Functional language styles examples. Speech styles

The word "style" goes back to the Greek noun "style" - the so-called stick, which was used to write on a board covered with wax. Over time, style began to be called handwriting, the manner of writing, a set of methods of using language tools. The functional styles of the language got this name because they perform the most important functions, being a means of communication, communicating certain information and influencing the listener or reader.

Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially conscious systems of speech means used in a particular area of communication and correlated with a particular area. professional activity. language text genre colloquial

In the modern Russian literary language, book functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business, which appear mainly in written form of speech, and colloquial, which is mainly characterized by oral speech.

Some scholars single out artistic (fictional) as a functional style, that is, the language of fiction. However, this point of view raises fair objections. Writers in their works use the whole variety of linguistic means, so that artistic speech is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. On the contrary, artistic speech is devoid of any stylistic isolation, its specificity depends on the characteristics of individual author's styles. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “The concept of style as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles, and even journalistic and scientific styles. The language of national fiction is not fully correlated with other styles, types or varieties of literary and colloquial speech. He uses them, includes them, but in peculiar combinations and in a functionally transformed form.

Each functional style is a complex system covering all language levels: pronunciation of words, lexical and phraseological composition of speech, morphological means and syntactic constructions. All these linguistic features of functional styles will be described in detail when characterizing each of them. Now we will focus only on the most obvious means of distinguishing between functional styles - on their vocabulary.

The functional style of speech is a peculiar character of speech of one or another social variety, corresponding to a certain sphere of social activity and, in relation to it, the form of consciousness, created by the peculiarities of the functioning of language means and a specific speech organization in this area, bearing a certain stylistic coloring, - says N.M. Kozhin.

There are following functional styles:

1) scientific;
2) technical;
3) official business;
4) newspaper and journalistic;
5) colloquial and everyday. Functional styles are divided into two groups related to types of speech.

The first group (scientific, journalistic, official business) is represented by a monologue.

The second group (conversational style) is characterized by dialogic speech.

It is necessary to use the stylistic system of the Russian language very carefully. It is necessary to subtly feel moderation in the use of styles. A combination of various styles is used in fiction to create a certain effect (including comic).

Possession of functional styles is a necessary element of the speech culture of every person.

Most often, styles are compared on the basis of their lexical content, since it is in the field of vocabulary that the difference between them is most noticeable.

The style-forming factor is expressed in the fact that the style is chosen by the speaking or writing individual, he is guided by his sense of style and the expectation of the audience, the expectation of the direct listener. In addition to understandable words, it is necessary to choose a style of speech that is understandable and expected by the audience.

Style can also represent a single word, it can be neutral in style, it can be stylistically brightly colored. This may be a combination of words that does not have a pronounced emotional coloring, but the combination of words and intonation give out the mood of a person.

The scientific style, technical style and formal business style should not have a bright emotional coloring, the words should be extremely neutral, which is most appropriate in this area and meets the expectations and tastes of the audience.

Spoken words are opposed to book vocabulary. Words of colloquial style are distinguished by greater semantic capacity and brilliance, give speech liveliness and expressiveness.

The style of the language is its variety, which serves any side of public life:

1) everyday communication;
2) official business relationship;
3) propaganda and mass activities;
4) science;
5) verbal and artistic creativity.

The language style is characterized by the following features:

1) the purpose of communication;
2) a set of language means and forms (genres).

In book speech are used:

1) scientific style;
2) journalistic style;
3) official business style;
4) artistic style.

Scientific style is used to communicate, explain scientific results. The forms of this style are dialogue, monologue, report, scientific debate.

A feature is the use of terms, special phraseology, complex syntactic constructions.

The official business style is used in the correspondence of citizens with institutions, institutions with each other, etc.

Its purpose is to provide accurate information of practical importance, to give precise recommendations and instructions.

Genres of formal business style:

1) articles of association;
2) code;
3) law;
4) decree;
5) order;
6) power of attorney;
7) receipt;
8) act;
9) protocol;
10) instruction;
11) application;
12) report.

Journalistic style is used in the socio-political sphere of life. Its purpose is to communicate information, to influence listeners and readers.

1) publicistic article;
2) essay;
3) essay.

Artistic style is used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its goal is to draw a living picture, depict an object or events, convey the author's emotions to the reader, influence the feelings and thoughts of the listener and reader with the help of the created images.

Characteristic

To avoid confusion with language styles, functional styles are sometimes referred to as language genres, functional varieties of language. Each functional style has its own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. There are five main varieties of functional speech styles that differ in the conditions and goals of communication in some area of social activity: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, artistic.

scientific style

Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The sphere of use of this style is science and scientific journals, scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field can act as text message recipients; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc.

Its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and real nouns.

Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. His genres are Research Article, educational literature, monograph, school essay, etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (unambiguity).

Formal business style

Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (the field of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style serves to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations.

This style exists more often in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.

Style features - imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.

Journalistic style

Journalistic style serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality.

This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

It is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving).

The task is to provide information about the life of the country, to influence the masses, to form a certain attitude towards public affairs

Style features - logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal.

Conversational style

The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. Differs in great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives speech liveliness and expressiveness.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, environment.

Language means of conversational style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with subjective evaluation suffixes; the use of incomplete sentences, introductory words, address words, interjections, modal particles, repetitions. Genres-dialogue, personal letters, personal notes, telephone

Art style

The art style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

Genres - epic, lyric, drama, epic, novel, story, story, fairy tale, fable, ode, anthem, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message, poem, ballad, tragedy, comedy, drama (in the narrow sense).

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See what "Functional Speech Style" is in other dictionaries:

functional type of speech- See: functional style...

Functional type of speech- See: Functional style...

Functional style, or functional type of language, functional type of speech- - this is a historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a specific character (its own speech system - see), formed as a result of the implementation of special principles for the selection and combination of language means, this ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

functional style- (functional variety of language, functional type of speech) Historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a speech system, a specific character that has developed as a result of the implementation of special principles ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

functional style- (functional variety of language, functional type of speech) A historically established, socially conscious speech variety that has a speech system, a specific character that has developed as a result of the implementation of special ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

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functional style- Functional style is a kind of literary language in which the language appears in one or another socially significant area of social speech practice of people and the features of which are determined by the peculiarities of communication in this area. The presence of F. s. ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

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Books

A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language: General concepts of stylistics. Colloquial and everyday style of speech, Vasilyeva A.N .. This book is part of a course of lectures on functional stylistics of the Russian language. It contains general characteristics functional styles, their relationships and interconnections, ...

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Functional styles in relation to colloquial speech and artistic speech- - see Artistic style of speech, or artistically pictorial, artistically fiction; Conversational style...

This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and removed. You can ... Wikipedia

Main article: Functional styles of speech Scientific style is a functional style of speech, a literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary reflection on the statement, monologue, strict selection of language means, ... ... Wikipedia

Artistic style of speech, or artistic and graphic, artistic and fiction- - one of the functional styles (see), characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of H. s. R. – contextual translation of the word concept into the word image; specific stylistic trait - ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

SPEECH DEVELOPMENT at school- purposeful ped. activities to form the speech of students, arming schoolchildren with practical skills. ownership of native lit. language as a means of communication. In the course of work on R. r. students master pronunciation, lexical, morphological. and… … Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Books

Russian language. Culture of speech, T. E. Timoshenko. AT study guide the characteristic of the language as a sign system of information transfer is given; functions, basic units and types of communication are considered; functional styles of speech are described; presented… electronic book
functional styles. Textbook, Shenikova Elena Viktorovna. The textbook presents a description of the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language, identified within the framework of the classical system of five styles. The guide is for…

2. Purpose: deepen work on the definition of speech styles; learn to find elements in texts that indicate style; independently draw conclusions and justify their answers; develop the ability to use socio-political vocabulary, means of journalistic style, emotional impact on the listener, reader;

3. Learning objectives:

The student must know:

- develop logical thinking, memory, ability to analyze; develop self-control skills; develop the ability to highlight the main thing from the text and generalize the material received; develop vocabulary skills.

The student must be able to:

- practical knowledge of the modern Russian literary language in various areas of the functioning of the Russian language, in its written and oral varieties; mastering new knowledge and skills in this area and improving existing ones, deepening the understanding of the main characteristic properties of the Russian language as a means of communication and information transfer;

4. Main questions of the topic:

1. General characteristics of functional speech styles.

General characteristics of functional speech styles

Functional speech styles- a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

scientific style

Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The scope of this style is science, the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, training, etc. Its main function is to communicate information, as well as to prove its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and material nouns.

Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. Its genres are a scientific article, educational literature, a monograph, a school essay, etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (unambiguity), clarity, and generalization.

Formal business style

Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations. This style exists more often in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue.

Journalistic style

Journalistic style

serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, appraisal, invocativeness. This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee. It is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving). The task is to provide information about the life of the country, influence the masses, form a certain attitude to public affairs

Art style

Artistic style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

Conversational style

Conversational style serves primarily for direct communication with the people around us. It is characterized by ease and unpreparedness of speech. Colloquial words are often used in it (young instead of newlyweds, start instead of start, now instead of now, etc.), words in figurative meaning(window means ‘break’). Words in a colloquial style often not only name objects, actions, signs, but also contain their assessment: good fellow, dodger, careless, take a nap, be smart, cheerful. The syntax of the colloquial style is characterized by the use simple sentences. Incomplete sentences are widely presented in it, since colloquial speech is most often a dialogue.

scientific style is a style scientific works, articles, textbooks, lectures, reviews. They contain information about various phenomena of the world around us. In the field of vocabulary, the scientific style is characterized primarily by the presence of special vocabulary, terms (declension, conjugation, theorem, bisector, logarithm, etc.). Words are used, as a rule, in their direct meanings, since scientific speech does not allow ambiguity and must be extremely accurate.

Formal business style serves a wide area of legal, administrative, diplomatic relations. Its main purpose is information, communication. This style is used when writing various documents, instructions, charters, etc. The words in it are used in their direct meaning in order to avoid their misinterpretation. In the vocabulary of this style, there are many words and stable combinations assigned specifically to this style: petition, statement, resolution, order, protocol, appeal, sue, initiate a case; We, the undersigned. Frequent in the syntax of this style are impersonal sentences with the meaning of necessity, order (it is necessary to urgently prepare, measures should be taken, etc.).

Journalistic style- this is the style of newspapers, speeches on current socio-political topics. The most common genres of journalism include editorial, correspondence, essay, speech at a rally, meeting, etc. In the works of journalism, two tasks are usually set: firstly, a message, information about certain social phenomena or acts, and, secondly - an open assessment of the issues raised in order to actively influence the listener or reader, in order to attract the interlocutor to support the position taken and defended by the author.

The vocabulary of this style contains many words and phraseological turns of a socio-political nature: progressive humanity, the struggle for peace, advanced ideas.

Art style used in works of art to paint a picture, depict an object or event, convey the author's emotions to the reader. Statements of the artistic style are distinguished by figurativeness, visualization, and emotionality. The characteristic language means of styles include words with a specific meaning, words in figurative use, emotional-evaluative words, words with the meaning of an attribute, object or action, words with the meaning of comparison, comparison; perfect form verbs with a prefix for-, denoting the beginning of the action, figurative use of forms of time and moods (Akim fall in love with this Dunyasha!), Emotionally colored sentences: Suddenly, something broke in the stagnant air, the wind blew violently and , whistled around the steppe. Immediately, the grass and last year's weeds raised a murmur, and dust swirled in a spiral on the road, ran across the steppe and, dragging straw, dragonflies and feathers, rose to the sky in a black spinning pillar and clouded the sun (A. Chekhov).

The language of fiction is the most complete expression of the national language. In works of fiction, the artist of the word enjoys almost unlimited freedom in the choice of linguistic means to create the most convincing, memorable images, for an aesthetic impact on the reader. Therefore, the language of fiction is able to include all the richness of the literary and popular language.

Conversational style used for direct everyday communication in different fields of activity: everyday, unofficial, professional and others. True, there is one feature: in everyday life, the conversational style has oral and written forms, and in professional field- oral only. Compare: colloquial lexical units - reading room, teacher, spur and neutral - reading room, teacher, cheat sheet. In written speech of professional content, colloquial vocabulary is unacceptable.

Speaking- speech is not codified, it is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, concreteness, informality. Conversational style does not always require strict logic, sequence of presentation. But it is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of expressions, subjective-evaluative character, arbitrariness, simplicity, even some familiarity of tone.

In conversational style, the following genres are distinguished: friendly conversation, private conversation, note, private letter, personal diary.

In terms of language, colloquial speech is distinguished by an abundance of emotionally colored, expressive vocabulary, the so-called condensate words (evenings - “Evening Moscow”) and doublet words (freezer - evaporator in the refrigerator). It is characterized by appeals, diminutive words, free word order in sentences. At the same time, sentences that are simpler in construction are more often used than in other styles: incompleteness, incompleteness make up their feature, which is possible due to the transparency of the speech situation (for example: Where are you? - In the tenth .; Well, what? - Passed!). They often contain subtext, irony, humor. Colloquial speech carries a lot of phraseological turns, comparisons, proverbs, sayings. It tends to constantly update and rethink linguistic means, the emergence of new forms and meanings.

Academician L.V. Shcherba called colloquial speech "a forge in which verbal innovations are forged." Spoken language enriches book styles with lively, fresh words and phrases. In turn, book speech has a certain effect on colloquial speech: it disciplines it, gives it a more normalized character.

One more feature of the conversational style should be noted: for him great importance has knowledge of speech etiquette both in written and oral form. In addition, for oral colloquial speech, it is very important to take into account the specifics of extralinguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, tone, environment. This is the general characteristic of the colloquial-everyday style.