The use of foreign words in Russian. The law on the prohibition of foreign words was submitted to the State Duma The use of foreign words in Russian

Verbosity - the use of words with the repetition of already expressed meaning. The following types of verbosity occur in speech:

– tautology (from Greek tauto - the same, logos - word) – repetition close in the text of the same root or identical words: on the rice ovate rice unok; he knows very many interesting things and very talks fascinatingly;

– pleonasm (from Greek pleonasmos - excess) - a turn of speech in which words are unjustifiably repeated, partially or completely coinciding in meaning ( human twenty of people ), or those in which the meaning of one word is part of another ( patriot of the Motherland; patriot - a person devoted to the Motherland).

From the point of view of the language norm, lexical pleonasm, as a rule, is unacceptable. Some pleonastic combinations, however, have become entrenched in the language. For example, exhibition exhibit (exhibit- exposed).

6. Appropriate use of foreign words.

Borrowed words appear in the language as a result of communication between peoples, as a result of political and economic ties between them. As a rule, the use of foreign words is caused by the need to name a new thing, a new phenomenon. (iPhone, byte), as well as the need to distinguish between meaningfully close, but still different concepts ( Contract- agreement).

Unmotivated use of foreign words should be avoided if the language has Russian words with the same meaning: brother was completely indifferent to politics. It should be said: indifferent.

In addition, you need to know the meaning of the borrowed word: He was presented as a kind of polyglot: he is a physicist, a mathematician, and a poet. (polyglot - a person who speaks many languages. Therefore, the use of this word is inappropriate).

Misunderstanding the meanings of foreign words can lead to pleonastic expressions: move forward progress. (Progress- forward movement).

7. Correct use of phraseological units.

Phraseologisms – stable combinations of words with a holistic meaning: to be puzzled(think), sink into oblivion(disappear).

When using phraseological units, the following errors occur:

1) replacement of the phraseological combination component: on the undergrowth(right: grazing);fable by the tongue(right: byword);

2) unjustified reduction or expansion of the composition of phraseological units: from empty to empty(right: pour from empty to empty); step on someone else's heels(right: step on your heels);

3) mixing of two revolutions: from young hair(right: from young nails and before gray hair) ;

4) distortion of the grammatical form of the components of a phraseological unit: pour water into the mill(right: pour water into the mill);

5) stylistic inappropriateness of using a phraseological phrase: the boss was tearing his throat at his subordinates. (Tear your throat- a common expression. It should be said: boss yelling at subordinates.

8. Elimination of the use of words with a generalized meaning instead of words with a specific meaning: my girlfriend had her appendix removed. (Appendicitis- inflammation of the appendix, i.e. appendix of the caecum. Correctly: My friend had her appendix removed.

9. Exclusion of speech insufficiency.

Speech insufficiency - this is an unintentional omission of the desired word: the beak of a wood pigeon does not differ in shape from a city pigeon(right: the beak of a wood pigeon does not differ in shape from the beak of a city pigeon); Announcement on the X-ray room: urgently do only fractures(right: we urgently take only pictures of fractures).

Language is the most universal means of communication that reacts mobilely to changes in the needs of society. Every day one or more new words appear, which are the result of a simplification or merger of existing ones, but the largest number verbal novelties come from abroad. So, foreign words in Russian: why do they arise and what are they?

Original Russian vocabulary

The Russian language has been formed over many centuries, as a result of which three stages of the genesis of original Russian words have been identified.

Indo-European vocabulary arose in the Neolithic era and was based on the basic concepts of kinship (mother, daughter), household items (hammer), food (meat, fish), the name of animals (ox, deer) and elements (fire, water).

The main words were absorbed by the Russian language and are considered part of it.

Proto-Slavic vocabulary, which had a high relevance at the border of the 6th-7th centuries, made a great influence on Russian speech. and spread to the territory of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as the Balkans.

In this group, words related to the plant world (tree, grass, root), names of crops and plants (wheat, carrots, beets), tools and raw materials (hoe, fabric, stone, iron), birds (goose, nightingale) , as well as food products (cheese, milk, kvass).

Modern words of primordially Russian vocabulary arose in the period from the 8th to the 17th centuries. and belonged to the East Slavic language branch. The mass fraction of them expressed an action (run, lie down, multiply, lay), the names of abstract concepts arose (freedom, outcome, experience, fate, thought), words appeared that corresponded to household items (wallpaper, carpet, book) and the names of national dishes ( pigeons, cabbage soup).

Some words have taken root so firmly in Russian speech that they will not need to be replaced soon, while others were brazenly replaced by more consonant synonyms from neighboring countries. So "humanity" turned into "humanity", "appearance" was transformed into "image", and "competition" was called "duel".

The problem of borrowing foreign words

Since ancient times, the Russian people have had trade, cultural and political relations with speakers of other languages, so it was almost impossible to avoid mixing vocabulary.

New words were introduced into Russian speech both from neighboring states and from distant republics.

In fact, words of foreign origin are present in our speech so often and for a long time that we are already used to them and absolutely do not perceive them as something alien.

Here are some examples of well-established foreign words:

• China: tea.
• Mongolia: hero, label, darkness.
• Japan: karate, karaoke, tsunami.
• Holland: orange, jacket, hatch, yacht, sprats.
• Poland: donut, market, fair.
• Czech Republic: tights, pistol, robot.

Official statistics say that only 10% of words in Russian are borrowed. But if you listen closely to the colloquial speech of the younger generation, we can conclude that the clogging of the Russian language with foreign words has a more global scale.

We go to a fast food restaurant for lunch and order a hamburger and a milkshake. Having found free Wi-Fi, we will not miss the opportunity to visit Facebook to put a couple of likes under the photo of the best friend.

Borrowing foreign words: the main reasons

Why are we so attracted to vocabulary from neighboring countries?

Greece

Now consider the geography of borrowing.

The most generous country that has lent part of the vocabulary to the Russian language is Greece. She gave us the names of almost all known sciences (geometry, astrology, geography, biology). In addition, many words related to the field of education (alphabet, spelling, Olympiad, department, phonetics, library) have Greek origin.

Some foreign words in Russian have abstract meanings (victory, triumph, chaos, charisma), others characterize quite tangible objects (theater, cucumber, ship).

Thanks to the ancient Greek vocabulary, we learned how sympathy is expressed, felt the taste of style and were able to capture bright events on photos.
It is interesting that the meaning of some words passed into the Russian language without change, while others acquired new meanings (economics - home economics, tragedy - a goat song).

Italy

What do you think, are there many words in Russian speech that come from the Apennine Peninsula? Surely, apart from the famous greeting “chao”, nothing will immediately come to mind. It turns out that Italian foreign words in Russian are present in sufficient quantities.

For example, an identity document was first called a passport in Italy, and only then this word was borrowed by many languages, including Russian.

Everyone knows the tricks of the Sicilian clans, so the origin of the word "mafia" is beyond doubt. Likewise, "carnival" has taken root in many languages ​​thanks to a colorful costume show in Venice. But the Italian roots of “vermicelli” surprised: in the Apennines, vermicelli is translated as “worms”.

Recently, it has become fashionable to use the definition for the press as "paparazzi". But in direct translation these are not journalists at all, as you might think, but "annoying mosquitoes."

France

But France gave Russian speech a lot of “delicious” words: grillage, jelly, croissant, canape, creme brulee, scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes, stew, soup, soufflé, eclair, cutlet and sauce. Of course, along with the names, recipes were borrowed from French chefs, many of which were to the taste of Russian gourmets.

A few more extensive branches of borrowing are literature, cinema and the entertainment industry: artist, ballet, billiards, magazine, couplet, play, purse, repertoire, restaurant and plot.

The French also became the inventors of seductive details of women's clothing (underpants and peignoir), taught the world the rules of behavior in society (etiquette) and the art of beauty (make-up, cream, perfumery).

Germany

German vocabulary is so different from Russian that it is difficult to imagine what kind of words could take root in it. It turns out there are quite a few of them.

For example, we often use the German word "route", which means a pre-chosen path. Or "scale" - the ratio of sizes on the map and on the ground. And the "font" in Russian is the designation of the characters of the letter.

The names of some professions also took root: a hairdresser, an accountant, a locksmith.

The food industry also did not do without borrowings: sandwich, dumplings, waffles and muesli, it turns out, also have German roots.

Also, the Russian language has absorbed several fashionable accessories into its vocabulary: for women - “shoes” and “bra”, for men - “tie”, for children - “backpack”. By the way, a smart child is often called a "wunderkind" - this is also a German concept.

Foreign words in Russian feel quite comfortable, they even settled in our house in the form of a chair, a bathroom and a tile.

England

The largest number of borrowed words come from Foggy Albion. Since English is an international language, and many people know it at a fairly decent level, it is not surprising that many words migrated into Russian speech and began to be perceived as native.

Foreign words in Russian are almost ubiquitous, but the most popular areas of their use are:

• business (PR, office, manager, copywriter, broker, holding);
• sports (goalkeeper, boxing, football, penalties, time-out, foul);
• computer technologies (blog, offline, login, spam, traffic, hacker, hosting, gadget);
• entertainment industry (talk show, casting, soundtrack, hit).

Very often, English words are used as youth slang, which is most influenced by fashion (baby, boyfriend, loser, teenager, respect, make-up, freak).

Some words have become so popular in the world that they have acquired a nominal meaning (jeans, show, weekend).

• INTRODUCTION
• 1. History of borrowings
• 2. Foreign vocabulary
• 3. Mastering foreign words
• Conclusion

The question of how to approach the study and scientific description of language requires certain philosophical and methodological prerequisites for understanding the nature and role of language among the phenomena of reality.

We all recognize that language is “the most important means of human communication”, that it is needed by all people who form any kind of collective.

Language is not an ideology, but a tool of a special kind, which does not have a structure, like any material tool, say, an ax or a plow, but a structure and systemic organization, then for all speakers the first task is to practically master this tool in its given state. .

Speech is the main element in any language. Speech, as you know, consists of words and phrases, separate sentences. Many words in Russian are borrowed from other languages. Their knowledge is necessary, because in everyday life we ​​constantly encounter them. These are words that apply both to the everyday sphere and to the sphere public life, and to certain special branches and areas, but more or less known not only to specialists, but also to a wide range of native speakers of the Russian language. These words and knowledge of them, therefore, is an indicator of general culture and education.

Knowledge of the word is multifaceted. This is the knowledge of what it means, and in what areas it occurs, and how it is more appropriate to use it, and, finally, the knowledge of where the word is taken from, how it originated in the language, from which language and when it was borrowed.

Therefore, the aim of the work is to consider the problem of using foreign words in the Russian language.

The tasks of the work are to consider the origins of borrowed words in the Russian language, where and how foreign words are used in modern Russian.

1. History of borrowings Under the Russian language in the scientific use of this term, we understand the totality of those adverbs and dialects that we used both today and in previous eras. Andreev A.R. Russian language. Terminology and research. - Moscow: "Polygraphic resources", 2001. - p. 83 Language in its present state cannot be unified, since it represents a combination of separate individual languages. The solution of practical issues should be based on how close these individual languages ​​are to each other today. Much of the Russian language was borrowed from the Indo-European culture. It is assumed that the original territory of the eastern Indo-European tribes, including the ancestors of the Slavs, was the north-west of Russia, the Baltic Sea basin. A comparative study of the Indo-European languages ​​proves a special closeness between the Slavic and Baltic languages. It should be noted that the original Slavs gravitated to the west - to the Germans, from whom they borrowed their material culture, their military life, and political structure. Consider the words related to these areas, borrowed by the Russian language from the Germanic languages. For example: shelom - a helmet; small - milk, hyz - house, hut; as well as glass, buy, livestock, etc. The number of words borrowed from Iranian languages ​​is very small. These are words like God - from ancient Persian. baga; ax - tappari. Another example of borrowing: from Germanic, Celtic and Latin is the word sea - lat. Mare, germ. Mary, Celt. Muir. Much is borrowed from the Finnish languages: palttina - canvas; varpu - sparrow; arti - army; suntia - church minister; sun "d - judge, court. 2. Foreign vocabulary Before talking about foreign vocabulary in Russian, let's say a few words about native Russian vocabulary. Let's say again that these are words dating back to the Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Slavic and Old Russian eras and inherited by the Russian language , as well as those created in the Russian language according to the models existing in it.Kasatkin L.L. Reference book on the modern Russian language. - Moscow: "Higher School", 2000. - p.16 Actually Russian words arose from the end of the XIV century. suffixes -shchik, -chik, -yatin (a), -lk (a), ovk (a), -telstvo (o), -sh (a), -ness, -ability, -shchin (a), -tel (with the meaning of a tool or fixture) For example: bricklayer, hauler, sour, lighter, leaflet, certificate, doctor's wife, reality, manageability, piecework, switch; compound abbreviated nouns: university, salary. Properly Russian are also words that arose in earlier eras, but then changed their meaning. So, the word red in Proto-Slavic and in Old Russian meant “good”, “beautiful”, and in Russian it began to denote color. The most ancient, Proto-Indo-European layer of native Russian vocabulary has correspondences in other Indo-European languages. These are some terms of kinship: mother, son, brother; animal names: wolf, goose, deer. Natural phenomena: water, moon, snow, stone. Body parts: nose, tooth, ear, eye; some actions: take, give, be, see; numbers: two, three, etc. The Proto-Slavic vocabulary is represented by a greater number and variety than the Proto-Indo-European. These are the words that correspond to Slavic languages and absent in other Indo-European ones: heart, child, spring, rain, grass, snake, saddle, work, kind, ring, yesterday, etc. There are only about 2000 words of these two layers, but they are among the most commonly used. The Old Russian layer of vocabulary consists of words , common to Russian, Ukrainian Belarusian languages ​​and absent in other Slavic languages. These are such words as, for example: uncle, spinner, samovar, lark, cheap, pockmarked, vouch, forty, ninety, etc. The words of other languages ​​used in the Rys language as regular lexical units are called foreign vocabulary. In Russian, about 10% of words are borrowed from other languages. Lekant P.A. Russian language. Tutorial. - Moscow: "Higher education", 2001. - p.48 Borrowing is based on trade, cultural, scientific ties between peoples and, as a consequence, language contacts. The overwhelming majority of foreign words were borrowed by the Russian language along with the thing, the concept: school is a Greek word, class is Latin, a briefcase is French, a knapsack is German, a pencil is Turkic, a pioneer is English, tea is Chinese, candy is Italian, tundra is Finnish. As you know, a borrowed word can denote a special kind of object, concept that existed in the Russian language. For example, the word jam from of English language means "a special kind of jam", from French, for example, a porter - “a type of service in a hotel.” The reason for borrowing words from other languages ​​\u200b\u200bmay also be the desire to replace a descriptive expression, a phrase with one word. Let's take an example: the English word sniper instead of the phrase "accurate arrow." Or, for example, motel (English word) - instead of "hotel for autotourists", tour (French word) - instead of traveling along a circular route. Foreign words penetrated the Russian language into the Russian language at different periods of its history. Some of these words came from the Old Russian language, which, in turn, could get them from Proto-Slavic. Such ancient borrowings from the Germanic languages ​​​​are, for example, prince, king, beech, carp, onion (as a plant), barn. The words knut, hook, pud, herring came to the Old Russian language from the Scandinavian languages. From Finnish - navaga, herring, salmon, fir, riga, snowstorm, tundra. Of the Turkic - Armenian, hood, shoe, sheepskin coat, horse, herd, barn, barn, chest, hero, guard. From Greek - a bed, a notebook, a ship, a sail, a beetroot, a whale, a lantern. It should be said that the borrowing of a word may not be direct, but through another language. So, many Greekisms penetrated into the Old Russian language through the Old Slavonic, words of other Eastern languages ​​were borrowed through the Turkic languages. The words beads, dagger are borrowed from Arabic. The tub, turquoise, cripple are borrowed from Persian. At a later time, Greek words penetrated through various Western European languages. Such as anatomy, geometry, philosophy, analysis, democracy, politics, drama, tragedy, architecture. Latin words: inertia, radius, student, dean, dictatorship, republic. Words from Western European languages ​​could be borrowed through Polish. For example, a bottle, a guitar, a lady, a turkey, a carriage, a market, a fruit. From the era of Peter I, the expansion of the vocabulary of the Russian language began due to borrowing from Western European languages. The terms of maritime affairs were borrowed from the Dutch language. For example, words such as boatswain, harbor, sailor, storm. And also from the English language: emergency, boat. At a later time, sports terms were borrowed from English. Let's give an example: boxing, volleyball, start, finish, champion. From German language military terms came to Russian, for example: parapet, camp, officer, soldier, bayonet. And the terms of mining, such as mine, adit, drift. The terms of art were borrowed from the French language: ballet, parterre, landscape, still life, director. Literary terms: genre, novel, feuilleton, march. Culinary: dessert, cutlet, soup, puree, stew. Clothing names: jacket, muffler, suit, coat. Musical terms entered Russian from the Italian language. For example: aria, baritone, cello, mandolin, serenade and many others. In the 1920s, the influence of vernacular, dialects, and jargons on the literary language was especially noticeable. The strengthening of the norms of the literary language, which began in the 1930s, weeded out many words that were used in various literary genres in the previous period, but some of these words remained in the literary language. In the late 1920s and 1930s, mainly English words were borrowed. Such as jazz, harvester, conveyor, container, speedometer, trolleybus. From vernacular and dialects, words such as the wilderness, milkmaid, dark, shortbread, braid, trouble, new settler, time off, ladle, comb, study entered the literary use. From jargon - junk. Blat, thug, buzz. Some of these words have lost their non-literary coloring, while others still belong to colloquial or colloquial vocabulary. Professionals also enter into literary use. In the 1920s, such words as interlayer, bow, spike, linkage, cell. In the 30s - words: gas, loading, refueling, filming, listening, shipping, rolling, sorting. In the 40s, especially in the late 40s and early 50s, due to a sharply negative attitude to throughout foreign borrowing words are rare. The process of borrowing has been activated since the second half of the 50s, mainly from the English language: scuba diving, biathlon, jeans, clip-on earrings, camping, motel, nylon, transistor, hobby, curtains and others. In the Russian language there is such a thing as internationalisms. These words are borrowed into Russian. But they are characteristic in the same sense and many other, including unrelated, languages. These words are created mainly on the basis of Greek and Latin morphemes. Internationalism words include such words as association, bureaucracy, demonstration, inertia, intellectual, classification, communism, culture, morality, nation, popular, press, proletariat, reform, specialist, telephone, utopia, civilization, energy and others. The main part of the words-internationalisms are the terms of science, technology, socio-political life, economics, literature, art, sports. In addition to the words-internationalisms in the Russian language, there is such a thing as words-tracing paper. Vorontsova V.L. Russian language. - Moscow: "Higher School", 2000. - p.148 Translated from the French “calque” - tracing paper means “copy”, “imitation”. Tracing papers are borrowings by means of literal translation. There are word-formation, semantic and phraseological tracing papers. A word-forming tracing paper is a word of the Russian language that arose as a result of a morphemic translation of a foreign word. Let's take an example: the word "alphabet" comes from the Greek word "alphabetos". Hydrogen comes from the Latin word hydrogenium. The word "subdivision" comes from the French word "subdivision". "Superman" - from the German "übermensch". "Skyscraper" comes from the English "Sky-skraper". Semantic tracing paper is the meaning of a Russian word that appeared under the influence of a foreign word due to the coincidence of their other meanings. For example, take the word "give" - ​​it means "to give something to someone." For example, give a glass of water. Under the influence of the French word "donner", the word "give" got the meaning "to arrange", that is, for example, "to give dinner." And under the influence of the German word "geben" it acquired the meaning of "teach", that is, to give a lesson. Phraseological tracing paper is a stable combination of words that arose as a result of a word-for-word translation of a foreign phraseological unit. For example: “grove Augen machen”, which in translation into Russian literally means the phrase “make big eyes”. Or the phrase “take measures” comes from the French phraseological unit “prendre des mesures”. In Russian, there is also such a thing as “phraseological half-calque”. In the phraseological semi-calculus, some of the components of a foreign phraseological unit are translated, and some are left without translation. Let's take an example. "To make a breach" comes from the French "battre en breche". That is, in this case, only the word “break through” is translated - battre, the word “gap” is left without translation “breche.” To borrowed words from foreign languages also include words-exoticisms. In the translation of the Greek language "exтikos" means "alien", "foreign". Nadel-Chervinskaya M.A. Common vocabulary. Tutorial. - Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2003 - p. 449 Exoticisms are words that are used in the Russian language and refer to the phenomena of life, life and culture of other peoples. Exoticisms are, for example, the name of monetary units: gulden, dinar, dollar, drachma, yen, krone, lira and others. Names of dwellings: wigwam, saklya, brta, yaranga. Names of villages: aul, kishlak. Items of clothing: epancha, zhupan, kimono, veil, sari, veil, turban and others. As well as positions and titles and people, as well as by their occupation and position: abbot, hidalgo, kaiser, curee, lady, policeman and others. State and public institutions: the Bundestag, the Reichstag, sporting and so on. Borrowed words can be identified by some features. In the framework of this work, we will designate only some of them. A graphic sign of borrowed words. - This is, for example, the letter "a" at the beginning of the word: August, diamond, watermelon. In addition to interjections: ah, yeah, union a. the presence of the letter "f" in the word: fact, rhyme, graph; the letter "e" - screen, element, sir; in addition to pronominal words and interjections: this, sort of, eh and other borrowed words are also distinguished by the presence of a combination of vowels at the root of the word. For example, oasis, virtuoso, kakadouble consonants in words such as bath, grammar, collective combination of consonants like z, kz. For example, zigzag, station. J - jam, loggia, bridge. Ng - penguin, slogan; letter combinations ge, ke, heh in the words coat of arms, footman, mohair. Byu, pyu, vu, mu, gyu, kyu in words, for example: bust, mash, revue, murid, guis, ditch.

phonetic signs.

unstressed vowel [o] in the words: b[o]lero, d[o]sie, m[o]derat[o];

solid double consonant before “e”, for example: mo [de] l, an [te] nna, ti [re].

Morphological features - inflexibility of nouns and adjectives. For example: coffee, pari, stew, tango, beige, burgundy, khaki.

A special place in the Russian language is occupied by such words as barbarisms. These are foreign words and expressions that are used in the Russian text, but did not enter the Russian language. Barbarisms can be transmitted graphically by means of the source language or Russian graphics. For example, homo sapiens is a reasonable person, okay - okay - everything is in order.

3. Mastering foreign words

The development of foreign words is understood as the adaptation of foreign words to Russian graphic and language norms. In the Russian language, there are the following types of development: graphic, phonetic, morphological development. Let's consider these types in more detail.

Graphic development. Graphics is a set of writing tools used to fix speech. The main means of graphics are letters, each of which has a specific meaning. The letters are combined into an alphabet. Their meanings are related to the phonemic and positional principles of graphics.

In addition to letters, non-alphabetic graphic means are also used: an accent mark, a hyphen, punctuation marks, an apostrophe; paragraph mark. The graphic development of foreign words consists in the fact that foreign words begin to be transmitted in Russian letters.

Phonetic learning. Phonetics is the study of the sound side of a language. It comes from the Greek word phnz, which means "sound". Chernov A.I. Phonetics of the Russian language. Tutorial. - Moscow: Moscow State University, 2000. - p.115 This is a science that studies sounds and their regular alternations, as well as stress, intonation, the division of a sound stream into syllables and larger segments. Phonetics is also called the very sound side of the language.

As for the phonetic mastering of borrowed words, this is the adaptation of a foreign word to the norms of Russian pronunciation. Other people's sounds are replaced by their own. So, for example, the sound [h] that is absent in the Russian language is replaced by similar [g] and [x] or discarded. For example, duke is German Herzog, hall is English hall, cheers is German hurra.

The sound [l] is transmitted as [l "] or [l]: currency - Italian valuta, cocktail - English coctail, score - French ball.

Russian [r] replaces the corresponding sounds of English, French, German and other languages ​​that differ from it.

Nasal vowels are replaced by non-nasal ones; voiced consonants are replaced by voiceless consonants at the end of a word.

The pronunciation in the borrowed word of sounds that are absent in the Russian language in general in this position, for example, unstressed "o" or soft "zh": jury. This indicates his incomplete phonetic development.

Morphological development. Morphology is a part of the grammatical structure of a language, which is a system of morphological categories that reflect the grammatical properties of words and their forms. The morphological structure of the modern Russian language is characterized as a system of a synthetic-analytical type. On the other hand, morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies the grammatical properties of words.

Morphological mastering of foreign words leads to their acquisition grammatical meanings, characteristic of the Russian language, and the ability to change, that is, to decline or conjugate, according to the laws of Russian morphology. At the same time, foreign words can receive Russian affixes. For example: terrace - from the French terasse, pathetic - from the French pathetique, rocket - from the German Rakete.

In the process of morphological assimilation of a borrowed word, its gender may change. For example, the Greek words politika, problema are neuter, while the Russian words politics and problema are feminine. The number may be rethought. For example, in Russian, the borrowed words curl, rail, coconut go back to plural forms, for example, the German word Locken (singular Locke), English rails (singular rail). The belonging of a word to one or another part of speech can change.

When mastered, the phrase can turn into one word. For example, the Latin word res publica - a public affair - in Russian is a republic; Latin phrase pro forma - for form - proforma.

Morphological development of a foreign word may not go to the end: some borrowed nouns and adjectives do not decline in Russian. For example, bolero, cafe, kangaroo, hummingbird, beige, extra and others.

In the process of mastering a foreign word, its semantic structure often changes. Thus, the process of narrowing the values ​​can take place. For example, the English word "sport" has many different meanings - sport, hunting, fishing, fan, dandy, entertainment, joke, fun and others.

In the Russian word sport, only the first meaning has been established, that is, the word means precisely sport.

The French word nocturne, in addition to the meaning "kind of musical work", which has also passed into Russian word nocturne, there are other meanings - night, all-night.

The meanings of words can expand. For example, the French orangerie - a greenhouse for growing oranges - a greenhouse, a greenhouse.

4. Orthoepic norms of borrowed words

Orthoepy is a set of norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences. Among these norms, pronunciation norms differ. With a broader understanding of orthoepy, it also includes the formation of variant grammatical forms. Orthoepy is also called a section of linguistics that studies the functioning of such norms and develops pronunciation recommendations - orthoepic rules.

As for the orthoepic norms of borrowed words, it should be said that they have their own characteristics.

In some borrowed words, the pronunciation of an unstressed [o] is allowed: adagio, bolero, dossier, cocoa, credo, poet, poetic, radio, rococo, solfeggio, trio, foyer and others. Often [o] is pronounced in proper names: Flaubert, Chopin, Borneo. But the pronunciation of such [o] in almost all these words is not necessary. Compare, for example, you can say p[o]et and p[a]et, b[o]lero and b[b]lero. In most loanwords implemented in accordance with Russian phonetic norms: k[a] style, v[b] label, piano [b]. The pronunciation of unstressed [o] in the words aroma, glass, station, suit, progress, novel, piano and others is considered archaic or mannered.

In loanwords according to<э>in an unstressed position, various sounds are pronounced depending on the mastery of the word in Russian. In words that retain a literary character, at the beginning of a word and after a solid consonant, [e] is pronounced: Evenk, equipment, excavator, extract, embryo, asteroid, businessman, corps de ballet, tender, andante. In foreign words, fully mastered by the Russian language, the pronunciation [ie] is possible at the beginning of the word: [ie] economics, [ie] migrant, [ie] tazh. After a solid consonant in the first pre-stressed syllable [yb]: at [yb] lie, but [yb] rbrod; in other unstressed syllables [b]: alt [b] native, mod [b] rnization. In this regard, there is a neutralization of "e" and "and" in unstressed syllables at the beginning of the word - they are pronounced the same way, for example: "left the frame" and "the squadron left"; “and the crane was moved” and “the screen was moved”; after paired hard consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable.

Previously, there was a regularity in the Russian language: before “e” there could only be soft consonants, except for sh, zh, ts. Therefore, in borrowed words, before "e", hard consonants were replaced by paired soft ones. Now this regularity is lost; in many borrowed words, only hard consonants are pronounced: antenna, business, steak, delta, cabaret, cafe, scarf, code, model, hotel, partner, pastel, poetess, mash, dash, etc. In some words, a double pronunciation is acceptable - with a hard and soft consonant. In many words, only a soft consonant is pronounced. The pronunciation of a solid consonant before "e" in words such as pool, beige, brunette, museum, pioneer, rail, term, plywood is erroneous.

Inside the morpheme, in accordance with the spelling of two identical consonants, both long and consonant and short can be pronounced. So, a long consonant is pronounced in the words bonna, gross, bath, vassal, ghetto, cash desk, madonna, mass, mullah. The short consonant is much more common than the long consonant. It is pronounced in the words appendicitis, certificate, attraction, balloon and so on.

Conclusion

As a result, it should be said that not only grammatical and phonetic system each language is individual. The vocabulary of the language is also individual. This also applies to foreign language vocabulary. Due to the fact that vocabulary does not exist “by itself”, but in the structure of the language, that is, it is subject to the phonetic and grammatical norms of the language, regardless of its origin, the individuality of lexical systems different languages due to different ways of development figurative meanings in every single language.

Let us say once again that the main function of language is to be a tool of communication for everyone who wants, can and must use it in order to be a member of this society.

In this work, we have set a goal - to consider the problems of using foreign words in the Russian language. In the process of work, we have achieved the goal. Having studied how borrowed words are defined, what are their features, what are they, they gave several definitions to such concepts as foreign vocabulary, internationalisms and other words.

We got acquainted with the history of the origin of foreign words and their use in modern Russian, thus we solved the tasks assigned to us.

Andreev A.R. Russian language. Terminology and research. - Moscow: "Polygraphic resources", 2001. - 489s.

Vorontsova V.L. Russian language. Tutorial. - Moscow: "Higher School", 2000. - 431s.

Kasatkin L.P. Reference book on the modern Russian language. - Moscow: "Higher School", 2000. - 987s.

Lekant P.A. Russian language. - Moscow: "Higher School", 2001. - 595s.

Nadel-Chervinskaya M.A. Common vocabulary. Tutorial. - Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2003. - 700s.

Chernov A.I. Phonetics of the Russian language. Tutorial. - Moscow: Moscow State University, 2000. - 312s.

The Russian language is rich and powerful, and this wealth is constantly growing. And often new words come from other languages. Today we will tell you about the most frequently used words of English origin in Russian. You will find that you already know more than a hundred words in English without even studying them specifically.

Let's see what concepts regarding the names of clothing items and the world of fashion have come to us from the English language.

The cuisine of English-speaking people is hundreds of goodies and goodies, so our domestic hostesses also prepare all kinds of overseas dishes. Here are the words and dishes that enriched the Russian language thanks to English:

English is the international language most often used in high-level business negotiations. The terminology of the business world is based on words of English origin, so if you work in the field of economics, management, marketing and finance, you already know hundreds English words. Let's take a look at the most commonly used ones:

The vocabulary of sports fans consists almost entirely of English borrowings, so it can be said that fans not only learn sports terms, but also expand their vocabulary of English language. See what words from the world of sports English has given us.

In the IT field, almost all words are taken from English. We will list the most frequently used ones here, and you can read about the rest in the articles of our teachers “Ok, Google, or Everything about gadgets and devices in English” and “Computer basics or how to survive in cyberspace. Basic computer concepts in English".

Of course, it is difficult to place in one article all the words we have taken from the English language. Below we present some of the most frequently used borrowed concepts. We think that every person has used these words at least once in their life.

We also invite you to watch a video about the words that came to Russian from English.

These are the words of English origin in Russian that we often use in our speech. Now you know their origin and also understand them true meaning. However, there are many more such borrowings from English in Russian. Do you know any words that came to us from English? Share your observations in the comments.

In recent years, the Russian language has been intensively replenished with borrowed words. This is because the country has entered a new socio-political formation, as well as free market relations. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It can be said without exaggeration that there was a linguistic explosion. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of contacts, relationships between peoples and states.

The presence in one language of words from other languages ​​and their use in speech is an objective reality. The number of such words is constantly increasing due to the penetration of new words and the expansion of the scope of old ones, used in a narrow sense.

Unfortunately, when using borrowed words, many mistakes are made (spelling, orthoepic, grammatical, lexical), which are explained special position foreign words: in a new language for themselves, they have weak family ties (or do not have them at all), so their root for most native speakers is confusing, the meaning is unclear, but their modernity is felt compared to familiar Russian or borrowed words that have long been mastered.

The most common type of error is associated with the unreasonable use of a foreign word, which does not introduce anything new in comparison with its Russian or a borrowed synonym that has long been mastered. For example, “The presentation of the perfume took place last Friday; The perfume sold well." If the word "perfume" has the meaning of a particular type of perfume, or denotes some class of perfumery, which includes the perfume in question, a comment should be made; if the word "perfume" is used in its direct meaning of "perfume", then the need for its use in this text is highly doubtful.

Another type of error is the stringing of borrowed words, which can “stun” the reader with the scientific presentation. For example, "There should be a selection of property profitability." The difficulty of understanding is associated with the use of two borrowed words in a row, and each of them is used incorrectly. The word "breeding" means "a section of agronomy and livestock science that deals with the breeding of new varieties and breeds (selection method)". The word "profitability" means "the property to be cost-effective (profitable, profitable)." Apparently, the word “selection” is used here, in its direct translation from English as “selection”, but such a meaning has not yet been formed in Russian, in addition, it is not combined with the word denoting “property”, therefore, such a use is perceived like a logical fallacy. It should be written: "There should be a selection of the most cost-effective (profitable) types of property."

Very often ignorance of the exact meaning of a borrowed word leads to errors. For example, "Crime and Punishment" is a cult novel by Dostoevsky. The word "cult" has two meanings:

1. an adjective to the word "cult" in the sense of "service to a deity and related actions, rituals" (cult objects);

2. widely known, popular; causing the worship of his adherents (cult film).

It is obvious that in the above phrase the word "cult" is used in the sense of the word "popular", which is incorrect. It should be written: "Crime and Punishment" is a popular novel.

Most pleonastic combinations occur precisely when borrowed words are used. For example: “short briefing” (“short” is included in the meaning of the word “briefing”, therefore it is superfluous), “landscape” (the word “locality” is superfluous), “top priority” (the word “main” is superfluous).

The borrowed word, which has a Russian synonym, is usually higher in style (somewhat more official), so it is not well suited for interpersonal confidential communication, for describing the inner world of a person, his feelings, moods. Foreign words are more suitable for information about political events, scientific phenomena, for communication between organizations and states. For example, an alliance is an alliance: an alliance of liberals and democrats, an alliance of the governments of Moscow and the Moscow region, but an alliance of hearts, an alliance of friends. Thus, borrowed words have a stylistically more limited use than their Russian synonyms. Ignoring this feature of borrowed words leads to stylistic errors. For example, “Literature itself as a total value is under threat”, where instead of the word “total” one should use the words “universal” or “eternal”.

Among borrowings there is a special group of words denoting concepts that are characteristic of a completely specific country (a number of countries) or people. Such borrowings are called exoticisms. For example, prairies are flat steppe spaces in North America, and savannas are plains in South America and Africa covered with grassy vegetation, among which groups of trees and shrubs are scattered. Exoticisms are quite appropriate in texts describing the reality with which these words are correlated (here it is necessary to ensure that the prairies do not end up in South America, and the savannas - in North).

The Russian text also contains foreign inclusions and barbarisms. Foreign inclusions are words, phrases, sentences in a foreign language of one-time use. Acquiring a regular character and taking shape in Cyrillic, they become barbarisms, for example: happy end (happy end), weekend (week end), shop (from shop - shop). For many foreign words, barbarism is the first stage of entry into the language (show, marketing). But a word or expression can be fixed in the language precisely as barbarism, while having a Russian synonym, for example: nihil - nothing, tête-à-tête - alone. It is necessary to distinguish between the use of barbarisms to describe non-Russian reality, when they act as a characterological means, similar in function to exoticisms, and to describe Russian reality. The first, if they are not widely known, are accompanied by explanations. When describing Russian reality, barbarisms are used exclusively as an expressive means (Vivat, Russia!) and are not allowed in strictly informative texts.

I would also like to note that the incorrect use of borrowed words leads to the following errors:

1. Violation of orthoepic norms.

This section includes errors in the pronunciation of borrowings, as well as incorrect placement of stress in foreign words. For example, "expert instead of expert, kv" artal instead of quart "al, cat" alog instead of catal "og", kilo "meters instead of kilo" meters.

2. Violation of spelling norms. For example, the word "billiard" instead of "billiards".

3. Violation of grammatical norms. For example, "two shampoos", "two shoes" is the wrong gender.

4. Violation of the norms of word compatibility. For example, "Only here there were interesting nuances."