dictionaries

Where four nasal vowels are present: "ɛ̃" nasal, "ɑ̃" nasal, "ɔ̃" nasal and "œ̃" nasal.

There were once nasal vowels in the Slavic languages as well. So, for example, in the Old Slavonic language they were designated by special letters - yus ѫ (about nasal) and ѧ (e nasal). In addition, nasal vowels have preserved the Polish language. Distinctive feature Polish articulation of nasals - nasal overtones are delayed relative to the main sound, while in French they are pronounced simultaneously.

List of languages that have nasal vowels in their phonetic system

Vowels- Vowels are a class of speech sounds distinguished on the basis of their articulatory, acoustic and functional properties. The articulatory properties of vowels lie in the fact that these are sounds formed with the obligatory participation of the voice (whispered vowels ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

"Vowel" redirects here; see also other meanings. Vowels are a type of sound, during the articulation of which no significant obstacles are created to the flow of air, respectively, nowhere above the larynx is any significant created ... ... Wikipedia

Sounds are formed from a musical tone, the result of the activity of the vocal cords (the so-called vocal tone), modified by various positions of the oral cavity, which in this case plays the role of an extension pipe for wind instruments, i.e. ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Vowel sounds- VOICES. Speech sounds formed by the voice, and the noise from the convergence of the organs of pronunciation is so weak that it is not perceived by the listener as feature sound. G. Z. are obtained if the voice formed in the larynx is on its way ... ...

NOSE SOUNDS. Speech sounds, vowels and consonants, resulting if the palatal curtain separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity is raised, the air passage through the nose is open, and the exhaled sounding air (voice) comes out at the same time ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

nasal sounds- NOSE SOUNDS. Speech sounds, vowels and consonants, obtained when the palatal curtain that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity is raised, the air passage through the nose is open, and the exhaled sounding air (voice) comes out ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Vowels, speech sounds opposed to consonants. Combining in a syllable with consonants, G. always form its top, that is, they perform the function of a syllabic carrier. The source of sound in G. is the voice formed in the larynx due to quasi-periodic ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Formed with the help of a lowered soft palate, in which air passes through the nose. The oral cavity still serves as a resonant cavity for creating sound, but air does not enter through the mouth, as it is blocked by the lips or ... ... Wikipedia

They are formed from a musical tone, the result of the activity of the vocal cords (the so-called vocal tone), modified by various positions of the oral cavity, which in this case plays the role of an extension pipe for wind instruments, i.e. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Les voyelles nasales

[ɑ̃- ɔ̃- œ̃- ɛ̃]

The setting of nasal vowels is the most difficult, so you need to move on to them only after all non-nasal, oral vowels are set.

nasal sounds

Firstly, because by this time the speech apparatus has already been sufficiently trained and acquired the necessary flexibility. Secondly, because all nasal vowels (except [ɔ̃]) have corresponding mouth pairs, and when their simpler stereotype has already been created, it remains only to work out one quick movement of the palatine curtain, which is exactly the same for all nasal vowels. This gradation of difficulties greatly facilitates the setting of nasal vowels.

In the pronunciation of nasal vowels, three main errors can be distinguished due to the fact that the pronunciation skills and features of the pronunciation of vowels in Russian and in French are different:

1. The main mistake should be considered excessive nasalization, nasal vowels. This is the most common defect, often cultivated by teachers themselves. When the sound does not work, and the teacher does not understand the reason, then as a kind of panacea, he suggests pronouncing it “more in the nose”. Excessive nasalization deprives nasal vowels of sonority and beauty.

We must not forget that during the articulation of nasal vowels, the air stream must enter simultaneously and in equal proportion into the mouth and nose. For most, it is not difficult to direct a stream of air through the nose, but to direct it through the mouth is much more difficult. Thus, the main difficulty lies not in the inability to master the movements of the palatine curtain, but in the inability to sufficiently lower the back of the tongue, to open the passage for the air stream through the mouth. By mastering the "yawn technique" these difficulties are reduced, it becomes much easier to correctly distribute the air stream between both resonators.

2. The second mistake is connected with the inability to keep the organs of speech in a stationary state during the entire second phase of articulation (exposure), in the inability to maintain the homogeneity of the vowel for the entire time of its sounding. Most people get short nasal vowels more easily than long ones, where you need to keep the sound uniformity longer, i.e. unusually low location of the jaw and back of the tongue.

a) From the movement of the jaw during the pronunciation of a sound, a diphthongization of the vowel occurs, as if an overtone [u] is added to the nasal:
"an" sounds like [a u], "on" sounds like [o u], etc.

b) From the movement of the back of the tongue, a consonant overtone arises, reminiscent of the English sound [ŋ]. It depends on the fact that the back of the tongue rises up to the palatine curtain before the sound of the vowel ends. So “an” sounds like [ɑ̃ŋ], “on” sounds like [ɔ̃ŋ], etc.

3. The third mistake is related to the inability to quickly move the palatine curtain. It occurs when pronouncing long nasal vowels before consonants [p - b | t - d] and lies in the fact that in these combinations the corresponding nasal consonant sounds:

tomber sounds

tampon sounds

sonder sounds

peinture sounds etc.

This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the articulations [p - b - m] and are the same, with the exception of the location of the palatine curtain. »Pronouncing after the nasal vowel (that is, with the palatine curtain lowered) the consonants p - b], students do not have time to quickly and sharply raise the palatine curtain and block the entrance to the nasal cavity before the consonant begins to sound. Air penetrates there and then [m] inevitably sounds before the consonants [p - b] and [n] before.

Great importance has a vowel order. It is necessary to start with the setting of back vowels, since with them the tension will be in the back of the tongue, which makes it easier to keep its back in a low position. Of the back vowels, it is better to start with [ɑ̃ [, since the last oral vowel was its double [a]. This creates harmony in the system of setting vowels. In addition, with the sound [ɑ̃], the position of the tongue is the lowest, and this facilitates the penetration of a stream of air into oral cavity. If the sound [ɑ̃] stands up well, then usually setting [ɔ̃] does not cause difficulties.

10. Positional alternations of vowel phonemes. Quantitative and qualitative reduction of vowel phonemes.

11. Positional alternations of consonant phonemes. Assimilation and dissimilation by deafness/voicing and by hardness/softness.

12. Historical alternations of phonemes.

13. The fall of reduced vowel phonemes and the consequences of this phenomenon.

14. Alternations associated with the history of nasal sounds in the Old Russian language.

15. Palatalization of the posterior tongues.

17. Phonetic transcription. Phonemic transcription

18. Syllable. Syllabus. Types of syllables.

19. Phonetic word. stress

20. Speech beat. Intonation

21. Emphasis. Intonation constructions

21. Phrase. Intonation

22. The concept of orthoepy

23. Basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation.

24. Pronunciation of vowels under stress. Pronunciation of unstressed vowels.

25. Pronunciation of individual consonants.

26. Pronunciation of groups of consonants.

27. Pronunciation of some grammatical forms.

28. Pronunciation of some abbreviations. Features of the pronunciation of foreign words.

29. Difficult cases of mastering stress in Russian.

30. Development of Russian literary pronunciation.

31. Grammar coding

32. Semantic coding. Two-argument (temporal signs): causality.

33. Semantic coding. Two-argument (temporary signs): consequence, result, purpose.

34. Semantic coding. Two-argument (temporal signs): transformation, change

35. Semantic coding. Two-argument (temporary signs): interaction, grouping, commonality, association

36. Semantic coding. Two-argument (temporary signs): separation, influence, condition, entry.

37. Semantic coding. Two-argument (temporary signs): compliance, control, subordination, dependence.

38. Semantic coding. One-argument (permanent signs): property, necessity, possibility, probability, yes, no.

39. Semantic coding. One-argument (constant signs): truth, falsity.

semantic code. His goals. Purpose. Construction principle. Capabilities.

The purpose of the semantic code. The term "meaning".

The purpose of the semantic code. Text. Information. Hypertext in the development of information.

43. Grammar and semantic analysis in semantic coding.

44. Russian semantic dictionary of compatibility and associative dictionary for semantic coding.

The purpose of the semantic code. System isomorphism.

The purpose of the semantic code. Principle of necessary and sufficient.

The purpose of the semantic code. Connectivity of classes and subclasses

48. The purpose of the semantic code. The principle of hierarchy / non-hierarchy.

49. The purpose of the semantic code. systemic metaphor.

50. Situational (situational) semantic code.

51. Semantic coding. Alignment-interpretive code. Matrix code.

52. Main tasks and key concepts of the speech interface.

53. Historical review of the problem of speech recognition and synthesis.

54. Systems of automatic speech synthesis. Practical applications of the speech interface.

55. Automatic speech recognition systems. Practical applications of the speech interface.

56. Linguistic foundations of the speech interface. The use of linguistics in the implementation of speech systems.

57. The structure of the speech signal. Analysis and synthesis. Spectral-temporal characteristics of the speech signal.

58. Information and modulation structure of the speech signal.

59. Methods for synthesizing a speech signal. Generalized mathematical models for describing speech signals.

60. Methods for synthesizing a speech signal. Geometric model of the vocal tract.

61. Methods for synthesizing a speech signal. formant model.

62. Compilation methods for the synthesis of a speech signal.

63. Methods of speech signal analysis.

64. Method of digital filtering of a speech signal. Spectral analysis using FFT algorithms. Digital filtering method

Spectrum analysis using FFT algorithms

65. Spectral analysis based on linear prediction. Formant-parametric description of a speech signal. Spectral analysis based on linear prediction

Formant-parametric description of a speech signal

66. Method of cepstral coefficients. Features of speech perception. Properties of receptive perception of speech by a person. Cepstral coefficient method

67. Properties of receptive perception of speech signals. The nature of the auditory (phonetic) features of the speech signal. Properties of receptive perception of speech signals

The nature of auditory (phonetic) features of a speech signal

68. Properties of perception of minimal meaningful elements of speech

69. Synthesis of speech in the text. The structure of the speech synthesizer by text.

Text-to-speech structure Key concepts:

70. Linguistic processor. Text preprocessing. Phrase processing of text.

Text Preprocessing

Phrase-by-phrase text processing

71. Word processing of the test. An example of the work of a linguistic processor. Word processing

An example of the work of a linguistic processor

72. Prosodic Processor

73. Phonetic processor. Articulatory-phonetic processor. Formant phonetic processor.

74. Allophone phonetic processor. acoustic processor.

75. Approximation of the geometry of the speech tact. Acoustic processor based on compilation methods of speech synthesis.

76. Classification of automatic speech recognition systems. Methods of automatic speech recognition.

77. Classification of speech recognition methods.

78. Method of dynamic programming.

79. The method of hidden Markov models.

80. Structural-expert methods of speech recognition. Expert approach to phonemic speech recognition.

81. Learning problems in speech recognition and methods for creating reference words. Method for creating multi-cluster speech standards.

82. The problem of dense packings. Formula representation of knowledge as a variant of dense packings.

14. Alternations associated with the history of nasal sounds in the Old Russian language.

The sounds of speech that are part of more complex units of the language (morphemes, words, etc.), in the formation of different grammatical forms or other words with the same root, can be modified, replaced by one another.

The interchange of sounds (alternation) in some cases is associated with certain phonetic conditions (cf. the alternation of root vowels in the words old - old man - old), in other cases it is in no way connected with the phonetic conditions of their use in the modern language (cf. the alternation of consonants in words friend - friend). On this basis, the alternations of sounds are divided into two types - alternations phonetic (or phonetically determined) and non-phonetic (or phonetically unconditioned). Phonetic alternations of sounds are sometimes called positional, allophonemic, live. Non-phonetic alternations of sounds are most often called historical, less often - traditional, non-positional, phonemic, morphological, grammatical, dead, etc.

The historical alternations of vowel phonemes include the alternation of “a” with nasal consonants or combinations of “on”, “in”, “eat”, “im”: name - names, memory - remember, reap, reap.

Studies link such alternations of phonemes with the presence of nasal vowels in the Old Russian language.

Nasal vowels were inherited by Old Russian from Common Slavonic. In our time, they have been preserved only in the Polish language. But the fact that they were in the Old Slavic language is evidenced by an example: the word tooth in the Makdonian language is pronounced as zmb, oak - dubm, where in place of the Russian pure non-nasal sound "u" or "a" a combination of a consonant with a nasal consonant is used.

In Old Russian, these nasal vowels were pronounced as "o" or "e" with "m" or "n".

In Old Slavonic, to designate nasal sounds in writing, there were special letters “yus small” and “yus big”. In Old Russian writing, these letters were also used even when there were no nasal ones.

In the Old Russian language, they disappeared already in the second half of the 9th century and were replaced by pure vowels.

Nasal vowels only appeared when combinations of a pure vowel with a nasal consonant created a closed syllable.

Alternation "a" "eat" "im" "ym": remove - shoot - shoot, hug - hug - clip, take - charge - I'll take.

Alternation "a" "y" "he" en ": tinkle - sound - sonorous - ring, dirt - load, coward - shaking.

Alternating "y" "m": inflate - arrogant.

15. Palatalization of the posterior tongues.

Palatalization (from Latin palatum - middle palate) is a feature of the articulation of a consonant sound, generally associated with the advancement of the tongue into a more anterior zone.

In the synchronous description of the phonetic system of the language, palatalization is understood as the rise of the middle part of the tongue to the hard palate, which occurs simultaneously with the main articulation of the consonant. For example, for Russian [b '] the main articulation is the closing of the lips with each other and the subsequent rapid opening (explosion), while palatalization is an additional articulation. Palatalization can be combined with any articulation, except for the middle language; thus, all consonants can be palatalized, except for palatals. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, palatalization is indicated by the sign [j] at the top right of the sign of the corresponding consonant, in the Russian phonetic tradition - by an apostrophe.

In Russian literary language palatalized (“soft”) consonants in most cases have “hard” pairs: for example, [b] and [b '] are opposed on the basis of additional articulation ([b] - velarized, [b '] - palatalized), all other signs (the place and method of education, the presence of a voice) are the same for them. Thus, for most Russian consonants, the presence / absence of palatalization is a distinctive (differential) feature, i.e., it has a phonemic significance: there are words that differ only in the hardness / softness of the consonant, for example, pý[l] - pý[l'].

It should be noted that in the Russian tradition it is customary to call "soft" not only palatalized consonants, but also palatal ones.

In historical descriptions of different languages, palatalization refers to various qualitative (that is, affecting the main articulation - the place and (or) method of formation) changes in consonants under the influence of front vowels or [j] (the initial phase of these changes is usually associated with palatalization in the first sense) .

For example, in the history of the Proto-Slavic language, it is customary to talk about three palatalizations of back-lingual consonants (sometimes the term transitional mitigation is used):

first palatalization - transition [k], [g], [x] ( back-lingual) respectively, in hissing [č "], [ž"], [š"] before the front vowels (kaditi - chad, gyrdlo - zhrdlo, walk - shd; in modern Russian it is reflected in the form of positional alternations in word formation: hand - pen , manual, hand; friend - friend, together, be friends; gunpowder - powder, powder);

the second palatalization is the transition of the same consonants into whistling [c], [z], [s] before the front vowels of a new origin (from the previous diphthongs: price - cf. lit. kainà; in the form of live alternations in the Russian language no longer exists, but, for example, it is preserved in Ukrainian and Church Slavonic, cf. in phraseological units: cloud - dark water in the clouds, God - honor in God, air - in the air);

third palatalization (progressive; passed inconsistently and not in all Slavic dialects) - the transition [k], [g], [x] to [c], [z], [s] after the front vowels (prorok - soothsayer, lgk - benefit).

In addition, while still in the transitional stage from the status of the Proto-Indo-European dialect to the status of an independent language, the Proto-Slavic language experienced the so-called satemization, which is also a transitional palatalization.

Already in the written era, Russian, like other Slavic languages, underwent intransitive palatalization of the back-lingual ones: ky, gy, hy > ki, gi, hi.

Posterior tongues during palatalization usually go through several stages. For example: k">t">ts">c".

The term palatalization is also used to describe historical changes in consonants in Romance, Indian, Finno-Ugric and other languages.

16. Alternations due to combination with .

Alternation (morphonological) is understood as more or less regular in a certain position (in combination with certain morphs) the change of vowels or consonant phonemes within a morpheme.

u=j+y; i=j+a; e=j+e; e=j+o

The consonant [j] occupies a special place in this system. It is always soft, because. with its arr-and there is only the main articular middle. back of the tongue and middle palate and no accessory.

(Articulation is the work that the organs of speech do in order to get a sound (the articulatory / physiological aspect of the sound of speech))

Since j (of different origins) occurs in combination with certain morphemes, cases of softening the final consonants of the root were associated with positions before these morphemes

Exercise 1. Familiarize yourself with the pronunciation of vowels.

Nasal Vowels

In French four nasal vowels: [ɑ̃], [ɔ̃], [ε̃], [œ̃]. The latter is often replaced by the sound [ε̃]. Nasal sounds are pronounced in the same way as the corresponding non-nasal ones, with the difference that the palatine curtain that continues the palate is lowered, and therefore the exhaled air passes through the mouth and through the nose simultaneously. After a nasal vowel, [m] or [n] should not be pronounced, even if weakened.


Picture 1

The figure (position B) shows how, when pronouncing nasal vowels, the palatine curtain falls, and a passage opens in nasal cavity, and the exhaled air resonates not only in the oral cavity, but also in the nasal cavity.

Exercise 2. Vowel [ɑ ˜ ]. Listen and repeat.

[ɑ ˜ –ɑ ˜ –ɑ ˜ –ɑ ˜ ]

Exercise 3. Vowel [ɔ ˜ ]. Listen and repeat.

a) Pronunciation of sound separately and in syllables.

Exercise 4. Vowel [ε ˜ ]. Listen and repeat.

a) Pronunciation of sound separately and in syllables.

[ε ˜ –ε ˜ –ε ˜ –ε ˜ ]

b) Pronunciation of sound in words.

Exercise 5. Vowel [œ ˜ ]. Listen and repeat.

In modern French, the vowel [œ ˜ ] is replaced by the vowel [ε ˜ ]. In this course, it is presented for demonstration, but training in its pronunciation is not required.

Obsolete pronunciation with the vowel [œ ˜ ]

Exercise 6. Listen and repeat phrases.

C'est vraiment extrêmement navrant.

Laurent ira en France pendant les vacances.

Jean marche lentement en regardant toujours de l'avant.

L'enfant de Jean aura quatre ans le trente decembre dans un an.

Les bons comptes font les bons amis.

Simon and Gaston sont en prison.

Les bonbons de tonton Simon sont tres bons.

Il n'est pas la question que tu mettes ce blouson sans bouton.

Qui n'a rien ne craint rien.

Le guardien vient chez Lucien mais ne dit rien.

Mon jardin est plein de jasmins blancs ce matin.

Le parfum de menthe est commun.

Lundi quelqu'un m'a emprunte un livre.

Mon ami Humbert est brun.

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Articulation of phonemes

Vowel [ɑ̃]

Sound [ɑ̃]: nasal back vowel, open. The position of the tongue and lips is the same as for the vowel [ɑ], but the palate is lowered, due to which the vowel acquires a nasal timbre.

Vowel [ɔ̃]

Sound [ɔ̃]: the position of the vocal apparatus when pronouncing [ɔ̃] is the same as when pronouncing [ɔ], but the lips are more rounded, and the palate is lowered, due to which the vowel sound acquires a nasal timbre.

Vowel [ε̃]

The sound [ε̃] is the nasal sound of the front row. When pronouncing [ε̃], the position of the organs of speech is the same as when pronouncing [ε], but the palatine curtain is lowered, due to which the stream of exhaled air exits simultaneously through the oral cavity, and the sound acquires a nasal timbre.

Vowel [œ̃]

The sound [œ̃] is a nasal sound of the front row, rounded. The position of the tongue and lips is the same as when pronouncing the sound [œ], but the palatal curtain is lowered, due to which the sound acquires a nasal timbre. In modern French, this sound is quite rare.

Exercises

This stage is designed to work with the lexical and grammatical material of the lesson.

Translation

This stage is designed to consolidate the acquired knowledge.

Where four nasal vowels are present: "ɛ̃" nasal, "ɑ̃" nasal, "ɔ̃" nasal and "œ̃" nasal.

There were once nasal vowels in the Slavic languages as well. So, for example, in the Old Slavonic language they were designated by special letters - yus ѫ (about nasal) and ѧ (e nasal). In addition, nasal vowels have preserved the Polish language. A distinctive feature of the Polish articulation of the nasals is the delay of the nasal overtones relative to the main sound, while in French they are pronounced simultaneously.

Nasal vowels. The phonetic system of the Old Russian language in the X-XI centuries See what "Nasal vowels" are in other dictionaries

List of languages that have nasal vowels in their phonetic system

see also

See what "Nasal vowels" are in other dictionaries:

14. Alternations associated with the history of nasal sounds in the Old Russian language.