Independent life. Definition of "independent life" of a disabled person

In many countries there is an "independent life" movement. The concept of "independent (independent) life", in addition to recognizing the right of a person with a disability to actively participate in social, political and economic processes, asserts his ability to independently make decisions, be responsible for his actions and manage life situations minimizing dependence on other people.

So, the philosophy of "independent life" orients a person with a disability to set himself the same goals and objectives that other subjects of society set.

The development of the "independent living" movement began with the emergence of a philosophy aimed at ensuring that people have autonomy and the choice to arrange their personal lives as they wish. For thirty recent years people with disabilities are trying to redefine the concepts of "independent" and "independence". This need arose as a result of people realizing that the causes of disability problems are not in specific functional disorders that deprive a person of the right to choose and control his own life, but in how the state uses resources intended to support people with disabilities.

UK experience

Personalization is a social assistance approach that means that “every person who receives support, whether provided by public services or funded by the person himself, has the right to choose and control the form of support in all its manifestations.”

The UK Government uses two forms of funding for the type of personal care services people with disabilities want to receive and what they get for that money. These are direct payments and personal budgets.

Direct payments are made by the government to a person with a disability, or to someone who represents them, to buy their own care from their providers. The purpose of direct payments is to provide greater flexibility in the delivery of services. When a person receives funds, he has more choice and control over his life and can make his own decisions about how this care will occur.

Residents of England who receive assistance from social services have a personal budget, which allows more choice in how to meet and finance needs, and helps the person to make informed choices. The intent of this approach is to give people more control and ensure that the services they receive meet their specific needs and wishes. The personal budget can be managed by the person himself (when he receives direct payments), or by the local council or someone else.

A key criterion for the success of the personalization system is the extent to which the quality of life of people with disabilities who use public services, such as the local health care system, assistance with daily activities, and assistance to the family and friends of a person with a disability, is improved.

To help families choose services and the organization that provides them, the government creates appropriate sources of information. It is the responsibility of the local councils to provide information about the services available and the councils that are funded. This information is provided online.

Information and advice on the topic of social assistance is also contained in the National Portal, including summary all registered suppliers medical services at the place of residence and at home. The portal contains basic information on the compliance of social assistance services with the standards of the commission for quality issues.

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FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

PENZA STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY them. V.G. BELINSKY

Department of Sociology and Social Work

Course work

in the discipline "Theory of social work"

« Conceptnindependent life as a philosophy and methodology of socialwork»

Completed: FSSR student

gr. SR-31 Portnenko V.V

Checked by: assistant Aristova G.A.

Penza, 2010

Introduction

1.1 Definition of independent living

1.2 History of the development of medical and social models

1.3 Definition of medical and social models

2.1 Methodology of medical and social models

2.2 Experience of Independent Living Centers in Russia and abroad

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

As long as mankind has existed, the problem of the disabled has existed for as long. Initially, it was solved in a natural way - the strongest survived. However, with the formation of society, society to one degree or another began to take care of those who, for some reason, could not do this on their own.

There are different approaches to the problem of a person with a disability. One of them is the social and medical models.

The medical model for a long time prevailed in the views of society and the state, both in Russia and in other countries, so people with disabilities for the most part turned out to be isolated and discriminated against. The medical model considers disability as a violation of the functioning of the human body, its illness, and the person himself as passive, completely dependent on medical professionals. The medical approach separates people from handicapped from other groups, supports social stereotypes about the impossibility of independent existence of this group of people without the support of professionals and voluntary assistants, influences legislation and social services.

The social model is becoming increasingly popular in developed countries, and is also gradually gaining ground in Russia. An active promoter of this model in Russia has become the regional public organization of the disabled "Perspektiva". The social model considers a disabled person as a full member of society, focuses not on the individual problems of a person with a disability, but on the social causes of their occurrence. A disabled person can actively participate in the economic, political, cultural life of society. A disabled person is a human resource that can influence the socio-economic development of the country, it is necessary to create conditions for the integration of disabled people. In order for a disabled person to be able to adapt in the environment, it is necessary to make his environment as accessible as possible for him, i.e. adapt the environment to the capabilities of the disabled person, so that he feels on an equal footing with healthy people at work, at home, and in public places.

Both approaches are different in understanding the "disabled" of his problems, ways to solve them, the place and role of the disabled in society, thereby determining social policy for people with disabilities, legislation, methods of working with people with disabilities.

Relevance of the problem:

Disabled people claim their rights, proving that they are full members of society. The main barrier that prevents the public from properly treating the issue of disability are traditional stereotypes of thinking. Disability has always been considered the problem of the person with a disability himself, who needs to change himself, or he will be helped to change by specialists through treatment or rehabilitation. This attitude manifests itself in various aspects: in the creation of a system of special education, training, in the creation of an architectural environment, in the creation of an accessible healthcare system, and also affects social policy towards people with disabilities, legislation, methods of working with people with disabilities.

Purpose: consideration of the attitude towards the disabled from the point of view of the medical and social model.

Based on the goal, the following tasks can be distinguished:

Compare the medical and social model, identify the features of the models

Compare the experience and practice of the Centers for Independent Living in Russia and abroad, identify the features

Consider the impact of social and medical models on social policy, the practice of social work with people with disabilities

Consider the history of the development of the medical and social model

Reveal the difference between the IJC and medical institutions

Consider attitudes towards people with disabilities throughout history

Object: disabled

Subject: unequal opportunities for people with disabilities

Hypothesis: social and medical models determine attitudes towards people with disabilities. The social model does not distinguish between a disabled person and a healthy person, recognizing the disabled person as equal in rights. The medical model considers a disabled person as incompetent, unable to answer for himself and work, dangerous to society.

When writing the course work, the following methods were used:

The method of theoretical analysis of scientific publications and educational literature on the problem under study;

Document analysis method.

Chapter 1. Independent living as a philosophy of social rehabilitation

1.1 Definition of “independent living” for a person with a disability

Disability is a limitation in opportunities due to physical, psychological, sensory, cultural, legislative and other barriers that do not allow a person who has it to be integrated into society on the same grounds as other members of society. Society has an obligation to adapt its standards to the special needs of people with disabilities so that they can live independent lives.

The concept of independent living in a conceptual sense implies two interrelated aspects. In socio-political terms, this is the right of a person to be an integral part of the life of society and to take an active part in social, political and economic processes; it is freedom of choice and access to residential and public buildings, transport, means of communication, insurance, labor and education. Independent life - the ability to determine and choose, make decisions and manage life situations.

In the philosophical understanding, an independent life is a way of thinking, a psychological orientation of a person, which depends on its relationship with other personalities, on physical capabilities, on environment and the degree of development of help desk systems. The philosophy of independent living orients a person with a disability to set himself the same goals as any other member of society. According to the philosophy of independent living, disability is viewed from the standpoint of a person's inability to walk, hear, see, speak, or think in ordinary terms.

An independent life involves control over one's own affairs, participation in the daily life of society, the fulfillment of a number of social roles and making decisions that lead to self-determination and less psychological or physical dependence on others. Independence is a relative concept, which each person defines in his own way.

Independent life - involves the removal of dependence on the manifestations of the disease, the weakening of the restrictions generated by it, the formation and development of the child's independence, the formation of his skills and abilities necessary in everyday life, which should enable integration, and then active participation in social practice, full-fledged life in society.

Independent living means the right and opportunity to choose how to live. It means living like others, being able to decide for yourself what to do, who to meet and where to go, being limited only to the extent that other people who do not have disabilities are limited. This and the right to make mistakes just like any other person[1].

To become truly independent, people with disabilities must confront and overcome many obstacles. Explicit (the physical environment), as well as hidden (the attitude of people). If you overcome them, you can achieve many advantages for yourself. This is the first step towards living a fulfilling life as employees, employers, spouses, parents, athletes, politicians and taxpayers, in other words, to fully participate in society and be an active member of it.

The following declaration of independence was created by a disabled person and expresses the position of an active person, a subject of his own life and social changes.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE DISABLED

Don't see my disability as a problem.

No need to feel sorry for me, I'm not as weak as it seems.

Don't treat me as a patient, for I am just your countryman.

Don't try to change me. You have no right to do so.

Don't try to lead me. I have the right to my own life, like any person.

Do not teach me to be submissive, humble and polite. Don't do me a favor.

Recognize that the real problem that people with disabilities face is their social devaluation and oppression, prejudice against them.

Support me so that I can contribute to society as much as I can.

Help me to know what I want.

Be someone who cares, spares no time, and who doesn't struggle to do better.

Be with me even when we fight each other.

Don't help me when I don't need it, even if it gives you pleasure.

Don't admire me. The desire to live a fulfilling life is not admirable.

Get to know me better. We can be friends.

1.2 History of the development of the social and medical model

Regardless of the degree of development of society, there have always been people in it who are especially vulnerable due to their limited physical or mental capabilities. Historians note that in the ancient world, discussions about anomalies and diseases were not separated from general philosophical views, intertwined with reflections on other natural phenomena, including human life.

In Plato's dialogue "The State" the problem of anomaly is illuminated in a social sense. On the one hand, in the spirit of the traditions of "Spartan mercy", a person suffering from a serious illness throughout his life is useless both for himself and for society. This position is expressed by Aristotle in his work "Politics": "Let the law be in force that not a single crippled child should be fed." Spartan doctors - gerusia and ephors - belonged to the highest state officials, it was they who made the decision: to keep alive this or that sick, newborn (when a weak one was born, premature baby), his parents, an infirm old man, or "helping" them die. In Sparta, death was always preferred to illness or infirmity, regardless of the social status of the patient, even if it turned out to be a king. This is precisely what "mercy in Spartan" consisted of.

During the Middle Ages, the strengthening of religious dictates, primarily of the Roman Catholic Church, is associated with the formation of a special interpretation of any deviation in development and any disease as “possession by the devil”, a manifestation of an evil spirit. The demonological interpretation of the disease determined, firstly, the passivity of the patient, and secondly, the need for urgent intervention by the Holy Inquisition. During this period, all seizures, epileptics, hysterics were subjected to the rites of "exorcism". A special category of specialists appeared in the monasteries, to whom the above-mentioned patients were brought for “cure”.

In the Renaissance, humanistic tendencies arise in medicine, doctors begin to visit monasteries and prisons, monitor patients, try to assess and comprehend their condition. By this time, the restoration of Greco-Roman medicine, the discovery of a number of manuscripts. The development of medical and philosophical knowledge helped to understand the spiritual and physical life of the anomalous.

In pre-Petrine Russia, diseases were considered as the result of God's punishment, as well as as a result of witchcraft, the evil eye, and slander.

The first Russian state act refers to the reign of Ivan the Terrible and is included in the Stoglavy Code of Laws as a separate article. The article affirms the need to care for the poor and sick, including those "who are demon-possessed and deprived of reason, so that they are not a hindrance and a scarecrow for healthy people and to give them the opportunity to receive admonition or bringing to the truth" .

A change in attitudes towards people with developmental problems has been noted since the second half of the 18th century. - a consequence of the influence of the ideas of humanism, the reformation, the development of universities, the acquisition of personal freedoms by individual estates, the emergence of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Article I of the Declaration proclaimed that "people are born and remain free and equal in rights"). From this period, in many states, first private, and then state institutions whose functions included the provision of medical and pedagogical assistance to the disabled.

Since the second half of the 20th century, the world community has been building its life in accordance with international legal acts of a humanistic nature. This was largely facilitated by two factors: the colossal loss of life and the violation of human rights and freedoms during the Second World War, which showed humanity the abyss in which it can find itself if it does not accept as the highest value for itself, as the goal and meaning of the existence of society itself man - his life and well-being.

A significant impetus for the development of the "social model of disability" was the essay "The Critical Condition", which was written by the British disabled person Paul Hunt and was published in 1966. Hunt, in his work, argued that people with defects were a direct challenge to conventional Western values, since they were perceived as "unfortunate, useless, unlike the rest, oppressed and sick." Hunt's analysis showed that people with defects were perceived as:

"unfortunate" - because they cannot enjoy the material and social benefits of modern society;

"useless" - because they are considered as people who are not able to contribute to the economic well-being of society;

members of the "oppressed minority" - because, as blacks and homosexuals, they are perceived as "deviant" and "not like the others."

This analysis led Hunt to conclude that people with disabilities face "prejudice that is expressed in discrimination and oppression." He identified the relationship between economic and cultural relations and the disabled, which is a very important part of understanding the experience of living with defects and disabilities in Western society. Ten years later, in 1976, an organization called the Handicap Alliance Against Lockdown took Paul Hunt's ideas a little further. UPIAS has put forward its own definition of disability. Namely:

"Disability is an impediment or restriction of activity caused by a modern social arrangement that pays little or no attention to persons with physical disabilities and thus excludes their participation in the mainstream social activities of society."

The fact that the definition of UPIAS was relevant only to people with only physical defects caused a lot of criticism and claims to such a representation of the problem at that time. Although UPIAS could be understood, this organization acted within its competence: by definition, UPIAS membership consisted only of people with physical disabilities, so UPIAS could only make statements on behalf of this group of people with disabilities.

This stage in the development of the social model can be characterized by the fact that for the first time disability was described as restrictions placed on the disabled by the social structure of society.

It was not until 1983 that disabled scholar Mike Oliver defined the ideas expressed in Hunt's work and the UPIAS definition as a "social model of disability". The social model has been expanded and refined by scientists from Britain such as Vic Finkelstein, Mike Oliver and Colin Barnes, from the USA such as Gerben DiJong, as well as other scientists. A significant contribution to the refinement of the idea in order to include in the new model all persons with disabilities, regardless of the type of their defects, was made by Disabled Peoples International.

The social model was developed as an attempt to present a paradigm that would be an alternative to the dominant medical perception of disability. The semantic center of the new view was the consideration of the problem of disability as a result of society's attitude to their special needs. According to the social model, disability is a social problem. At the same time, limited opportunities are not a “part of a person”, not his fault. A person may try to lessen the consequences of his illness, but the feeling of limited opportunities is not caused by the illness itself, but by the presence of physical, legal, relational barriers created by society. According to the social model, a person with a disability should be an equal subject public relations, to whom society must provide equal rights, equal opportunities, equal responsibility and free choice, taking into account his special needs. At the same time, a person with a disability should be able to integrate into society on their own terms, and not be forced to adapt to the rules of the world of “healthy people”.

Attitudes towards disabled people have changed throughout history, determined as the socio-moral "growing up" of mankind, public views and moods have changed significantly regarding who the disabled are, what place they should occupy in social life and how society can and should build their relationship with them.

The main reasons for this genesis of social thought and public sentiment are:

Increasing the level of social maturity of society and improving and developing its material, technical and economic capabilities;

An increase in the intensity of the development of human civilization and the use of human resources, which, in turn, leads to a sharp increase in the social “price” of many violations in human life.

1.3 Comparison of medical and social model

Medical and social models of disability in a comparative aspect have fundamentally different approaches. According to the medical approach , a person having a physical or mental defect is seen as a problem, he must adapt to the environment. To do this, a disabled person must undergo a process of medical rehabilitation. A disabled person is a patient who needs to be treated and without professionals he will not be able to live. Thus, the medical approach separates people with disabilities from other groups, does not provide an opportunity to realize their potential. Such a model voluntarily or unwittingly weakens the social position of a disabled person, reduces his social significance, separates him from the “normal” community, exacerbates his unequal social status, dooms him to the recognition of his inequality, uncompetitiveness compared to other people.

The social approach considers the disabled as a full-fledged member of society with the same rights as everyone else. The problem is not in the disabled person, but in society, that is, it considers barriers in society that do not allow a person to participate equally in his life as the main reason that makes a person disabled. The main emphasis is not on the treatment of a disabled person, but on meeting the needs of a disabled person, recognizing him as an equal member of society. The social approach does not isolate the disabled person, but encourages him to self-realization, recognizing his rights.

Under the influence of such humane attitudes, not only a person, but the whole society will change.

In accordance with the medical model, the inability of a disabled person to be a full member of society is seen as a direct result of that person's defect.

When people think of disabled people in this (individual) way, the solution to all disability problems seems to be to focus our efforts on compensating disabled people for what is "wrong" with their bodies. To do this, they are provided with special social benefits, special allowances, special services.

Positive aspects of the medical model:

It is this model that humanity owes scientific discoveries aimed at developing methods for diagnosing many diseases. pathological conditions leading to disability, as well as methods of prevention and medical correction, which allow leveling the effect of the primary defect and help reduce the degree of disability.

Among negative consequences medical model of disability can be identified as follows.

First, because the medical model defines a person as disabled if their defect affects their performance. This does not take into account the many social factors that may also have an impact on a person's daily activities. For example, while a defect may have an adverse effect on a person's ability to walk, other social factors, such as the design of a public transportation system, will have an equally, if not greater, adverse effect on a person's ability to move.

Second, the medical model emphasizes activity. For example, stating that it is normal to hear, speak, see, or walk is implying that the use of braille, sign language, or crutches and wheelchairs is not normal.

The most serious shortcoming of the medical model of disability is that this model contributes to the creation and strengthening of a negative image of people with disabilities in the minds of people. This causes particular harm to the disabled themselves, since a negative image is created and strengthened in the minds of the disabled themselves. After all, it still remains a fact that many disabled people sincerely believe that all their problems are due to the fact that they do not have a normal body. In addition, the vast majority of disabled people are convinced that the defects they possess automatically exclude them from participation in social activities.

The social model was created by disabled people who felt that the individual (medical) model did not adequately explain the fact that they, the disabled, were excluded from the main activities of society. Personal experience has shown disabled people that in reality most of the problems do not arise due to their defects, but are the consequences of how society works, or in other words, they are the consequences of social organization. Hence the phrase - "social model".

Disability in the social model is shown as something that is caused by "barriers" or elements of the social structure that do not take (and if they do, then to a very small extent) into account people with disabilities. Society is presented as something that makes disabled people who have defects, because the way it is arranged deprives the disabled of the opportunity to take part in his normal, everyday life. It follows that if a disabled person cannot take part in the normal activities of the society, then the way in which the society is organized must be changed. Such a change can be brought about by the removal of barriers that exclude a person with defects from society.

Barriers can be:

Prejudices and stereotypes about people with disabilities;

Lack of access to information;

Lack of affordable housing;

Lack of accessible transport;

Lack of access to social facilities, etc.

These barriers were created by politicians and writers, religious figures and architects, engineers and designers, as well as ordinary people. This means that all these barriers can be removed.

The social model does not deny the presence of defects and physiological differences, but shifts the focus towards those aspects of our world that can be changed. Concern about the bodies of the disabled, their treatment and the correction of their defects, should be left to physicians. Moreover, the result of the work of doctors should not affect whether a person remains a full member of society or will be excluded from it.

By themselves, these models are not sufficient, although both are partially valid. Disability is a complex phenomenon that is a problem both at the level of the human body and at the social level. Disability is always an interaction between the properties of a person and the properties of the environment in which this person lives, but some aspects of disability are completely internal to a person, while others, on the contrary, are only external. In other words, both medical and social concepts are suitable for solving problems related to disability; we cannot refuse either intervention. The best model of disability would thus be a synthesis of the best of the medical and social models, without making the inherent error of downplaying the holistic, complex concept of disability to one aspect or another.

Chapter 2. Independent living as a methodology for social rehabilitation

2.1. Methodology of the medical and social model

According to the medical model, a person with disorders of psychophysical and intellectual development is considered sick. This means that such a person is viewed from a perspective medical care and definitions of ways possible treatment. In no way denying the importance and necessity of targeted medical care for people with disabilities who have congenital developmental defects, it must be stated that the nature of the limitation of their life activity is associated, first of all, with violations of relationships with the environment and learning difficulties. In a society dominated by this view of a person with disabilities as a sick person, it is believed that rehabilitation programs should include mainly medical diagnostics, therapeutic measures and the organization of long-term care aimed at meeting their physical needs, the emphasis is on methods of segregation, in the form of special educational institutions, special sanatoriums. These institutions carry out medical, psychological and social adaptation of the disabled.

The Center develops special methods and social technologies based on achievements in the field of medicine, psychology, sociology and pedagogy, uses individual rehabilitation programs for children with disabilities.

Services provided by the centers:

1. Diagnosis of the psychophysiological development of children and the identification of psychophysiological features of the development of children.

2. Determination of real opportunities and rehabilitation potential. Conducting sociological research to study family needs and resources.

3. Medical care for disabled children. Providing qualified medical care to children with disabilities in the process of rehabilitation. Consulting children with disabilities by doctors of various specialties and providing a wide range of medical procedures(exercise therapy, massage, PTO, etc.). Free medical treatment.

4. Patronage services for disabled children at home.

5. Social support for families with disabled children.

6. Social patronage, which includes social diagnostics, primary legal advice.

7. Homeschooling assistance for severely ill children aged 7-9 years. Organization of leisure activities for children and their families.

8. Psychological support for disabled children and their families is carried out through:

Psychodiagnostics of children and their parents, psychotherapy and psychocorrection using modern psychotechnologies;

Adaptation of behavior in the conditions of group work (trainings);

Development of individual rehabilitation programs to continue psychological rehabilitation at home;

Conducting training seminars for parents to improve their psychological competence;

Counseling parents whose children are undergoing rehabilitation in the inpatient department of the Center.

Such institutions isolate children with disabilities from the community. The disabled are provided with comprehensive assistance (medical, social and pedagogical patronage) and involves rehabilitation.

Medical rehabilitation of disabled people is carried out with the aim of restoring or compensating for lost or impaired human functions to a socially significant level. The process of rehabilitation does not involve only the provision of medical care. Medical rehabilitation includes restorative therapy, reconstructive surgery, prosthetics and orthotics.

Restorative therapy involves the use of mechanotherapy, physiotherapy, kinesitherapy, massage, acupuncture, mud and balneotherapy, traditional therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, etc.

Reconstructive surgery as a method of operative restoration of the anatomical integrity and physiological viability of the body includes methods of cosmetology, organ-protective and organ-restorative surgery.

Prosthetics - replacement of a partially or completely lost organ with an artificial equivalent (prosthesis) with maximum preservation individual features and functional abilities.

Orthotics - compensation for partially or completely lost functions of the musculoskeletal system with the help of additional external devices (orthoses) that ensure the performance of these functions.

The program of medical rehabilitation includes the provision of disabled people with technical means of medical rehabilitation (urinal, colostomy bag, hearing aids, etc.), as well as the provision of information services on medical rehabilitation.

According to the social model, a person becomes disabled when he is unable to realize his rights and needs, but without losing any organs and feelings. From the point of view of the social model, provided that disabled people have unhindered access to all, without exception, infrastructure, the problem of disability will disappear by itself, since in this case they will have the same opportunities as other people.

The social model defines the following principles of social service:

Observance of human and civil rights;

Providing state guarantees in the field of social services;

Ensuring equal opportunities in obtaining social services and their accessibility for the elderly and the disabled;

Continuity of all types of social services;

Orientation of social services to the individual needs of the elderly and the disabled;

Priority of measures for social adaptation of elderly citizens and disabled people;

Responsibility of public authorities, local governments and institutions, as well as officials for ensuring rights.

This approach serves as the basis for the creation of rehabilitation centers, social services that help adapt environmental conditions to the needs of children with disabilities, an expert service for parents that carries out activities to teach parents the basics of independent living and represent their interests, a system of volunteer assistance to parents with special children, as well as centers of independent living.

The Center for Independent Living is a complex innovative model of the system of social services, which, in the conditions of discriminatory legislation, inaccessible architectural environment and conservative public consciousness towards people with disabilities, create a regime of equal opportunities for children with special problems. Center for Independent Life - involves the removal of dependence on the manifestations of the disease, the weakening of the restrictions generated by it, the formation and development of the child's independence, the formation of his skills and abilities necessary in everyday life, which should enable integration, and then active participation in social practice, full-fledged life in society. A person with disabilities should be considered as an expert actively involved in the implementation of their own rehabilitation programs. Equalization of opportunities is provided with the help of social services that help to overcome the specific difficulties of a disabled person, on the way to active self-realization, creativity, and a prosperous emotional state in the community.

The social model is aimed at the "Individual program for the rehabilitation of the disabled - developed on the basis of the decision of the State Service medical and social expertise a set of rehabilitation measures that are optimal for a disabled person, including certain types, forms, volumes, terms and procedures for the implementation of medical, professional and other rehabilitation measures aimed at restoring, compensating for impaired or lost body functions, restoring, compensating the disabled person’s ability to perform certain types of activities ". The IPR indicates the types, forms of recommended measures, volumes, terms, performers, the expected effect.

Competent design of the IPR provides the disabled person with ample opportunities for them to lead an independent life. Officials, one way or another connected with the development and implementation of the IRP, should always keep in mind that the IRP is a set of measures that are optimal for a disabled person, aimed at maximizing his integration into the socio-cultural environment. AT rehabilitation measures IPR includes:

The need to adapt housing to the disabled

The need for household appliances for self-service:

The need for technical means of rehabilitation

Teaching a disabled person "living with a disability"

Personal security training

Training in social skills for housekeeping (budgeting, visiting retail outlets, repair shops, a hairdresser, etc.).

Learning to solve personal problems

Teaching family members, relatives, acquaintances, employees at work (at the place of work of a disabled person) to communicate with a disabled person, provide him with the necessary assistance

Training in social communication, assistance and assistance in organizing and conducting personal leisure

Help and assistance in providing the necessary prosthetic and orthopedic products, prosthetics and orthotics.

Psychological assistance aimed at raising self-confidence, improving positive qualities, optimism in life.

Psychotherapeutic help.

Professional information, career guidance, taking into account the results of rehabilitation.

Consultations.

Assistance in obtaining the necessary medical rehabilitation.

Assistance in obtaining additional education, a new profession, rational employment.

It is such services that save a disabled person from degrading dependence on the environment and would free up invaluable human resources (parents and relatives) for free labor for the benefit of society.

A system of social services is built on the basis of the medical and social model, but the medical one isolates the disabled person from society, emphasizes the provision of services for the treatment of the disease and adaptation to the environment, special social services that are created within the framework of official policy based on the medical model do not allow a person who has a disability, the right to choose: they decide for him, he is offered, he is patronized.

The social one takes into account that a disabled person can be as capable and talented as his peer who does not have health problems, but inequality of opportunities prevents him from discovering his talents, developing them, and benefiting society with their help; a disabled person is not a passive object of social assistance, but a developing person who has the right to satisfy versatile social needs in knowledge, communication, creativity; the state is called upon not only to provide the disabled person with certain benefits and privileges, it must meet his social needs and create a system of social services that will level the restrictions that impede the processes of his socialization and individual development.

2.2 Independent living centers: experience and practice in Russia and abroad

Lex Frieden defines the Center for Independent Living as a non-profit organization founded and run by people with disabilities that provides services, directly or indirectly (service information), to help achieve maximum independence, where possible, reduce the need for care and assistance from outside. The Center for Independent Living is a comprehensive innovative model of a system of social services that, in the conditions of discriminatory legislation, an inaccessible architectural environment and a conservative public consciousness towards people with disabilities, create a regime of equal opportunities for people with disabilities.

The IJCs run four main types of programs:

1. Information and referral: This program is based on the belief that access to information enhances a person's ability to manage their life situation.

2. Peer counseling (experience sharing): encourages the person with a disability to meet their needs by taking responsibility for their lives. The consultant also acts as a disabled person who shares his experience and skills of independent living. An experienced counselor acts as a role model for a disabled person who has overcome obstacles to live a fulfilling life on an equal footing with other members of society.

3. Individual advocacy advice: Canadian IJCs work with individuals to help them achieve their personal goals. The coordinator teaches a person to speak on his own behalf, to speak in his defense, to defend his rights himself. This approach is based on the belief that the person himself knows better what services he needs.

4. Service delivery: Improving both the services and the ability of the IJC to provide them to clients through research and planning, demonstration programs, use of a network of contacts, monitoring of the services provided (personal assistant home help, transportation services, assistance to the disabled during absence ( vacations) of caregivers, loans for assistive devices).

In contrast to medical and social rehabilitation in the model of independent living, citizens with physical disabilities themselves take responsibility for the development and management of their lives with personal and social resources.

Centers for Independent Living (ILC) are organizations of the disabled in the West (public, non-profit, managed by the disabled). By actively involving people with disabilities themselves in finding and managing personal and community resources, IJCs help them gain and maintain the leverage of their lives.

Here is information about foreign and domestic IJCs

There are now about 340 Independent Living Centers in the US with more than 224 affiliates. The 229 Centers and 44 affiliates receive $45 million under Chapter 7 Part C of the Rehabilitation Act. One Independent Living Center may serve residents of one or more counties. According to the Rural Institute on Disability, one Independent Living Center serves, on average, 5.7 counties.

The first independent living center opened in 1972 in Berkeley, USA. Since 1972, the time of its foundation, the Center has had a significant impact on architectural changes that make the environment accessible to the disabled, and also provides its clients with a range of services:

Personal Assistant Services: Candidates for this position are selected and interviewed. Personal assistants help their clients with housekeeping and maintenance, which allows them to be more independent.

Services for the Blind: For the blind and visually impaired, the Center offers peer counseling and support groups, independent living skills training, and reading equipment. There is a special shop and rental office for this equipment and audio recordings

Client Assistance Project: This is part federal program protection of the rights of consumers and former clients of the Department of Rehabilitation under the Rehabilitation Act.

Client's choice project. The project is specifically designed to demonstrate ways to increase choice in the rehabilitation process for people with disabilities, including minority people with disabilities and people with limited English proficiency.

Services for the deaf and dumb: support groups and counselling, sign language interpretation, translation of correspondence from English to American Sign Language, communication assistance, independent living skills training, individual assistance.

Employment assistance: finding a job for the disabled, preparing for an interview, writing a resume, job search skills, information and follow-up counseling, “work club”

Financial Counseling: Information, counseling, education on financial benefits, insurance and other social programs.

Housing: Housing counseling is available for clients who live in Berkeley and Oakland, and for people with mental disabilities in Alameda County. The Center's specialists provide assistance in finding and maintaining affordable housing, provide information on housing rental programs, relocation, discounts and benefits.

Independent Living Skills: Disabled counselors conduct workshops, support groups, and one-to-one sessions on developing independent living and socialization skills and using technology.

Legal Advice: Once a month, lawyers from the county bar association meet with clients to discuss discrimination, contracts, family law, housing law, criminal matters, and more. Lawyers' services are free.

Mutual support and counseling on various issues that persons with disabilities face in ordinary life: individual, group, for couples.

Youth service: individual and family counseling for young disabled people and their parents aged 14 to 22, technical support, trainings, development of individual learning plans, seminars and peer support groups for parents, technical assistance for teachers who teach disabled people in their classes, summer camps.

In Russia, one of the first centers of independent living was opened in 1996, such a late opening of the center is explained. Novosibirsk Regional Public Organization of Disabled People "Center for Independent Life "Finist" is a non-governmental, self-governing public association of citizens with disabilities who voluntarily united on the basis of common interests to achieve goals.

The main goal of the IJC "FINIST" is the maximum assistance to people with disabilities in their return to an active lifestyle and integration into society. Finist Center for Independent Life combines a social club, a sports club, an organization involved in wheelchair testing, medical rehabilitation, legal protection of persons with disabilities, as well as a structure that provides a real opportunity to receive additional professional and accessible higher education for people with disabilities. physical capabilities, allowing them to be competitive in the labor market.

NROOI "Center for Independent Life "Finist" builds its work on the implementation of comprehensive programs in the following areas:

Psychological and physical rehabilitation through classes physical education and sports;

Development of amateur and cultural creativity among people with disabilities;

Provision of mutual consultation services;

Testing of wheelchairs of active type and other means of rehabilitation;

Medical examination and diagnosis of concomitant diseases in people with disabilities;

Organization of the primary vocational education for people with disabilities, giving them the opportunity to get a profession and be competitive in the labor market;

Teaching people with disabilities to work on a computer with subsequent employment;

Provision of advisory services and legal protection of people with disabilities and influence on public authorities to implement regulations that protect the rights of people with disabilities;

Creation of an accessible living environment for people with disabilities in Novosibirsk.

Center for Independent Life "FINIST" is actually the only organization in the region that combines the functions rehabilitation center for the disabled, a communication club, a sports club, an organization that manages the production and testing of wheelchairs, as well as an educational structure engaged in additional professional education.

The purpose of the IJC in Russia and abroad: the integration and adaptation of people with disabilities, the task of achieving optimal emotional and expressive contacts of people with disabilities with the outside world, a departure from the previously widespread medical concept of people with disabilities, the formation of pronounced subject-subject relations and the system of "communicant- communicant" as opposed to the established communicative-recipient structure, but in Russia the number of cizh is much less than abroad, since the existing idealistic concepts of building a socialist society "rejected" disabled people from society.

Thus, much attention is paid to social work with disabled people abroad. The social protection of disabled people is carried out by both state and public and private organizations. Such social work with disabled people gives us an example of the quality of social services provided to disabled people and the way they are organized.

Conclusion

The term “disabled person”, due to the established tradition, carries a discriminatory idea, expresses the attitude of society, expresses the attitude towards the disabled person as a socially useless category. The concept of "a person with disabilities" in the traditional approach clearly expresses the lack of vision of the social essence of a disabled person. The problem of disability is not limited medical aspect, this is social problem unequal opportunities.

The main problem of a person with disabilities lies in his connection with the world, in the restriction of mobility. Poverty of contacts with peers and adults, limited communication with nature, access to cultural values, and sometimes to elementary education. This problem is not only a subjective factor, which is social, physical and mental health, but also the result of social policy and the prevailing public consciousness, which sanction the existence of an architectural environment inaccessible to a disabled person, public transport, and the absence of special social services.

Noting the state attention to disabled people with disabilities, the successful development of individual medical and educational institutions, however, it should be recognized that the level of assistance in servicing children in this category does not meet the needs, since the problems of their social rehabilitation and adaptation in the future are not solved. .

The state is not just called upon to provide a person with a disability with certain benefits and privileges, it must meet his social needs and create a system of social services that will level the restrictions that impede the processes of his social rehabilitation and individual development.

List of used literature

1. Toward an Independent Life: A Handbook for the Disabled. M: ROOI "Perspective", 2000

2. Yarskaya-Smirnova, E. R. Social work with disabled people. textbook allowance for university students in the direction of preparation. and special "Social work" / E. R. Yarskaya-Smirnova, E. K. Naberushkina. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional .- St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005.- 316 p.

3. Zamsky, Kh. S. Mentally retarded children. History of study, education and training from ancient times to the middle of the XX century / H. S. Zamsky. - M.: NPO "Education", 1995. - 400 p.

4. Kuznetsova L.P. Basic technologies of social work: Textbook. - Vladivostok: Publishing House of the Far Eastern State Technical University, 2002. - 92 p.

5. Dumbaev A.E., Popova T.V. Disabled person, society and law. - Almaty: LLP "Verena", 2006. - 180 pages.

6. Zayats O. V. Experience in organizational and administrative work in the system of social services, institutions and organizations Publishing house of the Far Eastern University 2004 VLADIVOSTOK 2004

7. Pecherskikh E. A. To know in order to ... - A reference guide to philosophy independent image life Subgrant Airex F-R1-SR-13 Samara

8. Firsov M.V., Studenova E.G. Theory of social work: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments. -- M.: Humanit. ed. VLA DOS center, 2001.--432s.

9. Melnik Yu.V. Features of the Social Movement of the Disabled for an Independent Life in Russia and Abroad URL:http://science.ncstu.ru/conf/past/2007/stud/theses/ped/29.pdf/file_download(date of access 18.05.2010)

10..Kholostova.E.I., Sorvina. A.S. Social work: theory and practice: - M.: INFRA-M, 2002.

11. Program and direction of work Novosibirsk Regional Public Organization of Disabled People Center for Independent Life "Finist"

URL: http://finist-nsk.narod.ru/onas.htm(date of access 15.05.2010)

12. "Virtual Center for Independent Living of Young Disabled" URL: http://independentfor.narod.ru/material/manifest.htm(Date of access 17.05.2010)

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Disability- these are limitations in opportunities due to physical, psychological, sensory, cultural, legislative and other barriers that do not allow a person who has it to be integrated into society on the same grounds as other members of society.

Society has an obligation to adapt its existing standards to the special needs of people with disabilities so that they can live an independent life.

The concept of independent living in a conceptual sense implies two interrelated aspects. In socio-political terms, this is the human right to be an integral part of the life of society and take an active part in social, political and economic processes; it is freedom of choice and access to residential and public buildings, transport, means of communication, insurance, labor and education. Independent living is the ability to determine and choose, make decisions and manage life situations. In a socio-political sense, an independent life is not connected with the need for a person to have recourse to outside help or aids that are required for his physical functioning.

In the philosophical understanding, independent life is a way of thinking, a psychological orientation of a person, which depends on its relationship with other personalities, on physical capabilities, on the environment and the degree of development of support service systems.

The philosophy of independent living orients a person with a disability to set himself the same goals as any other member of society.

According to the philosophy of independent living, disability is viewed from the standpoint of a person's inability to walk, hear, see, speak, or think in ordinary terms. Thus, a person with a disability falls into the same sphere of interconnected relations between members of society. So that he himself can make decisions and determine his actions, social services are created that compensate for his inability to do anything.

The inclusion of a system of social services in the infrastructure of society, to which a person with a disability could delegate his limited abilities, would make him an equal member of society, independently making decisions and taking responsibility for his actions, benefiting the state. It is such services that would free him from degrading dependence on the environment and free up invaluable human resources (parents and relatives) for free labor for the benefit of society.

Independent living means the right and opportunity to choose how to live. It means living like others, being able to decide for yourself what to do, who to meet and where to go, being limited only to the extent that other people who do not have disabilities are limited. This and the right to make mistakes just like any other person.

The independent life of the disabled is…

The ability to determine and choose a lifestyle that allows you to independently make decisions and freely manage circumstances in different life situations;

The human right to be an integral part of modern society and, taking an active part in social and political processes, to have freedom of choice;

The opportunity to have the right to fully participate in the processes of medical and social rehabilitation and be the main expert in assessing their quality;

The human right to have free access to housing and habitat, social infrastructure and transport, work and education, health care and social services;

Everything that enables a disabled person to consider himself a Personality and be an independent person.

Philosophy of Independent Living is broadly defined as a civil rights movement for millions of people with disabilities around the world.

Throughout the world, the philosophy of independent living is defined as the ability to fully control one's life based on acceptable choices that minimize dependence on other people in making decisions and carrying out daily activities.

This concept involves control over one's own affairs, participation in the daily life of society, playing a number of social roles and making decisions that lead to self-determination and a decrease in psychological or physical dependence on others.

The following declaration of independence was created by a disabled person and expresses the position of an active person, a subject of his own life and social changes.

Declaration of Independence of the Disabled.

Don't see my disability as a problem.

No need to feel sorry for me, I'm not as weak as it seems.

Don't treat me as a patient, for I am just your countryman.

Don't try to change me. You have no right to do so.

Don't try to lead me. I have the right to my own life, like any person.

Do not teach me to be submissive, humble and polite. Don't do me a favor.

Recognize that the real problem people with disabilities face is their social devaluation and oppression, prejudice against them.

Support me so that I can contribute to society as much as I can.

Help me to know what I want.

Be the one who cares, spares no time, and who fights to do better.

Be with me even when we fight each other.

Don't help me when I don't need it, even if it gives you pleasure.

Don't admire me. The desire to live a fulfilling life is not admirable.

Get to know me better. We can be friends.

Be allies against those who use me for their own satisfaction.

Let's respect each other. After all, respect presupposes equality. Listen, support and act.

The Independent Living Movement is a social movement that promotes the philosophy of self-determination, self-organization, self-help for people with disabilities, stands for their civil rights and improves the quality of life.

This movement originated in France in 1962, when for the first time students with disabilities came together to defend their right to self-determination and independent living. In 1972 a similar organization was created in the USA - this is the famous center of independent living in Berkeley, which includes people with various form disability. Currently, there are such organizations in many countries of Europe, Asia, America and Africa.

The concept of an independent life considers the problems of a person with disabilities in the light of his civil rights and focuses on the elimination of social, economic, psychological and other barriers. According to the ideology of independent living, persons with disabilities are part of society and should live in the same place as healthy people. They must have the right to their own home, the right to live in their family with healthy members, the right to be educated in a public school with healthy children, and to have a paid job. The material support of the disabled should be such that they feel independent and are provided with everything that society can offer them.

Independent living is the ability to independently determine the style of your life, make decisions and manage life situations. Disabled people have the right to respect, to independently choose a place of work and type of recreation, the right to move freely (to travel in public transport, fly by plane, etc.), the right to do without outside help in carrying out life activities or to reduce this help to a minimum, the right to participate in social and political life society.

An independent life means the right and opportunity to choose how to live, what to do, where to go, whom to meet, the right to fulfill various social roles. The philosophy of independent living orients a person with a disability to the fact that he sets himself the same tasks as any other member of society.

The predisposing factors for the emergence of the independent life movement were the development of social work and the formation of a new social direction for the rehabilitation of the disabled. Provision of disabled people with pensions and allowances, various services (help at home), technical means of rehabilitation contributed to the fact that disabled people could leave boarding schools and hospitals and live with their families.

Another important prerequisite for the development of the Independent Life Movement was the creation of public organizations of the disabled. These organizations provided support to their members, helped them find employment, and provided housing in which disabled people could live in small groups on their own, with minimal assistance from social workers.

Public organizations of the disabled, preaching the philosophy of independent living, are called Independent Living Centers (ILC).

The creation of the IJC was largely due to the fact that the programs offered by professionals did not meet the needs of the disabled. With the development of professional rehabilitation services, consumers were faced with the fact that their needs were not always adequately defined and met, there was a strict control by professionals and the desire to manage their lives in everything. People with disabilities and social workers viewed the same situations differently.

The IJC is a comprehensive, innovative model for a system of social services focused on creating equal opportunities for people with disabilities. In fact, these are public organizations of the disabled, in which there is no honey. staff and social workers.

The IJC runs four main types of programs:

1. Informing and providing background information about the available services and resources of the society. Without turning to state institutions, a disabled person gets access to information resources (based on a database). This program is based on the belief that access to information broadens one's outlook and enhances one's ability to manage one's life. A person makes a choice based on knowledge of the problem.

2. Development and provision of individual and group support. The work is organized on the principle of voluntary mutual support of the IJC members. Counseling and transfer of experience of independent living is carried out by disabled people themselves. They conduct seminars, individual lessons on the development of independent living skills, the use of technology, etc. Self-support groups also help reduce the feeling of isolation, teach independent problem solving, and promote personal growth.

3. Individual counseling on the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities. Advice is provided on financial matters, housing legislation, and available benefits. A person is taught to defend himself, to independently defend his rights. As a result, opportunities for participation in society are expanding.

4. Development of programs and new models for the provision of independent living services. Scientific research is being carried out, new approaches and methods of support are being developed and planned. Services provided (home care, personal assistant services, transportation services, loans for the purchase of assistive devices) are monitored and analyzed. As a result, independent living in society is facilitated.

Thus, the main goal of the IJC is to move from a rehabilitation model to a new concept of independent living.

Disability is a limitation in opportunities due to physical, psychological, sensory, cultural, legislative and other barriers that do not allow a person who has it to be integrated into society on the same grounds as other members of society. Society has an obligation to adapt its standards to the special needs of people with disabilities so that they can live independent lives.

The concept of independent living in a conceptual sense implies two interrelated aspects. In socio-political terms, this is the right of a person to be an integral part of the life of society and to take an active part in social, political and economic processes; it is freedom of choice and access to residential and public buildings, transport, means of communication, insurance, labor and education. Independent life - the ability to determine and choose, make decisions and manage life situations.

Philosophically understood, independent living is a way of thinking, a psychological orientation of a person, which depends on its relationship with other personalities, on physical capabilities, on the environment, and on the degree of development of support services systems. The philosophy of independent living orients a person with a disability to set himself the same goals as any other member of society. According to the philosophy of independent living, disability is viewed from the standpoint of a person's inability to walk, hear, see, speak, or think in ordinary terms.

Living independently involves taking control of one's own affairs, participating in the daily life of society, playing a range of social roles, and making decisions that lead to self-determination and less psychological or physical dependence on others. Independence is a relative concept, which each person defines in his own way.

Independent life - involves the removal of dependence on the manifestations of the disease, the weakening of the restrictions generated by it, the formation and development of the child's independence, the formation of his skills and abilities necessary in everyday life, which should enable integration, and then active participation in social practice, full-fledged life in society.

Independent living means the right and opportunity to choose how to live. It means living like others, being able to decide for yourself what to do, who to meet and where to go, being limited only to the extent that other people who do not have disabilities are limited. This and the right to make mistakes just like any other person[1].

To become truly independent, people with disabilities must confront and overcome many obstacles. Explicit (the physical environment), as well as hidden (the attitude of people). If you overcome them, you can achieve many advantages for yourself. This is the first step towards living a fulfilling life as employees, employers, spouses, parents, athletes, politicians and taxpayers, in other words, to fully participate in society and be an active member of it.

The following declaration of independence was created by a disabled person and expresses the position of an active person, a subject of his own life and social changes.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE DISABLED

Don't see my disability as a problem.

No need to feel sorry for me, I'm not as weak as it seems.

Don't treat me as a patient, for I am just your countryman.

Don't try to change me. You have no right to do so.

Don't try to lead me. I have the right to my own life, like any person.

Do not teach me to be submissive, humble and polite. Don't do me a favor.

Recognize that the real problem that people with disabilities face is their social devaluation and oppression, prejudice against them.

Support me so that I can contribute to society as much as I can.

Help me to know what I want.

Be someone who cares, spares no time, and who doesn't struggle to do better.

Be with me even when we fight each other.

Don't help me when I don't need it, even if it gives you pleasure.

Don't admire me. The desire to live a fulfilling life is not admirable.

Get to know me better. We can be friends.