Anatomy of the infratemporal fossa and its contents. temporal fossa

Fossa temporalis - the temporal fossa, limited above and behind by the temporal line, below - by the crista infratemporalis and the lower edge of the arcus zygomaticus, in front - by the zygomatic bone. Fossa temporalis is made by the temporal muscle.
Fossa infratemporalis - infratemporalis fossa, continues the direct continuation of the temporal fossa downwards, and the crista infratemporalis of the large wing of the sphenoid bone serves as the border between them. Outside, fossa infratemporalis is partly covered by a branch mandible. Through the fissura orbitalis inferior, it communicates with the orbit, and through the fissura pterygomaxillaris with the pterygopalatine fossa.
Fossa pterygopalatina is a pterygopalatine fossa located between the upper jaw in front (anterior wall) and the pterygoid process behind (posterior wall). Its medial wall is the vertical plate of the palatine bone, which separates the pterygopalatine fossa from the nasal cavity.

5 holes open into the pterygopalatine fossa, leading: 1) medial - into nasal cavity- foramen sphenopalatinum, the place of passage of the named nerve and vessels; 2) posterior superior - into the middle cranial fossa - foramen rotundum, through it the II branch enters the cranial cavity trigeminal nerve; 3) anterior - into the orbit - fissura orbitalis inferior, for nerves and blood vessels; 4) lower - in oral cavity- canalis palatinus major, formed by the upper jaw and the eponymous groove of the palatine bone and representing a funnel-shaped narrowing downwards of the pterygo-palatine fossa, from which the palatine nerves and vessels pass through the canal; 5) back - to the base of the skull - canalis pterygoideus, due to the course autonomic nerves(n. canalis pterygoidei)

Newborn skull

The ratio of the size of the parts of the skull of a newborn with the length and weight of his body is different than in an adult. The skull of the child is much larger, and the bones of the skull are fragmented. The spaces between the bones are filled with layers of connective tissue or non-ossified cartilage. The brain skull in size significantly predominates over the facial one. If in an adult the ratio of the volume of the facial skull to the brain is approximately 1: 2, then in a newborn this ratio is 1: 8.

Home distinctive feature the skull of a newborn is the presence of fontanelles. Fontanelles are non-ossified areas of the membranous skull (desmocranium), which are located in the places where future sutures are formed.

In the early stages of fetal development, the skull roof is a membranous formation that covers the brain. On the 2-3rd month, bypassing the stage of cartilage, bone nuclei are formed, which subsequently merge with each other and form bone plates, that is, the bone base of the bones of the skull roof. By the time of birth between the formed bones, areas of narrow bands and wider spaces - fontanelles - remain. It is thanks to these areas of the membranous skull, capable of sinking and protruding, that a significant displacement of the skull bones themselves occurs, which makes it possible for the fetal head to pass through the narrow places of the birth canal.

The anterior, or large, fontanel (fonticulus anterior) is rhombus-shaped and is located at the junction of the frontal and parietal bones. It completely ossifies by 2 years. The posterior, or small, fontanel (fonticulus posterior) is located between the occipital and parietal bones. It ossifies already on the 2-3rd month after birth. The wedge-shaped fontanel (fonticulus sphenoidalis)) is paired, located in anterior section lateral surfaces of the skull, between the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones. It ossifies almost immediately after birth. The mastoid fontanel (fonticulus mastoideus) is paired, located posterior to the sphenoid, at the junction of the occipital, parietal and temporal bones. Ossifies at the same time as the wedge-shaped.

Infratemporal fossa located behind the zygomatic arch and the branch of the lower jaw. It is located posterior to, on the side of the lateral pterygoid process, in front of the mastoid and styloid processes, below the large wing of the sphenoid bone.

From below, its border is the attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle to the lower jaw. In the infratemporal fossa are the lower part of the temporal muscle, the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, the maxillary artery and its branches, the mandibular (V 3) nerve and its branches, the ear ganglion, and the pterygoid venous plexus. The muscles of the infratemporal fossa are described in the table below.

a) maxillary artery. Maxillary artery, terminal branch of the external carotid artery, gives off several branches in the infratemporal fossa. It may pass lateral or medial to the lateral pterygoid muscle before leaving the infratemporal fossa through the pterygomaxillary fissure. The lateral pterygoid muscle divides the artery into three segments, the first two of which lie within the infratemporal fossa.

to important branches the first segment are: middle meningeal artery, which passes upward, bending around the ear-temporal nerve, and enters the cranial cavity through the spinous foramen; as well as the inferior alveolar artery, which supplies the mandible, gums, and teeth. Significant branches of the second segment are the deep temporal, pterygoid, chewing and buccal arteries.

b) Mandibular nerve. As described above, the mandibular nerve enters the infratemporal fossa through the foramen ovale. Here, it gives off motor and sensory branches, which include the ear-temporal, inferior alveolar, lingual and buccal nerves. The ear ganglion is located inferior to the foramen magnum and medial to the mandibular nerve.

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temporal fossa , fossa temporalis, located on each side on the lateral outer surface of the skull. The conditional boundary separating it from above and behind from the rest of the cranial vault is the superior temporal line, linea temporalis superior, parietal and frontal bones. Its inner, medial, wall is formed by the lower part of the outer surface of the parietal bone in the region of the sphenoid angle, the temporal surface of the squamous part temporal bone and the outer surface of the large wing. The anterior wall is made up of the zygomatic bone and a segment of the frontal bone posterior to the superior temporal line. Outside, the temporal fossa closes the zygomatic arch, arcus zygomaticus.

The lower edge of the temporal fossa is bounded by the infratemporal crest of the sphenoid bone.

The zygomaticotemporal foramen opens on the anterior wall of the temporal fossa, foramen zygomaticotemporale, (the temporal fossa is made by the temporal muscle, fascia, fat, vessels and nerves).

Infratemporal fossa, fossa infratemporalis (see Fig. 126), shorter and narrower than the temporal, but its transverse size is larger. Its upper wall is formed by the surface of the large wing of the sphenoid bone medially from the infratemporal crest.
The anterior wall is the posterior part of the tubercle of the upper jaw. The medial wall is represented by the lateral plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. Outside and below, the infratemporal fossa does not have a bone wall, on the side it is limited by the branch of the lower jaw. At the border between the anterior and medial walls, the infratemporal fossa deepens and passes into a funnel-shaped gap - the pterygopalatine fossa, fossa pterygopalatina.
Anteriorly, the infratemporal fossa communicates with the cavity of the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure (the lower segment of the temporal muscle, the lateral pterygoid muscle, a number of vessels and nerves are located in the infratemporal fossa).

Pterygopalatine fossa , fossa pterygopalatina, (see Fig. 125, 126), formed by sections of the upper jaw, sphenoid and palatine bones. It connects with the infratemporal fossa wide upwards and narrow downwards. pterygomaxillary fissure, fissura pterygomaxillaris. The walls of the pterygopalatine fossa are: in front - the infratemporal surface of the upper jaw, facies infratemporalis maxillae, on which the tubercle of the upper jaw is located, behind - the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, medially - the outer surface of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, above - the maxillary surface of the large wing of the sphenoid bone.

In the upper part, the pterygopalatine fossa communicates with the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, with the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen, and with the cranial cavity through the round foramen, foramen rotundum, and through the pterygoid canal, canalis pterygoideus, - with the outer surface of the base of the skull and from the outside passes into the infratemporal fossa.

sphenopalatine foramen, foramen sphenopalatinum, on a non-macerated skull, it is closed by the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity (a number of nerves and arteries pass through the opening into the nasal cavity).

In the lower section, the pterygopalatine fossa passes into a narrow canal, in the formation of the upper part of which large palatine grooves of the upper jaw, palatine bone and pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone participate, and the lower part consists only of the upper jaw and palatine bone. The canal is called the greater palatine canal. canalis palatinus major, and opens on the hard palate with large and small palatine openings, foramen palatinum majus et foramina palatina minora, (nerves and blood vessels pass through the canal).

Question 19 Craniometry points of the facial skull. Latitudinal-longitudinal and height indicators of the skull.

An important indicator for characterizing the facial skull is the value of the facial angle, i.e., the angle between the orbito-auricular horizontal and the line connecting the superior nasal point and the prosion. It is formed by a normal horizontal line (a straight line between the porion point - on the upper edge of the outer ear canal and the lower point of the lower orbital edge of the orbit) and the line between the nasion and prosion points.

Craniometric points: 1 - nasion - the upper point of the root of the nose;, 2 - gnathion - the lowest point on the lower jaw along the medial line., 3 - porion - a point in the middle of the upper edge of the external auditory canal

Question 20 Skeletal structure upper limb. Development, variants and anomalies of the upper limb. Features of the upper limb as a tool.

Upper limb skeleton consists of the shoulder girdle and the skeleton of the free upper limbs (arms). Part shoulder girdle includes two pairs of bones - the clavicle and the scapula. The free part of the upper limb, pars libera membri superioris, is divided into three sections: 1) proximal - humerus; middle - bones of the forearm, consists of two bones: the radius and ulna; 3) the skeleton of the distal part of the limb - the bones of the hand, in turn is divided into the bones of the stock, metacarpal bones (I-V) and the bones of the fingers (phalanges).
Skeleton of upper limb, right . A - front view; B - rear view; 1 - clavicle (clavicula); 2 - scapula (scapula); 3 - humerus (humerus); 4 - ulna (ulna); 5 - radius (radius); 6 - bones of the wrist (ossa carpi); 7 - metacarpal bones (ossa metacarpi); 8 - bones of the fingers (ossa digitorum)

Collarbone(clavicula) - an S-shaped curved paired bone, having a body and two ends - the sternal and acromial. The sternal end is thickened and connects to the handle of the sternum. The acromial end is flattened, connected to the acromion of the scapula. The lateral part of the clavicle bulges backwards, and the medial part forwards.

Clavicle, right (front view, bottom): 1 - body of the clavicle (corpus claviculae); 2 - acromial end (extremitas acromialis); 3 - sternal end (extremitas sternalis)

shoulder blade(scapula) - a flat bone on which two surfaces (costal and dorsal), three edges (upper, medial and lateral) and three corners (lateral, upper and lower) are distinguished. The lateral angle is thickened, it has a glenoid cavity for articulation with the humerus. Above the glenoid cavity is the coracoid process. The costal surface of the scapula is slightly concave and is called the subscapular fossa; from it begins the muscle of the same name. The dorsal surface of the scapula is divided by the spine of the scapula into two pits - supraspinatus and infraspinatus, in which the muscles of the same name lie. The spine of the scapula ends with a protrusion - the acromion (shoulder process). It has an articular surface for articulation with the clavicle.

Shoulder blade, right . A - rear view; B - right side view; B - front view; 1 - upper edge (margo superior); 2 - medial edge (margo medialis); 3 - lateral edge (margo lateralis); 4 - upper corner (angulus superior); 5 - lateral angle (angulus lateralis); 6 - lower corner (angulus inferior); 7 - infraspinatus fossa (fossa infraspinata); 8 - spine of the scapula (spina scapulae); 9 - supraspinous fossa (fossa supraspinata); 10 - acromion (acromion); 11 - coracoid process (processus coracoideus); 12 - notch of the scapula (incisura scapulae); 13 - subscapular fossa (fossa subscapularis); 14 - neck of the scapula (collum scapulae); 15 - articular cavity (cavitas glenoidalis)

Brachial bone(humerus) - a long tubular bone, consists of a body (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses). At the proximal end there is a head, separated from the rest of the bone by an anatomical neck. Below the anatomical neck, on the outside, there are two elevations: a large and small tubercles, separated by an intertubercular groove. Distal to the tubercles is a slightly narrowed section of the bone - the surgical neck. This name is due to the fact that bone fractures occur more often in this place.

upper body humerus has a cylindrical shape, and the lower one is trihedral. In the middle third of the body of the humerus, the furrow of the radial nerve spirally passes behind. The distal end of the bone is thickened and is called the condyle of the humerus. On the sides, it has protrusions - the medial and lateral epicondyles, and below are the head of the condyle of the humerus for connection with the radius and the block of the humerus for articulation with the ulna. Above the block in front is the coronary fossa, and behind - a deeper fossa of the olecranon (the processes of the same name of the ulna enter into them).

Humerus, right . A - front view; B - rear view; B - right side view; 1 - head of the humerus (caput humeri); 2 - anatomical neck (collum anatomicum); 3 - large tubercle (tuberculum majus); 4 - small tubercle (tuberculum minus); 5 - intertubercular furrow (sulcus intertubercularis); 6 - surgical neck (collum chirurgicum); 7 - body of the humerus (corpus humeri); 8 - deltoid tuberosity (tuberositas deltoidea); 9 - groove of the radial nerve (sulcus n. radialis); 10 - coronal fossa (fossa coronoidea); 11 - medial epicondyle (epicondylus medialis); 12 - block of the humerus (trochlea humeri); 13 - head of the condyle of the humerus (capitulum humeri); 14 - lateral epicondyle (epicondylus lateralis); 15 - radial fossa (fossa radialis); 16 - olecranon fossa (fossa olecrani)

Forearm bones: the radial is located laterally, the ulna occupies a medial position. They are long tubular bones.

Bones of forearm, right . A - front view; B - rear view; B - right side view; 1 - body of the ulna (corpus ulnae); 2 - body radius(corpus radii); 3 - olecranon (olecranon); 4 - coronoid process (processus coronoideus); 5 - block-shaped notch (incisura trochlears); 6 - radial notch (incisura radialis); 7 - tuberosity of the ulna (tuberositas ulnae); 8 - head of the ulna (caput ulnae); 9 - articular circumference (circumferentia articularis); 10 - styloid process (processus styloideus); 11 - head of the radius (caput radii); 12 - articular circumference (circumferentia articularis); 13 - neck of the radius (collum radii); 14 - tuberosity of the radius (tuberositas radii); 15 - styloid process (processus styloideus)

Radius(radius) consists of a body and two ends. At the proximal end is the head, and on it is the articular fossa, with the help of which the radius articulates with the head of the condyle of the humerus. On the head of the radius there is also an articular circle for connection with the ulna. Below the head is the neck, and below it is the tuberosity of the radius. There are three surfaces and three edges on the body. The sharp edge is turned to the edge of the ulna of the same shape and is called interosseous. At the distal extended end of the radius, there is a carpal articular surface (for articulation with the proximal row of carpal bones) and an ulnar notch (for articulation with the ulna). Outside at the distal end is the styloid process.

Elbow bone(ulna) consists of a body and two ends. The thickened proximal end has the coronal and ulnar processes; they are limited block-shaped notch. On the lateral side, at the base of the coronoid process, there is a radial notch. Below the coronoid process there is a tuberosity of the ulna.

The body of the bone is trihedral in shape, and three surfaces and three edges are distinguished on it. The distal end forms the head of the ulna. The surface of the head facing the radius is rounded; on it is located the articular circumference for connection with the notch of this bone. On the medial side, the styloid process descends from the head.

Hand bones divided into carpal bones, metacarpal bones and phalanges (fingers).

Bones of hand, right; palmar surface . 1 - trapezoid bone (os trapezoideum); 2 - trapezium bone (os trapezium); 3 - navicular bone (os scaphoideum); 4 - lunate bone (os linatum); 5 - trihedral bone (os triquetrum); 6 - pisiform bone (os pisiforme); 7 - capitate bone (os capitatum); 8 - hook-shaped bone (os hamatum); 9 - base of the metacarpal bone (basis metacarpalis); 10 - the body of the metacarpal bone (corpus metacarpalis); 11 - head of the metacarpal bone (caput metacarpalis); 12 - proximal phalanx (phalanx proximalis); 13 - middle phalanx (phalanx media); 14 - distal phalanx (phalanx distalis); 15 - sesamoid bones (ossa sesamoidea)

wrist bones- ossa carpi (carpalia) arranged in two rows. The proximal row is made up (in the direction from the radius to the ulna) of the navicular, lunate, trihedral, and pisiform bones. The first three are arcuately curved, forming an elliptical surface for connection with the radius. The distal row is formed by the following bones: trapezium, trapezius, capitate and hamate.

wrist bones they do not lie in the same plane: on the back side they form a bulge, and on the palmar side - a concavity in the form of a groove - a groove of the wrist. This groove is deepened medially by the pisiform bone and the hook of the hamate bone, laterally by the tubercle of the trapezoid bone.

metacarpal bones in the amount of five are short tubular bones. In each of them, a base, a body and a head are distinguished. The bones are counted from the side of the thumb: I, II, etc.

Phalanges of fingers belong to tubular bones. Thumb has two phalanges: proximal and distal. Each of the other fingers has three phalanges: proximal, middle and distal. Each phalanx has a base, body and head.

- medial wall: squamous part of the temporal bone, parietal bone, temporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, temporal surface of the frontal bone

- Front wall: temporal surface of the zygomatic bone.

- The upper border of the fossa temporal line;

- Bottom line - infratemporal crest

Infratemporal fossa. It has three walls: anterior, medial and superior

Anterior wall: tubercle of the maxilla

Medial wall: lateral plate of pterygoid process

Upper wall: squamous part of the temporal bone, infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone;

- Pterygomaxillary fissure connects the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa

- Lower orbital fissure connects the infratemporal fossa with the orbit

Pterygopalatine fossa. Has three walls: anterior, posterior and medial

- Front wall: tubercle of the maxilla

- Back wall: maxillary surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, pterygoid process;

- medial wall: perpendicular plate of the palatine bone;

- Top wall: body and greater wing of the sphenoid bone

- Openings and canals opening into the pterygopalatine fossa:

Inferior orbital fissure: connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the orbit
Great palatal canal: connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the oral cavity
Round hole: connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the middle cranial fossa
Pterygoid canal: connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the region of the torn foramen
Sphenopalatine foramen: connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the nasal cavity

SKULL SHAPE INDICES

cranial index

This is the ratio of the transverse dimension between the parietal tubercles to the longitudinal dimension (from the glabella to the external occipital protrusion), expressed as a percentage. According to this indicator, the following forms of the skull are distinguished:

- Dolichocephalic form– index less than 75% (elongated skull)

- Mesocephalic form– index from 75 to 80%;

- Brachycephalic form– index over 80% (short skull)

Altitude indicator

This is the ratio of the height of the skull (the distance from the anterior edge of the foramen magnum to the highest point of the sagittal suture) to the longitudinal dimension, expressed as a percentage. According to this indicator, the following forms of the skull are distinguished:

- hypsicephalic form– index over 75% (high skull);

- orthocephalic form– index from 70 to 75% (average skull height);

- Platycephalic form– index less than 70% (low skull)

facial indicator

This is the ratio of the height of the face (the distance from the middle of the base of the lower jaw to the middle of the fronto-nasal suture) to the zygomatic width (the distance between the zygomatic arches), expressed as a percentage. According to this indicator, the following forms of the skull are distinguished:

- Chameprosopic form: index from 78 to 84% (wide and low face)

- Leptoprosopic form: index over 89% (high and narrow face)

Facial angle

Characterizes the position of the facial skull in relation to the brain. It is formed at the intersection of the facial line (drawn from the fronto-nasal suture to the middle of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw) and the line drawn from the lower edge of the orbit to the upper edge of the external auditory canal. According to the value of this angle, they distinguish:

- Opistognathism: angle greater than 90º. Posterior position of the mandible

- Orthognathism: angle from 80 to 90º. Correct standing

- Prognathism: angle less than 80º. Protrusion of the lower jaw

BONE WALLS OF THE MOUTH

Side walls: Alveolar process of the upper jaw, alveolar part of the lower jaw

Top wall- hard palate (palatine process of the upper jaw, horizontal plate of the palatine bone)

Holes: incisive foramen, foramen magnum, foramina minor

SKULL BUTTERS

These are bone thickenings, through which the force of chewing pressure is transmitted and distributed to the skull: There are buttresses of the upper jaw and buttresses of the lower jaw

1. Buttresses of the upper jaw:

- Fronto-nasal buttress. Passes through the alveolar eminence of the canine and the frontal process of the upper jaw. The right and left buttresses are reinforced with brow ridges. Balances the force of the pressure of the fangs;

- Alveolar-zygomatic buttress. Passes from the alveolar eminence of the 1st and 2nd molars through the zygomatic-alveolar crest to the zygomatic bone. The zygomatic bone redistributes pressure on the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, frontal bone, and maxilla. Balances the force of pressure on the molars

- Pterygopalatine buttress. Passes from the alveolar elevations of the 2nd and 3rd molars through the tubercle of the upper jaw to the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone;

- Palatal buttress. It is formed by the palatine processes of the upper jaws and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. Balances the force of chewing in the transverse direction

2. Buttresses of the lower jaw:

- Alveolar buttress. Goes up from the body of the mandible to the alveolar cells

- Ascending buttress. Passes from the body along the branch to the neck and head of the lower jaw

TEST QUESTIONS

1. What bones form the cranial vault?

2. What bones form the base of the skull?

3. Where is the border between the vault and the base of the skull?

4. What pits stand out on the inner surface of the base of the skull and how are they limited?

5. What openings open into the anterior cranial fossa?

6. What openings open into the middle cranial fossa?

7. What openings open into the posterior cranial fossa?

8. Eye socket: its walls, their formation, opening cracks and holes;

9. What forms the entrance to the nasal cavity and the exit from it?

10. What forms the walls of the nasal cavity?

11. What nasal passages are formed in the nasal cavity, where are they located and how are they limited?

12. What opens into each of the nasal passages?

13. What is the nasal septum formed by?

14. What is the temporal fossa limited by?

15. What is the infratemporal fossa limited by and what fissures and openings open into it?

16. Pterygopalatine fossa: its walls, fissures and openings, connection with other cavities of the skull;

17. Cranial indicator, its definition and forms of the skull, distinguished by this indicator;

18. Altitude indicator, its definition and the shape of the skull, distinguished by this indicator;

19. Facial indicator, its definition and forms of the skull, distinguished by this indicator;

20. Facial angle, its definition and forms;

21. Bone walls of the oral cavity, their location and formation;

22. Buttresses of the skull, their definition, name and location

Lesson number 4

Topic: MUSCLES AND FASCIAS OF THE HEAD. CHECKING MUSCLES, THEIR PARTICIPATION IN THE MOVEMENTS OF THE TEMPOROMANDIAN JOINT. MIMIC MUSCLES. BONE-FASCIAL AND INTERMUSCULAR SPACES OF THE HEAD (CRANIAL CAPITAL, TEMPORAL REGION, LATERAL FACE). THEIR CONTENT, MESSAGES

Repeat first:

Bones of the facial skull. Internal and external base of the skull
Skull as a whole: orbit, nasal cavity, temporal, infratemporal, pterygopalatine fossa
Temporomandibular joint. Chewing muscles. Muscles and fascia of the neck

CHECKING MUSCLES

- Temporal muscle: superficial, middle and deep layers;

- chewing muscle: superficial, intermediate and deep parts;

- medial pterygoid muscle;

- Lateral pterygoid muscle

FASCIA OF THE HEAD

Temporal fascia. Covers the temporalis muscle. It starts from the periosteum along the superior temporal line. Above the zygomatic arch splits into superficial and deep plates

Superficial plate: attached to the outer surface of the zygomatic arch

Deep plate: attached to the inner surface of the zygomatic arch

Chewing fascia. Covers the masticatory muscle and fuses tightly with it

Front - goes into the buccal-pharyngeal fascia;

Behind - grows together with the parotid capsule salivary gland;

Upper limit - zygomatic arch

Lower limit - angle and body of the lower jaw

Cheek-pharyngeal fascia. Covers the buccal muscle and continues to the lateral wall of the pharynx;

Pterygomandibular suture- compacted area of the buccal-pharyngeal fascia, stretched between the hook of the pterygoid process and the branch of the lower jaw

MIMIC MUSCLES

Muscles of the skull

Cranial muscle: occipital and frontal belly, tendinous helmet (in structure it is an aponeurosis, covers the cranial vault, starts from the occipital belly and passes into the frontal belly of the muscle, is firmly fused with the skin and loosely - with the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault)

Muscles of the eye

- Circular muscle of the eye: orbital, secular and lacrimal parts;

- Muscle wrinkling the eyebrow;

- Muscle that lowers the eyebrow;

- Muscle of the proud

Muscles of the nose

Nasal muscle, its transverse and alar parts:

Muscle that depresses the nasal septum

According to the material of the textbook and atlas, indicate the location, places of origin and attachment, the function of these muscles;

Muscles of the mouth

According to the material of the textbook and atlas, indicate the location, places of origin and attachment, the function of the following muscles:

Circular muscle of the mouth (marginal and labial parts); levator muscle upper lip; muscle that lifts the upper lip and wing of the nose; muscle that raises the corner of the mouth; large zygomatic muscle; small zygomatic muscle; muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth; muscle that lowers the lower lip; chin muscle; laughter muscle, cheek muscle;

- Mouth corner knot: the place of convergence and plexus of the muscles of the perioral region. Lies laterally from the corner of the mouth. In this place, the fibers of the circular muscle of the mouth, the buccal and large zygomatic muscles, the muscles that raise and lower the corner of the mouth are intertwined.

temporal fossa , fossa temporalis, located on each side on the lateral outer surface of the skull. The conditional boundary separating it from above and behind from the rest of the cranial vault is the superior temporal line, linea temporalis superior, parietal and frontal bones. Its inner, medial, wall is formed by the lower part of the outer surface of the parietal bone in the region of the sphenoid angle, the temporal surface of the squamous part of the temporal bone, and the outer surface of the large wing. The anterior wall is made up of the zygomatic bone and a segment of the frontal bone posterior to the superior temporal line. Outside, the temporal fossa closes the zygomatic arch, arcus zygomaticus.

The lower edge of the temporal fossa is bounded by the infratemporal crest of the sphenoid bone.

The zygomaticotemporal foramen opens on the anterior wall of the temporal fossa, foramen zygomaticotemporale, (the temporal fossa is made by the temporal muscle, fascia, fat, vessels and nerves).

Infratemporal fossa, fossa infratemporalis (see Fig. 126), shorter and narrower than the temporal, but its transverse size is larger. Its upper wall is formed by the surface of the large wing of the sphenoid bone medially from the infratemporal crest. The anterior wall is the posterior part of the tubercle of the upper jaw. The medial wall is represented by the lateral plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. Outside and below, the infratemporal fossa does not have a bone wall, on the side it is limited by the branch of the lower jaw. At the border between the anterior and medial walls, the infratemporal fossa deepens and passes into a funnel-shaped gap - the pterygopalatine fossa, fossa pterygopalatina. Anteriorly, the infratemporal fossa communicates with the cavity of the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure (the lower segment of the temporal muscle, the lateral pterygoid muscle, a number of vessels and nerves are located in the infratemporal fossa).