Politics of Nicholas 1 briefly. Abstract and presentation for the lesson "The internal policy of Nicholas I methodological development in history (grade 8) on the topic

Nicholas 1 was the third son of the emperor and Maria Feodorovna, so he should not have taken the throne. This determined the direction of his betrothal and upbringing. From a young age, Nikolai was interested in military affairs and was preparing for a career as a military man. In 1819, Emperor Alexander 1 announced the abdication of their brother Constantine from the throne. Therefore, in 1825, after the sudden death of Alexander 1, power passed to Nicholas. Years of government: 1825 - 1855.

Domestic politics

Its main directions were "tightening the screws" for freethinkers on the one hand and cautious but progressive reforms on the other. The beginning of the reign of Nicholas 1 was marked in 1825, which was defeated. After that, the emperor stepped up the repressive measures. Several Decembrists were executed, hundreds were exiled to the Caucasus and Siberia.

Under Nicholas 1, the period of "enlightened absolutism" ended. There comes a reduction in the economic and socio-political powers of the nobility in order to strengthen the autocracy. Reduced participation of nobles in meetings. Discipline has been strengthened among civil servants.

The Third Department of the Emperor's Chancellery was created under the leadership (later headed by Orlov), which opposed dissent, and also supervised the press, foreign citizens, analyzed the claims of serfs against landlords, etc. Correspondence was opened. After the Decembrist uprising, the emperor panicked about any manifestation of activity in society.

During this period, limited reforms were carried out. Legislation was streamlined, making administrative practice easier. In 1837, headed by Kiselev, it began to be carried out concerning the management of the peasants. They received more land, first-aid posts were built in the settlements and agrotechnical innovations were introduced. The rights of landowners began to be limited: it was forbidden to give peasants for debts and send them to work in the mountains.

From 1839 to 1843, a monetary reform was carried out under the leadership of the Minister of Finance Kankrin. A clear correlation was established between banknotes and the silver ruble.

However, the main issue regarding serfdom was never resolved, as Nicholas feared public unrest.

Foreign policy

In the sphere of foreign policy, there were 2 main issues: Eastern and European. In Europe, Nicholas the First fought against the revolutionary current. In 1830, the emperor sent troops to suppress the Polish national liberation uprising. In 1849, at the request of the Austrian ruler who later betrayed Russia, Russian troops crushed the revolution in Hungary.

The Eastern question touched upon the influence of powerful states on the European regions of the Ottoman Empire, since as a result of a fierce war, Russia received a certain territory on the Black Sea coast.

In the middle of the century, the eastern question escalated, which provoked the Crimean War. The Russian army carried out successful actions aimed at fighting Turkey in the Caucasus, the fleet operated in the Black Sea. Later, France and England entered the war. There was a threat of connecting Prussia, Sweden and Austria. Russia found itself face to face with Europe.

Sevastopol turned out to be the decisive arena of hostilities, the defense of which stretched out for almost a year. As a result, the emperor was defeated in the war, which led to the loss of the right to have a military base on the Black Sea. Thus, the main result of the foreign policy of Nicholas 1 was a quarrel with his own Europe, a quarrel that greatly damaged Russia. However, the tsar's fault was not in this, since he was forced to defend the interests of his country.

Thus, the foreign and domestic policy of Nicholas 1 was quite conservative. But no one doubts that the emperor strove for the well-being of Russia and worked tirelessly for this.

Lesson type: problem-dialogic lesson.

Objective of the lesson: perception and primary awareness of new material on the topic of the lesson.

Meta-subject goal of the lesson: to continue the formation of universal educational activities of students that have a meta-subject character, which ensures the integrity of general cultural, personal and cognitive development and self-development.

Didactic task: ensuring perception, comprehension and primary memorization of knowledge and methods of action.

Self-understanding and self-determination.

Presentation of educational material taking into account the zone of immediate and actual development.

Lesson objectives:

Formation of skills in working with textual information (critical reading of sources, their comparative analysis, identification of contradictions, determination of cause-and-effect relationships, characterization of a historical event, identification of the structure of a historical event, formulation of a reasoned answer with a conclusion or generalization);

formation of information transformation skills;

· formation of skills of definition of a problem and statement of tasks of a lesson;

development of motivational, emotional, volitional spheres of students;

· development of communicative skills on the basis of the development of speech-thinking activity.

Active actions of students with the object of study. Maximum use of independence in obtaining new knowledge.

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Domestic policy of Nicholas I.

Lesson type: problem-dialogic lesson.

Objective of the lesson:perception and primary awareness of new material on the topic of the lesson.

Meta-subject goal of the lesson:to continue the formation of universal educational activities of students that have a meta-subject character, which ensures the integrity of general cultural, personal and cognitive development and self-development.

Didactic task:ensuring perception, comprehension and primary memorization of knowledge and methods of action.

Reflective activity of students:self-understanding and self-determination.

The activities of the teacher to ensure reflection:presentation of educational material taking into account the zone of proximal and actual development.

Lesson objectives:

• formation of skills in working with textual information (critical reading of sources, their comparative analysis, identification of contradictions, determination of cause-and-effect relationships, characterization of a historical event, identification of the structure of a historical event, formulation of a reasoned answer with a conclusion or generalization);
• formation of information transformation skills;
• formation of skills for defining the problem and setting the objectives of the lesson;
• development of motivational, emotional, volitional spheres of students;
• development of communicative skills on the basis of the development of speech and thought activity.

Indicators of the planned result of solving problems: active actions students with the object of study. Maximum use of independence in obtaining new knowledge.

Means of creating a communicative environment:UMK A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina "History of Russia XIX century" Grade 8; presentation for the lesson, information sheet.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Actualization of the topic and statement of the problem

On the tables at the students information sheets with texts for the lesson.
On the screen is a slide with a photograph of the monument to Nicholas I.

The recording of the choir of the Valaam Monastery sounds “God, save your native Russia!” .

Teacher: On February 21, 1855, a message appeared in Russian newspapers that came as a complete surprise not only to millions of Russian citizens, but also to the rest of the world. It was a manifesto about the death of the emperor. His death caused a variety of feelings in society.
For example, among the poems of F.I. Tyutchev there are dedicated to his memory:

You did not serve God and not Russia,
He served only his vanity,
And all your deeds, both good and evil, -
Everything was a lie in you, all ghosts are empty:
You were not a king, but a hypocrite.

But meanwhile, after meeting him, another great poet, A. S. Pushkin, wrote his famous Stanzas.

In the hope of glory and good
I look ahead without fear
The beginning of the glorious days of Peter
There were riots and executions.
Be proud of family resemblance;
Be like an ancestor in everything:
Like him, tireless and firm,
And memory, like him, is gentle.

On the screen is slide No. 2 with a portrait of J. Doe "Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich" (1823), but without a signature.

Teacher: His reign began with the execution and execution of his own subjects during the suppression of the uprising on December 14, 1825, and ended with the tragedy of a military defeat in Sevastopol.

The slides “The Decembrist Uprising” then “The Crimean War of 1853-1856” appear on the screen.

Between these two tragic events, thirty years of the life of the empire, where everything was determined by the will of the monarch.

Question : Who do you think this person is?

Student responses: Nicholas the First.

Appears on the screen with a portrait of Nicholas I. Sounds like "The Mighty King!" performed by the choir of the Valaam Monastery.

Teacher: How can you form an objective opinion about a person?

Student responses:A person is judged by his actions (evaluated by his deeds ...).

Teacher: Therefore, we will talk about (announces the topic of the lesson) The internal policy of Nicholas I.

Teacher: Ascending the throne, Nicholas did not have a clear idea of ​​what he would like to see the Russian Empire.
But after the dull and gloomy recent years the reign of Alexander I, the accession of the thirty-year-old Nicholas brought a clear revival to the life of the country.
The emperor soon managed to win the sympathy of secular society. Maid of honorSupreme CourtAnna Feodorovna Tyutcheva wrote in her diary about Nicholas I: “No one better than him was created for the role of autocrat. He possessed for this both the appearance and the necessary moral qualities. His imposing and majestic beauty, majestic posture ... everything breathed in him with a living deity, an omnipotent ruler ... This man never experienced a shadow of doubt in his power or in its legitimacy.

Teacher: What qualities does A.F. Tyutcheva note in Nicholas I?

Student responses:

Teacher: Pay attention to the previous statements of A.S. Pushkin and F.I. Tyutchev. What is the question?

Student responses.Contradictory assessments of the activities of Nicholas I.

Problem: Why did the activity of such a purposeful person have such ambiguous and contradictory assessments of his contemporaries?

Student guesses:

2. Learning new material

Teacher: During the investigation of the Decembrists, a number of serious shortcomings in the state administration of the country were discovered. Nicholas tried to streamline Russian legislation. (The Decembrists talked about the need for this during the investigation).
What measures did the emperor take to resolve this issue and strengthen the state apparatus? Let's turn to the text of the textbook (p. 64).

Assignment to students:answer the questions:

1. What was the emperor's goal?
2. What measures did you take?
3. Why did these measures not produce the expected result?

Student responses:

1. Strengthening the role of the state apparatus (preserve and strengthen the existing system)

2. Strict centralization of management, complete unity of command at all levels of management:

Expanded the area of ​​activity of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery;

He created the II department of his office headed by M.M. Speransky, his main task: the preparation of a unified code of laws;

He created a secret committee headed by Count Kochubey, who was instructed to draw up a draft reform of public administration.

3. These measures did not give the expected result, because distrusting society, Nicholas the First saw his main support in the army and bureaucracy. At this time, there was an unprecedented growth of the bureaucratic apparatus. By the end of the reign of Nicholas, the army of officials amounted to 90 thousand people (for comparison, at the beginning of the reign of Alexander the First there were 15 thousand officials).

Teacher: N.I. Grech, a publicist, a former voluntary agent of the III branch of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery, assessing the results of the transformations in this area, wrote: “In our country, abuses have grown together with public life, have become a necessary element of it. Can there be order and prosperity in a country where 8 smart ministers and 50 honest governors cannot be recruited out of 60 million, where theft, robbery and bribes are at every step, where there is no truth in government?
- What can be the conclusion?

Student responses:The activities carried out by Nicholas the First strengthened the role of officials and did not give the desired result. led to an increase in bribery and corruption. Even Nikolai himself was the first to once say in a moment of insight: “Russia is ruled by head clerks” (that is, the middle bureaucracy).

Teacher: And now A.S. Pushkin gives a different assessment of Nicholas I: “Good, good, but he prepared fools for thirty years.”

Physical education "Yes" - "No"

Teacher: If you agree with the statement, stand up; if you disagree, sit down.

Suggestions - statements:

1. Alexander I established ministries (yes)

2. The peace of Tilsit was concluded between Russia and England (no, Russia and France)

4. According to the program of N.M. Muravyov, Russia was supposed to become a constitutional monarchy (yes)

5. The decree on "free cultivators" was issued in 1805 (no, in 1803)

6. The words: “The most terrible of all my battles is the one I gave near Moscow” belong to Napoleon (yes)

7. Swiss politician, educator of the future emperor F.S. Laharpe was an adherent of the ideas of conservatism (no, liberalism)

8. Stroganov, Novosiltsev, Czartorysky, Stroganov, Kochubey - members of the Private Committee (yes).

Teacher: Okay guys, sit down.

So let's continue: What was the most topical issue in the domestic policy of the Russian state in the 19th century?

Student responses:Peasant question.

Teacher: Since the peasant question was still the key issue in domestic politics, let's see:

1. How did Nicholas the First feel about serfdom?
2. Was he going to cancel it?

Let us turn to the source document “From the speech of Nicholas I at a meeting of the State Council on March 30, 1842” (see information sheet).

Conclusion:

1. Serfdom is evil.
2. The abolition of serfdom is a more fatal evil.
3. It is premature to resolve this issue.
4. Nicholas was afraid of a peasant revolt.

Teacher: However, the emperor understood that it was still necessary to resolve this issue.
The first step in this direction was the transformation in the position of the state peasants (19 million people).
- By why did the transformation affect only the state peasants?(The state could dispose of them).

- What steps have been taken to address this issue?

Let's turn to the text of the textbook on p.66.

Let's answer the questions:

1. Goals of the reform.
2. Main activities.
3. Pros and cons of the reform.
4. Result.

Student responses:

1. The reform was aimed at improving the situation of the state peasants, raising their standard of living.

2. The introduction of peasant self-government; resettlement of peasants to free lands in other areas; the introduction of "public plowing".

3. Pluses: the creation of schools and hospitals, the construction of roads "public plowing" in case of crop failure, resettlement from land-poor areas to free land.

cons: "potato riots", because the peasants saw in the "public plowing" an attempt to introduce state corvée; the dissatisfaction of the landowners with the reform of Kiselyov (improving the life of the state peasants will increase the desire of their serfs to move into the state department).

4. The position of the state peasants has improved significantly.

Teacher: So, Nicholas the First took measures to change the position of serfs (p.66-67. textbook).

Answer the questions:

1. What were these measures aimed at? (Aimed at improving the situation of serfs).
2. Did they solve the main problem - the abolition of serfdom?(Not)

Assignment to students(work in pairs): fill in the diagram reflecting measures to resolve the peasant issue

Peasant question

position of power

Conclusion: All these measures improved the position of the state and serfs, but did not solve the main issue - the abolition of serfdom, did not give the serfs freedom and land.

Teacher: Nicholas I was given a historical chance to become the liberator of the peasantry, but he did not take advantage of it. Why? Let's once again turn to his own words (Document "From the speech ...").

Students Answers:

He was afraid of a peasant revolt;

He was afraid to take responsibility for the consequences of the abolition of serfdom.

Teacher: One of the most important areas of the reign of Nicholas I was the fight against any manifestations of disagreement with the policy of the authorities. He organized and put under his personal control the activities of the political police (p. 68)

Answer the questions:

1. What measures were taken by the emperor to intensify the struggle with revolutionary sentiments?

2. What is the point of creating the III branch of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery? What tasks were set before him by Nicholas I?

Students Answers:

1. The III branch of the royal office was created, headed by General A.Kh. Benkendorf; the “Charter on Censorship” was adopted, nicknamed “cast iron” (It was not allowed to print works that condemned the monarchical form of government. It was forbidden to make unauthorized proposals for state reforms, and religious freethinking was suppressed).

2. The third branch was given all political affairs, control over the moods of the minds, looking for the slightest manifestations of "sedition" (what is forbidden is illegal).

3. The III Branch was engaged in detective work and investigation on political matters, carried out censorship, fought against the Old Believers and sectarianism, investigated cases of cruel treatment of peasants by landowners, etc.

Teacher: Complete the task, find the error in the document:

Students Answers: Points 5 and 10 were not included in the scope of duties of the III department: 5) and 10) are the functions of the V department, created to manage educational institutions and charitable organizations.

Conclusion: Thus, the activity of the III branch created an atmosphere of distrust and denunciation. The "seditions" revealed were often incorrect and exaggerated. Therefore, both the guilty and the innocent could suffer heavy punishments.

Teacher: So, we return to our problem “Why did the activity of such a purposeful person have such ambiguous and contradictory assessments of contemporaries?”

- The statement of the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky will help us to solve our problem. Describing the general concept of Nikolaev's reign, he noted: “Nicholas set himself the task of not changing anything, not introducing anything new in the foundations, but only maintaining the existing order, filling in the gaps, repairing the dilapidated signs with the help of any practical legislation and doing all this without any participation of society. , even with the suppression of social autonomy.

Solution:Under Nicholas I, a well-thought-out system of state control over the social, political, economic and cultural life of the country was created. In practice, the principle of strict diligence and unquestioning obedience was consistently followed. There was no desire for fundamental reforms in Russia; only minor, partial reforms were carried out.

3. Consolidation of the studied material.

Test "Internal policy of Russia during the reign of Nicholas I"

1. Establish a chronological sequence of events and number them.

a) Issuance of a new censorship law

b) Publication of the first complete code of laws

c) Publication of the first set of laws in force

2. Choose the correct answer: Which of the following provisions of the noble policy of Nicholas I correspond to reality?

a) prohibition to split noble estates between heirs

b) increasing the property qualification for electors to the bodies of noble self-government

c) a ban on the occupation of positions by non-nobles

a) P. D. Kiselev b) M. M. Speransky c) E. F. Kankrin

4. Continue the logical sequence: Reforms of the state village:

a) the introduction of peasant self-government;

b) the opportunity for the resettlement of small-land peasants in the eastern regions of the country;

in) ...

G) ...

5. Choose the correct answer: During the reign of Nicholas I

a) the retail sale of peasants was:

prohibited or allowed

b) the liberation of the peasants during the ruin of their master was:

forbidden or allowed

c) after the inventory reform, the duties of the peasants were:

enlarged or accurately fixed

6. Find a match and write the answer numbers in the empty cells:

1. Establishment of the Third Branch a) 1825
2. Death of Nicholas I b) 1826
3. Decembrist uprising c) 1832
4. Completion of the codification of law d) 1855

7. Insert missing words:

The reform of the state village is a reform carried out by the Minister of State Property _______________, which resulted in a significant ___________________ position of _________________ peasants.

4. Reflection. Compose a syncwine "On the personality of Nicholas I"

Line 1 - one noun expressing the main theme of the syncwine.

Line 2 - two adjectives expressing the main idea.

Line 3 - three verbs describing actions within the topic.

Line 4 - a sentence or phrase that carries a certain meaning.

Line 5 - conclusion in the form of a noun (association with the first word).

1. Nicholas I

3. Strengthened, strengthened, controlled, created, published, organized, forbade, ruled.

4. "Russia is ruled by head clerks"; strict centralization of management; preservation and strengthening of the existing system; reliance on the army and officials.

5. Emperor, autocrat, Russian Empire.

5. Homework:Paragraph 10; questions and tasks

The article briefly describes the main points of the domestic and foreign policy of Nicholas I. The reign of this emperor is assessed as extremely conservative, completing the process of turning Russia into a bureaucratic state begun by Peter I.

1. Introduction
2. Foreign policy of Nicholas I

Domestic policy of Nicholas I

• The Decembrist uprising (1825) had a great influence on the mood of Russian society. The performance of the nobility, considered the main pillar of power, showed the significant influence of supporters of regime change. Nicholas I was a very smart politician, he studied all the materials related to the Decembrists and made an assessment of them when developing an internal political course.
• Nicholas I sought to further centralize and bureaucratize the state system. Autocratic power took shape in its classical form. The third branch of His Majesty's office, dealing with political affairs, for a long time became a symbol of the police state, exercising supervision over all areas of life in Russia.
• The peasant question was still acute in Russia. Nicholas I recognized this, but argued that the abolition of serfdom was a long process, and that extreme measures in resolving the issue were undesirable and premature.
• During the reign of Nicholas I, a number of committees were created to resolve the peasant issue, headed by Count Kisilev. The result of his activities were the laws of 1837-1842. The reforms began among the state peasants, who were supposed to gradually switch to cash quitrents with uniform allocation of land. Schools and hospitals were opened to improve the peasant situation. With regard to privately owned peasants, a modification of the law on "free cultivators" was adopted. Peasants could, at the voluntary request of the landowner, receive freedom and land allotment, but perform certain duties for this. Thus, economic dependence remained.
• The main actions of Nicholas I, which made it possible to define his reign as extremely reactionary, were carried out in the field of education and censorship. A ban was imposed on the entry of peasants into secondary and higher educational institutions. In fact, education became a noble privilege. Censorship rules have been tightened considerably. Universities are placed under full state control. The official motto of the reign of Nicholas I was "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality" - the basis for the education and development of Russian society.
• Measures were taken to strengthen the position of the nobility. Nicholas I relied on civil servants. The condition for obtaining hereditary nobility was the achievement of the fifth grade according to the "Table of Ranks" (instead of the eighth).
• In general, all the actions of Nicholas I were designed to complete the formation of a bureaucratic state with the absolute power of the monarch.

Foreign policy of Nicholas I

• In the field of foreign policy, there were two questions: European and Eastern. In Europe, the task of Nicholas I was to fight the revolutionary movement. During the reign of Nicholas I, Russia received the unofficial statute of the gendarme of Europe.
• The Eastern question concerned the division of the influence of the leading states on the European possessions of the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the war with Turkey in 1828-1829. Russia received a number of territories on Black Sea coast, Turkey's policy was included in the orbit of Russian diplomacy.
• In 1817, Russia's military operations in the Caucasus region unfolded. This was the beginning of the Russian-Chechen conflict.
• The Eastern question escalated by the middle of the century, which led to the Crimean War (1853-1856). Russian army conducted successful operations against Turkey in the Caucasus, the fleet - in the Black Sea. This led to the entry into the war of England and France. There was a threat of inclusion in the war of Austria, Prussia and Sweden. In fact, Russia was one on one with all of Europe.
• Crimea becomes the decisive arena of hostilities. The joint Anglo-French fleet blocks the Russian squadron in Sevastopol, and the successful actions of the landing troops lead to its encirclement. The defense of Sevastopol begins, stretching for almost a year. After a series of bloody attempts to take the fortress by storm and unsuccessful response actions of the Russian army to lift the blockade, the allies manage to capture the southern part of the city. The fighting actually stops. The same situation arises in Transcaucasia. In addition, in 1855, Nicholas I suddenly died.
• In 1856, a peace treaty was signed, causing serious blow on the positions of Russia. She was forbidden to have a Black Sea fleet, bases and fortresses on the Black Sea coast were to be destroyed. Russia refused the patronage of the Orthodox population of the Ottoman Empire.
• Thus, internal and foreign policy Nicholas I was held in a conservative spirit. Russia became an absolutist state. Monarchical power was declared an ideal and was to dominate all of Europe. The Eastern question was not connected with autocratic tendencies and was a natural stage in the defense of Russian interests on the world stage.

Synopsis on the history of Russia

Nicholas I (1825-1855), who took the throne under the roar of cannons on Senate Square, did not differ in liberalism. He was characterized by straightforward despotism. Frightened by the uprising of the Decembrists, he led the fight against the revolutionary movement and those phenomena of social and political life which could contribute to the growth of the revolutionary masses. Historians call the reign of Nicholas I "the apogee of autocracy." Extremely militarized in spirit, Nikolai adored military parades and sought to subordinate everything to army discipline. Most of his ministers were generals. Even the church department was headed by a hussar colonel. Russia has become like a military barracks. The secret police and censorship received the widest powers. Even private correspondence was perused.

Nicholas I strictly defended autocracy and serfdom in its original form. To strengthen the existing order, under the leadership of M.M. Speransky, the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire for 1649-1826 (1830) and the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire (1833) were prepared. A monetary reform is being carried out. To strengthen the positions of the nobility, he limited access to it to persons of other classes.

New autocrat strengthened the punitive apparatus. In 1826, the 3rd branch of the Own Chancellery was established to lead the secret police, headed by Count A.Kh. Benkendorf. He also became the chief of the gendarme corps, created in 1827. Own chancellery with new branches acquired the features of a body of supreme power. The departments of the chancellery were in charge of the most important branches of state administration.

Nikolai hoped to streamline, bring under regulation all spheres of Russian life: from religious (forced implantation of Orthodoxy, persecution of schismatics, liquidation of the Uniate Church in Ukraine in 1839) to household (decree on painting city roofs in strictly defined colors). Minister of Public Education S.S. Uvarov promoted the ideology of "official nationality". According to this theory, the life of Russia is based on a "triune" formula: autocracy, Orthodoxy, nationality.

remained reactionary education policy. Life demanded the opening of new educational institutions. But they were taken under the strict control of the government. Only nobles could receive higher education. The tuition fee has been raised several times. in educational institutions and public opinion the ideology of "official nationality" was implanted.

During the reign of Nicholas I, who was aware of the need to resolve the peasant issue in order to prevent a revolution, more than 10 committees were created that tried to solve the problem without affecting the foundations of the serfdom. Nicholas issued a series of laws that had a private and non-binding character. So, according to the decree of 1842 on "obliged peasants", the latter, with the consent of the landowner, could receive personal rights and for the agreed duties - the landlord's land for use. Under this decree, only 24 thousand people out of 10 million serfs were released.

The most significant was reform of the management of state lands and state peasants. The Ministry of State Property was created. In the state village, the collection of taxes, duties, recruitment kits is streamlined. From the inhabited areas, the peasants moved to the sparsely populated areas, where they were allocated land. The creation of the ministry increased the number of officials controlling the peasants and increased bureaucratic oppression and extortion. However, the position of the state peasants was easier than the landlords.

Meanwhile, in the conditions of the crisis of the feudal-serf system, the popular and national liberation movement. If in the first quarter of the 19th century 650 peasant unrest were recorded, then in the second there were already 1090. Such large uprisings as the "cholera riots" in Sevastopol and St. Petersburg (1830-1831), the uprising in the Novgorod military settlements of 1831 are known. The liberation movement on the national outskirts was brutally suppressed - Ustim Karmalyuk in Ukraine (1832-1835), the Polish uprising (1830-1831), the uprising in Georgia (1841). The Russian autocracy encountered stubborn resistance during the pacification of the Caucasus.

Domestic policy of Nicholas I was focused on maintaining the status quo in all areas of life, especially the foundations of serfdom, the old political institutions. She ignored the pressing problems of the economy (industry, transport, technical re-equipment of the army and navy). The unwillingness to carry out bourgeois transformations had the most tragic effect already at the end of the reign of Nicholas I, turning into Russia's defeat in the Crimean War.

In all great history Our great Motherland was ruled by a lot of kings and emperors. One of these was, who was born on July 6, 1796, and ruled his state for 30 years, from 1825 to 1855. Nicholas was remembered by many as a very cautious emperor, who did not pursue an active domestic policy in his state, which will be discussed later.

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The main directions of the domestic policy of Nicholas I, briefly

The vector of development of the country, which the emperor chose, was greatly influenced by the Decembrist uprising that took place in the year when the ruler ascended the throne. This event determined that all reforms, changes and, in general, the entire course of the ruler's domestic policy will be aimed at any destruction or prevention of the opposition.

The fight against any dissatisfied - this is what the head of state, who ascended the throne, adhered to throughout his reign. The ruler understood that Russia needed reforms, but his primary goal was the need for the stability of the country and the sustainability of all bills.

Internal policy of Nicholas I

Reforms of Nicholas I

The emperor, realizing the importance and necessity of reforms, tried to put them into practice.

financial reform

This was the first change that the ruler made. The financial reform is also called the reform of Kankrin, the Minister of Finance. The main goal and essence of the change was to restore confidence in paper money.

Nikolai is the first person who attempted not only to improve and create stability in the financial situation of his state, but also to issue a powerful currency that was highly valued in the international arena. With this reform, banknotes were to be replaced by credit signs. The whole process of change was divided into two stages:

1. The state accumulated a metal fund, which later, according to the plan, was supposed to become a security for paper money. To do this, the bank began to accept gold and silver coins with their subsequent exchange for deposit tickets. In parallel with this, the Minister of Finance, Kankrin, fixed the value of the banknote ruble at the same level, and ordered that all state payments be calculated in silver rubles.
2. The second stage was the process of exchanging deposit notes for new credit notes. They could easily be exchanged for metal rubles.

Important! Thus, Kankrin managed to create such a financial situation in the country, in which ordinary paper money was backed by metal and was valued in exactly the same way as metal money.

The main features of Nicholas's domestic policy were actions aimed at improving the life of the peasants. During his entire reign, 9 committees were created to discuss the possibility of improving the life of serfs. It should be noted right away that the emperor failed to solve the peasant question to the end, since he did everything very conservatively.

The great sovereign understood the importance, but the first changes of the ruler were aimed at improving the life of the state peasants, and not all:

• The number of educational institutions and hospitals has increased in state villages, villages and other settlements.
• Special plots of land were allocated, where members of the peasant community could use them in order to prevent a bad harvest and subsequently famine. Potatoes are what these lands were mainly planted with.
• Attempts were made to solve the problem of lack of land. In those settlements where the peasants did not have enough land, state peasants were transferred to the east, where there were a lot of free plots.

These first steps, which Nicholas I took to improve the life of the peasants, greatly alerted the landlords, and even caused them discontent. The reason for this was that the life of the state peasants began to really get better, and consequently, ordinary serfs also began to show discontent.

Later, the government of the state, headed by the emperor, began to develop a plan to create bills that, one way or another, improved the life of ordinary serfs:

• A law was issued that forbade landowners to retail serfs, that is, the sale of any peasant separately from the family was henceforth prohibited.
• The bill, called "On obligated peasants", was that now the landowners had the right to release serfs without land, and also to release them with land. However, for such a gift of freedom, the liberated serfs were obliged to pay certain debts to their former masters.
• From a certain point, serfs were given the right to buy their own land and, therefore, to become free people. In addition, serfs were also entitled to buy property.

ATTENTION! Despite all the reforms of Nicholas I described above, which came into force under this emperor, neither the landlords nor the peasants used them: the former did not want to let the serfs go, while the latter simply did not have the opportunity to redeem themselves. However, all these changes were an important step towards the complete disappearance of serfdom.

Education policy

The ruler of the state decided to single out three types of schools: parish, county and gymnasiums. The first and most important subjects taught in schools were Latin language and Greek, and all other disciplines were considered optional. As soon as Nicholas first ascended the throne, there were about 49 gymnasiums in Russia, and by the end of the emperor's reign, their number was 77 throughout the country.

Universities have also changed. Rectors, as well as professors of educational institutions, were now elected by the Ministry of Public Education. The opportunity to study at universities was given only for money. In addition to Moscow University, higher educational institutions were located in St. Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov and Kyiv. In addition, some lyceums could give higher education to people.

The first place in all education was occupied by the “official nationality”, which consisted in the fact that the entire Russian people is the guardian of patriarchal traditions. That is why in all universities, regardless of the faculty, such subjects as ecclesiastical law and theology were taught.

Economic development

The industrial situation that settled down in the state by the time Nicholas came to the throne was the most terrible in the history of Russia. There was no question of any competition in this area with Western and European powers.

All those types of industrial products and materials that were simply necessary for the country were bought and delivered from abroad, and Russia itself supplied only raw materials abroad. However, by the end of the reign of the emperor, the situation changed very noticeably for the better. Nikolay was able to begin the formation of a technically advanced industry, already capable of competition.

The production of clothing, metals, sugar and textiles has received a very strong development. A huge number of products from completely different materials began to be produced in the Russian Empire. Work machines also began to be made at home, and not bought abroad.

According to statistics, for more than 30 years, the turnover of industry in the country has more than tripled in one year. In particular, machine-building products increased their turnover by as much as 33 times, and cotton products - by 31 times.

For the first time in the history of Russia, the construction of paved highways began. Three major routes were built, one of which is Moscow-Warsaw. Under Nicholas I, the construction of railways was also initiated. The rapid growth of industry served to increase the urban population by more than 2 times.

Scheme and characteristics of the domestic policy of Nicholas I

As already mentioned, the main reasons for the tightening of domestic policy under Nicholas I were the Decembrist uprising and new possible protests. Despite the fact that the emperor tried and made the life of the serfs better, he adhered to the foundations of autocracy, suppressed the opposition and developed bureaucracy. This was the internal policy of Nicholas 1. The diagram below describes its main directions.

The results of Nicholas's domestic policy, as well as the general assessment of modern historians, politicians and scientists, are ambiguous. On the one hand, the emperor managed to create financial stability in the state, to "revive" industry, increasing its volume tenfold.

Attempts were even made to improve life, and partially free ordinary peasants, but these attempts were unsuccessful. On the other hand, Nicholas the First did not allow dissent, made it so that religion in people's lives took almost the first place, which, by definition, is not very good for the normal development of the state. The protective function was in principle observed.

Domestic policy of Nicholas I

Domestic policy of Nicholas I. Continued

Conclusion

The result of everything can be formulated as follows: for Nicholas I, the most important aspect during his reign was precisely the stability within his country. He was not indifferent to the life of ordinary citizens, but he could not greatly improve it, primarily because of the autocratic regime, which the emperor fully supported and tried to strengthen in every possible way.