Treatment of osteochondrosis of the cervical spine drugs massage exercise therapy orthopedic products physiotherapy. Vascular lacuna As well as other works that may interest you

Behind the inguinal ligament are the muscular and vascular lacunae, which are separated by the iliopectineal arch. The arc is thrown from the inguinal ligament to the iliopubic eminence.

muscle gap located laterally from this arc, bounded in front and above by the inguinal ligament, behind - ilium, on the medial side - iliopectineal arch. Through the muscle gap from the cavity of the large pelvis to the anterior region of the thigh, the iliopsoas muscle exits along with the femoral nerve.

Vascular lacuna located medially from the iliopectineal arch; it is limited in front and above by the inguinal ligament, behind and below by the pectinate ligament, on the lateral side by the iliopectineal arch, and on the medial side by the lacunar ligament. Pass through the vascular lacuna femoral artery and vein, lymphatic vessels.

FEMORAL CANAL

On the anterior surface of the thigh femoral triangle (Scarpa's triangle), bounded at the top by the inguinal ligament, on the lateral side by the sartorius muscle, medially by the long adductor muscle. Within the femoral triangle, under the superficial sheet of the fascia lata, a well-defined iliopectineal groove (fossa) is visible, bounded on the medial side by the pectinate, and on the lateral side by the iliopsoas muscles covered by the iliopectineal fascia (deep plate of the wide fascia of the thigh) . In the distal direction, this groove continues into the so-called femoral groove, on the medial side it is limited by the long and large adductor muscles, and on the lateral side - by the medial broad muscle of the thigh. Below, at the top of the femoral triangle, the femoral groove passes into the adductor canal, the inlet of which is hidden under the tailor's muscle.

femoral canal is formed in the region of the femoral triangle during the development of a femoral hernia. This is a short section medial to the femoral vein, extending from the femoral inner ring to the subcutaneous fissure, which, in the presence of a hernia, becomes the external opening of the canal. The inner femoral ring is located in the medial part of the vascular lacunae. Its walls are in front - the inguinal ligament, behind - the pectinate ligament, medially - the lacunar ligament, laterally - the femoral vein. From the side abdominal cavity the femoral ring is closed by a section of the transverse fascia of the abdomen. At the femoral canal, 3 walls are distinguished: the anterior - inguinal ligament and the upper horn of the falciform edge of the wide fascia of the thigh fused with it, the lateral - the femoral vein, the posterior - a deep plate of the wide fascia covering the comb muscle.

Control questions for the lecture:

1. Anatomy of the abdominal muscles: attachment and function.

2. Anatomy of the white line of the abdomen.

3. Relief of the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall.

4. The process of formation of the inguinal canal in connection with the lowering of the gonad.

5. The structure of the inguinal canal.

6. The process of formation of direct and oblique inguinal hernias.

7. Structure of lacunae: vascular and muscular; scheme.

8. The structure of the femoral canal.

Lecture No. 9

Soft core.

The purpose of the lecture. To acquaint students with the current state of the issue of connective tissue structures of the human body.

lecture plan:

1. general characteristics soft core. Classification of human fasciae.

2. General characteristics of the distribution of fascial formations in the human body.

3. The main patterns of the distribution of fascial formations in the limbs of a person.

4. Clinical significance of fascial cases; the role of domestic scientists in their study.

The history of the study of fascial cases of muscles, vessels and nerves begins with the work of the brilliant Russian surgeon and topographic anatomist N.I. Pirogov, who, on the basis of a study of cuts of frozen corpses, revealed topographic and anatomical patterns in the structure of vascular fascial sheaths, which he summarized in three laws:

1. All main vessels and nerves have connective tissue sheaths.
2. On a transverse section of the limb, these sheaths have the shape of a trihedral prism, one of the walls of which is simultaneously the posterior wall of the fascial sheath of the muscle.
3. The top of the vascular sheath is directly or indirectly connected with the bone.

Compaction of the own fascia of muscle groups leads to the formation aponeuroses. The aponeurosis holds the muscles in a certain position, determines the lateral resistance and increases the support and strength of the muscles. P.F. Lesgaft wrote that "the aponeurosis is as independent an organ as the bone is independent, which makes up a solid and strong stance. human body, and its flexible continuation is fascia." Fascial formations should be considered as a soft, flexible skeleton of the human body, complementing the bone skeleton, which plays a supporting role. Therefore, it was called the soft skeleton of the human body.

A correct understanding of the fascia and aponeuroses is the basis for understanding the dynamics of the spread of hematoma in trauma, the development of deep phlegmon, and also for substantiating case novocaine anesthesia.

I. D. Kirpatovsky defines fasciae as thin translucent connective tissue membranes that cover some organs, muscles and blood vessels and form cases for them.

Under aponeuroses This refers to denser connective tissue plates, "tendon sprains", consisting of tendon fibers adjacent to each other, often serving as a continuation of the tendons and delimiting anatomical formations from each other, such as, for example, the palmar and plantar aponeuroses. The aponeuroses are tightly fused with the fascial plates covering them, which beyond their boundaries form a continuation of the walls of the fascial sheaths.

CLASSIFICATION OF FASCIA

According to the structural and functional features, superficial fascia, deep fascia and organ fascia are distinguished.
Superficial (subcutaneous) fasciae , fasciae superficiales s. subcutaneae, lie under the skin and represent induration subcutaneous tissue, surround the entire musculature of this area, are morphologically and functionally connected with the subcutaneous tissue and skin, and together with them provide elastic support for the body. The superficial fascia forms a sheath for the entire body as a whole.

deep fasciae, fasciae profundae, cover a group of synergistic muscles (i.e., performing a homogeneous function) or each individual muscle (own fascia, fascia propria). If the muscle's own fascia is damaged, the latter protrudes in this place, forming a muscle hernia.

Own fascia(fascia of organs) cover and isolate a separate muscle or organ, forming a case.

Own fasciae, separating one muscle group from another, give deep processes, intermuscular septa, septa intermuscularia, penetrating between adjacent muscle groups and attaching to the bones, as a result of which each muscle group and individual muscles have their own fascial beds. So, for example, the own fascia of the shoulder gives to humerus external and internal intermuscular septa, resulting in the formation of two muscle beds: the anterior one for the flexor muscles and the posterior one for the extensor muscles. At the same time, the internal muscular septum, splitting into two sheets, forms two walls of the sheath of the neurovascular bundle of the shoulder.

Own fascia of the forearm, being a case of the first order, gives off intermuscular septa, dividing the forearm into three fascial spaces: superficial, medium and deep. These fascial spaces have three corresponding cellular gaps. The superficial cellular space is located under the fascia of the first layer of muscles; the middle cellular gap extends between the ulnar flexor and the deep flexor of the hand; distally, this cellular gap passes into the deep space described by P.I. Pirogov. The median cellular space is connected with the ulnar region and with the median cellular space of the palmar surface of the hand along the median nerve.

In the end, according to V. V. Kovanov, “ fascial formations should be considered as a flexible skeleton of the human body, significantly complementing the bone skeleton, which, as you know, plays a supporting role. "Detailing this provision, we can say that in functional terms fasciae act as a flexible tissue support especially muscles. All parts of the human flexible skeleton are built from the same histological elements - collagen and elastic fibers - and differ from each other only in their quantitative content and orientation of the fibers. In the aponeuroses, the connective tissue fibers have a strict direction and are grouped into 3-4 layers; in the fascia, there are a significantly smaller number of layers of oriented collagen fibers. If we consider the fascia in layers, then the superficial fascia are an appendage of the subcutaneous tissue, they contain the saphenous veins and cutaneous nerves; own fascia of the limbs are strong connective tissue formations covering the muscles of the limbs.

FASCIA OF THE ABDOMINAL

Three fasciae are distinguished on the abdomen: superficial, proper and transverse.

superficial fascia separates the abdominal muscles from the subcutaneous tissue in the upper sections is weakly expressed.

own fascia(fascia propria) forms three plates: superficial, medium and deep. surface plate covers the outside of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen and is most strongly developed. In the region of the superficial ring of the inguinal canal, the connective tissue fibers of this plate form interpeduncular fibers (fibrae intercrurales). Attached to the outer lip of the iliac crest and to the inguinal ligament, the superficial plate covers the spermatic cord and continues into the fascia of the muscle that lifts the testicle (fascia cremasterica). Medium and deep plates own fascia cover the front and back of the internal oblique muscle of the abdomen, are less pronounced.

transverse fascia(fascia transversalis) covers the inner surface of the transverse muscle, and below the navel covers the back of the rectus abdominis muscle. At the level of the lower border of the abdomen, it is attached to the inguinal ligament and the inner lip of the iliac crest. The transverse fascia lines the anterior and lateral walls of the abdominal cavity from the inside, forming most of the intra-abdominal fascia (fascia endoabdominalis). Medially, at the lower segment of the white line of the abdomen, it is reinforced with longitudinally oriented bundles, which form the so-called support of the white line. This fascia, lining the walls of the abdominal cavity from the inside, according to the formations that it covers, receives special names (fascia diaphragmatica, fascia psoatis, fascia iliaca).

Case structure of the fascia.

The superficial fascia forms a kind of case for the entire human body as a whole. Own fasciae make up cases for individual muscles and organs. The case principle of the structure of fascial receptacles is characteristic of the fascia of all parts of the body (torso, head and limbs) and organs of the abdominal, thoracic and pelvic cavities; especially in detail it was studied in relation to the limbs by N. I. Pirogov.

Each section of the limb has several cases, or fascial bags, located around one bone (on the shoulder and thigh) or two (on the forearm and lower leg). So, for example, in the proximal forearm, 7-8 fascial cases can be distinguished, and in the distal - 14.

Distinguish main case (case of the first order), formed by the fascia going around the entire limb, and second order cases containing various muscles, vessels and nerves. The theory of N. I. Pirogov about the sheath structure of the fascia of the extremities is important for understanding the spread of purulent streaks, blood during hemorrhage, as well as for local (case) anesthesia.

In addition to the sheath structure of the fascia, recently there has been an idea of fascial nodes , which play a supporting and restrictive role. The supporting role is expressed in the connection of the fascial nodes with the bone or periosteum, due to which the fascia contribute to the traction of the muscles. Fascial nodes strengthen the sheaths of blood vessels and nerves, glands, etc., promoting blood and lymph flow.

The restrictive role is manifested in the fact that the fascial nodes delimit some fascial cases from others and delay the progress of pus, which spreads unhindered when the fascial nodes are destroyed.

Allocate fascial nodes:

1) aponeurotic (lumbar);

2) fascial-cellular;

3) mixed.

Surrounding the muscles and separating them from each other, fasciae contribute to their isolated contraction. Thus, the fasciae both separate and connect the muscles. According to the strength of the muscle, the fascia that covers it also thickens. Above the neurovascular bundles, the fasciae thicken, forming tendon arches.

Deep fascia, which form the integument of organs, in particular, the own fascia of the muscles, are fixed on the skeleton intermuscular septa or fascial nodes. With the participation of these fascia, the sheaths of the neurovascular bundles are built. These formations, as if continuing the skeleton, serve as a support for organs, muscles, blood vessels, nerves and are an intermediate link between fiber and aponeuroses, so they can be considered as the soft skeleton of the human body.

Have the same meaning synovial bags , bursae synoviales, located in various places under the muscles and tendons, mainly near their attachment. Some of them, as has been pointed out in arthrology, are connected to the articular cavity. In those places where the tendon of the muscle changes its direction, the so-called block, trochlea, through which the tendon is thrown like a belt over a pulley. Distinguish bone blocks when the tendon is thrown over the bones, and the surface of the bone is lined with cartilage, and a synovial bag is located between the bone and the tendon, and fibrous blocks formed by fascial ligaments.

The auxiliary apparatus of muscles also includes sesamoid bones ossa sesamoidea. They are formed in the thickness of the tendons at the places of their attachment to the bone, where it is required to increase the shoulder of muscle strength and thereby increase the moment of its rotation.

The practical significance of these laws:

The presence of a vascular fascial sheath should be taken into account during the operation of exposing the vessels during their projection. When ligating a vessel, it is impossible to apply a ligature until its fascial case is opened.
The presence of an adjacent wall between the muscular and vascular fascial sheaths should be taken into account when conducting extra-projective access to the limb vessels. When a vessel is injured, the edges of its fascial sheath, turning inward, can contribute to the spontaneous stop of bleeding.

Control questions for the lecture:

1. General characteristics of the soft core.

2. Classification of the abdominal fascia.

3. General characteristics of the distribution of fascial formations in the human body.

4. The main patterns of the distribution of fascial formations in the limbs of a person.

Semester

Lecture #1

Functional anatomy of the digestive system.

The purpose of the lecture. Consider functional anatomy and anomalies in the development of the digestive system.

lecture plan:

1. Consider the functional anatomy of the pharynx.

2. Consider the act of sucking and swallowing.

3. Consider anomalies in the development of the pharynx.

4. Consider the functional anatomy of the esophagus.

5 Consider anomalies in the development of the esophagus.

6. Consider the functional anatomy of the stomach.

7. Consider anomalies in the development of the stomach.

8. Open the development of the peritoneum and its derivatives.

9. Reveal anomalies in the development of the maxillofacial region.

10. Open anomalies in the position of the caecum and appendix.

11 Consider anomalies in the development of the intestine and its mesentery.

12. Consider Meckel's diverticulum and its practical significance.

Splankhnologiya - the doctrine of the entrails (organs).

viscera, viscera s. splanchna, are called organs that lie mainly in the body cavities (thoracic, abdominal and pelvic). These include the digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary systems. The insides are involved in the metabolism; the exception is the genitals, which carry the function of reproduction. These processes are also characteristic of plants, which is why the entrails are also called organs of plant life.

PHARYNX

The pharynx is initial department digestive tract and at the same time is part of the respiratory tract. The development of the pharynx is closely related to the development of neighboring organs. Gill arches are laid in the walls of the primary pharynx of the embryo, from which many anatomical formations develop. This determines the anatomical connection and close topographic relationship of the pharynx with various organs of the head and neck.

Secreted in the pharynx nose, communicating through the choanae with the nasal cavity and through the auditory tube with tympanic cavity middle ear; the oral part into which the pharynx opens; laryngeal part, where the entrance to the larynx and the esophageal mouth are located. The pharynx is firmly fixed to the base of the skull by means of the pharyngeal-basilar fascia. The mucous membrane of the pharynx contains glands, accumulations of lymphoid tissue that form the tonsils. The muscular membrane consists of striated muscles, which are divided into constrictors (upper, middle and lower) and muscles that raise the pharynx (palato-pharyngeal, stylo-pharyngeal, tubal-pharyngeal).

The nasal part of the pharynx has a large sagittal size and low height, corresponding to the poor development of the nasal cavity. The pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube is in the newborn very close to the soft palate and at a distance of 4-5 cm from the nostrils. The tube itself has a horizontal direction, which facilitates its catheterization through the nasal cavity. At the opening of the pipe is located tubal tonsil , with hypertrophy of which the hole is compressed, and hearing loss occurs. In the nasal part of the pharynx, at the point of transition of the arch of the pharynx into its posterior wall, is located pharyngeal tonsil . In newborns, it is poorly developed, and in the first year of life it increases and, with hypertrophy, can close the choanae. The amygdala continues to grow during first and second childhood, and then it undergoes involution, but often persists into adults.

Oral part of the pharynx located in newborns higher than in adults, at the level of I - II cervical vertebrae, and the laryngeal part of the pharynx corresponds to II - III cervical vertebrae. The root of the tongue protrudes into the oral part of the pharynx, in the mucous membrane of which lies lingual tonsil . At the entrance to the pharynx, on both sides of the pharynx are the palatine tonsils. Each tonsil lies in the tonsil fossa formed by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches. The anteroinferior part of the palatine tonsil is covered with a triangular mucosal fold. The growth of the tonsils is uneven. Most fast growth it is noted up to a year, at the age of 4-6 years, slower growth occurs up to 10 years, when the weight of the amygdala reaches 1 g. In adults, the amygdala weighs an average of 1.5 g.

Pharyngeal, tubal, palatine, lingual tonsils form pharyngeal ring of lymphoid formations, which surrounds the beginning of the food and respiratory tract. The role of the tonsils is that microbes and dust particles are deposited and neutralized here. Lymphoid formations are important for the development of immunity, they are referred to as organs immune system. This explains why the tonsils are poorly developed in newborns, who have natural immunity transmitted from the mother, and grow rapidly in the first years of life, when contact with infectious agents increases and immunity develops. By the onset of puberty, the growth of the tonsils stops, and in the elderly and senile age, their atrophy occurs.

The oral cavity and pharynx carry out the vital acts of sucking and swallowing.

Sucking includes 2 phases. In the 1st of them, the lips capture the nipple. The tongue is pulled back, acting like a syringe plunger to suck up fluid, and the back of the tongue forms a groove through which the fluid drains to the root of the tongue. The contraction of the maxillohyoid muscle lowers the lower jaw, resulting in a negative pressure in the oral cavity. This ensures absorption. In the 2nd phase lower jaw rises, the alveolar arches squeeze the nipple, suction stops and swallowing occurs.

swallowing in general, it consists of 2 phases. With movements of the tongue, food is not only fed to the cutting surface of the teeth, but also mixed with saliva. Further, the muscles of the floor of the mouth are reduced; the hyoid bone and larynx rise, the tongue rises and presses the food from front to back against the hard and soft palate. This movement pushes the food to the pharynx. By contraction of the stylo-pharyngeal muscles, the tongue moves backward and, like a piston, pushes food through the opening of the pharynx into the pharynx. Immediately after this, the muscles that compress the pharynx contract, and a part (sip) is separated from the food that is in the oral cavity. At the same time, the muscles that lift and strain the palatine curtain are reduced. The palatine curtain rises and stretches, and the upper constrictor of the pharynx contracts towards it, forming the so-called Passavan roller. In this case, the nasal part of the pharynx is separated from the oral and laryngeal, food goes down. The hyoid bone, thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the muscles of the floor of the mouth simultaneously press the epiglottis to the edges of the opening leading from the pharynx to the larynx, and food is sent to the laryngeal part of the pharynx, and then further into the esophagus.

Food enters the wide part of the pharynx, and constrictors contract above it. At the same time, the stylo-pharyngeal muscles contract; by their action, the pharynx is pulled over the food bolus, like a stocking on a leg. The food bolus is pushed into the esophagus by successive contractions of the constrictors of the pharynx, after which the palatine curtain falls, the tongue and larynx move down.

Next comes the musculature of the esophagus. A wave of contractions spreads along it, first of the longitudinal, and then of the circular muscles. Where the longitudinal muscles contract, food enters the dilated portion of the esophagus, and above this point the esophagus narrows, pushing the food toward the stomach. The esophagus opens gradually, segment by segment.

The first phase of swallowing is associated with the action of the tongue and the muscles of the floor of the mouth (arbitrary phase). As soon as food passes the pharynx, swallowing becomes involuntary. The first phase of swallowing is instantaneous. In the esophagus, the act of swallowing proceeds more slowly. The first phase of swallowing takes 0.7-1 s, and the second (passage of food through the esophagus) takes 4-6 and even 8 s. Thus, swallowing movements are a complex act in which a number of motor apparatuses are involved. The structure of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and esophagus is very finely adapted to the swallowing function.

BNA, JNA)

the medial part of the space between the inguinal ligament and the pelvic bone, bounded anteriorly by the inguinal ligament, posteriorly by the pectineal ligament, laterally by the iliopectineal arch, medially by the lacunar ligament; contains the femoral artery and vein, fiber.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First health care. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what the "Vascular lacuna" is in other dictionaries:

- (lacuna vasorum, PNA, BNA, JNA) the medial part of the space between the inguinal ligament and the pelvic bone, bounded anteriorly by the inguinal ligament, posteriorly by the pectinate ligament, laterally by the iliac crested arch, medially by the lacunar ligament; contains... Big Medical Dictionary

vascular lacuna- (lacuna vasorum) the gap between the tissue elements, located behind the inguinal ligament, medial to the muscular lacuna, from which it is separated by the iliac crested arch. Through it pass the femoral artery and vein ... Glossary of terms and concepts on human anatomy

Fascia of the lower extremities- The outer surface of the pelvis is covered with fascia, which is a continuation of the thoracolumbar fascia. The fascia covers the group of gluteal muscles and, heading down, passes into the wide fascia of the thigh. The sheet of fascia of the gluteus maximus muscle lines its inner ... Atlas of human anatomy

outdoor group- The gluteus maximus muscle (m. gluteus maximus) (Fig. 128, 132, 133, 134) unbends the thigh, straightens the torso bent forward, stretches the wide fascia of the thigh, and fixes the pelvis and torso in a standing position. This is a large, flat, rhomboid muscle, ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

Inner group- Iliopsoas muscle (m. iliopsoas) (Fig. 90, 109, 129, 130) flexes the thigh in hip joint by rotating it outwards. In a fixed position, the hip flexes lumbar and pelvis, tilting the body forward. The muscle is formed in ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

medial group- The short palmar muscle (m. palmaris brevis) (Fig. 115) stretches the palmar aponeurosis, while forming folds and dimples on the skin in the area of the elevation of the little finger. This muscle, which is a thin plate with parallel fibers ... Atlas of human anatomy

front group- Superficial layerDeep layer * * * The tailor muscle (m. sartorius) (Fig. 90, 129, 132, 133, 134, 145) flexes the thigh and lower leg, simultaneously rotating the thigh outward, and the lower leg inward, providing the ability to throw the leg over the leg. She is… … Atlas of human anatomy

Sartorius, m. sartorius.

Beginning: spina iliaca anterior superior.

Attachment: tuberositas tibia.

Function: leads the thigh and rotates it outward.

Innervation: n. femoralis.

Blood supply: a. circumflexa femoris lateralis, a. femoralis, a. descendensgeninularis.

four-headed muscle

m. quadriceps femoris: Rectus femoris, m. rectus femoris, Lateral wide, m. vastus lateralis, Medial wide, Intermediate wide.

Start: 1 - spina iliaca anterior inferior, 2 - greater skewer and linia aspera (l.g.), 3 - front surface femur, distal to the intertrochanteric line, linia aspera (medial lip), 4 - anterior surface of the body of the femur. Attachment: lig. patella, which is attached to tuberositas tibiae. Function: flexes the thigh, unbends the lower leg - 1, unbends the lower leg - 2,3,4. Innervation: n. femoralis. Blood supply: a. femoralis, a. profunda femoris.

fascia lata

fascia lata, thick, has a tendon structure. In the form of a dense case, it covers the thigh muscles from all sides. Attaches proximally to the iliac crest, inguinal ligament, pubic symphysis, and ischium. On the back surface lower limb connects with the gluteal fascia.

In the top third anterior region of the thigh, within the femoral triangle, the fascia lata of the thigh consists of two records- deep and superficial. The deep plate that covers the pectineus muscle and the distal iliopsoas muscle in front is called the iliopectineal fascia.

Behind the inguinal ligament are muscular and vascular lacunae, which separate iliac-combing arch,arcus iliopectineus.

The arc is thrown from the inguinal ligament to the iliopubic eminence.

muscle gap

lacuna muscutorum, located laterally from this arc, bounded in front and above by the inguinal ligament, behind - by the ilium, on the medial side - by the iliac crested arch. Through the muscle gap from the cavity of the large pelvis to the anterior region of the thigh, the iliopsoas muscle exits along with the femoral nerve.

Vascular lacuna

lacuna vasorum located medially from the iliopectineal arch; it is limited in front and above by the inguinal ligament, behind and below by the pectinate ligament, on the lateral side by the iliopectineal arch, and on the medial side by the lacunar ligament. The femoral artery and vein, lymphatic vessels pass through the vascular lacuna.

The benefit of physiotherapy treatment lies in the direct effect on the affected area.

The main advantage is the beneficial effect on the focus of damage, as a result, the rest of the organs and systems remain intact (for tablet preparations, this effect is not typical).

An additional advantage is the focus of all physiotherapeutic methods of treatment on solving specific problems, as well as improving health in general. For example, when using hardware massage, not only the functions of the spine in the cervical region are improved, but the whole body is toned.

Although physiotherapy has some disadvantages. Such methods do not help and can even be harmful in severe pathology. For example, in the treatment of advanced osteochondrosis of the neck, vibromassage can provoke an increase in the gap in the fibrous ring.

The most common disease of the spine is osteochondrosis. Its cause is a sedentary, sedentary lifestyle, characteristic of the vast majority of urban residents. It affects all parts of the spine and causes severe pain which have to be dealt with in different ways. one of the most effective ways is a massage.

Contraindications
Types of massage for osteochondrosis
- Classic massage
- vacuum massage
- Acupressure
Lumbar-sacral massage technique for osteochondrosis
Lumbar spine massage at home

Already after the first session, the intensity of pain decreases. At the same time, the body's resistance to osteochondrosis increases by strengthening the muscle corset and improving lymphatic drainage. This procedure allows you to remove a symptom characteristic of osteochondrosis - overstrain of the back muscles on one side.

Today we will talk about massage of the lumbosacral spine, but we will make a reservation right away, this is not a panacea. Relying on only one manual effect in the treatment of osteochondrosis is not worth it. Definitely needed drug therapy.

Contraindications

As you know, osteochondrosis of the lumbosacral region proceeds differently in each patient. Therefore, doctors have to take into account all the features when prescribing courses. therapeutic massage. We are not even talking about an independent choice of methods of manual influence. It's just dangerous.

Before contacting a massage therapist, you need to undergo an examination with a vertebrologist. This specialist will determine if the patient can use back manipulation in the current phase of the disease.

As a rule, doctors prohibit massage of the lumbosacral region only to a small percentage of patients who have the following contraindications:

The presence of tumor formations of various etiologies.
The patient was diagnosed with hypertension of the third degree.
There are many moles on the back of the patient and birthmarks.
Patient hypersensitivity skin.
The patient has problems with cardiovascular system.
The presence of blood diseases.
The patient has infection.
The patient is in the active phase of tuberculosis.

With osteochondrosis of the lumbosacral region, three types of procedures are used. The doctor prescribes one or another type of manual exposure, taking into account the stage of the disease, the severity of the lesion and symptoms.

Osteochondrosis is a common disease of the degenerative-dystrophic type, in which the structure and function of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs are disturbed, which causes infringement of the roots of the intervertebral nerves and this causes symptoms. Osteochondrosis is a chronic pathology that occurs under the influence of a complex of causes - starting from the evolutionary and anatomical features of the structure of the human skeleton and ending with the influence external factors such as working conditions, lifestyle, overweight, injuries and others.

Symptoms

The defeat of the upper spine can be manifested by a mass of symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the dystrophic process, as well as on how seriously the radicular structures of the spine of the cervical region are affected. Often, patients' complaints are reduced to symptoms, at first glance, unrelated, which can make it difficult to diagnose and further treat the disease.

In general, the clinic of osteochondrosis cervical constitutes the following series of syndromes:

Vertebral, characterized various types pain in the back of the head and neck.
Spinal, in which symptoms of disorders of motor and sensory innervation are observed, in addition, impaired trophism of the cervical zone causes gradual atrophy of the muscles of the shoulder girdle and arms.
Radicular, expressed in pain symptoms in the region of the peritoneal organs and chest, which requires additional thorough diagnostics to differentiate osteochondrosis and diseases internal organs.
Syndrome of the vertebral artery in cervical osteochondrosis - vestibular disorders, manifested by headaches, hearing impairment, dizziness, up to loss of consciousness. These phenomena occur when the cause of cerebral ischemia is due to the infringement of the vertebral artery and the weakening of the blood supply.

Osteochondrosis of the cervical segment develops gradually, and patients usually seek treatment already at the stage clinical manifestations interfering with the quality of life during periods of exacerbation. How to treat osteochondrosis of the cervical spine, only the doctor decides after an appropriate diagnosis, self-medication in this case is unacceptable.

Treatment of osteochondrosis of the neck is aimed at eliminating pain, inflammation, partial or complete restoration of the affected tissue structures and preventing complications.

In advanced cases, at severe stages of development of neurological lesions and comorbidities, inpatient treatment of cervical osteochondrosis with the possibility of surgical intervention may be indicated.

Physiotherapy procedures have a beneficial effect on the discs and vertebrae in cervical osteochondrosis. In combination with medication, combined treatment helps to get rid of the symptoms of the disease. Procedures are carried out in a hospital or specialized rooms at polyclinics. Before starting the course, you need to consult a doctor, determine the duration of physiotherapy, types. It is strictly forbidden to pass it during an exacerbation.

Physiotherapeutic procedures for osteochondrosis of the cervical region:

Magnetotherapy. A safe method of treatment, which consists in exposing damaged cells to a low-frequency magnetic field. It gives an analgesic effect, acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Ultrasound. Favorably affects metabolic processes in the tissues of the cervical region, due to which puffiness is removed, pains go away.
Electrophoresis. It should be applied using painkillers (anesthetics), which are injected under the skin by means of electronic pulses.
Laser therapy. Improves blood circulation in the affected area, relieves tissue swelling, pain.

Symptoms

Distinctive features of osteochondrosis of the neck

Cervical osteochondrosis is a fairly common degenerative-dystrophic disease that occurs in the intervertebral discs. The primary symptoms of the disease begin to develop already at the age of twenty-five.

Against the background of osteochondrosis of the cervical region, the development of headaches and migraines is often observed. But before you start taking analgesics to eliminate such symptoms, you should determine the root cause of the pathology. Only after that, together with the doctor, you can select drug treatment.

The following factors most often cause the formation of cervical osteochondrosis:

sedentary lifestyle;
malnutrition during which the human body does not receive enough nutrients necessary for the proper functioning of the musculoskeletal, muscular system and cartilage;
violation of metabolic processes;
prolonged sitting at a computer or driving a car in the form of the main work.

In addition, the following can provoke the formation of osteochondrosis of the cervical region:

severe hypothermia;
the presence of progressive rheumatism;
hormonal imbalance in the body;
previous trauma of the spinal column, namely, the cervical region;
personal genetic predisposition.

Cervical osteochondrosis is characterized by the development of the following symptoms:

repeated pain in the neck, shoulders and arms, aggravated by physical exertion, cough and sneezing syndrome;
the appearance of a strong crunch in the cervical region, growing during head movements;
often numb hands (especially fingers) and the interscapular region;
a headache appears, localized in the occipital region and gradually diverging into the temporal region;
there is a feeling of a lump in the throat, which is accompanied by muscle spasm of the larynx and neck;
there is a predisposition to fainting, dizziness with sudden movements of the head.

In addition, with osteochondrosis in the neck, it is sometimes possible to experience a noise effect in the ears, deafness, impaired visual function, and nagging heart pain. Patients diagnosed with this disease often complain of continuous exhaustion and lethargy.

Complications

Among all forms of osteochondrosis, the most dangerous is the pathology of the cervical region. Damaged segments of the ridge in the neck, where there are numerous vessels that supply food to the brain.

In the neck, there is a tight fit of the segments to each other. Therefore, even minor changes in them can provoke infringement and even displacement of the nerve roots and blood vessels.

In the absence of appropriate treatment of cervical osteochondrosis using physiotherapeutic procedures, the progression of the disease begins, which can contribute to the development of some complications:

Violation of visual function.
formation of hypertension.
Violation of cardiac functions.
Development of vegetovascular dystonia.
The coordination of movements is disturbed due to damage to the blood circulation in the brain.

Osteochondrosis of the cervical region in an advanced form can lead to the formation of complications in relation to the vertebral artery, which can cause a patient to develop a spinal stroke. This ailment favors the loss of motor ability, which is associated with disorders in the nerve fibers.

The sooner the patient begins to use physiotherapeutic procedures as therapeutic actions, the greater the likelihood of complete recovery, stopping degenerative processes in bone and cartilage tissue. If even minor symptoms of pathology are found, you should consult a doctor to determine therapeutic actions.

At the upper border of the thigh there is a space bounded in front by the inguinal ligament, behind and outside - by the pubic and ilium bones. A dense connective tissue septum (arcus iliopectineus), running from the inguinal ligament to the ilium, divides it into two parts - muscular and vascular lacunae.

On the lateral side is lacuna muscle and its contents are the iliopsoas muscle and the femoral nerve. The anterior wall of the muscular lacuna is formed by the inguinal ligament, the medial wall (arcus iliopectineus), and the posterolateral wall by the ilium.

On the medial side under the inguinal ligament is lacuna vasorum. Its walls are: in front - inguinal ligament; behind - the pubic bone with the iliopubic ligament; outside - arcus iliopectineus; from within - lig. lacunar.

The femoral artery and vein pass through the vascular lacuna. The femoral vein occupies a medial position, the artery passes laterally from it. The femoral vessels occupy 2/3 of the vascular lacuna on the lateral side. Medial third occupied lymph node Rosenmuller-Pirogov and loose fiber. After removal of the node, the connective tissue septum becomes visible, covering the femoral ring. From the side of the abdominal cavity, the ring is closed by the intra-abdominal fascia. Thus, the medial part of the vascular lacuna is a weak point through which the femoral hernia can exit with the formation of the femoral canal.

femoral canal

The femoral canal does not normally exist. It is formed when femoral hernias exit through the femoral ring, then between the layers of the broad fascia of the thigh and through the hiatus saphenus under the skin. This canal leads from the abdominal cavity to the anterior surface of the thigh and has two openings and three walls.

The internal opening of the femoral canal (femoral ring) is limited:

1. front- inguinal ligament; outside - the sheath of the femoral vein;

2. from the inside- lacunar ligament (lig. Gimbernati);

3. back- comb ligament (lig. pubicum Cooperi).

Under certain conditions, preperitoneal lipomas can penetrate here, which is a prerequisite for the formation of femoral hernias. During operations for femoral hernias, it should be remembered that medial wall the femoral ring can go around a. obturatoria with its atypical departure from a. epigastrica inferior (in about 1/3 of cases). This gave reason to call this variant corona mortis (“crown of death”), since damage to the obturator artery is accompanied by severe internal bleeding. The external opening of the femoral canal - hiatus saphenus - is a subcutaneous gap in the surface sheet of the wide fascia of the thigh, closed by a cribriform plate through which the blood and lymphatic vessels pass. The edges of the hiatus saphenus are formed by the falciform edge of the fascia lata, the lower and superior horns of the fascia lata.