Medical statistics of occupational mercury poisoning. Abstract: The concept and types of poisons

1. Vaccine against Marek's disease "AVIVAC-Marek" dry cultural with a diluent.
2. The AVIVAC-Marek vaccine is made from a culture of quail embryo fibroblast cells infected with turkey herpesvirus (VGI strain FS-126), disintegrated by ultrasound and freeze-dried with the addition of a stabilizer, which includes solutions of sucrose and gelatose in buffer.
3. By appearance the vaccine is a homogeneous finely porous mass of white-yellow color.
4. The vaccine is supplied complete with a diluent ("Diluent AVIVAC-Marek"), which includes a phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0-7.4, sucrose, peptone, phenol red. In appearance, the diluent is a clear orange-red liquid.
5. The vaccine is packaged in 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 cm3 glass vials of appropriate capacity (500-2000 doses each). The vials are sealed with rubber stoppers reinforced with aluminum caps. Each vial with a vaccine must have a label indicating: the manufacturer and its trademark, the name of the vaccine, the serotype and strain of the virus from which it is made, the batch and control numbers, the date of manufacture (month, year), the expiration date of the vaccine and the quantity doses in a vial, CTO designations.
6. The diluent is packaged in 200.0 cm3 and 400.0 cm3 bottles of the appropriate capacity. The vials are sealed with rubber stoppers reinforced with aluminum caps. Each vial with a diluent must have a label indicating: the manufacturer and its trademark, the name of the drug, its volume, batch number, control number, date of manufacture, expiration date, CTO designation and storage conditions, the inscription "for animals", " sterile."
7. Vaccine vials are packed in cardboard or plastic boxes of 10-100 pieces with nests or partitions to ensure their immobility and integrity. A label is attached to each box indicating: the manufacturer and its trademark, the name of the vaccine, the number of vials in the box, the number of doses in the vial, the batch and control numbers, the date of manufacture, the expiration date, storage conditions and the designation of the STO. Each box contains instructions for the use of the vaccine.
8. Diluent vials are packed in cardboard or plastic boxes (boxes) to ensure their immobility and integrity. Each box (box) is labeled with a label indicating: the manufacturer and its trademark, the name of the drug, its quantity, batch number, date of manufacture and expiration date, storage conditions and the designation of the service station. Inside each box (box) put a control sheet indicating the name of the drug, the number of vials, batch number, expiration date, date of packaging, number and name of the packer.
9. Shelf life of the vaccine is 12 months from the date of manufacture, provided that it is stored and transported at a temperature of 2 to 6°C. The shelf life of the diluent is 24 months from the date of manufacture, provided that it is stored and transported in a dry, dark place at a temperature of 8 to 12°C. Do not use vaccine or diluent with expired validity.
10. Vials without labels, with a violation of the integrity and tightness of the closure, a changed color and consistency of the contents, with the presence of impurities, in the absence of a label, as well as with a vaccine that has not been used within 30 minutes after dilution, are subject to rejection and disinfection by boiling for 30 minutes, followed by recycling. Disposal of the diluent does not require special safety measures.

Biological properties

1. In vaccinated chickens, the vaccine causes the formation of immunity to Marek's disease on the 14th day, which lasts for life.
2. The vaccine at the recommended dose is harmless and areactogenic; does not have medicinal properties.
3. A vaccine with an infectious activity of at least 2.5x10 FFU/cm 3 is suitable for use. One immunizing dose of the vaccine is 2000 FFU.

Application procedure

1. The vaccine is used for immunization of chickens in prosperous, threatened and disadvantaged farms due to Marek's disease in various areas of cultivation.
2. Chickens are vaccinated in the first hours of life once, directly in the hatchery in a specially adapted room. The vaccine is administered intramuscularly using syringes or special automatic injectors into the region of the upper third of the inner surface of the thigh or subcutaneously into the region of the upper third of the neck in a volume of 0.2 cm 3 . In the presence of injection equipment such as "Ovodzhek", it is recommended to inject the drug on the 18th day of incubation directly into the embryo.
3. Vaccination Vials with a diluent in the amount necessary for vaccination are kept for 8-12 hours at a temperature of 18-25 °C before use. Before vaccination, 2.0 ml of the diluent is added to the vial with the vaccine using a sterile syringe. After resuspension, the vaccine is combined with the bulk of the diluent. The contents of vials with the vaccine are dissolved in one vial of diluent at the rate of: 200.0 cm 3 - 1000 doses; in 400.0 cm 3 - 2000 doses. Protect vials of diluted vaccine from direct sunlight and heat. During vaccination, diluted vaccine vials are periodically shaken without foaming. Before vaccination, syringes and needles are sterilized by boiling in distilled water for 10-15 minutes, and injectors that cannot be boiled are disassembled, cleaned, washed with cooled boiled water, disinfected with a 70 ° solution of ethyl alcohol and flambé.
4. During the first 3 weeks, vaccinated chickens are kept isolated from birds of other age groups.

Measures of personal prevention

1. All persons involved in the vaccination must be dressed in overalls ( rubber boots, dressing gown, trousers, headdress, rubber gloves). During vaccination it is forbidden to take water and food, smoking.
2. If the vaccine comes into contact with open areas of the skin of the hands and face, as well as mucous membranes, it is recommended to rinse them with plenty of tap water. In the event of a spill of the vaccine, the infected area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe floor or soil is poured with a 5% solution of chloramine or caustic sodium.
3. In case of accidental administration of the drug to a person, he should contact medical institution and report it to your doctor.
4. The vaccine should be kept out of the reach of children.

The instruction was developed by NPP AVIVAC LLC.

Organization-manufacturer LLC NPP AVIVAK, legal address and address of production: 188502 Leningrad region, Lomonosovsky district, Gorbunki village.

Content:

Experienced farmers and breeders know perfectly well that the only effective method protection of poultry, agricultural animals from infections, viral and bacterial diseases - timely vaccination. By adhering to the preventive immunization scheme established by the veterinarian, you can grow a healthy, strong chicken stock and thereby avoid financial losses. It is worth noting that most infectious diseases are deadly for small chickens, adult poultry. Even if one chick or hen is infected with viruses, protozoa, bacteria, the entire chicken herd can become infected. Vaccinations for chickens, chickens can be done independently at home. Having no experience, we recommend inviting a veterinarian who will vaccinate feathered wards.

Why do you need to vaccinate chickens, an adult bird

Throughout their lives, hens, especially small chicks, chicks of other poultry can become infected various types pathogenic flora - bacteria, fungi, protozoa.

Important! Most infections, viral and bacterial diseases that poultry suffer from, spread very quickly from infected individuals to healthy ones, taking the form of epizootics. Some infections are incurable or can cause the death of chickens, the entire chicken population.

Among the most common and dangerous infections for chickens, adult birds, the following can be called:

Before vaccinating chickens, adult birds, it is necessary to assess the state of health of birds. Only clinically healthy individuals can be vaccinated, since viruses and bacteria greatly weaken the immune system, which may not be able to cope with the microorganisms contained in vaccines. Do not inoculate a bird hatching eggs, weakened, severely emaciated, sick individuals.

Advice! Birds can be vaccinated with poly- and monovalent live or inactivated vaccines of domestic and foreign production. Before using the vaccine, in order not to provoke complications, carefully read the annotation to the veterinary preparation, consult with a veterinarian. Read the instructions, the rules for preventive immunization.

Vaccinations are given at certain points in the life of feathered wards. So, if the hen was not vaccinated before the offspring, chickens need to be immunized after they are born. If chickens, adults get sick, farmers will be vaccinated after the general condition is normal.

How to properly vaccinate chickens

Vaccination of a chicken at home requires some training and knowledge. The method of administration, dosage, frequency of use depend on the type of veterinary preparation used. All information about the methods of administration should be indicated in the annotation to medication.

You can vaccinate chickens:

• by spraying the entire livestock;
• intramuscularly;
• instillation of medicine through the nose, eyes.

The most painless method for introducing preventive vaccines and sera for chickens and poultry involves injecting the drug through the nose or eyes. 0.03 g of the drug is instilled into the eye socket of a chicken. You can vaccinate chickens in this way in the first days after they are born.

Such products are usually sold together with a solvent. During the immunization, it is necessary to enlist the support of an assistant who will securely fix the bird.

The bird tolerates intramuscular injections painfully. Vaccination also needs to be done with an assistant. The injection is injected into the chest area at a distance of 2.5–4 cm from the keel bone (divides the sternum into two parts). The needle is inserted strictly at an angle of 45 degrees. It is best to use needles with a length of 9-15 mm.

The spraying method is very convenient when vaccination is needed. a large number chickens. In this case, the main thing is to correctly calculate the required volume, dosage of the drug, taking into account the age, size of the hens. On average, one hundred two-week-old chicks require 50 ml of water.

Vaccination of poultry in large farms, on poultry farms is carried out by the method of watering. Preparations in the right dosage are added to drinking water, to drinking bowls. You need to make sure that the bird drank water within a few hours. Otherwise, the effectiveness of the vaccine will be markedly reduced. To make the chickens thirsty, they restrict access to drinking water for several hours.

Within a week after the preventive vaccination of chickens, it is very important to carefully monitor the behavior and condition of the vaccinated chicks. In some cases, if the vaccination rules were violated, the dosage was not observed, complications and side symptoms may develop. In chicks, activity and appetite may decrease. Possible fever, weakness. Chickens can sneeze and cough. After vaccination of a bird in the eye, breathing problems may occur.

As a rule, side effects after immunization disappear spontaneously without any treatment on the 3-5th day. If you notice a deterioration in the condition, if uncharacteristic symptoms appear, isolate the chicks from the rest of the herd, invite a veterinarian to examine the poultry.

Sample vaccination schedule for poultry

If you have a large number of chickens, the optimal vaccination scheme, effective drugs for preventive immunization, revaccinations will be prescribed by a veterinarian. Be sure to take into account the epidemiological situation in the regions when choosing a vaccine.

Chickens, young individuals, adult birds are vaccinated against Gumboro disease, Newcastle disease, coccidiosis, salmonellosis, Marek's disease.

Approximate scheme vaccination is indicated in the table:

From Newcastle disease, day-old chickens, young animals at the age of 30 and 60 days are vaccinated. At 90–110 days of age, it is best to use an inactivated live vaccine for immunization against this disease.

From Marek's disease, only day-old chickens are vaccinated in an industrial incubator. Therefore, it is best to purchase vaccinated chickens from specialized poultry farms.

From salmonellosis, the bird must be vaccinated annually, using a specific serum. Protection against coccidiosis is provided by coccidiostats, which must be mixed into the feed for chickens.

Timely vaccination of chickens will ensure their protection against viral, bacterial diseases, and deadly infections. By creating a bird favorable conditions, having been vaccinated in time, you can grow a strong, healthy chicken population, preventing the mass death of birds.

VACCINE AGAINST MAREK'S DISEASE - "AVIVAK-MAREK"
Description:
The vaccine against Marek's disease "AVIVAC-MAREK" is made from strains of attenuated Marek's disease virus (VBM), avirulent chicken herpesvirus (HVK) and turkey herpesvirus (VHI) in mono-, bi- and polyvalent variants. The vaccine is available in liquid and lyophilized form:
from VGI serotype III - "AVIVAC-MAREK-3", liquid;
from VBM of the I serotype + VBM of the III serotype - "AVIVAK-MAREK -1+3", liquid;
from VBM serotype I + VBM serotype II + VBM serotype III - "AVIVAC-MAREK -1 +2+3", liquid;
from VGI serotype III - "AVIVAC-MAREK-3", lyophilized.
Liquid vaccine is a column of frozen homogeneous mass with a horizontal meniscus, when thawed - a homogeneous suspension of yellow-pink color.
Dry vaccine is a homogeneous finely porous mass of a cylindrical shape of white-yellow color.
The liquid vaccine is produced with a special diluent "AVIVAC-MAREK", which is a buffered solution with stabilizing components, in the form of a transparent red liquid. For the lyophilized (dry) vaccine from VGI "AVIVAC-MAREK-3" the diluent is "Diluent of virus vaccine against cultural dry Marek's disease from VGI FS-126" TU 9384-010-00482915-01 or "Concentrated diluent for virus vaccines" TU 9384-001 -50195182-00.
Subject to the rules of transportation, storage, use of the drug, as well as veterinary and sanitary and zootechnical standards for keeping and feeding birds, the vaccine provides at least 90% protection for chickens against the Marek's disease virus.
The vaccine does not cause a clinically pronounced reaction and post-vaccination complications in chickens. healing properties the vaccine does not.
Application:
The order of application of the vaccine: The vaccine is used for the prevention of Marek's disease in poultry farms that are unfavorable for this disease.
Chickens are vaccinated in the first hours of life, once, directly in the hatchery in a specially adapted room.
In the presence of injection equipment such as "Ovodzhek", it is recommended to inject the drug on the 18th day of the incubation period directly into the embryo.
Ampoules with liquid vaccine are carefully removed from the Dewar immediately before use in the amount necessary to work for 30 minutes and quickly thawed by immersing them in water at a temperature of 27°C. The face and hands of the vaccinator at the time of removing the ampoule from nitrogen and thawing it should be protected from glass.
Diluent vials are kept for 8-12 hours before use at a temperature of 20 to 22°C.
Immediately after thawing, the vaccine ampoules are opened and their contents are transferred with a syringe into diluent vials. Then the ampoules are rinsed 2-3 times with a diluent, which is also transferred into a vial with a diluted vaccine.
In one bottle of diluent containing 200 cm3, dilute 1 ampoule of the vaccine with an activity of 1000 doses or 2 ampoules of 500 doses.
In one vial of diluent containing 400 cm3,
dilute 2 ampoules of the vaccine with an activity of 1000 doses or 4 ampoules of 500 doses.
Vials with a diluted vaccine are protected from direct sunlight and heat. During vaccination, the vials are periodically shaken to prevent cell sedimentation.
Immediately before vaccination, the vials with the dry vaccine are opened, the contents are dissolved in 2 cm3 of the diluent for the dry vaccine against Marek's disease. Aseptically, the vaccine is transferred into a vial with a diluent for dry vaccines against Marek's disease. The vial from the vaccine is rinsed 2-3 times with a diluent, which is transferred to the vial with the diluted vaccine.
A bottle containing 1000 doses is diluted in 200 cm3, 500 doses - in 100 cm3. Distilled water for concentrated diluent is sterilized by autoclaving or boiling for 30 minutes and used chilled.
The vaccine is administered intramuscularly into the area of ​​the inner thigh or subcutaneously into the upper third of the neck in a volume of 0.2 cm3 using syringes or automatic injectors.
During the first 3 weeks, vaccinated chickens are kept isolated from birds of other age groups.
Along with prophylactic vaccination, farms disadvantaged by Marek's disease carry out a set of veterinary and sanitary measures aimed at destroying the pathogen in the external environment, preventing early infection of chickens, and increasing their resistance.
Immunity:
Immunity in vaccinated chickens is developed on the 14th day and lasts for life.
Release form:
Liquid vaccine is packaged in ampoules of 1.0-3.0 cm3, dry - in vials of 1-2 cm3.
Ampoules with frozen liquid vaccine are packed in perforated cardboard boxes, metal supports (holders) or gauze bags with weights and placed in Dewar vessels with liquid nitrogen at a temperature of minus 196°C.
Vials with a dry vaccine of 10-100 pieces are packed in cardboard or polyethylene boxes with nests or partitions to ensure their immobility and integrity.
Labeled diluent vials are packed vertically in a container that ensures the immobility and integrity of their contents.
Shelf life and storage conditions:
Store liquid vaccine only in Dewar flasks or biological storage (ampoules must be completely immersed in liquid nitrogen). Storage of the vaccine in nitrogen vapor is not allowed!
The shelf life of the liquid vaccine is 24 months from the date of manufacture, subject to regular refueling of Dewar vessels with liquid nitrogen (at least 1 time in 5 days).
The dry vaccine is stored and transported at a temperature of +2 to +6°C.
The shelf life of the dry vaccine is 12 months from the date of manufacture. The diluent is stored in a dry dark place at a temperature of + 8 to + 12 ° C for 12 months.

Main measure fighting Marek's disease Today, specific prophylaxis is carried out with the help of various live vaccines. Vaccinate, as a rule, day-old chickens. The effectiveness of vaccination increases with an increase in the interval between vaccination and spontaneous infection. The protective effect (at a vaccination dose > 1000 FFU) is detected after 3-4 days, it reaches a peak after two weeks and persists throughout life. Although vaccination does not provide complete protection, it nevertheless significantly reduces the natural infection of the livestock and the release of the field virus into the external environment.

Be aware that maternal antibodies do not protect chicks from Marek's disease, while their high level may reduce the effectiveness of the homologous vaccine. Given this circumstance, it is more expedient to use a vaccine virus associated with living cells for vaccinating chickens than an extracellular one - in the form of a lyophilized preparation. To reduce the negative impact of maternal immunity, it is recommended to use different vaccines (BBV and VBM) for immunization of parents and offspring.

For cooking Marek's disease vaccines use all three serotypes of the virus. More often for this purpose, attenuated serotype 1 (strain HPRS-16att and CV1-988), natural non-oncogenic strain SB-1 serotype 2 and VGI strain FC-126 (serotype 3) are used. Each of these viruses induces a sufficient protective effect against BM. However, CHI is weakly effective against very virulent BM viruses. Attenuated strains of VBM (serotype 1) are obtained by serial passaging in cell cultures. Artificially or naturally attenuated strains of VBM are transmitted from vaccinated hens to unvaccinated hens, while BBVI is practically incapable of horizontal transmission in the hen population. Although attenuation is accompanied by a decrease in the ability of VBM to infect chick lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro, vaccine strains such as CV-1 -988 (serotype 1) and SB-1 (serotype 2) multiply well in the body and in cell culture, and are easily horizontally transmitted. There is a correlation between the ability of attenuated VBM strains to be horizontally transmitted and their immunogenicity. The ability for such transmission is probably associated with a pronounced reproduction of the vaccine strain in the epithelium of feather follicles. Post-vaccination viremia and especially the level of virus multiplication in epithelial cells feather follicles from inoculated chickens are a good test of vaccine immunogenicity. Strains, long-passaged in cell culture, reduce the ability to engraft in the body of vaccinated chickens, and with it the immunogenicity.

Vaccine strains propagated in primary cultures of avian embryos (mainly chicken embryos) and released as liquid or dry preparations. In the first case, they are a virus associated with cells, in the second - extracellular. Dry vaccines have significant advantages in terms of ease of transport, storage and use compared to liquid vaccines, which are stored and transported in liquid nitrogen.

AT last years a tendency to decrease in efficiency was revealed vaccination. The circulation of highly virulent variants in nature and the existence of antigenic variants of VBM have led to the need to improve the existing system of specific prevention of MD.

Along with measures such as obtaining attenuated strains with increased immunogenicity and an increase in the dose of the vaccine to reduce outbreaks of MD, introduced the vaccination of 18-day-old embryos to protect against early infection and the use of polyvalent vaccines to counteract infection with variant strains of the pathogen.

It has been established that the highest protective properties have polyvalent vaccines, including strains of viruses of the VBM-BVI group of serotypes 1, 2 and 3.
Field testing of three vaccines against Marek's disease showed that mono-, bi- and polyvalent vaccines protected, respectively, 54.5; 74.5 and 91.5% of chickens. Bivalent and trivalent vaccines, including VBM and BBVI vaccine strains (serotypes 1 and 3; 2 and 3; 1, 2 and 3), proved to be significantly more effective than monovaccines, especially against the highly virulent strains that are becoming prevalent in areas of active poultry production.

The trivalent vaccine was effective when infected with a highly virulent a strain of Marek's disease even against the background of maternal antibodies (protective effect of 84%). The bivalent vaccine from strains SB-1 (serotype 2) and FC126 (serotype 3) was more effective than other bivalent variants. In vivo, the strains did not interfere, but showed protective synergy: the efficacy of one increased from a very low dose of the other, and even partial doses of the two strains were more effective than the full dose of one strain.

It turned out that vaccination of chicken embryos in the last stage of development protects chickens from Marek's disease. When infected on the 16-18th day of incubation, oncogenic and non-oncogenic strains of VBM did not show a significant reaction in the tissues of the embryos. The VBM remained inactive during the embryonic period until the chicks were hatched. Vaccination of BBVI embryos simultaneously with infection with VBM gave a high protective effect against the development of MD, which was significantly reduced in the case of vaccination of one-day-old chickens. In 170-day-old chicken embryos vaccinated with BBVI, the virus accumulated in high titers only in the lung tissues and was practically not detected in the lymphoid organs. The target cells were fibroblast-like or epithelial-like cells of the lung CE, but not lymphoid or macrophage cells, as is the case in the postembryonic period of development.

Vaccination of chickens against Marek's disease can be effective only in the absence of secondary immunodeficiencies. In this regard, infectious bursitis of birds, as well as infectious anemia of chickens, is of particular danger.

There are reports of the manufacture of inactivated Marek's disease vaccines. Treatment with glutaraldehyde eliminated the infectivity of VBM, but retained the antigenicity and immunogenicity of virus-specific components. Tumor cells and lymphocytes of infected chickens, containing a small amount of tumor-specific antigens, did not have a protective effect, despite the high content of the viral antigen. At the same time, cells of the lymphoblastoid line, containing in almost 100% of cases tumor-specific antigens and a small amount of viral antigen, ensured high resistance of birds to VBM. In other similar experiments with inactivated vaccines, the viral antigen had more pronounced protection against BM than the tumor antigen. The results of these studies have shown that immunity in MD can be directed either against the replication and spread of the virus, or processes associated with the transformation and proliferation of lymphoid cells. The nature of tumor-specific antigens and the role of VBM in their induction remains unclear. The important role of tumor-specific antigens in immunity in MD is also supported by positive results immunization of chickens with cells of the lymphoblastoid line of chickens transformed with VBM, but not producing it.