The study of the level of serum immunoglobulins in the blood. Immunoglobulin A (IgA): what is it, interpretation of the results

Serum preparations contain antibodies, specifically binding and neutralizing certain bacteria, viruses, toxins.

Serums are used for treatment, emergency prevention and diagnosis of infectious diseases. Distinguish treatment and prophylactic and d diagnostic serum.

Therapeutic and prophylactic sera are used to create passive artificially acquired immunity and are divided into antiviral, antibacterial and antitoxic. Diagnostic sera include agglutinating, precipitating, hemolytic, antiviral and antitoxic sera. The advantage of sera over vaccines is that they create immunity immediately after administration (12-24 hours). The disadvantage is short-term immunity, tk. antibodies are foreign proteins that are quickly (after 1 to 2 weeks) excreted from the body.

Therapeutic and prophylactic sera are obtained from blood hyperimmunized animals(horses) and from human blood(donor, placental, abortive), recovered or immunized.

Diagnostic sera are obtained from the blood of immunized rabbits.

For getting antitoxic serums carry out hyperimmunization (repeated administration) of horses toxins. Immunization is carried out subcutaneously or intravenously with increasing doses of antigen at certain time intervals between injections. First, toxoid is injected, and after 4-5 days - toxin. Antitoxic serums are used to create antitoxic immunity, i.e. for treatment and prevention toxin infections(botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene, diphtheria).

For getting antibacterial serums carry out hyperimmunization with vaccine strains of bacteria or killed bacteria. They contain antibodies with agglutinating and lysing properties. These are non-titratable drugs. Ineffective.

For getting antiviral sera carry out hyperimmunization with strains of viruses.

Serum cleanse various methods, concentrate, sterilize and determine its activity (antibody titer).

The activity of antitoxic sera is expressed in International units (IU). The activity of a serum reflects its ability to neutralize a given dose of a toxin. This is a conditionally taken value for each type of serum. For example, for diphtheria serum, 1 IU is the smallest amount of serum that neutralizes 100 DLM of diphtheria toxin in a guinea pig.

Serums are clear liquids, pale yellow color. Released in ampoules. Serums, like vaccines, after production is subject to state control in accordance with the instructions of the Ministry of Health. Serums are controlled for sterility, harmlessness, protein content, clarity and activity (antibody titer). Serum is administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, less often - intravenously or into the spinal canal. Serum is injected Bezredke method to prevent anaphylactic shock and serum sickness .

Immunoglobulins are obtained from sera by water-alcohol extraction (purification). Immunoglobulins are purified and concentrated immune sera.

Immunoglobulins, like immune sera there are homologous and heterologous.Homologous receive from human blood, heterologous – from the blood of animals. Immunoglobulins from human blood are of 2 types: 1) measles (normal) immunoglobulin- obtained from donor, placental or abortive blood of healthy people, which contains antibodies against the measles virus, influenza viruses, hepatitis, polio, whooping cough and some other bacterial and viral infections; 2) targeted immunoglobulins- obtained from the blood of people who have been ill and volunteers who are immunized against a specific infection; they contain elevated concentrations of specific antibodies and are used for therapeutic purposes; receive targeted immunoglobulins against influenza, rabies, smallpox, tick-borne encephalitis, tetanus and staphylococcal infections.

heterologous immunoglobulins: equine immunoglobulins against rabies ( anti-rabiesg-globulin), tick-borne encephalitis, Ebola, Japanese encephalitis, anthrax; immunoglobulins from the blood serum of oxen for the treatment of leptospirosis.

Homologous serum preparations are widely used for the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis, measles, for the treatment of botulism, tetanus, staphylococcal infections, tick-borne encephalitis, hepatitis B., etc.

heterologous sera are horse sera against botulism, gas gangrene, diphtheria, tetanus.

The use of homologous sera and immunoglobulins is preferable (better), since antibodies are longer in the body (4-5 weeks) and do not cause severe adverse reactions, like heterologous ones. Heterologous drugs are quickly excreted from the body (after 1-2 weeks) and cause side effects. They have a strictly limited use due to the danger of allergic complications.

IMMUNOMODULATORS drugs that stimulate, inhibit or regulate immune responses. They affect the activity of immunocompetent cells, the processes of formation of immune factors. These include interferon, interleukins, myelopeptides, thymus substances, as well as chemicals: decaris, cyclosporine A; preparations of microbial origin: prodigiosan, pyrogenal, muramylpeptide. Immunomodulators are prescribed for tumors, primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases.

part 1. general microbiology

Lecture #1

Methods for laboratory diagnosis of bacterial infections. Bacteria are the causative agents of intestinal infections. Characteristics of Escherichia coli and its significance for the macroorganism. Diseases caused by Escherichia coli. Principles of their laboratory diagnostics, treatment and prevention.

Laboratory methods are widely used to diagnose infectious diseases. These include the following methods:

1. Microscopic.

2. Microbiological.

3. Biological (bioassay).

4. Serological.

5. Allergic.

6. Molecular-genetic.

The choice of research methods depends on the preliminary diagnosis of the disease.

The material for the study can be blood, cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, feces, urine, bile, vomit, mucus from the throat, nose, discharge of the urethra, cervix, organ punctures, etc., which depends on the nature, form, period illness.

Microscopic method based on microscopy of smears prepared from pathological material. Smears can be native, fixed and stained.

Advantage of the method : simplicity and speed of obtaining the result (30-60 minutes).

Disadvantages of the method:

1) frequent impossibility of species identification of pathogens (for example, pathogenic enterobacteria);

2) the need for a sufficient amount of the pathogen in the test material.

Method In most cases is indicative. However, in the diagnosis of some infections (for example, meningitis, leptospirosis, relapsing fever, syphilis), this method may be the main one.

The reliability of the method increases when conducting immunofluorescent research. This method is based on the treatment of preparations from the test material with special sera containing antibodies to the pathogen labeled with fluorochromes. The labeled antibodies bind to the corresponding antigen, which is detected. Under a fluorescent microscope, a glow zone is visible around these complexes.

Currently, this method is widely used to detect various microorganisms in pathological material.

microbiological method is based on the isolation of a pure culture of the pathogen from pathological material and its identification. Isolation is carried out by inoculation on appropriate nutrient media. Identification of pure cultures is carried out according to morphological, cultural, biochemical, antigenic, toxigenic and other characteristics.

Advantages of the method:

1) high information content and reliability;

2) the possibility of determining the sensitivity of the isolated culture to antibiotics and the appointment of rational chemotherapy;

3) the possibility of detecting bacteria carriers among various population groups;

4) the possibility of deciphering the epidemiological chain (source of infection, ways of its transmission) based on the identification of bio-, sero-, phage pathogens.

The disadvantage of the method : duration of the study (from 2-4 days to 3-4 weeks - 2 months).

The method is main in the diagnosis of most infections.

biological method is based on the infection of laboratory animals with the test material in order to isolate and identify a pure culture of the pathogen (or its toxin), as well as to make a diagnosis based on the clinical picture of the disease.

Advantages of the method:

1) the possibility of isolating the pathogen when it does not grow or is poorly cultivated on artificial nutrient media (for example, pathogens of tularemia, rickettsiosis, chlamydia);

2) the possibility of isolating the pathogen in case of abundant contamination of the pathological material with foreign microflora;

3) the possibility of differentiating pathogenic microorganisms (for example, pathogens of endemic and epidemic rickettsiosis) and determining their virulence;

4) the opportunity to study the immunity and the effectiveness of therapeutic and prophylactic drugs.

Disadvantages of the method:

    laboriousness;

    high cost;

    death of laboratory animals (as a result of an infectious process or special killing).

Animal bioassay is mainly used for zoonotic diseases and also for the detection of toxins (eg botulinum).

Serological method It is aimed at detecting antibodies in the patient's serum (serodiagnosis) and at detecting antigens of pathogens (seroidentification) directly in the test material.

Various highly sensitive immunological reactions are used for serodiagnosis and seroidentification: agglutination, RNHA, RSK, precipitation, immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassay, radioimmunoassay.

In serodiagnosis, live cultures of microorganisms or diagnosticums are used as antigens - killed suspensions of microorganisms or extracts from them obtained by chemical means.

For seroidentification of pathogens, diagnostic sera with a high content of antibodies and a pronounced specificity are used.

Advantages of the serological method:

1) is one of the main ones in the diagnosis of viral infections and rickettsiosis (due to the difficulties in isolating and identifying these pathogens);

2) the speed of obtaining results;

3) high sensitivity;

4) allows to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination;

5) allows you to conduct an epidemiological analysis of infectious morbidity.

The main disadvantage of the method: relative reliability, since there may be positive results of serological studies not only in patients, but also in persons who have had the corresponding infection in the past (anamnestic reaction) or who received preventive vaccinations (vaccination reaction).

False-positive results are possible in the identification of antigens of pathogens due to the wide antigenic relationship between genera and species within each family and even among different families.

Generally serological method in laboratory practice more often has powerful significance and cannot replace bacteriological examination.

Allergic method based on the identification hypersensitivity organism to a specific allergen, which is the causative agent of the disease. To identify such sensitivity, skin-allergic tests are performed. A person who is suspected of having a disease accompanied by an allergy (tuberculosis, brucellosis, tularemia, glanders, anthrax, etc.) is injected intradermally with small amounts of an allergen from the causative agent of this infection (killed microbial cells or antigenic complexes or waste products of the pathogen extracted from them) . In the presence of an infectious allergy, after 24-72 hours, an inflammatory reaction occurs in the form of hyperemia, infiltration, and skin edema. The basis of a positive skin reaction is the cellular reaction of HRT, which reflects the specific increased sensitivity of the body to an infectious allergen. It occurs as a result of a current, past illness, vaccination or infection of the body.

In addition to skin-allergic tests, in vitro allergy diagnostic methods (leukocytolysis reactions, inhibition of leukocyte migration, lymphoblast transformation) are used to assess the state of specific sensitization of blood leukocytes in relation to a specific antigen.

The advantage of the allergic method: high specificity.

Disadvantages of the method:

1) positive reactions are observed not only in patients, but in those who have been ill or previously immunized against these infections;

2) intradermal tests contribute to undesirable additional sensitization of the body (in vitro allergy diagnostic methods do not have this drawback;

3) the method is applicable in the diagnosis of diseases accompanied by an allergy to the pathogen, that is, it has limited use.

Recently used new group of methods - molecular genetic. They are used to identify some fastidious bacteria (for example, legionella, chlamydia), as well as gonococci, mycobacteria, etc. These methods are based on DNA identification. These include:

a) nucleic acid hybridization method; is based on the ability of DNA (and RNA) to specifically combine (hybridize) with complementary fragments of artificially created DNA (and RNA) strands labeled with isotopes or enzymes (peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase). In the future, the samples are examined by various methods (for example, ELISA).

b) polymerase chain reaction(PCR) is based on the repeated formation of copies of a certain section of DNA to obtain a large number of the studied DNA fragment even if only one initial genomic DNA molecule was available. DNA copies are identified by electrophoresis.

Advantages of the methods:

1) high specificity and sensitivity;

2) high reliability;

3) versatility;

4) speed and informativeness.

In adults, the normal range immunoglobulins wide Normal levels serum immunoglobulins in adults were previously given (here it is necessary to use geometric averages due to the large spread around the average in the normal population). Large fluctuations are also observed between different races, and this must be taken into account when comparing the results of studies conducted in different countries. For example, higher rates can be seen in Africans. In old age, the level remains in the normal range, but atypical, incomplete immunoglobulins may appear with age.

Under certain conditions, the total immunoglobulins of this class can be increased, but rarely this total consists of some specific antibodies. Therefore, in clinical practice the total content of individual classes of immunoglobulins can correlate quite accurately with various respiratory diseases, although different stages one disease can be a big fluctuation. Of course, these definitions complement the specific detection of antibodies possible when the antigen is known. In diseases of the respiratory tract, a decrease in the number of certain or all classes of immunoglobulins has great importance, since in about 70% of cases, along with recurrent respiratory infections, there are different types antibody deficiency disorders..

When identifying those or other specific antibodies it is necessary to precisely establish their role in this disease, since in some conditions they may simply mean contact with the antigen (for example, penicillin precipitate types), and in other conditions they may be signs of protection, for example after immunization, and, finally, in some cases - a manifestation in a hypersensitivity reaction associated with tissue damage (for example, in some cases of exogenous allergic alveolitis).

Subclasses of IgG. Currently, four subclasses, or subclasses, of IgG are known, and antigenic differences between them are established on the basis of monoclonal variants of myelomas. The biological properties of these subclasses in humans can be of great importance. Parish (1974) found that IgG, which causes rapid sensitization (IgG-KBC), which is responsible for some skin reactions immediate type, associated with IgG,j. Recently, IgG2 has also been identified as cytophilic antibodies on the surface of leukocytes in bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. IgG1 and IgG3 bind complement and may be particularly important in lung diseases immune complexes, although this role has not yet been directly proven.

Properties of different classes of immunoglobulins. At the first contact of an individual with an infectious agent, the content of specific IgM first of all increases. This increase can be detected after 3-4 days. The level of IgG rises slowly. This increase begins at about 10 days and peaks at 3 weeks (primary response). Upon reinfection of the individual (secondary response), the reactive increase in IgG content accelerates and is observed after 3-4 days, with a much higher level being reached within 3 weeks. Because of this, in order to confirm the presence of a fresh infection, such as a viral infection, paired serum samples are needed. This is important in order to rule out past infections.

Formation of IgM antibodies occurs temporarily, and, therefore, an increase in their level indicates a fresh infection. Recently, this fact has been used to detect active M. tuberculosis infection. However, other investigators question the clinical significance of this test. IgM antibodies are also characteristic of blood group isoagglutinins, cold agglutinins, and some bacterial antibodies, and tests that detect them can be used to monitor IgM deficiency in patients with suspected selective antibody defects.

IgG present in the serum in much greater quantities and is the main type of specific antibodies directed against bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms. Depending on conditions laboratory research IgG antibodies can be detected by their ability to bind complement, form visible precipitins, or agglutinate sensitized red blood cells.

The role of IgA in serum much less clear. Apparently, it does not bind complement, which is probably due to the configuration of its Fc fragment. IgA levels are elevated in cirrhosis, sarcoidosis i, in some cases of fibrosing alveolitis, and pyeumoconiosis, but the cause of this increase is unknown. Specific IgA antibodies have been discovered, an example being IgA antibodies against cell nuclei (antinuclear antibodies) (ANA).

IgE contained in the serum in very small quantities (less than 200 IU / ml, 1 IU / ml - approximately 2.4 ng / ml). However, its level is elevated in atopy, helminthiases, and in some conditions of hypersensitivity to mold, especially in bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Very little is known about the function of IgD in serum, but it has been found to be elevated in atopic individuals.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an indicator of humoral immunity. The main indications for use: assessment of local immunity, the course of infectious processes, diseases of the liver, kidneys, chronic inflammation.

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) involved in providing local immunity.

Serum IgA is a fraction of gamma globulins and makes up 10-15% of the total amount of all soluble immunoglobulins. IgA are found mainly in the gastrointestinal tract and secretions (bronchial, cervical, etc.). In blood serum, IgA is represented mainly by monomeric molecules. The main amount of IgA (secretory IgA) is not in the serum, but on the surface of the mucous membranes, is found in milk, colostrum, saliva, lacrimal, bronchial and gastrointestinal secretions, bile, urine. In mucosal secretions, IgA is present in the form of dimers of two monomeric units containing two heavy and two light chains, non-covalently linked by a secretory component. The secretory component - a small polypeptide, 60 kDa - is produced by epithelial cells of the mucous membranes and secretory glands, facilitates the transport of IgA through the epithelium and protects immunoglobulin molecules from cleavage by digestive enzymes. The half-life of antibodies of this class from the blood is 4-5 days.

Why is it important to do Immunoglobulin A (IgA)?

The main function of serum IgA is to provide local immunity, protection of the respiratory, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract from infections. Secretory antibodies have a pronounced anti-adsorption effect: they prevent bacteria from attaching to the surface of epithelial cells, prevent adhesion, without which bacterial cell damage becomes impossible. Together with non-specific immunity factors, they protect the mucous membranes from microorganisms and viruses. IgA deficiency (congenital or acquired) can lead to repeated infections, autoimmune disorders, and allergies.

IgA does not pass through the placental barrier, its level in newborns is about 1% of the concentration in adults, by the first year of life this figure is only 20% of the adult level. In the first days of life, secretory IgA enters the child's body with the mother's colostrum, protecting Airways and the gastrointestinal tract of the child. The age of 3 months is defined by many authors as a critical period; this period is especially important for the diagnosis of congenital or transient insufficiency of local immunity. The level of IgA, characteristic of an adult, the child reaches about 5 years of age.

Assessment of the course of diseases occurring with activation of immunity

  • Acute and chronic infections of viral and bacterial etiology.
  • Bronchial asthma.
  • Oncological diseases of the lymphatic system (leukemia, multiple myeloma).
  • Connective tissue diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and others).

What diseases are treated with Immunoglobulin A (IgA)?

To check/improve the performance of which organs, I need to do Immunoglobulin A (IgA)?

Liver, stomach, intestines, lymphatic system.

How does Immunoglobulin A (IgA) work?

  • Blood sampling is performed in an empty test tube or with gel (serum production).
  • Patients with low level immunoglobulins, especially IgG and IgM, it is important to follow measures to prevent bacterial infection. When caring for a patient, the symptoms of infection (fever, chills, skin rash, and skin ulceration) should be carefully considered.
  • The patient should be warned increased level immunoglobulins and symptoms of monoclonal gammopathy to promptly report bone pain and tenderness. In such patients, bone marrow contains many malignant plasma cells that produce antibodies and inhibit the process of hematopoiesis. Be especially alert for signs of hypercalcemia, kidney failure and spontaneous fractures.
  • The venipuncture site is pressed down with a cotton ball until bleeding stops.
  • When a hematoma forms at the venipuncture site, warm compresses are prescribed.
  • After taking blood, the patient can return to his usual diet and continue taking medications.

How to prepare for the delivery of Immunoglobulin A (IgA)?

  • It should be explained to the patient that the analysis is necessary to determine the level of antibodies, and if he is receiving therapy aimed at increasing immunity, then also to monitor the effectiveness of therapy.
  • The patient should refrain from eating for 12-14 hours before the study is allowed to drink water.
  • The patient should be warned that a blood sample will be required for analysis and should be told who will perform the venipuncture and when.
  • You should be aware of the possibility discomfort during the imposition of a tourniquet on the arm and venipuncture.
  • You should find out if the patient is taking drugs that can affect the result of the analysis.
  • Please note that the use of alcohol and drugs can affect the result of the analysis.

Prices for Determination of serum immunoglobulins

Serum immunoglobulins- This is a group of gamma globulins synthesized in B-lymphocytes. The concentration of immunoglobulins in serum is the result of a balance between their synthesis and decay.

A decrease in the content of immunoglobulins can be observed as a result of a violation of the synthesis of one or more classes of immunoglobulins; increased destruction of immunoglobulins; with significant losses in nephrotic syndrome.

An increase in the number of immunoglobulins may be due to an increase in their synthesis or a decrease in the intensity of their decay.

Immunoglobulins IgA are contained in biological fluids: lacrimal fluid, saliva, sweat, mucus of the bronchial and intestinal epithelium, vagina. Immunoglobulins A are responsible for the local protective reaction against antigens; thereby protecting the body from the penetration of bacteria from the intestines.

Immunoglobulins IgM first produced in response to acute infection by exercising antibacterial immunity. They play an important role in bacteremia on early stages infections. A decrease in their level indicates a lack of humoral immunity or an increase in the breakdown of IgM.

Immunoglobulins IgG- the main class of serum antibodies that appear in response to re-infection. They are the main protective factor in the child during the first weeks of life (they penetrate the placental barrier into the fetal serum).

Indications

Immunoglobulins A have diagnostic value in cirrhosis, multiple myeloma, chronic hepatitis, hemorrhagic purpura (Schonlein-Genoch disease), cystic fibrosis, respiratory disease.

Immunoglobulins G have diagnostic value chronic infections(tuberculosis, endocarditis, mononucleosis, leprosy, etc.), autoimmune diseases, multiple myeloma, collagenoses.

Determination of total IgE, IgA, IgM, Ig G is carried out on the biochemical analyzer "Architect 8000".

Training

It is necessary to refrain from physical activity, taking alcohol and drugs, changes in diet for 24 hours before taking blood. It is recommended to donate blood for research in the morning, on an empty stomach (8-hour fast). At this time, you need to refrain from smoking. Exclude admission medicines: captopril, carbamazepan, cyclosporine A, dextran, glucocorticoids, levothyroxine, levostatin, oral contraceptives, methyldopa, oxyphenazitin.

Preferably in the morning medicines to be carried out after taking blood (if possible).

The following procedures should not be performed before donating blood: injections, punctures, general body massage, endoscopy, biopsy, ECG, X-ray examination, especially with the introduction of a contrast agent, dialysis.

However, if there was a small exercise stress You need to rest for at least 15 minutes before donating blood. It is very important that these recommendations are strictly observed, since only in this case reliable results of the blood test will be obtained.

Secretory immunoglobulin A is the humoral component of the immune system. When a foreign agent enters the surface of the mucous membranes, antibodies begin an immune response. Studies directed to determine the level of this substance are prescribed for suspected diseases that lead to a decrease in the reactivity of the body. Insufficient amount of immunoglobulins leads to the occurrence of frequent respiratory diseases, inflammatory processes in the reproductive system and chronic diarrhea.

Forms

In humans, this substance exists in the body in several forms: secretory and serum. Secretory lgA takes part in the local immune response. In its composition, it contains an additional secretory component, which is reproduced in epithelial cells mucous membranes. When the substance passes through the cells, the secretory component is attached. It is necessary to ensure the stability of lgA immunoglobulin in milk, bile, vaginal secretions, lacrimal fluid, saliva, organs of the respiratory and digestive tract. Class A secretory antibodies protect the body from the effects of foreign agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and allergens.

When a foreign microorganism enters the surface of the mucous membranes, secretory immunoglobulin begins to bind to antigens that have already appeared. The resulting complex prevents the adhesion of foreign agents to the surface of the mucous membranes. Thus, the pathogenic microorganism does not penetrate into the internal environment of the body.

If there is a deficiency of secretory immunoglobulin A in the body, then there are frequent relapses diseases.

Serum immunoglobulin in the body is much less than secretory. The fraction of gamma globulins is about 10% of the total amount of antibodies. The formation of serum immunoglobulin A occurs in mature cells of B-lymphocytes. The vast majority of this substance is localized in the gastrointestinal tract. Activation of the compliment system occurs via an alternative pathway. The level of these antibodies is not controlled by the thymus and in childhood its quantity is not enough to ensure the normal protective functions of the body. The determination of serum immunoglobulin A is a diagnostic marker for certain diseases of the immune system.

Indications for analysis

Cases in which an analysis for the level of antibodies of class A is indicated:

  • the presence of systemic diseases;
  • diarrhea;
  • diseases of the blood and liver;
  • oncology;
  • myeloma;
  • frequent relapses of diseases;
  • Allergic reactions of immediate type.

Norms

Before talking about pathological conditions, which lead to a deviation of the indicator from the norm, let's talk about the norms. To study the level of secretory immunoglobulin A, saliva is usually used. The norm of this indicator for both men and women is from 40 to 170 mcg / ml. For better orientation in the results of the study of serum class A antibodies, we have compiled a table:

Indicators in children

The level of immunoglobulin alpha in the blood of children differs from that of an adult. In a newborn, its amount is very small. This is due to the fact that the child was not in contact with environment. Breast-feeding especially important in the first 4 months of a child's life, because it allows you to increase the level of antibodies. In a child's body, the synthesis of this substance occurs in small quantities, and at the age of 12 months its rate reaches 20% of the adult norm.

Level up

This substance does not have a special memory and therefore, with repeated damage to the body, its high level is observed. If, as a result of the study, it is noticeable sharp increase indicator, which indicates the presence of an acute inflammatory process in the body.

The level of immunoglobulin A may be elevated when:

A decrease in the level of immunoglobulin A may be due to the presence of pathological processes in the body, such as:

  • inflammatory processes in the large intestine, which most often occur after suffering acute intestinal infections;
  • congenital insufficiency of the humoral link of immunity;
  • celiac disease;
  • selective deficiency of immunoglobulin A;
  • hypoplasia of the thymus;
  • HIV infection and AIDS;
  • tumor processes in lymphatic system(lymphoma);
  • kidney disease with nephrotic syndrome;
  • ataxia;
  • pregnancy;
  • burn disease;
  • oncology treatment using radioactive irradiation;
  • intoxication;
  • treatment with cytostatics;
  • chronic inflammatory processes in the respiratory system;
  • postoperative period after removal of the spleen;
  • helminths (giardiasis).

Result error

To obtain reliable results, it is necessary to adhere to the basic rules for passing all tests. The blood test has a high accuracy of the study, but errors are possible. The results of the study can be distorted by alcohol abuse and medication (immunosuppressants, estrogens, gold preparations), serious illnesses kidneys, burns, removal of the spleen, exposure to ionizing radiation. Immunoglobulin A may be lowered if a person has been vaccinated or taken immunoglobulins in the last 6 months.

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