The second degree of ability to work. Classifications and criteria used in the implementation of medical and social examination of citizens - Rossiyskaya Gazeta
Introduction
The concept and essence of information logistics
Logistics information systems
Principles of building logistics information systems
Information technology in logistics
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
In recent years, new logistics technologies based on informatics have been rapidly developing, without which it is difficult for any enterprise to operate.
Any manufacturing enterprise is an open system, which is connected with suppliers, consumers, freight forwarders and transport organizations through material and information flows. Such connections determine some failures in the implementation of activities by each of the participants in the overall system of cooperation (partnership). Therefore, information support of logistics management is one of the most important and relevant areas. Thanks to the successful management of information flows, it is possible to reduce warehousing (better inventory management, coordination of actions between the supplier and the consumer, replacing the warehousing of finished products with the warehousing of semi-finished products or raw materials), and also, due to the exchange of information, it is also possible to speed up transportation (consistency of all links in the transport chain).
The process of managing material flows is based on the processing of information circulating in logistics systems. Necessary condition coordinated work of all links of the logistics chain is the presence of information systems that, like the central nervous system, able to quickly and economically bring the desired signal to desired point at the right moment. One of the most important conditions for the successful functioning of production as a whole is the availability of such an information system that would allow linking together all activities (supply, production, transport, storage, distribution, etc.) and manage it based on the principles of a single whole.
The concept and essence of information logistics
Information logistics organizes the data flow that accompanies the material flow, is engaged in the creation and management of information systems that technically and programmatically provide the transfer and processing of logistics information.
The subject of the study of information logistics are the features of the construction and functioning of information systems that ensure the functioning of logistics systems. The purpose of information logistics is the construction and operation of information systems that ensure the availability of:
1) the necessary information (for managing material flows);
2) in the right place;
3) at the right time;
4) the necessary content (for the person making the decision);
5) with minimal cost.
multiplicity of units (information providers);
Plurality of departments (consumers of information);
Difficult practical visibility of the routes of information flows;
a large number of documentation units for various routes;
selection of an option from the existing ones for optimizing information flows.
This reveals one of the problems of information flow management - the lack of timely information, which causes the accumulation of material, since the uncertainty of the consumer, as well as the uncertainty of the supplier, usually causes a desire to play it safe.
Information flow can be managed promptly and efficiently through the following operations:
information flow redirection;
by limiting the transmission rate to the appropriate reception rate;
Reducing or increasing the amount of information in certain areas of the passage of information;
· limiting the volume of flow to the value of the throughput of an individual node or section of the path.
Logistics information systems
A logistics system is a self-adjusting feedback system that performs logistics functions or operations, consists of subsystems and has developed links with the external environment.
Information Systems provide preparation, input, storage, processing, control and transmission of data. They differ in a hierarchical structure. The degree of their automation is quite high. Information systems are implemented as a network of interconnected computers of various sizes and subscriber stations (terminals). Their subsystems perform functions on various levels management, usually using a common data bank. Information of an ever higher level is obtained by compressing data from a detailed database of more low levels. Detailed data is only passed to a higher layer if there are significant deviations from the required or expected state.
Logistics information systems are information networks that are usually divided into three groups:
The first is information systems for making long-term decisions about structures and strategies (the so-called planning systems). They serve mainly to create and optimize links in the supply chain. Scheduled systems are characterized by batch processing of tasks. Tasks to be solved may include the following:
Creation and optimization of links in the logistics chain;
management of conditionally constant, i.e., little-changing data;
production planning;
General inventory management
reserve management and other tasks.
The second is information systems for decision-making in the medium and short term (the so-called dispositive or dispatching systems). They are aimed at ensuring the smooth operation of logistics systems. We are talking, for example, about the disposal (disposition) of intra-factory transport, stocks of finished products, the provision of materials and contract deliveries, the launch of orders for production. Some tasks can be processed in batch mode, others require interactive processing (on-line) due to the need to use as up-to-date data as possible. The dipositive system prepares all the initial data for decision-making and fixes current state database systems.
The third is information systems for the execution of daily activities (the so-called executive systems). They are used mainly at the administrative and operational levels of government, but sometimes also contain some elements of a short-term disposition. Especially important for these systems is the speed of processing and fixing the physical state without delay (ie, the relevance of all data), so in most cases they work in on-line mode. We are talking, for example, about warehouse management and inventory control, preparation of dispatch, operational management of production, management of automated equipment. Process and equipment management requires the integration of commercial information systems and automation control systems.
Building information systems requires systems thinking. The role of the regulator in decision-making is reserved by a person, and computer technology provides him with the necessary information. The interconnection of computer facilities on the territory of the enterprise or between several closely located parts of the enterprise (for example, in one city) is implemented, as a rule, by a fixed line (network) intended only for this purpose. For mobile vehicles and on-board computers, wireless communication is used.
When designing information systems, there is a danger of preserving traditional processes, while it is necessary to achieve fundamental changes in the organization. It must be borne in mind that computing systems are not a universal cure for poorly controlled operations. In addition, with the uncontrolled use of new information technologies, it is easy to spill redundant information and, as a result, increase the cost of data processing without a noticeable effect on the enterprise. Insufficient efficiency of information systems may have other reasons: for example, organizational barriers between enterprise divisions, low quality (according to the criteria of "fidelity" and "relevance") of data, unpreparedness of enterprise divisions to implement the system.
In accordance with the concept of logistics, information systems belonging to different groups are integrated into a single information system. Distinguish between vertical and horizontal integration. Vertical integration the connection between the planning, dispositive and executive systems is considered through vertical information flows. Schematic diagram of vertical information flows linking planned, dispositive and executive systems.
Horizontal integration the connection between separate sets of tasks in dispositive and executive systems is considered through horizontal information flows.
Principles of building logistics information systems
In accordance with the principles of the systems approach, any system must first be studied in relation to the external environment, and only then within its structure. This principle - consistent progress through the stages of system publication - must be observed when designing logistics information systems.
Information support used in a small enterprise can be divided into primary and secondary.
Primary functions include:
organization of information arrays;
organization of information flows;
organization of processes and means of collecting, storing, processing and transporting information.
When organizing information arrays, unified documentation systems and classifiers are used, with the help of which structured data arrays are created that are used in organizing databases.
array is a collection of homogeneous data having a single technological basis and united by a single semantic content. Data (processes, phenomena, facts, etc.) presented in a formalized form suitable for transmission over communication channels and for processing on a computer. The main elements of arrays that determine their content are records.
The functions of organizing information flows are offered by the following management procedures:
· identification of sources and consumers of information in accordance with the special functions and tasks of management;
Determining the composition of information, the frequency of its circulation and presentation forms;
development of document flow;
use of a complex of technical means for organizing information flows;
Establishing the procedure for compiling, formalizing, registering, agreeing and approving documents.
The organization of the process of collecting, storing, processing and transporting information involves:
Provision of technological processes with the necessary technical means;
distribution between departments and individual executors of tasks for the preparation and transmission of information from the place of its occurrence to the consumer.
The secondary functions of the information support subsystem is to provide management personnel with scientific and technical information about the latest domestic and foreign achievements in science, technology, economics, production technology, advanced domestic and foreign experience in the field of management.
Of course, that the information support subsystem to perform the above functions must be properly organized. The specificity of the activities of the information support subsystem is that in the course of its activities it should be able to influence all the functional subsystems of the organization. Thus, the question immediately arises: what place should this subsystem occupy in the enterprise hierarchy?
Currently, there are three options for organizing the information support subsystem at enterprises:
· centralized;
decentralized;
specialized.
With a centralized method of organization, all information technology activities are concentrated in one department (division) and report directly to the top management of the company responsible for information systems and technologies.
The advantage of the centralized method of organization is to ensure high efficiency in the implementation of new information systems and technologies. The disadvantages include high costs for the maintenance of the management apparatus.
With a decentralized way of organizing the information support subsystem, specialists from different functional departments perform the functions of managing information systems, each in their own direction.
The advantage of this method of organization is the high level of knowledge of the subject area of the information systems manager, the disadvantage is the duplication of tasks and functions of the same type in different subsystems.
With a specialized method of organization, there is no division for information systems (technologies). If it is necessary to introduce an automated system, these organizations turn to specialized firms and perform work on a contractual basis. This is typical for small organizations that cannot have their own full-time IT specialists and rely on the services of consultants.
The advantage of this method of organizing the information support subsystem is a high level of scientific and methodological developments, the disadvantage is the complexity of taking into account all the specific features of the object.
The choice of one or another method of organizing an information support subsystem in an enterprise depends on many factors, and, above all, the size of the organization, the management system, the business processes existing in it, and the availability of free funds. It should only be noted that the information support subsystem has now reached such a level of specialization that it requires close attention to its organization. Modern leaders understand this, and any organization, even the smallest one, has information services in its composition.
Information technology in logistics
The use of computer technology and modern software can significantly improve the speed and quality of management decisions. The current state of logistics and its development has been largely formed due to the rapid development and implementation of information and computer technologies in all areas of business. The implementation of most logistics concepts (systems) such as SDP, JIT, DDT, and others would not be possible without the use of high-speed computers, local area networks, telecommunications systems and information software.
A variety of information flows circulating within and between the elements of the logistics system, the logistics system and the external environment form a kind of logistics information system, which can be defined as an interactive structure consisting of personnel, equipment and procedures (technologies), united by related information used by logistics management for planning, regulation, control and analysis of the functioning of the logistics system.
If the information system carries out automated processing of information, then the technical support includes computer equipment and means of communication between computers.
The widespread penetration of logistics into the sphere of production management is largely due to the computerization of material management. The computer has become an everyday tool for workers in a wide variety of specialties, they learned how to handle it and believed it. Computer software allows each workplace to solve complex issues of information processing. This ability of microprocessor technology makes it possible to approach the management of material flows from a systematic standpoint, ensuring the processing and mutual exchange of large amounts of information between various participants in the logistics process.
When implementing the logistics functions at the enterprise, the main directions of the work program are:
· technical means for fulfillment of the program task are determined;
requirements for quality characteristics are drawn up and the required amount of financial and labor resources is determined;
definition of basic methods for the formation of program tasks;
· the choice of organizational form for the implementation of program tasks;
drawing up a network model for the implementation of stages and works;
development of a system of evaluation criteria and motivations for actions;
organization of control, accounting and evaluation of the progress of work.
The logical system in production is effective only when conditions are created for its integration into current production and commercial processes. This problem is solved by creating an information base of the corresponding this species production and its volume and other characteristics of the production structure of enterprises. This also includes "up-to-date overviews" of funds (availability of actual and planned orders, maintenance of production main and intermediate warehouses) and deadlines (deliveries, processing, waiting, downtime, meeting deadlines). To collect this data, the production system throughout the enterprise has "sensors and measuring instruments" that control the volumes and timing of current processes.
At present, technologies of paperless information exchanges are widely spread between partners. In transport, instead of numerous documents accompanying the cargo (especially in international traffic), information is transmitted synchronously with the cargo via communication channels (Internet), containing all the characteristics of the goods and details necessary for each unit shipped. With such a system, on all sections of the route, at any time, it is possible to obtain comprehensive information about the cargo and, on the basis of this, make management decisions. The logistics system enables the consignor to access files reflecting the status of transport services and vehicle loading.
Automatic documentary exchange between manufacturers of goods and large stores is possible, including the exchange of waybills and transport offices when sending goods directly from the manufacturer to the buyer. With the help of paperless information exchange technology, the buyer can directly place purchase orders.
Electronic data interchange is a process that allows using computers to establish communication between companies, to conclude a deal using global and local computer networks, which directly organize the interaction between computers of different companies. To realize these opportunities, companies enter into standard exchange protocols and conclude agreements with each other.
Conclusion
Undoubtedly, the use of information logistics made it possible to establish effective communication between the participants in the management process, although this entailed some problems, for example, a lack of data acquisition and processing, the problem of research operations in the management of material and information flows, the problem of supply management, etc. To manage information flows and organize electronic data transfer between enterprises, it is necessary, first of all, to achieve compatibility of hardware and software.
Currently, these problems are at the stage of solution, since the role of information support for logistics management is increasing every day, acquiring a massive scale, thereby accelerating the process of formation of information technologies in logistics.
As for specifically automated systems, of course, we cannot do without them if we want to speed up and facilitate communications between partners along supply chains, since every movement of materials is associated with the transfer of information.
Bibliography
1. Kozlovsky, V.A. Production and operational management: workshop / V. A. Kozlovsky, T. V. Markina, V. A. Makarov. - St. Petersburg: Special Literature, 1998. - 216 p.
2. Logistics: Textbook / Edited by B.A. Anikina. - M: INFRA-M, 1997. - 327 p.
3. Logistics: textbook. allowance / B. A. Anikin [and others]; ed. B. A. Anikina, T. A. Rodkina. - M .: TK Velby, Publishing House Prospekt, 2007. - 408 p.
4. Logistics basics: tutorial for students of universities studying in the specialties 080506 "Logistics", 080111 "Marketing", 080301 "Commerce (trade business)" / Yu. A. Shcherbanin. – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2007. – 320 p.
5. Fundamentals of logistics: textbook / Ed. L.B. Mirotin and V.I. Sergeev. - M.: INFRA-M, 1999. - 200 p.
6. Rodnikov, A.N. Logistics: terminological dictionary / A.N. Rodnikov. - M: Economics, 1995. - 251 p.
8. Semenenko A.I. Entrepreneurial logistics. - St. Petersburg: "Polytechnic", 1997. - 349 p.
9. Efficient logistics. / L.B. Mirotin, I.E. Tashbaev, O.G. Poroshina - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.
· 1.Basic concepts and definitions of information logistics (IL).
· 2. Classification of information flows.
· 3. Hierarchy of information use in logistics.
· 4. "Relationships" of information and material flows.
· 5.Methods for identification and storage of data in drugs (bar coding) and information systems.
1. Basic concepts and definitions of information logistics (IL)
Information logistics- functional area of logistics, dealing with the study of information flows and their use for logistics management.
logistics information- a purposefully collected set of facts, phenomena, events to ensure the process of managing the enterprise's drugs (information on the production, distribution, consumption of goods and services, etc.).
IP in LS have specific features that distinguish them from other types of information flows. These features are associated with the properties of drugs and have the following characteristics:
Heterogeneity of information (qualitative heterogeneity of information used in LS);
multiplicity (suppliers and consumers of information, as well as the number of transfers of information in each direction);
complexity and difficulty in the visibility of information flows and their routing;
· multivariate optimization of information flows.
2. Classification of information flows
Information flow(definition 1) - a set of indivisible quanta of information that arise and circulate within the logistics system and between logistics systems and the external environment.
Information flow(definition 2) - the flow of messages in oral, documentary (paper and electronic) and other forms, accompanying the material and other flows in the LAN.
Information flows are designed to carry out logistics operations and control their implementation.
Logistic IP as a complex system is divided into a number of components:
· requisites- characterize qualitatively and quantitatively the information set. This is an elementary characteristic of the message. For example, the name of the organization, product, product price, etc. in the form of alphabetic, numeric or special characters;
· the documents- a piece of information with a specific topic and time characteristics;
· indicators- the basis of accounting, control, analysis of information. Serves as the basis for obtaining statistical, accounting or economic summary data and reports;
· arrays- a set of homogeneous data that have a single technological basis and are united by a common semantic content . The main elements of the array are records. The type of an array is determined by the content of its entries. The information array named in the information LAN is called a file.
IP structuring according to classification criteria:
1) in relation to logistics functions: elementary, complex, key, basic;
2) in relation to the logistics system and links of drugs: internal, external, horizontal, vertical, input, output;
3) by type of information carriers: paper, magnetic, electronic, other;
4) by the time of occurrence and frequency of use: regular, periodic, operational, On-line, Off-line;
5) according to the purpose of information or types of activities: administrative, organizational, directive, normative and reference, accounting and analytical, reference, scientific, technical, auxiliary;
6) according to the degree of openness and level of significance: open, closed, commercial, secret, simple, custom;
7) according to the method of information transfer: couriers, mail, telephone, telegraph, radio, TV, Email etc.
The information used in the LS can be considered useful if it can be used in current production, marketing and other processes. To ensure the adequate formation of IP, two principles must be observed: the data must be collected as close as possible to the sources and presented in a form suitable for their transformation and comparison.
3.Hierarchy of information use in logistics
Information that satisfies the logistics needs of the company can be implemented at 4 levels of management.
This level is usually determined depending on the type of activity and the degree of responsibility for the work performed.
In this case, the information drug is subdivided into:
□ to the functional subsystem, consisting of a set of tasks to be solved, grouped according to a common goal
□ to the supporting subsystem including the provision of:
technical (technical means for processing and transmitting information);
Information (reference books, classifiers, codifiers);
software (text processing, solving quantitative problems).
Formation information system- a process that uses the achievements of modern information technologies and the latest computer systems, which makes it possible to successfully manage all processes at all levels of management.
The main purpose of the functioning of information drugs- informing in the right place, in the right volume and at the right time.
The information flows used to develop a strategy and policy for making logistics decisions may contain the following information:
marketing (market research, analysis and sales forecast);
Sales (invoices, sales orders, consignments);
engineering (projects, accounting of materials, cost estimates);
financial (accounting reports on receipts and expenditures, accounts payable);
production (reports, work projects, operational maps, schedules and demand plans).
4. "Relationships" of information and material flows
The information flow can arise as a result of the movement of one or another material flow. Conversely, it can be the cause of the material flow.
In logistical management, the information flow can belong to one of the following varieties :
information flow between subsystems of the same hierarchical level - horizontal information flow
information flow between subsystems of different hierarchical levels - vertical information flow
external or internal information flow
input or output information flow
The information flow is characterized by the following parameters :
1) the source of occurrence;
3) transmission rate (the amount of information transmitted per unit of time);
4) the total volume (the volume of transmission in information theory is measured in bauds, (1 baud = 1 bit / sec.)).
IP can function in the same direction as the corresponding material flow (MF) or directed towards the MF. The direction of IP in some cases may have nothing to do with the direction of movement of the corresponding MP. IP, moving towards MP, can be anticipatory and lagging behind, can lead, lag behind and be synchronous.
Varieties of information flow:
1) leading; 2) synchronous; 3) lagging behind:
a) with the same direction; b) counter;
c) different in direction.
The above various IPs are the links that unite various functional subsystems into a single whole, within which material flows are realized.
5.Methods for identification and storage of data in the LAN (bar coding)
For effective logistical management of material flows, timely operational information is required on the movement of sets of cargo units that form the corresponding material flows. by the most modern method is to scan labels containing special barcodes.
Bar (strip) codes (bar codes)- a combination of alternating thin and thick black stripes placed in a rectangle, separated by light gaps of different widths. exist and are used different kinds bar codes, depending on the purpose and scope. Each code has its own characteristics.
Code ITF -14 - rectangular shape, easier to print, possibly for use on corrugated boxes, used for batch coding.
Code 128 - additional, applied in addition to others for coding the batch number, date of manufacture, expiration date, etc.
EAN codes (4,5,6,7,8,10,12,13,14) - for coding consumer goods. 99% of products have barcodes. (EAN - European Article Numbering)
