Independent life. Independent lifestyle movement

To become truly independent, people with disabilities must confront and overcome many obstacles. Such barriers can be overt (physical environment, etc.) as well as covert (people's attitudes). If you overcome these barriers, you can achieve many benefits for yourself, this is the first step towards living a fulfilling life, acting as employees, employers, spouses, parents, athletes, politicians and taxpayers, in other words, to fully participate in society and be an active member.

Philosophy of Independent Living is broadly defined as a civil rights movement for millions of people with disabilities around the world. This is a wave of protest against segregation and discrimination against persons with disabilities, as well as support for the rights of persons with disabilities and their ability to fully share the responsibilities and joys of our society.

As a philosophy, Independent Living Worldwide is defined as being in complete control of one's life based on acceptable choices that minimize dependence on other people to make decisions and carry out daily activities. This concept includes control over one's own affairs, participation in the daily life of society, the fulfillment of a number of social roles and making decisions that lead to self-determination and less psychological or physical dependence on others. Independence is a relative concept, which each person defines in his own way.

The philosophy of independent living clearly distinguishes between meaningless life in isolation and fulfilling participation in society.

Basic concepts of an independent lifestyle for people with disabilities

· Don't see my disability as a problem.

· Don't support me, I'm not as weak as it seems.

· Do not treat me as a patient, as I am just your compatriot.

· Do not try to change me. You have no right to do so.

· Do not try to lead me. I have the right to my own life, like any person.

Do not teach me to be submissive, humble and polite. Don't do me a favor.

· Recognize that the real problem people with disabilities face is their social devaluation and oppression, prejudice against them.

· Support me so that I can contribute to society as much as I can.

· Help me to know what I want.

· Be someone who cares, spares no time, and who doesn't struggle to do better.

· Be with me even when we fight each other.

· Do not help me when I do not need it, even if it gives you pleasure.

· Do not admire me. The desire to live a fulfilling life is not admirable.

· Get to know me better. We can be friends.

· Be allies in the struggle against those who use me for their own satisfaction.

Let's respect each other. After all, respect presupposes equality. Listen, support and act.

Approximate Regulations on the Center for Comprehensive Rehabilitation of the Disabled

OBJECTIVES OF THE CENTER
- Detailing and concretization of individual programs for the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, developed by institutions of the Civil Service medical and social expertise;
- Development (on the basis of a detailed and concretized individual rehabilitation program) plans and programs for the rehabilitation of people with disabilities in the Center;
- Carrying out medical rehabilitation;
- Organization and implementation of measures for prosthetics and cutting off the disabled;
- Implementation of professional rehabilitation of disabled people;
- Conducting social rehabilitation of disabled people;
- Carrying out complex psychological rehabilitation;
- Dynamic control over the process of rehabilitation of disabled people;
- Participation in the organization of training and retraining of personnel for departments and offices of the multidisciplinary complex rehabilitation of the disabled;
- Provision of organizational and methodological assistance to independent departments and offices of multidisciplinary complex rehabilitation of disabled people;
- Providing advisory and methodological assistance on the rehabilitation of disabled people to public, state and other organizations, as well as to individual citizens.

3. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTER
In accordance with the listed tasks, the Center performs the following functions:
- clarification of the rehabilitation potential;
- carrying out rehabilitation therapy;
- performing reconstructive surgery;
- restoration, improvement or compensation of lost functions;
- logopedic training;
- organization physiotherapy exercises;
- organization and implementation of measures related to the prosthetics of disabled people, teaching them the skills to use prostheses;
- implementation of a comprehensive system of measures for the vocational rehabilitation of disabled people to return them to active labor activity;
- determination and selection for the disabled of the appropriate types of profession that fully meet the state of their health;
- organization of vocational guidance and professional selection
disabled people;
- organization of vocational training and retraining of disabled people;
- organization of vocational adaptation of disabled people;
- teaching disabled people the basics of entrepreneurial activity and skills active behavior in the job market;
- organization of social adaptation of the disabled;
- implementation of measures for the social and environmental orientation of disabled people;
- implementation of measures to adapt the family to the problems of people with disabilities;
- informing disabled people about rehabilitation services that are provided to them free of charge or for a fee;
- teaching disabled people to use special products and technical means that facilitate their work and life;
- involvement of disabled people in amateur or professional sports;
- carrying out psychotherapeutic and psychological measures;
- scientific support and analysis of the experience of organizing the work of bodies and institutions of medical and social expertise, rehabilitation and prosthetics for the disabled and the development of recommendations for its improvement;
- organization of information and advisory assistance on legal, medical and other issues related to the rehabilitation of disabled people.

1.1 Definition of “independent living” for a person with a disability

Disability is a limitation in opportunities due to physical, psychological, sensory, cultural, legislative and other barriers that do not allow a person who has it to be integrated into society on the same grounds as other members of society. Society has an obligation to adapt its standards to the special needs of people with disabilities so that they can live independent lives.

The concept of independent living in a conceptual sense implies two interrelated aspects. In socio-political terms, it is the right of a person to be an integral part of the life of society and to take an active part in social, political and economic processes; it is freedom of choice and access to residential and public buildings, transport, means of communication, insurance, labor and education. Independent life - the ability to determine and choose, make decisions and manage life situations.

In a philosophical sense, independent living is a way of thinking, a psychological orientation of a person, which depends on its relationship with other personalities, on physical capabilities, on the environment, and on the degree of development of support service systems. The philosophy of independent living orients a person with a disability to set himself the same goals as any other member of society. According to the philosophy of independent living, disability is viewed from the standpoint of a person's inability to walk, hear, see, speak, or think in ordinary terms.

Independent life - involves the removal of dependence on the manifestations of the disease, the weakening of the restrictions generated by it, the formation and development of the child's independence, the formation of his skills and abilities necessary in everyday life, which should enable integration, and then active participation in social practice, full-fledged life in society.

To become truly independent, people with disabilities must confront and overcome many obstacles. Explicit (the physical environment), as well as hidden (the attitude of people). If you overcome them, you can achieve many advantages for yourself. This is the first step towards living a fulfilling life as employees, employers, spouses, parents, athletes, politicians and taxpayers, in other words, to fully participate in society and be an active member of it.

The following declaration of independence was created by a disabled person and expresses the position of an active person, a subject of his own life and social changes.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE DISABLED

Don't see my disability as a problem.

No need to feel sorry for me, I'm not as weak as it seems.

Don't treat me as a patient, for I am just your countryman.

Don't try to change me. You have no right to do so.

Don't try to lead me. I have the right to my own life, like any person.

Do not teach me to be submissive, humble and polite. Don't do me a favor.

Recognize that the real problem that people with disabilities face is their social devaluation and oppression, prejudice against them.

Support me so that I can contribute to society as much as I can.

Help me to know what I want.

Be someone who cares, spares no time, and who doesn't struggle to do better.

Be with me even when we fight each other.

Don't help me when I don't need it, even if it gives you pleasure.

Don't admire me. The desire to live a fulfilling life is not admirable.

Get to know me better. We can be friends.

1.2 History of the development of the social and medical model

Regardless of the degree of development of society, there have always been people in it who are especially vulnerable due to their limited physical or mental capabilities. Historians note that in the ancient world, discussions about anomalies and diseases were not separated from general philosophical views, intertwined with reflections on other natural phenomena, including human life.

In Plato's dialogue "The State" the problem of anomaly is illuminated in a social sense. On the one hand, in the spirit of the traditions of "Spartan mercy", a person suffering from a serious illness throughout his life is useless both for himself and for society. This position is expressed by Aristotle in his work "Politics": "Let the law be in force that not a single crippled child should be fed." Spartan doctors - gerousias and ephors - belonged to the highest state officials, it was they who made the decision: to keep alive this or that sick, newborn (when a weak one was born, premature baby), his parents, an infirm old man, or "helping" them die. In Sparta, death was always preferred to illness or infirmity, regardless of the social status of the patient, even if it turned out to be a king. This is precisely what "mercy in Spartan" consisted of.

During the Middle Ages, the strengthening of religious dictates, primarily of the Roman Catholic Church, is associated with the formation of a special interpretation of any deviation in development and any disease as “possession by the devil”, a manifestation of an evil spirit. The demonological interpretation of the disease determined, firstly, the passivity of the patient, and secondly, the need for urgent intervention by the Holy Inquisition. During this period, all seizures, epileptics, hysterics were subjected to the rites of "exorcism". A special category of specialists appeared in the monasteries, to whom the above-mentioned patients were brought for “cure”.

In the Renaissance, humanistic tendencies arise in medicine, doctors begin to visit monasteries and prisons, monitor patients, try to assess and comprehend their condition. By this time, the restoration of Greco-Roman medicine, the discovery of a number of manuscripts. The development of medical and philosophical knowledge helped to understand the spiritual and physical life of the anomalous.

In pre-Petrine Rus', diseases were considered as the result of God's punishment, as well as as a result of witchcraft, the evil eye, and slander.

The first Russian state act refers to the reign of Ivan the Terrible and is included in the Stoglavy Code of Laws as a separate article. The article affirms the need to care for the poor and the sick, including those “who are demon-possessed and deprived of reason, so that they are not a hindrance and a scarecrow for healthy people and in order to give them the opportunity to receive admonition or bringing to the truth” .

A change in attitudes towards people with developmental problems has been noted since the second half of the 18th century. - a consequence of the influence of the ideas of humanism, the reformation, the development of universities, the acquisition of personal freedoms by certain estates, the emergence of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Article I of the Declaration proclaimed that "people are born and remain free and equal in rights"). From this period, in many states, first private, and then state institutions whose functions included the provision of medical and pedagogical assistance to the disabled.

Since the second half of the 20th century, the world community has been building its life in accordance with international legal acts of a humanistic nature. This was largely facilitated by two factors: the colossal loss of life and the violation of human rights and freedoms during the Second World War, which showed humanity the abyss in which it can find itself if it does not accept as the highest value for itself, as the goal and meaning of the existence of society itself man - his life and well-being.

A significant impetus for the development of the "social model of disability" was the essay "The Critical Condition", which was written by the British disabled person Paul Hunt and was published in 1966. Hunt, in his work, argued that people with defects were a direct challenge to conventional Western values, since they were perceived as "unfortunate, useless, unlike the rest, oppressed and sick." Hunt's analysis showed that people with defects were perceived as:

"unfortunate" - because they cannot enjoy the material and social benefits of modern society;

"useless" - because they are considered as people who are not able to contribute to the economic well-being of society;

members of the "oppressed minority" - because, as blacks and homosexuals, they are perceived as "deviant" and "not like the others."

This analysis led Hunt to conclude that people with disabilities face "prejudice that is expressed in discrimination and oppression." He identified the relationship between economic and cultural relations and the disabled, which is a very important part of understanding the experience of living with defects and disabilities in Western society. Ten years later, in 1976, an organization called the Handicap Alliance Against Lockdown took Paul Hunt's ideas a little further. UPIAS has put forward its own definition of disability. Namely:

"Disability is an impediment or restriction of activity caused by a modern social arrangement that pays little or no attention to people with physical disabilities and thus excludes their participation in the main social activities of society."

The fact that the UPIAS definition applied only to people with only physical defects caused a lot of criticism and claims to such a representation of the problem at that time. Although UPIAS could be understood, this organization acted within its competence: by definition, UPIAS membership was made up of people with physical disabilities only, so UPIAS could only make statements on behalf of this group of people with disabilities.

This stage in the development of the social model can be characterized by the fact that for the first time disability was described as restrictions placed on the disabled by the social structure of society.

It was not until 1983 that disabled scholar Mike Oliver defined the ideas expressed in Hunt's work and the UPIAS definition as a "social model of disability". The social model has been expanded and refined by scientists from Britain such as Vic Finkelstein, Mike Oliver and Colin Barnes, from the USA such as Gerben DiJong, as well as other scientists. Significant contributions to refining the idea to include in the new model all persons with disabilities, regardless of the type of handicap, were made by Disabled Peoples International.

The social model was developed as an attempt to present a paradigm that would be an alternative to the dominant medical perception of disability. The semantic center of the new view was the consideration of the problem of disability as a result of society's attitude to their special needs. According to the social model, disability is a social problem. At the same time, limited opportunities are not a “part of a person”, not his fault. A person may try to lessen the consequences of his illness, but the feeling of limited opportunities is not caused by the illness itself, but by the presence of physical, legal, relational barriers created by society. According to the social model, a person with a disability should be an equal subject public relations to whom society must provide equal rights, equal opportunities, equal responsibility and free choice, taking into account his special needs. At the same time, a person with a disability should be able to integrate into society on their own terms, and not be forced to adapt to the rules of the world of “healthy people”.

Attitudes towards disabled people have changed throughout history, determined as the socio-moral "growing up" of mankind, public views and moods have changed significantly regarding who the disabled are, what place they should occupy in social life and how society can and should build their relationship with them.

The main reasons for this genesis of social thought and public sentiment are:

Increasing the level of social maturity of society and improving and developing its material, technical and economic capabilities;

An increase in the intensity of the development of human civilization and the use of human resources, which, in turn, leads to a sharp increase in the social "price" of many violations in human life.

He has the opportunity to maximize his spiritual and intellectual potential. Despite the current situation, social work with the elderly is being improved and contributes to this to a large extent. professional training frames. 3.2 Algorithm of actions of a social worker to solve communication problems in older people A social worker should be well versed in the methods of therapy ...

And as it were included in the broader previous definitions. On the other hand, the "compensatory" understanding makes social policy and social work "marginal" sociological disciplines of the population, or "population at risk". It remains unclear what science or theory deals with the development of "normal" populations. In the spirit of the restorative-normalization approach, which is clearly...

Social support, but also as a blessing, life value, the fulfillment of life. Quite indicative in the considered plan is the task - oriented and crisis-interventional models of the theoretical justification of social work. The two named and also quite close to each other models of substantiating social work for the national tradition are quite new. By...

The purpose of using these techniques is to correct individual neurotic manifestations and prevent mental disorders. The proposed method of counseling is suitable for practical use in the system of social work with the population. Thus, as a result of the work done, the organization and methodology of individual psychological counseling of clients are substantiated, ...

The attitude of society towards people with disabilities at different times was not the same. Since ancient times, people have sought to protect their society from people with health problems. The Spartans disposed of ugly and sick babies by throwing them off a high cliff into the sea. The killing of children with developmental defects in ancient Rome and Greece was considered necessary for the common good. In Japan, for a long time, elderly parents were taken high into the mountains in the fall and left there without food and warm clothes where they died of hunger and cold.

In the Middle Ages, people with disabilities were shunned and feared, regarded as "sick" and isolated from society.

Christian doctrine has brought sensitivity and compassion into society. In the XII century. The first secular shelters for the blind appeared in Europe. This can be seen as evidence of a change in attitudes towards people with disabilities.

It was not until the twentieth century that the idea began to spread that people with handicapped have equal rights to participate in the life of society along with others. The realization that there is no democracy if there is social exclusion of people with disabilities was promoted by social movements, speeches by scientists and activists from among the disabled.

In the late 1960s - early 1970s. in the United States, Sweden and other developed countries, a policy of "deinstitutionalization" began to be pursued. It consisted in the fact that people who were previously kept in closed institutions (institutions) could live, receive treatment, undergo rehabilitation, correctional and educational programs in milder conditions. The principles of protecting the rights of the client and respect for human dignity were also affirmed, according to which people should live and receive the necessary services in the least restrictive environment.

Modern ideas about disability can be divided into two models - medical and social.

The medical model considers disability as a violation of the functioning of the human body, its illness, and the person himself as passive, completely dependent on medical professionals. The medical approach separates people with disabilities from other groups, supports social stereotypes about the impossibility of independent existence of this group of people without the support of professionals and volunteers, influences legislation and social services. The social model is becoming increasingly popular in developed countries, and is also gradually gaining ground in Russia. An active promoter of this model in Russia has become the regional public organization of the disabled "Perspektiva". The social model considers a disabled person as a full member of society, focuses not on the individual problems of a person with a disability, but on the social causes of their occurrence. A disabled person can actively participate in the economic, political, cultural life of society. A disabled person is a human resource that can influence the socio-economic development of the country, it is necessary to create conditions for the integration of disabled people. In order for a disabled person to be able to adapt in the environment, it is necessary to make his environment as accessible as possible for him, i.e. adapt the environment to the capabilities of the disabled person, so that he feels on an equal footing with healthy people at work, at home, and in public places.

Currently, a disabled person is characterized as a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for his social protection.

Disability is one of the most important indicators of the social ill-being of the population, reflects social maturity, economic viability, moral value of society and characterizes the violation of the relationship between a disabled person and society. Taking into account the fact that the problems of disabled people affect not only their personal interests, but also to a certain extent concern their families, depend on the standard of living of the population and other social factors, it can be stated that their solution lies in the national, and not the narrow departmental plane, and in many respects determines the face of the social policy of the state.

The concept of independent living in a conceptual sense implies two interrelated aspects. In socio-political terms, this is the human right to be an integral part of society and to take an active part in social, political and economic processes; it is freedom of choice and access to residential and public buildings, transport, means of communication, insurance, labor and education. Independent life - the ability to determine and choose, make decisions and manage life situations. Philosophically understood, independent living is a way of thinking, a psychological orientation of a person, which depends on its relationship with other personalities, on physical capabilities, on the environment, and on the degree of development of support services systems. The philosophy of independent living orients a person with a disability to set himself the same goals as any other member of society. According to the philosophy of independent living, disability is viewed from the standpoint of a person's inability to walk, hear, see, speak, or think in ordinary terms.

Living independently involves taking control of one's own affairs, participating in the daily life of society, playing a range of social roles, and making decisions that lead to self-determination and less psychological or physical dependence on others. Independence is a relative concept, which each person defines in his own way. Independent life - involves the removal of dependence on the manifestations of the disease, the weakening of the restrictions generated by it, the formation and development of the child's independence, the formation of his skills and abilities necessary in everyday life, which should enable integration, and then active participation in social practice, full-fledged life in society.

Independent living means the right and opportunity to choose how to live. It means living like others, being able to decide for yourself what to do, who to meet and where to go, being limited only to the extent that other people who do not have disabilities are limited. This and the right to make mistakes just like any other person. To become truly independent, people with disabilities must confront and overcome many obstacles. If you overcome them, you can achieve many advantages for yourself. This is the first step towards living a fulfilling life as employees, employers, spouses, parents, athletes, politicians and taxpayers, in other words, to fully participate in society and be an active member of it. The following declaration of independence was created by a disabled person and expresses the position of an active person, a subject of his own life and social changes.

Declaration of the Independent Life of the Disabled:

- Don't see my disability as a problem.
- Don't feel sorry for me, I'm not as weak as it seems.
- Do not treat me as a patient, as I am just your compatriot.
- Don't try to change me. You have no right to do so.
- Don't try to lead me. I have the right to my own life, like any person.
Don't teach me to be submissive, humble and polite. Don't do me a favor.
- Recognize that the real problem faced by people with disabilities is their social devaluation and oppression, prejudice against them.
- Support me so that I can contribute to society as much as I can.
- Help me to know what I want.
- Be someone who cares, spares no time, and who doesn't struggle to do better.
- Be with me even when we fight each other.
- Do not help me when I do not need it, even if it gives you pleasure.
- Get to know me better. We can be friends .

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

PENZA STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY them. V. G. BELINSKY

Faculty of Sociology

Department of Sociology of Social Work and Social Work

Course work

in the discipline "Theory of social work"

"The concept of "Independent life" as a philosophy and methodology of social work"

Completed: FSSR student

gr. SR-31 Portnenko V. V

Checked by: assistant G.A. Aristova

Penza, 2010

Introduction

1. 1Definition of the concept of "independent life"

1. 2History of the development of medical and social models

1. 3 Definition of medical and social models

2. 1Methodology of medical and social models

2. 2Experience of Independent Living Centers in Russia and abroad

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

As long as mankind has existed, the problem of the disabled has existed for as long. Initially, it was solved in a natural way - the strongest survived. However, with the formation of society, society to one degree or another began to take care of those who, for some reason, could not do this on their own.

There are different approaches to the problem of a person with a disability. One of them is the social and medical models.

The medical model for a long time prevailed in the views of society and the state, both in Russia and in other countries, so the disabled for the most part turned out to be isolated and discriminated against. The medical model considers disability as a violation of the functioning of the human body, its illness, and the person himself as passive, completely dependent on medical professionals. The medical approach separates people with disabilities from other groups, supports social stereotypes about the impossibility of independent existence of this group of people without the support of professionals and volunteers, influences legislation and social services.

The social model is becoming increasingly popular in developed countries, and is also gradually gaining ground in Russia. An active promoter of this model in Russia has become the regional public organization of the disabled "Perspektiva". The social model considers a disabled person as a full member of society, focuses not on the individual problems of a person with a disability, but on the social causes of their occurrence. A disabled person can actively participate in the economic, political, cultural life of society. A disabled person is a human resource that can influence the socio-economic development of the country, it is necessary to create conditions for the integration of disabled people. In order for a disabled person to be able to adapt to the environment, it is necessary to make his habitat as accessible as possible for him, i.e., to adapt the environment to the capabilities of the disabled person, so that he feels on an equal footing with healthy people at work, at home, and in public places.

Both approaches are different in understanding the "disabled" of his problems, ways to solve them, the place and role of the disabled in society, thereby determining the social policy for people with disabilities, legislation, methods of working with people with disabilities.

Relevance of the problem:

Disabled people claim their rights, proving that they are full members of society. The main barrier that prevents the public from properly treating the issue of disability are traditional stereotypes of thinking. Disability has always been considered the problem of the person with a disability himself, who needs to change himself, or he will be helped to change by specialists through treatment or rehabilitation. This attitude manifests itself in various aspects: in the creation of a system of special education, training, in the creation of an architectural environment, in the creation of an accessible healthcare system, and also affects social policy towards people with disabilities, legislation, methods of working with people with disabilities.

Purpose: consideration of the attitude towards the disabled from the point of view of the medical and social model.

Based on the goal, the following tasks can be distinguished:

Compare the medical and social model, identify the features of the models

Compare the experience and practice of Independent Living Centers in Russia and abroad, identify features

Consider the impact of social and medical models on social policy, the practice of social work with people with disabilities

Consider the history of the development of the medical and social model

Reveal the difference between the IJC and medical institutions

Consider attitudes towards people with disabilities throughout history

Object: disabled

Subject: unequal opportunities for people with disabilities

Hypothesis: social and medical models determine attitudes towards people with disabilities. The social model does not distinguish between a disabled person and a healthy person, recognizing the disabled person as equal in rights. The medical model considers a disabled person as incompetent, unable to answer for himself and work, dangerous to society.

When writing the course work, the following methods were used:

The method of theoretical analysis of scientific publications and educational literature on the problem under study;

Document analysis method.

Chapter 1. Independent living as a philosophy of social rehabilitation

1.1 Definition of “independent life” of a disabled person

The concept of independent living in a conceptual sense implies two interrelated aspects. In socio-political terms, this is the right of a person to be an integral part of the life of society and take an active part in social, political and economic processes; it is freedom of choice and access to residential and public buildings, transport, means of communication, insurance, labor and education. Independent life - the ability to determine and choose, make decisions and manage life situations.

The following declaration of independence was created by a disabled person and expresses the position of an active person, a subject of his own life and social changes.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE DISABLED

Don't see my disability as a problem.

No need to feel sorry for me, I'm not as weak as it seems.

Don't treat me as a patient, for I am just your countryman.

Don't try to change me. You have no right to do so.

Don't try to lead me. I have the right to my own life, like any person.

Do not teach me to be submissive, humble and polite. Don't do me a favor.

Recognize that the real problem that people with disabilities face is their social devaluation and oppression, prejudice against them.

Support me so that I can contribute to society as much as I can.

Help me to know what I want.

Be someone who cares, spares no time, and who doesn't struggle to do better.

Be with me even when we fight each other.

Don't help me when I don't need it, even if it gives you pleasure.

Don't admire me. The desire to live a fulfilling life is not admirable.

Get to know me better. We can be friends.

1.2 History of the development of the social and medical model

In Plato's dialogue "The State" the problem of anomaly is illuminated in a social sense. On the one hand, in the spirit of the traditions of "Spartan mercy", a person suffering from a serious illness throughout his life is useless both for himself and for society. This position is expressed by Aristotle in his work "Politics": "Let the law be in force that not a single crippled child should be fed." Spartan doctors - gerousias and ephors - belonged to the highest state officials, it was they who made the decision: to keep alive this or that patient, a newborn (when a weak, premature baby was born), his parents, a frail old man or "help" them die. In Sparta, death was always preferred to illness or infirmity, regardless of the social status of the patient, even if it turned out to be a king. This is precisely what "mercy in Spartan" consisted of.

In pre-Petrine Rus', diseases were considered as the result of God's punishment, as well as as a result of witchcraft, the evil eye, and slander.

A change in attitudes towards people with developmental problems has been noted since the second half of the 18th century. - a consequence of the influence of the ideas of humanism, the reformation, the development of universities, the acquisition of personal freedoms by certain estates, the emergence of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Article I of the Declaration proclaimed that "people are born and remain free and equal in rights"). From this period, in many states, first private and then state institutions began to be created, the functions of which included the provision of medical and educational assistance to the disabled.

"unfortunate" - because they cannot enjoy the material and social benefits of modern society;

"useless" - because they are considered as people who are not able to contribute to the economic well-being of society;

members of the "oppressed minority" - because, as blacks and homosexuals, they are perceived as "deviant" and "not like the others."

The social model was developed as an attempt to present a paradigm that would be an alternative to the dominant medical perception of disability. The semantic center of the new view was the consideration of the problem of disability as a result of society's attitude to their special needs. According to the social model, disability is a social problem. At the same time, limited opportunities are not a “part of a person”, not his fault. A person may try to lessen the consequences of his illness, but the feeling of limited opportunities is not caused by the illness itself, but by the presence of physical, legal, relational barriers created by society. According to the social model, a person with a disability should be an equal subject of social relations, to whom society should provide equal rights, equal opportunities, equal responsibility and free choice, taking into account his special needs. At the same time, a person with a disability should be able to integrate into society on their own terms, and not be forced to adapt to the rules of the world of “healthy people”.

The main reasons for this genesis of social thought and public sentiment are:

Increasing the level of social maturity of society and improving and developing its material, technical and economic capabilities;

An increase in the intensity of the development of human civilization and the use of human resources, which, in turn, leads to a sharp increase in the social "price" of many violations in human life.

1.3 Comparison of medical and social model

Medical and social models of disability in a comparative aspect have fundamentally different approaches. According to the medical approach, a person who has a physical or mental defect is seen as a problem, he must adapt to environment. To do this, a disabled person must undergo a process of medical rehabilitation. A disabled person is a patient who needs to be treated and without professionals he will not be able to live. Thus, the medical approach separates people with disabilities from other groups, does not provide an opportunity to realize their potential. Such a model voluntarily or involuntarily weakens the social position of a disabled person, reduces his social significance, separates him from the “normal” community, exacerbates his unequal social status, dooms him to the recognition of his inequality, non-competitiveness compared to other people.

The social approach considers the disabled as a full-fledged member of society with the same rights as everyone else. The problem is not in the disabled person, but in society, that is, it considers barriers in society that do not allow a person to participate equally in his life as the main reason that makes a person disabled. The main emphasis is not on the treatment of a disabled person, but on meeting the needs of a disabled person, recognizing him as an equal member of society. The social approach does not isolate the disabled person, but encourages him to self-realization, recognizing his rights.

Under the influence of such humane attitudes, not only a person, but the whole society will change.

medical model	social model
The child is imperfect	Every child is valued and accepted just the way they are.
Diagnosis	Strengths and needs determined by the child himself and his environment
Labeling	Identification of barriers and problem solving
Violation becomes the focus	Carrying out activities aimed at results
Needs assessment, monitoring, treatment of disorders	Availability of standard services using additional resources
Segregation and provision of separate, special services	Parent and professional training and education
Ordinary needs are postponed	"Growing" relationships between people
Recovery in case of a more or less normal state, otherwise - segregation	Differences are welcome and accepted. Inclusion of every child
Society stays the same	Community is evolving

In accordance with the medical model, the inability of a disabled person to be a full member of society is seen as a direct result of that person's defect.

When people think of disabled people in this (individual) way, the solution to all disability problems seems to be to focus our efforts on compensating disabled people for what is "wrong" with their bodies. To do this, they are provided with special social benefits, special allowances, special services.

Positive aspects of the medical model:

It is this model that humanity owes scientific discoveries aimed at developing methods for diagnosing many diseases. pathological conditions leading to disability, as well as methods of prevention and medical correction, which allow leveling the effect of the primary defect and help reduce the degree of disability.

Among negative consequences medical model of disability can be identified as follows.

First, because the medical model defines a person as disabled if their defect affects their performance. This does not take into account the many social factors that may also have an impact on a person's daily activities. For example, while a defect may have an adverse effect on a person's ability to walk, other social factors, such as the design of a public transportation system, will have an equally, if not greater, adverse effect on a person's ability to move.

Second, the medical model emphasizes activity. For example, stating that it is normal to hear, speak, see, or walk is implying that the use of braille, sign language, or crutches and wheelchairs is not normal.

The most serious shortcoming of the medical model of disability is that this model contributes to the creation and strengthening of a negative image of people with disabilities in the minds of people. This causes particular harm to the disabled themselves, since a negative image is created and strengthened in the minds of the disabled themselves. After all, it still remains a fact that many disabled people sincerely believe that all their problems are due to the fact that they do not have a normal body. In addition, the vast majority of disabled people are convinced that the defects they possess automatically exclude them from participation in social activities.

The social model was created by disabled people who felt that the individual (medical) model did not adequately explain the fact that they, the disabled, were excluded from the main activities of society. Personal experience has shown disabled people that in reality most of the problems do not arise due to their defects, but are the consequences of how society works, or in other words, they are the consequences of social organization. Hence the phrase “social model”.

Disability in the social model is shown as something that is caused by "barriers" or elements of the social structure that do not take (and if they do, then to a very small extent) into account people with disabilities. Society is presented as something that makes disabled people who have defects, because the way it is arranged deprives the disabled of the opportunity to take part in his normal, everyday life. It follows that if a disabled person cannot take part in the normal activities of the society, then the way in which the society is organized must be changed. Such a change can be brought about by the removal of barriers that exclude a person with defects from society.

Barriers can be:

Prejudices and stereotypes about people with disabilities;

Lack of access to information;

Lack of affordable housing;

Lack of accessible transport;

Lack of access to social facilities, etc.

These barriers were created by politicians and writers, religious figures and architects, engineers and designers, as well as ordinary people. This means that all these barriers can be removed.

The social model does not deny the presence of defects and physiological differences, but shifts the focus towards those aspects of our world that can be changed. Concern about the bodies of the disabled, their treatment and the correction of their defects, should be left to physicians. Moreover, the result of the work of doctors should not affect whether a person remains a full member of society or will be excluded from it.

By themselves, these models are not sufficient, although both are partially valid. Disability is a complex phenomenon that is a problem both at the level of the human body and at the social level. Disability is always an interaction between the properties of a person and the properties of the environment in which this person lives, but some aspects of disability are completely internal to a person, while others, on the contrary, are only external. In other words, both medical and social concepts are suitable for solving problems related to disability; we cannot refuse either intervention. The best model of disability would thus be a synthesis of the best of the medical and social models, without making the inherent error of downplaying the holistic, complex concept of disability to one aspect or another.

Chapter 2. Independent living as a methodology for social rehabilitation

2.1 Methodology of the medical and social model

According to the medical model, a person with disorders of psychophysical and intellectual development is considered sick. This means that such a person is viewed from a perspective medical care and definitions of ways possible treatment. In no way denying the importance and necessity of targeted medical care for people with disabilities who have congenital developmental defects, it must be stated that the nature of the limitation of their life activity is associated, first of all, with violations of relationships with the environment and learning difficulties. In a society dominated by this view of a person with disabilities as a sick person, it is believed that rehabilitation programs should include mainly medical diagnostics, therapeutic measures and the organization of long-term care aimed at meeting their physical needs, the emphasis is on methods of segregation, in the form of special educational institutions, special sanatoriums. These institutions carry out medical, psychological and social adaptation of the disabled.

The Center develops special methods and social technologies based on achievements in the field of medicine, psychology, sociology and pedagogy, uses individual rehabilitation programs for children with disabilities.

Services provided by the centers:

1. Diagnosis of the psychophysiological development of children and the identification of psychophysiological features of the development of children.

2. Determination of real opportunities and rehabilitation potential. Conducting sociological research to study family needs and resources.

3. Medical care for disabled children. Providing qualified medical care to children with disabilities in the process of rehabilitation. Consulting children with disabilities by doctors of various specialties and providing a wide range of medical procedures(exercise therapy, massage, PTO, etc.). Free medical treatment.

4. Patronage services for disabled children at home.

5. Social support for families with disabled children.

6. Social patronage, which includes social diagnostics, primary legal advice.

7. Homeschooling assistance for severely ill children aged 7-9 years. Organization of leisure activities for children and their families.

8. Psychological support for disabled children and their families is carried out through:

Psychodiagnostics of children and their parents, psychotherapy and psychocorrection using modern psychotechnologies;

Adaptation of behavior in the conditions of group work (trainings);

Development of individual rehabilitation programs to continue psychological rehabilitation at home;

Conducting training seminars for parents to improve their psychological competence;

Counseling parents whose children are undergoing rehabilitation in the inpatient department of the Center.

Such institutions isolate children with disabilities from the community. The disabled are provided with comprehensive assistance (medical, social and pedagogical patronage) and involves rehabilitation.

Medical rehabilitation of disabled people is carried out with the aim of restoring or compensating for lost or impaired human functions to a socially significant level. The process of rehabilitation does not involve only the provision of medical care. Medical rehabilitation includes restorative therapy, reconstructive surgery, prosthetics and orthoses.

Restorative therapy involves the use of mechanotherapy, physiotherapy, kinesitherapy, massage, acupuncture, mud and balneotherapy, traditional therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, etc.

Reconstructive surgery as a method of operative restoration of the anatomical integrity and physiological viability of the body includes methods of cosmetology, organ-protective and organ-restorative surgery.

Prosthetics - replacement of a partially or completely lost organ with an artificial equivalent (prosthesis) with maximum preservation individual features and functional abilities.

Orthotics - compensation for partially or completely lost functions of the musculoskeletal system with the help of additional external devices (orthoses) that ensure the performance of these functions.

The program of medical rehabilitation includes the provision of disabled people with technical means of medical rehabilitation (urinal, colostomy bag, hearing aids, etc.), as well as the provision of information services on medical rehabilitation.

According to the social model, a person becomes disabled when he is unable to realize his rights and needs, but without losing any organs and feelings. From the point of view of the social model, provided that disabled people have unhindered access to all, without exception, infrastructure, the problem of disability will disappear by itself, since in this case they will have the same opportunities as other people.

The social model defines the following principles of social service:

Observance of human and civil rights;

Provision of state guarantees in the field of social

service;

Ensuring equal opportunities in obtaining social services and their accessibility for the elderly and the disabled;

Continuity of all types of social services;

Orientation of social services to the individual needs of the elderly and the disabled;

Priority of measures for social adaptation elderly and disabled citizens;

Responsibility of public authorities, local authorities

self-government and institutions, as well as officials for ensuring the rights.

This approach serves as the basis for the creation of rehabilitation centers, social services that help adapt environmental conditions to the needs of children with disabilities, an expert service for parents that carries out activities to teach parents the basics of independent living and represent their interests, a system of volunteer assistance to parents with special children, as well as centers of independent living.

The Center for Independent Living is a comprehensive innovative model of a system of social services that, in the conditions of discriminatory legislation, an inaccessible architectural environment and a conservative public consciousness towards people with disabilities, create a regime of equal opportunities for children with special problems. Center for Independent Life - involves the removal of dependence on the manifestations of the disease, the weakening of the restrictions generated by it, the formation and development of the child's independence, the formation of his skills and abilities necessary in everyday life, which should enable integration, and then active participation in social practice, full-fledged life in society. A person with disabilities should be considered as an expert actively involved in the implementation of their own rehabilitation programs. Equalization of opportunities is provided with the help of social services that help to overcome the specific difficulties of a disabled person, on the way to active self-realization, creativity, and a prosperous emotional state in the community.

The social model is aimed at the "Individual Rehabilitation Program for the Disabled" - developed on the basis of the decision of the State Service for Medical and Social Expertise, a set of optimal rehabilitation measures for the disabled, including certain types, forms, volumes, terms and procedures for the implementation of medical, professional and other rehabilitation measures aimed at to restore, compensate for impaired or lost functions of the body, restore, compensate for the ability of a disabled person to perform certain types of activities. The IPR indicates the types, forms of recommended measures, volumes, terms, performers, and the expected effect.

Proper execution of the IPR provides the disabled person with ample opportunities for them to lead an independent life. Officials, one way or another connected with the development and implementation of the IRP, should always keep in mind that the IRP is a set of measures that are optimal for a disabled person, aimed at maximizing his integration into the socio-cultural environment. AT rehabilitation measures IPR includes:

The need to adapt housing to the disabled

The need for household appliances for self-service:

The need for technical means of rehabilitation

Teaching a disabled person "living with a disability"

Personal security training

Training in social skills for housekeeping (budgeting, visiting retail outlets, repair shops, a hairdresser, etc.).

Learning to solve personal problems

Teaching family members, relatives, acquaintances, employees at work (at the place of work of a disabled person) to communicate with a disabled person, provide him with the necessary assistance

Training in social communication, assistance and assistance in organizing and conducting personal leisure

Help and assistance in providing the necessary prosthetic and orthopedic products, prosthetics and orthotics.

Psychological assistance aimed at raising self-confidence, improving positive qualities, optimism in life.

Psychotherapeutic help.

Professional information, career guidance, taking into account the results of rehabilitation.

Consultations.

Assistance in obtaining the necessary medical rehabilitation.

Assistance in obtaining additional education, a new profession, rational employment.

It is these services that save a disabled person from degrading dependence on the environment and would free up invaluable human resources (parents and relatives) for free labor for the benefit of society.

A system of social services is built on the basis of the medical and social model, but the medical one isolates the disabled person from society, emphasizes the provision of services for the treatment of the disease and adaptation to the environment, special social services that are created within the framework of official policy based on the medical model do not allow a person to who has a disability, the right to choose: they decide for him, he is offered, he is patronized.

The social one takes into account that a disabled person can be just as capable and talented as his peer who does not have health problems, but inequality of opportunities prevents him from discovering his talents, developing them, and benefiting society with their help; a disabled person is not a passive object of social assistance, but a developing person who has the right to satisfy versatile social needs in knowledge, communication, creativity; the state is called upon not only to provide the disabled person with certain benefits and privileges, it must meet his social needs and create a system of social services that will level the restrictions that impede the processes of his socialization and individual development.

2.2 Independent living centers: experience and practice in Russia and abroad

Lex Frieden defines the Center for Independent Living as a non-profit organization founded and run by people with disabilities that provides services, directly or indirectly (service information), to help achieve maximum independence, where possible, reduce the need for care and assistance from outside. The Center for Independent Living is a complex innovative model of a system of social services that, in the conditions of discriminatory legislation, an inaccessible architectural environment and a conservative public consciousness towards people with disabilities, creates a regime of equal opportunities for people with disabilities.

The IJCs run four main types of programs:

1. Informing and referencing: This program is based on the belief that access to information enhances a person's ability to manage their own life situation.

2. Peer counseling (experience sharing): encourages the person with a disability to meet their needs by taking responsibility for their lives. The consultant also acts as a disabled person who shares his experience and skills of independent living. An experienced counselor acts as a role model for a disabled person who has overcome obstacles to live a fulfilling life on an equal footing with other members of society.

3. Individual advocacy advice: Canadian IJCs work with individuals to help them achieve their personal goals. The coordinator teaches a person to speak on his own behalf, to speak in his defense, to defend his rights himself. This approach is based on the belief that the person himself knows better what services he needs.

4. Service delivery: Improving both the services and the ability of the IJC to provide them to clients through research and planning, demonstration programs, use of a network of contacts, monitoring of the services provided (personal assistant home help, transportation services, assistance to the disabled during absence ( vacations) of caregivers, loans for assistive devices).

In contrast to medical and social rehabilitation in the model of independent living, citizens with disabilities themselves take responsibility for the development and management of their lives with personal and community resources.

Independent Living Centers (ILCs) are organizations of the disabled in the West (public, non-profit, managed by the disabled). By actively involving people with disabilities themselves in finding and managing personal and community resources, IJCs help them gain and maintain the leverage of their lives.

Here is information about foreign and domestic IJCs

There are now about 340 Independent Living Centers in the United States with more than 224 affiliates. The 229 Centers and 44 affiliates receive $45 million under Chapter 7 Part C of the Rehabilitation Act. One Independent Living Center may serve residents of one or more counties. According to the Rural Institute on Disability, one Independent Living Center serves, on average, 5.7 districts.

The first independent living center opened in 1972 in Berkeley, USA. Since 1972, the time of its foundation, the Center has had a significant impact on architectural changes that make the environment accessible to the disabled, and also provides its clients with a range of services:

Personal Assistant Services: Candidates for this position are selected and interviewed. Personal assistants help their clients with housekeeping and maintenance, which allows them to be more independent.

Services for the Blind: For the blind and visually impaired, the Center offers peer counseling and support groups, independent living skills training, and reading equipment. There is a special shop and rental office for this equipment and audio recordings

Client Assistance Project: This is part federal program protection of the rights of consumers and former clients of the Department of Rehabilitation under the Rehabilitation Act.

Client's choice project. The project is specifically designed to showcase ways to increase choice in the rehabilitation process for people with disabilities, including minority people with disabilities and people with limited English proficiency.

Services for the deaf and dumb: support groups and counseling, sign language interpretation, translation of correspondence from English to American Sign Language, communication assistance, independent living skills training, individual assistance.

Employment assistance: finding a job for the disabled, preparing for an interview, writing a resume, job search skills, information and follow-up counseling, “work club”

Financial Counseling: Information, counseling, education on financial benefits, insurance and other social programs.

Housing: Housing counseling is available for clients who live in Berkeley and Oakland, and for people with mental disabilities in Alameda County. The Center's specialists provide assistance in finding and maintaining affordable housing, provide information on housing rental programs, relocation, discounts and benefits.

Independent Living Skills: Disabled counselors conduct workshops, support groups, and individual sessions on developing independent living and socialization skills and using technology.

Legal Advice: Once a month, attorneys from the county bar association meet with clients to discuss discrimination, contracts, family law, housing law, criminal matters, and more. Attorneys are free.

Mutual support and counseling on various issues that persons with disabilities face in ordinary life: individual, group, for couples.

Youth service: individual and family counseling for young disabled people and their parents aged 14 to 22, technical support, trainings, development of individual learning plans, seminars and peer support groups for parents, technical assistance for teachers who teach disabled people in their classes, summer camps.

In Russia, one of the first centers of independent living was opened in 1996, such a late opening of the center is explained. Novosibirsk Regional Public Organization of Disabled People "Independent Life Center "Finist" is a non-governmental, self-governing public association of citizens with disabilities who voluntarily united on the basis of common interests to achieve goals.

The main goal of the IJC "FINIST" is the maximum assistance to people with disabilities in their return to an active lifestyle and integration into society. “Finist Independent Life Center” combines a social club, a sports club, an organization involved in wheelchair testing, medical rehabilitation, legal protection of persons with disabilities, as well as a structure that provides a real opportunity to receive additional professional and accessible higher education for people with disabilities. physical capabilities, allowing them to be competitive in the labor market.

NROOI "Center for Independent Life "Finist" builds its work on the implementation of comprehensive programs in the following areas:

Psychological and physical rehabilitation through classes physical education and sports;

Development of amateur and cultural creativity among people with disabilities;

Provision of mutual consultation services;

Testing of wheelchairs of active type and other means of rehabilitation;

Medical examination and diagnosis of concomitant diseases in people with disabilities;

Organization of the primary vocational education for people with disabilities, giving them the opportunity to get a profession and be competitive in the labor market;

Teaching people with disabilities to work on a computer with subsequent employment;

Provision of advisory services and legal protection of people with disabilities and influence on public authorities to implement regulations that protect the rights of people with disabilities;

Creation of an accessible living environment for people with disabilities in Novosibirsk.

Center for Independent Life "FINIST" is actually the only organization in the region that combines the functions rehabilitation center for the disabled, a communication club, a sports club, an organization that manages the production and testing of wheelchairs, as well as an educational structure engaged in additional professional education.

The purpose of the IJC in Russia and abroad: the integration and adaptation of people with disabilities, the task of achieving optimal emotional and expressive contacts of people with disabilities with the outside world, a departure from the previously widespread medical concept of people with disabilities, the formation of pronounced subject-subject relationships and the system of "communicant- communicant" as opposed to the established communicative-recipient structure, but in Russia the number of cizh is much less than abroad, since the existing idealistic concepts of building a socialist society "rejected" disabled people from society.

Thus, much attention is paid to social work with disabled people abroad. The social protection of disabled people is carried out by both state and public and private organizations. Such social work with disabled people gives us an example of the quality of social services provided to disabled people and the way they are organized.

Conclusion

The term “disabled person”, due to the established tradition, carries a discriminatory idea, expresses the attitude of society, expresses the attitude towards the disabled person as a socially useless category. The concept of "a person with disabilities" in the traditional approach clearly expresses the lack of vision of the social essence of a disabled person. The problem of disability is not limited medical aspect, this is social problem unequal opportunities.

The main problem of a person with disabilities lies in his connection with the world, in the restriction of mobility. Poverty of contacts with peers and adults, limited communication with nature, access to cultural values, and sometimes to elementary education. This problem is not only a subjective factor, which is social, physical and mental health, but also the result of social policy and the prevailing public consciousness, which sanction the existence of an architectural environment inaccessible to a disabled person, public transport, and the absence of special social services.

Noting the state attention to disabled people with disabilities, the successful development of individual medical and educational institutions, however, it should be recognized that the level of assistance in servicing children in this category does not meet the needs, since the problems of their social rehabilitation and adaptation in the future are not solved. .

The state is not just called upon to provide a person with a disability with certain benefits and privileges, it must meet his social needs and create a system of social services that will level the restrictions that impede the processes of his social rehabilitation and individual development.

List of used literature

1. Toward an Independent Life: A Handbook for the Disabled. M: ROOI "Perspective", 2000

2. Yarskaya-Smirnova, E. R. Social work with disabled people. textbook allowance for university students in the direction of preparation. and special "Social work" / E. R. Yarskaya-Smirnova, E. K. Naberushkina. - 2nd ed. , revised and additional - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2005. - 316 p.

3. Zamsky, Kh. S. Mentally retarded children. History of study, education and training from ancient times to the middle of the XX century / H. S. Zamsky. - M. : NPO "Education", 1995. - 400 p.

4. Kuznetsova L. P. Basic technologies of social work: Tutorial. - Vladivostok: Publishing House of the Far Eastern State Technical University, 2002. - 92 p.

5. Dumbaev A. E., Popova T. V. Disabled person, society and law. - Almaty: LLP "Verena", 2006. - 180 pages.

6. Zayats O. V. Experience in organizational and administrative work in the system of social services, institutions and organizations Publishing house of the Far Eastern University 2004 VLADIVOSTOK 2004

7. Pecherskikh E. A. To know in order to ... - A guide to the philosophy of an independent lifestyle Subgrant Airex F-R1-SR-13 Samara

8. Firsov M. V., Studenova E. G. Theory of social work: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLA DOS, 2001. -432s.

9. Melnik Yu. V. Features of the social movement of disabled people for an independent life in Russia and abroad URL: http://science. ncstu. en/conf/past/2007/stud/theses/ped/29. pdf/file_download (accessed 18.05.2010)

ten. . Kholostov. E. I, Sorvina. A. S. Social work: theory and practice: - M .: INFRA-M, 2002.

11. Program and direction of work Novosibirsk Regional Public Organization of the Disabled Center for Independent Life "Finist"

URL: http://finist-nsk. people. ru/onas. htm (accessed 15 May 2010)

12. "Virtual Center for Independent Life of Young Disabled" URL: http://independentfor. people. en/material/manifest. htm (accessed 17 May 2010)

Independent living movement determined as a social movement that preaches the philosophy of self-organization, self-help, stands for civil rights and improving the quality of life of people with disabilities.

The concept of independent living considers the problems of a person with disabilities in the light of his civil rights and focuses on the elimination of social, economic, psychological and other barriers. According to the ideology of independent living, persons with disabilities are part of society and should live in the same place as healthy people. They should have the right to their own home, grow up and live in their family together with healthy families.

members, receive a disability-specific education in a general school with healthy children, take an active part in society, have a paid job; the material support of the disabled should be such that they feel independent and are provided with everything that society can offer them.

Independent living is the ability to independently determine the style of your life, make decisions and manage life situations. Disabled people have the right to respect, to equal social acceptability, to the independent choice of an employer, the right to free movement (to travel in public transport, fly by plane, overcome architectural barriers), travel and recreation, the right to participate in the social and political life of society.

In the socio-political sense, independent life implies the ability to self-determination, do without outside help or reduce it to a minimum in the implementation of life, a number of social roles and active participation in society.

Persons with disabilities can make a very significant economic, political, social and cultural contribution. They are excellent disability experts and can show an amazing ability to personally lead and effectively organize the services and supports needed to be full members of society.

Predisposing factors The processes of deinstitutionalization, the development of social work in the community, the formation of a new social direction for the rehabilitation of the disabled served as the origin of the Independent Life Movement.

Provision of disabled people with pensions and allowances, various services (help at home), technical means of rehabilitation, etc. contributed to the fact that disabled people could leave boarding schools and hospitals and live with their families.

Another important prerequisite for the development of the Independent Life Movement was the creation of public organizations of the disabled. At first, these organizations funded sporting events for the disabled or clubs where they could meet and socialize. In 1948, during the Olympic Games, the first competitions for disabled athletes of the war were held. In 1960, the first official Paralympic Games were held, where disabled people met different countries peace. Communicating thanks to the created system of public organizations, the disabled began to interact. A sense of community and an understanding of the problems they faced in striving to become full members of society were formed. Public organizations of certain 214 began to be actively created.

categories of disabled people (blind, deaf, supporters), support groups and self-help groups. The first self-help group was Alcoholics Anonymous (1970). These organizations, as well as charitable societies (which existed before), provided social support to the disabled, helped to find employment, provided housing in which the disabled could live in small groups on their own, with minimal help from social workers, share personal experience overcoming crisis situations.

If earlier individuals with disabilities opposed manifestations of discrimination against disabled people, now disabled people together began to fight for their civil rights.

Philosophy of Independent Living is broadly defined as a civil rights movement for millions of people with disabilities around the world. The independent living movement influences public policy, defends interests at the national and regional levels, acts as a defender and spokesman for the interests of people with disabilities. At the grassroots level, the Independent Living Movement provides a personalized, consumer-centric approach so that people with disabilities can empower themselves to exercise civil rights, to live in dignity.

Public organizations of the disabled, preaching the philosophy of independent living, received the name Centers for Independent Living (ILC).

The official date of birth of the first public organization of independent life is considered to be 1962, when the Group for the Integration of the Disabled was created in France. It included students who wanted to speak for themselves and create services they themselves felt needed. In the United States, a similar organization was created in 1972 - this is now the most famous Center for Independent Living in Berkeley - an organization that includes people with various form disability. Then similar organizations were created in other cities of the USA and Latin America. The development of centers and rehabilitation in the community was facilitated by the 1978 US law on the protection of persons with disabilities and the provision of financial support to the IJC from the government. In the 1980s Independent living centers began to appear in Canada, Great Britain, Germany in the early 1990s. in other countries of Western Europe. In Africa and South-East Asia, national organizations have been set up to take disability issues to a new level. With significant support from the UN, the International Organization of the Disabled was created, which has become a key organization for rallying disabled people from different countries and promoting the Independent Living Movement.

The international exchange of experience in the human rights movement of independent living expands the boundaries of understanding of this process and terminology. For example, disabled people from developing countries have criticized the term "independence" as artificial and prefer to use the terms "self-determination" and "self-help".

Independent Living Center is a comprehensive innovative model of the system of social services that direct their activities to create a regime of equal opportunities for people with disabilities. In fact, these are public organizations of the disabled, in which there are no medical personnel and social workers.

The creation of the IJC was largely due to the fact that the programs offered by professionals did not meet the needs of the disabled. With the development of professional rehabilitation services, consumers were faced with the fact that their needs were not always adequately determined and met, there was a strict control by professionals and the desire to manage their lives in everything. People with disabilities and social workers viewed the same situations differently. Thus, if consumers saw their financial problems in poor housing and unemployment, then social workers viewed the problems of their charges as personal or emotional difficulties, although they recognized them as not having sufficient material support. At the same time, social workers were mainly engaged in counseling, and not in employment and housing improvement.

IJCs do not focus on a few or specific forms of disability, but address issues that are common to different categories of people with disabilities. The choice of direction and the development of programs of different centers depend on national characteristics, existing problems, resources and funding opportunities, but there are common features for all.

The IJCs run four main types of programs.

1. Informing and providing background information
information about available social services and community resources. Not
turning to state institutions, the disabled person receives dos
stupid to information resources (based on the database). This
program is based on the belief that access to information
broadens one's horizons and enhances a person's ability to manage
their life situation. A person makes a choice based on
on the knowledge of the problem.

2. Development and provision of individual and group "under
holdings of equals. The work is organized on a voluntary basis.
mutual support of IJC members. Counseling and transfer
experiences of independent living are carried out by the disabled themselves.

They conduct seminars, support groups, individual sessions dedicated to the development of independent living and socialization skills, the use of technology, and stress management. An experienced counselor acts as a positive role model for the disabled person who has overcome barriers and fulfilled needs. Self-support groups help reduce the feeling of isolation, teach independent problem solving, and promote personal growth.

3. Individual consultations on the protection of rights and interests
disabled people. The program is based on the belief that the person himself
knows better what services he needs. IJC work with people
individually to help them find the most optimal
decision on a case-by-case basis, develop a strategy for
achieving personal goals. Consulting is provided on
financial matters, housing legislation, existing
benefits. The coordinator teaches the person to speak on his own behalf,
stand up for yourself, stand up for your rights.
Conducted trainings to develop independent living skills
training, to increase self-confidence, management among equals
nyh (leadership schools). As a result, opportunities are expanding
to participate in society.

4. Development of programs and new models for the provision of services
TsNZH. Scientific research is being carried out, new mouths are being tested
roystvo, new approaches and methods are being developed and planned
dy support. Provided control and analysis
services (home help and personal assistant services,
transport services, assistance to the disabled during holidays
caregivers, loans to purchase
accessories), demo programs
we, the use of a network of contacts with government and benefit
creative organizations. As a result, it becomes easier
the promotion of independent living in society and the improvement of life
noah situation.

The Center complements other alternative programs and services provided by government agencies to people with disabilities. To solve their programs, IJCs engage the public through public education or through the support of various committees or special groups.

The centers assist in the employment of people with disabilities, provide consultations and training on acquiring skills in finding a job, readiness for an interview, writing a resume, provide translation services for the deaf, provide technical means, and help with home modifications.

Unlike medical and social rehabilitation, in which the main role is assigned to professionals, in the model of independent living, citizens with limited physical

They take responsibility for the development and management of their lives, personal and community resources. The main goal of the IJC is to move from a rehabilitation model to a new paradigm of independent living.

Canadian disability researcher Henry Enns gives the following differences between the rehabilitation and independent lifestyle paradigms (Table 3).

Independent Living Centers best meet the needs of their communities and have achieved the following goals:

Provided employment and the opportunity for disabled people to participate in bla
charitable activities that build skills and confidence
in their power, necessary for integration into social and eco
nomic flows;

We focused on models in which everyone had the same
roles and which encouraged risk taking and determination;

Organized work in communities that can serve as a
source of support and pride for the local community of people
with physical disabilities, as well as a symbol of realized
opportunities and self-confidence to benefit
society as a whole.

In 1992, in Moscow, on the basis of the Contacts-1 disabled people's club, the country's first Center for Independent Living for children with disabilities was organized. The main task of the center is

Table 3 Differences between rehabilitation and independent lifestyle paradigms