Lexical paths. Literary tropes: types, distinctive features, use

Every day we are faced with a mass of means of artistic expression, we often use them in speech ourselves, without even meaning it. We remind mom that she has golden hands; we remember bast shoes, while they have long gone out of general use; we are afraid to get a pig in a poke and exaggerate objects and phenomena. All these are paths, examples of which can be found not only in fiction but also in the oral speech of each person.

What is expressiveness?

The term "paths" comes from the Greek word tropos, which in translation into Russian means "turn of speech". They are used to give figurative speech, with their help, poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Tropes in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Tropes are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory, and even everyday speech.

Lexical means of the Russian language

Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate speech, make it more expressive. Vivid tropes, examples of which are countless, are no less important than lexical means.

• Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning.
• Synonyms- lexical units that are close in meaning.
• Phraseologisms- stable combinations, consisting of two or more lexical units, which, according to semantics, can be equated to one word.
• Dialectisms- words that are common only in a certain territory.
• Archaisms- obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and everyday life of a person.
• historicisms- terms denoting objects or phenomena that have already disappeared.

Tropes in Russian (examples)

At present, the means of artistic expression are magnificently demonstrated in the works of the classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and novels. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

• Metonymy- substitution of one word for another by adjacency. For example: At midnight on New Year's Eve, the whole street went out to let off fireworks.
• Epithet- a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
• Synecdoche- the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: A Russian, a Finn, an Englishman, and a Tatar study at the Faculty of International Relations.
• personification- the assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it started to rain.
• Comparison- an expression based on a comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
• Metaphor- transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Tropes in literature (examples)

The presented means of artistic expression are less often used in the speech of a modern person, but this does not diminish their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. Thus, litotes and hyperbole often find use in satirical stories, and allegory in fables. Paraphrase is used to avoid repetition in or speech.

• Litotes- artistic understatement. For example: A man with a fingernail works at our factory.
• paraphrase- replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
• Allegory- the image of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the form of a fox, a hare, a bear.
• Hyperbola- Deliberate exaggeration. For example: My buddy has incredibly huge ears, about the size of a head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of ​​each writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problems posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of work of art rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, silences. All these are tropes and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.

A rhetorical question is put at the end of a sentence and does not require a response from the reader. It makes you think about the real issues.

The incentive offer ends. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be classified under the "paths" section.

Examples of rhetorical appeal can be found in "To the Sea"), in Lermontov ("The Death of a Poet"), as well as in many other classics. It does not apply to a specific person, but to the entire generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of art, the writer can blame or, conversely, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thought to the end and gives rise to further reasoning.

Syntactic figures

Such techniques are achieved through sentence construction and include word order, punctuation; they contribute to intriguing and interesting sentence design, which is why every writer strives to use these tropes. Examples are especially noticeable when reading the work.

• polyunion- deliberate increase in the number of unions in the proposal.
• Asyndeton- the absence of unions when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
• Syntax parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by their parallel image.
• Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
• Inversion- violation of the order of words in the construction.
• Parceling- intentional segmentation of the sentence.

Figures of speech

Tropes in Russian, examples of which are given above, can be continued indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally distinguished section of means of expression. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.

Table of all trails with examples

It is important for high school students, graduates of humanitarian faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what tropes are, a table with examples will replace dozens of literary critical articles for you.

The role of means of artistic expression

The use of tropes in everyday speech elevates each person, makes him more literate and educated. A variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Paths and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year philologists continue to explore this area of ​​the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they singled out only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has grown tenfold.

B 8. SPEECH. LANGUAGE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

Paths - the use of the word in figurative meaning.

List of trails

Term meaning

Allegory

Allegory. Trope, which consists in the allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a concrete, life image.

In fables and fairy tales, cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - a wolf.

Hyperbola

A means of artistic representation based on exaggeration.

The eyes are huge

spotlights.

The ultimate exaggeration, giving the image a fantastic character.

Mayor with a stuffed head at Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Where, smart, are you wandering, head? (I. Krylov.)

A means of artistic representation based on understatement (as opposed to hyperbole).

The waist is no thicker than a bottle neck. (N. Gogol.)

Metaphor,

deployed

metaphor

Hidden comparison. A type of trope in which individual words or expressions come together in terms of the similarity of their meanings or in contrast. Sometimes the whole poem is an extended poetic image.

With a sheaf of your oatmeal hair

You touched me forever. (S. Yesenin.)

personification

Such an image of inanimate objects, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings with the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel.

What are you howling about, wind

night, What are you complaining about so madly?

(F. Tyutchev.)

Metonymy

A type of path in which words come together according to the contiguity of the concepts they denote. A phenomenon or object is depicted using other words or concepts. For example, the name of the profession is replaced by the name of the instrument of activity. There are many examples: the transfer from the vessel to the content, from the person to his clothes, from the locality to the inhabitants, from the organization to the participants, from the author to the works.

Will take me forever, When Feather falls asleep forever, my joy ... (A. Pushkin.)

On silver, on gold ate.

Well, eat another plate, son.

Paraphrase (or paraphrase)

One of the tropes in which the name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by an indication of its features, the most characteristic, enhancing the figurativeness of speech.

King of beasts (instead of lion)

Synecdoche

A type of metonymy, consisting in transferring the meaning of one object to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them: a part instead of a whole; the whole in the meaning of the part; singular in the meaning of general; replacing a number with a set; replacement of a specific concept by a generic one.

All flags will visit us. (A. Pushkin.); Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts. We all look at Napoleons.

Comparison

A technique based on comparing a phenomenon or concept with another phenomenon.

The ice that has grown stronger on the icy river lies like melting sugar.

figurative definition; a word that defines an object and emphasizes its properties.

dissuaded by the grove

golden birch cheerful language.

FIGURES OF SPEECH

The generalized name of stylistic devices in which the word, in

unlike tropes, does not necessarily act in a figurative sense.

Term meaning

Anaphora (or one-beginning)

The repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines, stanzas.

I love you, Peter's creation, I love your strict, slender appearance ...

Antithesis

Stylistic device of contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts. Often based on the use of antonyms.

And the new denies the old so much!.. It grows old before our eyes! Already shorter skirts. It's already longer!

gradation

Graduality is a stylistic tool that allows you to recreate events and actions, thoughts and feelings in the process, in development, in increasing or decreasing significance.

I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.

Inversion

permutation; a stylistic figure, consisting in a violation of the general grammatical sequence of speech.

He shot past the doorman like an arrow up the marble steps.

Lexical repetition

Intentional repetition of the same word in the text.

I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry! And I forgive you, and I forgive you. I do not hold evil, I promise you, But only you, too, forgive me!

Pleonasm

The repetition of similar words and turns, the injection of which creates one or another stylistic effect.

My friend, my friend, I am very, very sick.

Oxymoron

A combination of opposite words that don't go together.

Dead souls, bitter joy, sweet grief, ringing silence.

Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal

Techniques used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. A rhetorical question is asked not with the aim of getting an answer to it, but for an emotional impact on the reader.

Where are you galloping, proud horse, And where will you lower your hooves? (A. Pushkin.) What a summer! What a summer! Yes, it's just witchcraft. (F. Tyutchev.)

Syntactic

parallelism

Reception, which consists in a similar construction of sentences, lines or stanzas.

I look to the future

with fear, I look at the past with longing...

Default

A figure that allows the listener to guess and think for himself what will be discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement.

You'll go home soon: Look... Well, what? To tell the truth, no one is very concerned about my fate.

Ellipsis

A figure of poetic syntax based on the omission of one of the members of the sentence, easily restored in meaning.

We villages - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows. (V. Zhukovsky.)

A stylistic figure opposite to anaphora; repetition at the end of poetic lines of a word or phrase.

Dear friend, and in this quiet House the Fever beats me. Do not find me a place in a quiet House Near a peaceful fire. (A. Blok.)

Expressive - emotional vocabulary

Conversational.

Words that have a slightly reduced stylistic coloring compared to neutral vocabulary, which are characteristic of the spoken language, are emotionally colored.

Dirty, screamer, bearded man.

Emotionally colored words

Evaluative nature, having both positive and negative connotations.

Adorable, disgusting, villain

Words with suffixes of emotional evaluation.

Cute little hare, little mind, brainchild.

ARTISTIC POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGY

1. Expressive use of case, gender, animation, etc.

I don't have enough air

I drink the wind, I swallow the fog...

We are resting in Sochi.

How many Plushkins got divorced!

2. Direct and figurative use of tense forms of the verb

I come to school yesterday and see an announcement: “Quarantine”. Oh, and I rejoiced!

3. Expressive use of words of different parts of speech.

An amazing thing happened to me!

I received an unpleasant message.

I was visiting her. This cup will not pass you by.

4. Use of interjections, onomatopoeic words.

Here is closer! They jump ... and into the yard Yevgeny! "Oh!" - and lighter than the shadow Tatyana jumped into the other passage.

AUDIO EXPRESSION

Means

Term meaning

Alliteration

Reception of strengthening of figurativeness by repetition of consonant sounds.

The hiss of frothy glasses And the blue flame of punch..

Alternation

Sound alternation. The change of sounds occupying the same place in a morpheme in different cases of its use.

Tangent - touch, shine - flash.

Assonance

Reception of strengthening of figurativeness by repetition of vowel sounds.

The thaw is boring to me: the stench, the dirt, in the spring I am sick. (A. Pushkin.)

sound recording

The technique of enhancing the visualization of the text by constructing phrases, lines in such a way that would correspond to the reproduced picture.

For three days it was heard how, on the boring, long road, the joints were tapping: to the east, east, east ... (P. Antokolsky reproduces the sound of wagon wheels.)

Sound-

Imitation with the help of the sounds of the language of the sounds of living and inanimate nature.

When the mazurka thundered... (A. Pushkin.)

ARTISTIC SYNTAX CAPABILITIES

1. Rows of homogeneous members of the proposal.

When an empty and weak person hears a flattering review about his dubious merits, he revels in his vanity, becomes conceited and completely loses his tiny ability to be critical of his actions and his person.

2. Offers with introductory words, appeals, separate members.

Probably, there, in my native places, just as in my childhood and youth, kupavas bloom in the marsh backwaters and the reeds rustle, which made me their rustle, their prophetic whispers, the poet that I became, that I was, that I will be, when I die.

3. Expressive use of sentences different type(complex subordinate, compound, unionless, one-component, incomplete, etc.).

They speak Russian everywhere; it is the language of my father and my mother, it is the language of my nanny, my childhood, my first love, almost all the moments of my life that entered my past as an integral property, as the basis of my personality.

4. Dialogical presentation.

Well? Is it true that he is so handsome?

Surprisingly good, handsome, one might say.

5. Parceling - a stylistic device for dividing a phrase into parts or even separate words in a work in order to give speech intonational expression by means of its jerky pronunciation.

Freedom and brotherhood. There will be no equality. Nobody. Nobody. Not

equal. Never. (A. Volodin.) He saw me and froze. Numb. Stopped talking.

6. Non-union or asyndeton - the intentional omission of unions, which gives the text dynamism, swiftness.

Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts.

People knew that somewhere, very far from them, there was a war going on.

To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest.

7. Polyunion or polysyndeton - repeating unions serve to logically and intonationally emphasize the members of the sentence connected by the unions.

The ocean was moving before my eyes, and it swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded, and shone, and went somewhere to infinity.

I will either sob, or scream, or faint.

Translated from the Greek "τρόπος", trope means "revolution". What do paths mean in literature? Definition taken from the dictionary by S.I. Ozhegova says: a trope is a word or figure of speech in a figurative, allegorical sense. Thus, we are dealing with the transfer of the meanings of concepts from one word to another.

Formation of trails in a historical context

The transfer of meanings becomes possible due to the ambiguity of certain concepts, which, in turn, is due to the specifics of the development of the vocabulary of the language. So, for example, we can easily trace the etymology of the word "village" - from "wooden", that is, indicating a building material made of wood.

However, finding the original meaning in other words - for example, such as "thank you" (original meaning: "God save") or the word "bear" ("Knowing, knowing where the honey is") - is already more difficult.

Also, some words could retain their spelling and orthoepy, but at the same time change their meaning. For example, the concept of "philistine", understood in modern perception as a tradesman (that is, limited by material, consumer interests). In the original, this concept had nothing to do with human values ​​- it indicated the territory of residence: "urban inhabitant", "rural inhabitant", that is, it denoted a resident of a certain area.

Paths in Literature. Primary and secondary meanings of the word

A word can change its original meaning not only over a long period of time, in a socio-historical context. There are also cases when a change in the meaning of a word is due to a specific situation. For example, in the phrase “fire burns” there is no path, since fire is a phenomenon of reality, and burning is its inherent property, trait. Such properties are usually called primary (basic).

Let's take another example for comparison:

"The east burns a new dawn"

(A.S. Pushkin, "Poltava").

In this case, we are not talking about the direct phenomenon of combustion - the concept is used in the meaning of brightness, colorfulness. That is, the colors of dawn in color and saturation resemble fire (from which the property “burn” is borrowed). Accordingly, we observe the replacement of the direct meaning of the concept “burning” with an indirect one, obtained as a result of an associative connection between them. In literary criticism, this is called a secondary (portable) property.

Thus, thanks to the paths, the phenomena of the surrounding reality can acquire new properties, appear from an unusual side, look more vivid and expressive. The main types of tropes in the literature are as follows: epithet, comparison, metonymy, metaphor, litote, hyperbole, allegory, personification, synecdoche, paraphrase(a), etc. different types tropes. Also, in some cases, there are mixed trails - a kind of "alloy" of several types.

Let's look at some of the most common tropes in the literature with examples.

Epithet

An epithet (translated from the Greek "epitheton" - attached) is a poetic definition. Unlike the logical definition (aimed at highlighting the main properties of an object that distinguish it from other objects), the epithet indicates more conditional, subjective properties of the concept.

For example, the phrase "cold wind" is not an epithet, since we are talking about an objectively existing property of the phenomenon. In this case, this is the actual wind temperature. At the same time, we should not take the phrase “the wind blows” literally. Since the wind is an inanimate being, therefore, it cannot "blow" in the human sense. It's just about moving air.

In turn, the phrase "cold look" creates a poetic definition, since we are not talking about the real, measured temperature of the look, but about its subjective perception from the outside. In this case, we can talk about the epithet.

Thus, the poetic definition always adds expressiveness to the text. It makes the text more emotional, but at the same time more subjective.

Metaphor

Paths in literature are not only a bright and colorful image, they can also be completely unexpected and far from always understandable. A similar example is such a type of trope as a metaphor (Greek "μεταφορά" - "transfer"). Metaphor takes place when an expression is used in a figurative sense, to give it a resemblance to another subject.

What are the tropes in the literature that correspond to this definition? For example:

"Rainbow Plants Outfit

Kept traces of heavenly tears "

(M.Yu. Lermontov, "Mtsyri").

The similarity indicated by Lermontov is understandable to any ordinary reader and is not surprising. When the author takes as a basis more subjective experiences that are not characteristic of every consciousness, the metaphor may look quite unexpected:

"The sky is whiter than paper

rose in the west

as if crumpled flags are folded there,

dismantling slogans in warehouses"

(I.A. Brodsky "Twilight. Snow ..").

Comparison

L. N. Tolstoy singled out comparison as one of the most natural means of description in literature. Comparison as an artistic trope implies the presence of a comparison of two or more objects / phenomena in order to clarify one of them through the properties of the other. Paths like this are very common in the literature:

“Station, fireproof box.

My partings, meetings and partings "

(B. L. Pasternak, "Station");

"Takes like a bomb,

takes - like a hedgehog,

like a double-edged razor.”

(V.V. Mayakovsky "Poems about the Soviet passport").

Figures and tropes in literature tend to have a composite structure. Comparison, in turn, also has certain subspecies:

• formed with adjectives / adverbs in comparative form;
• with the help of revolutions with unions “exactly”, “as if”, “like”, “as if”, etc .;
• using turns with adjectives “similar”, “reminiscent”, “similar”, etc.

In addition, comparisons can be simple (when the comparison is carried out according to one attribute) and expanded (comparison according to a number of attributes).

Hyperbola

It is an excessive exaggeration of the values, properties of objects. “..Over there - the most dangerous, big-eyed, tailed Sea Girl, slippery, malicious and tempting” (T. N. Tolstaya, “Night”). This is not a description of some sea monster at all - so main character, Alexei Petrovich, sees his neighbor in a communal apartment.

The technique of hyperbolization can be used to mock something, or to enhance the effect of a certain sign - in any case, the use of hyperbole makes the text emotionally more intense. So, Tolstaya could give a standard description of the girl - a neighbor of her hero (height, hair color, facial expression, etc.), which, in turn, would form a more concrete image for the reader. However, the narration in the story "Night" is conducted primarily from the hero himself, Alexei Petrovich, whose mental development does not correspond to the age of an adult. He looks at everything through the eyes of a child.

Alexei Petrovich has his own special vision of the surrounding world with all its images, sounds, smells. This is not the world to which we are accustomed - it is a kind of fusion of dangers and miracles, bright colors of the day and frightening blackness of the night. Home for Alexei Petrovich - a big ship that went on a dangerous journey. The master of the ship is mother - great, wise - the only stronghold of Alexei Petrovich in this world.

Thanks to the technique of hyperbolization used by Tolstoy in the story "Night", the reader also gets the opportunity to look at the world through the eyes of a child, to discover an unfamiliar side of reality.

Litotes

The opposite of hyperbole is the reception of litotes (or inverse hyperbole), which consists in the excessive underestimation of the properties of objects and phenomena. For example, “little boy”, “cat cried”, etc. Accordingly, such tropes in the literature as litote and hyperbole are aimed at a significant deviation of the quality of the object in one direction or another from the norm.

personification

"The beam darted along the wall,

And then slithered over me.

"Nothing," he whispered,

Let's sit in silence!"

(E.A. Blaginina, “Mom is sleeping ..”).

This technique becomes especially popular in fairy tales and fables. For example, in the play "The Kingdom of Crooked Mirrors" (V. G. Gubarev), a girl talks to a mirror as if she were a living being. In the fairy tales of G.-Kh. Andersen often "come to life" various objects. They communicate, quarrel, complain - in general, they begin to live their own lives: toys (“Piggy bank”), peas (“Five from one pod”), slate board, notebook (“Ole Lukoye”), a coin (“ Silver coin"), etc.

In turn, in fables, inanimate objects acquire the properties of a person along with his vices: “Leaves and Roots”, “Oak and Cane” (I.A. Krylov); "Watermelon", "Pyatak and Ruble" (S.V. Mikhalkov), etc.

Artistic tropes in literature: the problem of differentiation

It should also be noted that the specifics of artistic techniques are so diverse and sometimes subjective that it is not always possible to clearly differentiate certain tropes in literature. With examples from one or another work, confusion often arises due to their correspondence to several types of tropes at the same time. So, for example, metaphor and comparison are not always amenable to strict differentiation. A similar situation is observed with metaphor and epithet.

Meanwhile, the domestic literary critic A. N. Veselovsky singled out such a subspecies as an epithet-metaphor. In turn, many researchers, on the contrary, considered the epithet as a kind of metaphor. This problem is due to the fact that some types of tropes in the literature simply do not have clear boundaries of differentiation.

Speech. Analysis of expressive means.

It is necessary to distinguish between tropes (figurative and expressive means of literature) based on the figurative meaning of words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Lexical means.

Usually, in the review of task B8, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.

Trails.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

Types of trails and examples for them in the table:

Figures of speech, sentence structure.

In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

Remember!

When completing task B8, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it the semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc.

It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.

Parsing the task.

(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun through the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingenious that it is constantly self-renewing and thus keeps billions of passengers traveling for millions of years.

(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through outer space, deliberately destroying the complex and subtle system life support, designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, cutting down forests, spoiling the oceans. (5) If astronauts fussily cut wires, unscrew screws, drill holes in the skin on a small spacecraft, then this will have to be qualified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) It's only a matter of size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) Wound up, multiply, swarm microscopic, on a planetary, and even more so on a universal, scale of being. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry, multiply, do their work, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations.

https://5-ege.ru/primery-tropov/

(13) Unfortunately, as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of the so-called technical progress there are such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication of man with nature, with the beauty of our land. (14) On the one hand, a man twitched by an inhuman rhythm modern life, crowding, a huge flow of artificial information, weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this outside world itself has been brought to such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual communication with it.

(15) It is not known how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?

(According to V. Soloukhin)

“The first two sentences use a trope like _______. This image of the "cosmic body" and "cosmonauts" is the key to understanding the author's position. Discussing how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that "humanity is a disease of the planet." ______ (“they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations”) convey the negative deeds of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said by the author is far from being indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence ________ "original" gives the argument a sad ending, which ends with a question.

List of terms:

1. epithet
2. litotes
3. introductory words and interstitial constructions
4. irony
5. extended metaphor
6. parceling
7. question-answer form of presentation
8. dialectism
9. homogeneous members of a sentence

We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first - epithet, litote, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second - introductory words and plug-in constructions, parcelling, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.

It is better to start the task with passes that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission #2. Since the whole sentence is given as an example, some syntactic means is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous departures” rows of homogeneous members of the sentence are used : Verbs scurry, multiply, do business, gerunds eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb “transfer” in the review indicates that the place of the gap should be a plural word. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and plug-in constructions and homogeneous member sentences. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without losing their meaning are absent. Thus, at the place of pass No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.

In pass number 3, the numbers of sentences are indicated, which means that the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parceling can be immediately “discarded”, since the authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. There are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in sentences: in my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.

In place of the last gap, it is necessary to substitute the masculine term, since the adjective “used” must agree with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms - epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here, the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, so we have an epithet in front of us.

It remains to fill only the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences, where the image of the earth and us, people, as an image of a cosmic body and astronauts is rethought. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only possible option remains - a metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.

Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.

Practice.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, chirped on his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher strictly told him: “Valery Petrovich, higher!” (Z) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose always had a beet red color, like that of a clown. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

(6) And at first in the kindergarten, and then at school, I carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know who has any fathers!), But it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. (8) I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! (9) Often straying, he sighed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to sink through the ground with shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in the third grade when I had a bad cold. (12) I have otitis media. (13) In pain, I screamed and pounded my head with my palms. (14) Mom called ambulance and at night we drove to district hospital. (15) On the way we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver shrillly, like a woman, began to shout that now we will all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) The father asked how much was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, repeated: “What a fool I am!” (19) The father thought and quietly said to his mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain circled me like a snowflake blizzard. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me that a huge monster, with a clanging jaw, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow was falling on the frosty windows with a rustle. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomed into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I don’t know how much time has passed, but suddenly the night was lit up with bright headlights, and a long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and through my eyelashes I saw my father. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time later he was ill with bilateral pneumonia.

(32) ... My children are perplexed why, when decorating a Christmas tree, I always cry. (ZZ) From the darkness of the past, a father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if he stealthily wants to see his daughter among the dressed up crowd of children and smile at her cheerfully. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start to cry.

(According to N. Aksyonova)

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.

This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in place of the gap, write the number 0.

The sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review at the place of the gaps, write down in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number B8, starting from the first cell.

“The use by the narrator to describe the blizzard of such a lexical means of expression as _____ ("terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives expressive power to the depicted picture, and such paths as _____ ("pain circled me" in sentence 20) and _____ ("the driver began to scream shrillly, like a woman" in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A technique such as _____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.

List of terms:

1. contextual antonyms
2. metaphor
3. syntactic parallelism
4. comparison
5. epithet
6. phraseological unit
7. contextual synonyms
8. metonymy
9. antithesis

• Morphological analysis of the word, examples
• Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
• Participle sentences, examples
• Means of communication of sentences in the text
• OGE: essay examples

What are means of artistic expression?

The term "paths" comes from the Greek word tropos, which in translation into Russian means "turn of speech". They are used to give figurative speech, with their help, poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Tropes in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Tropes are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory, and even everyday speech.

Lexical means of the Russian language

Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate speech, make it more expressive. Vibrant tropes, examples of which are countless in works of art, are no less important than lexical means.

• Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning.
• Synonyms- lexical units that are close in meaning.
• Phraseologisms- stable combinations, consisting of two or more lexical units, which, according to semantics, can be equated to one word.
• Dialectisms- words that are common only in a certain territory.
• Archaisms- obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and everyday life of a person.
• historicisms- terms denoting objects or phenomena that have already disappeared.

Tropes in Russian (examples)

At present, the means of artistic expression are magnificently demonstrated in the works of the classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and novels. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

• Metonymy- substitution of one word for another by adjacency. For example: At midnight on New Year's Eve, the whole street went out to let off fireworks.
• Epithet- a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
• Synecdoche- the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: A Russian, a Finn, an Englishman, and a Tatar study at the Faculty of International Relations.
• personification- the assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it started to rain.
• Comparison- an expression based on a comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
• Metaphor- transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Tropes in literature (examples)

The presented means of artistic expression are less often used in the speech of a modern person, but this does not diminish their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. Thus, litotes and hyperbole often find use in satirical stories, and allegory in fables. Paraphrase is used to avoid repetition in literary text or speech.

• Litotes- artistic understatement. For example: A man with a fingernail works at our factory.
• paraphrase- replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
• Allegory- the image of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the form of a fox, a hare, a bear.
• Hyperbola- Deliberate exaggeration. For example: My buddy has incredibly huge ears, about the size of a head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of ​​each writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problems posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, silences in a work of art. All these are tropes and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.

A rhetorical question is put at the end of a sentence and does not require a response from the reader. It makes you think about the real issues.

A rhetorical exclamation ends the motivating sentence. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be classified under the "paths" section.

Examples of rhetorical appeal can be found in Pushkin ("To Chaadaev", "To the Sea"), in Lermontov ("Death of a Poet"), as well as in many other classics. It does not apply to a specific person, but to the entire generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of art, the writer can blame or, conversely, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thought to the end and gives rise to further reasoning.

Syntactic figures

Such techniques are achieved through sentence construction and include word order, punctuation; they contribute to intriguing and interesting sentence design, which is why every writer strives to use these tropes. Examples are especially noticeable when reading the work.

• polyunion- deliberate increase in the number of unions in the proposal.
• Asyndeton- the absence of unions when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
• Syntax parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by their parallel image.
• Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
• Inversion- violation of the order of words in the construction.
• Parceling- intentional segmentation of the sentence.

Figures of speech

Tropes in Russian, examples of which are given above, can be continued indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally distinguished section of means of expression. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.

Table of all trails with examples

It is important for high school students, graduates of humanitarian faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what tropes are, a table with examples will replace dozens of literary critical articles for you.

The role of means of artistic expression

The use of tropes in everyday speech elevates each person, makes him more literate and educated. A variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Paths and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year philologists continue to explore this area of ​​the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they singled out only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has grown tenfold.

Translated from the Greek "τρόπος", trope means "revolution". What do paths mean in literature? Definition taken from the dictionary by S.I. Ozhegova says: a trope is a word or figure of speech in a figurative, allegorical sense. Thus, we are dealing with the transfer of the meanings of concepts from one word to another.

Formation of trails in a historical context

The transfer of meanings becomes possible due to the ambiguity of certain concepts, which, in turn, is due to the specifics of the development of the vocabulary of the language. So, for example, we can easily trace the etymology of the word "village" - from "wooden", that is, indicating a building material made of wood.

However, finding the original meaning in other words - for example, such as "thank you" (original meaning: "God save") or the word "bear" ("Knowing, knowing where the honey is") - is already more difficult.

Also, some words could retain their spelling and orthoepy, but at the same time change their meaning. For example, the concept of "philistine", understood in modern perception as a tradesman (that is, limited by material, consumer interests). In the original, this concept had nothing to do with human values ​​- it indicated the territory of residence: "urban inhabitant", "rural inhabitant", that is, it denoted a resident of a certain area.

Paths in Literature. Primary and secondary meanings of the word

A word can change its original meaning not only over a long period of time, in a socio-historical context. There are also cases when a change in the meaning of a word is due to a specific situation. For example, in the phrase “fire burns” there is no path, since fire is a phenomenon of reality, and burning is its inherent property, trait. Such properties are usually called primary (basic).

Let's take another example for comparison:

"The east burns a new dawn"

(A.S. Pushkin, "Poltava").

In this case, we are not talking about the direct phenomenon of combustion - the concept is used in the meaning of brightness, colorfulness. That is, the colors of dawn in color and saturation resemble fire (from which the property “burn” is borrowed). Accordingly, we observe the replacement of the direct meaning of the concept “burning” with an indirect one, obtained as a result of an associative connection between them. In literary criticism, this is called a secondary (portable) property.

Thus, thanks to the paths, the phenomena of the surrounding reality can acquire new properties, appear from an unusual side, look more vivid and expressive. The main types of tropes in the literature are as follows: epithet, simile, metonymy, metaphor, litote, hyperbole, allegory, personification, synecdoche, paraphrase(a), etc. Different types of tropes can be used in the same work. Also, in some cases, there are mixed trails - a kind of "alloy" of several types.

Let's look at some of the most common tropes in the literature with examples.

Epithet

An epithet (translated from the Greek "epitheton" - attached) is a poetic definition. Unlike the logical definition (aimed at highlighting the main properties of an object that distinguish it from other objects), the epithet indicates more conditional, subjective properties of the concept.

For example, the phrase "cold wind" is not an epithet, since we are talking about an objectively existing property of the phenomenon. In this case, this is the actual wind temperature. At the same time, we should not take the phrase “the wind blows” literally. Since the wind is an inanimate being, therefore, it cannot "blow" in the human sense. It's just about moving air.

In turn, the phrase "cold look" creates a poetic definition, since we are not talking about the real, measured temperature of the look, but about its subjective perception from the outside. In this case, we can talk about the epithet.

Thus, the poetic definition always adds expressiveness to the text. It makes the text more emotional, but at the same time more subjective.

Metaphor

Paths in literature are not only a bright and colorful image, they can also be completely unexpected and far from always understandable. A similar example is such a type of trope as a metaphor (Greek "μεταφορά" - "transfer"). Metaphor takes place when an expression is used in a figurative sense, to give it a resemblance to another subject.

What are the tropes in the literature that correspond to this definition? For example:

"Rainbow Plants Outfit

Kept traces of heavenly tears "

(M.Yu. Lermontov, "Mtsyri").

The similarity indicated by Lermontov is understandable to any ordinary reader and is not surprising. When the author takes as a basis more subjective experiences that are not characteristic of every consciousness, the metaphor may look quite unexpected:

"The sky is whiter than paper

rose in the west

as if crumpled flags are folded there,

dismantling slogans in warehouses"

(I.A. Brodsky "Twilight. Snow ..").

Comparison

L. N. Tolstoy singled out comparison as one of the most natural means of description in literature. Comparison as an artistic trope implies the presence of a comparison of two or more objects / phenomena in order to clarify one of them through the properties of the other. Paths like this are very common in the literature:

“Station, fireproof box.

My partings, meetings and partings "

(B. L. Pasternak, "Station");

"Takes like a bomb,

takes - like a hedgehog,

like a double-edged razor.”

(V.V. Mayakovsky "Poems about the Soviet passport").

Figures and tropes in literature tend to have a composite structure. Comparison, in turn, also has certain subspecies:

• formed with adjectives / adverbs in comparative form;
• with the help of revolutions with unions “exactly”, “as if”, “like”, “as if”, etc .;
• using turns with adjectives “similar”, “reminiscent”, “similar”, etc.

In addition, comparisons can be simple (when the comparison is carried out according to one attribute) and expanded (comparison according to a number of attributes).

Hyperbola

It is an excessive exaggeration of the values, properties of objects. “..Over there - the most dangerous, big-eyed, tailed Sea Girl, slippery, malicious and tempting” (T. N. Tolstaya, “Night”). This is not a description of some sea monster at all - this is how the main character, Alexei Petrovich, sees his neighbor in a communal apartment.

The technique of hyperbolization can be used to mock something, or to enhance the effect of a certain sign - in any case, the use of hyperbole makes the text emotionally more intense. So, Tolstaya could give a standard description of the girl - a neighbor of her hero (height, hair color, facial expression, etc.), which, in turn, would form a more concrete image for the reader. However, the narration in the story "Night" is conducted primarily from the hero himself, Alexei Petrovich, whose mental development does not correspond to the age of an adult. He looks at everything through the eyes of a child.

Alexei Petrovich has his own special vision of the surrounding world with all its images, sounds, smells. This is not the world to which we are accustomed - it is a kind of fusion of dangers and miracles, bright colors of the day and frightening blackness of the night. Home for Alexei Petrovich - a big ship that went on a dangerous journey. The master of the ship is mother - great, wise - the only stronghold of Alexei Petrovich in this world.

Thanks to the technique of hyperbolization used by Tolstoy in the story "Night", the reader also gets the opportunity to look at the world through the eyes of a child, to discover an unfamiliar side of reality.

Litotes

The opposite of hyperbole is the reception of litotes (or inverse hyperbole), which consists in the excessive underestimation of the properties of objects and phenomena. For example, “little boy”, “cat cried”, etc. Accordingly, such tropes in the literature as litote and hyperbole are aimed at a significant deviation of the quality of the object in one direction or another from the norm.

personification

"The beam darted along the wall,

And then slithered over me.

"Nothing," he whispered,

Let's sit in silence!"

(E.A. Blaginina, “Mom is sleeping ..”).

This technique becomes especially popular in fairy tales and fables. For example, in the play "The Kingdom of Crooked Mirrors" (V. G. Gubarev), a girl talks to a mirror as if she were a living being. In the fairy tales of G.-Kh. Andersen often "come to life" various objects. They communicate, quarrel, complain - in general, they begin to live their own lives: toys (“Piggy bank”), peas (“Five from one pod”), slate board, notebook (“Ole Lukoye”), a coin (“ Silver coin"), etc.

In turn, in fables, inanimate objects acquire the properties of a person along with his vices: “Leaves and Roots”, “Oak and Cane” (I.A. Krylov); "Watermelon", "Pyatak and Ruble" (S.V. Mikhalkov), etc.

Artistic tropes in literature: the problem of differentiation

It should also be noted that the specifics of artistic techniques are so diverse and sometimes subjective that it is not always possible to clearly differentiate certain tropes in literature. With examples from one or another work, confusion often arises due to their correspondence to several types of tropes at the same time. So, for example, metaphor and comparison are not always amenable to strict differentiation. A similar situation is observed with metaphor and epithet.

Meanwhile, the domestic literary critic A. N. Veselovsky singled out such a subspecies as an epithet-metaphor. In turn, many researchers, on the contrary, considered the epithet as a kind of metaphor. This problem is due to the fact that some types of tropes in the literature simply do not have clear boundaries of differentiation.

Every day we are faced with a mass of means of artistic expression, we often use them in speech ourselves, without even meaning it. We remind mom that she has golden hands; we remember bast shoes, while they have long gone out of general use; we are afraid to get a pig in a poke and exaggerate objects and phenomena. All these are tropes, examples of which can be found not only in fiction, but also in the oral speech of every person.

What are means of artistic expression?

The term "paths" comes from the Greek word tropos, which in translation into Russian means "turn of speech". They are used to give figurative speech, with their help, poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Tropes in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Tropes are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory, and even everyday speech.

Lexical means of the Russian language

Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate speech, make it more expressive. Vibrant tropes, examples of which are countless in works of art, are no less important than lexical means.

• Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning.
• Synonyms- lexical units that are close in meaning.
• Phraseologisms- stable combinations, consisting of two or more lexical units, which, according to semantics, can be equated to one word.
• Dialectisms- words that are common only in a certain territory.
• Archaisms- obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and everyday life of a person.
• historicisms- terms denoting objects or phenomena that have already disappeared.

Tropes in Russian (examples)

At present, the means of artistic expression are magnificently demonstrated in the works of the classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and novels. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

• Metonymy- substitution of one word for another by adjacency. For example: At midnight on New Year's Eve, the whole street went out to let off fireworks.
• Epithet- a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
• Synecdoche- the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: A Russian, a Finn, an Englishman, and a Tatar study at the Faculty of International Relations.
• personification- the assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it started to rain.
• Comparison- an expression based on a comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
• Metaphor- transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Tropes in literature (examples)

The presented means of artistic expression are less often used in the speech of a modern person, but this does not diminish their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. Thus, litotes and hyperbole often find use in satirical stories, and allegory in fables. Paraphrase is used to avoid repetition in literary text or speech.

• Litotes- artistic understatement. For example: A man with a fingernail works at our factory.
• paraphrase- replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
• Allegory- the image of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the form of a fox, a hare, a bear.
• Hyperbola- Deliberate exaggeration. For example: My buddy has incredibly huge ears, about the size of a head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of ​​each writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problems posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, silences in a work of art. All these are tropes and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.

A rhetorical question is put at the end of a sentence and does not require a response from the reader. It makes you think about the real issues.

A rhetorical exclamation ends the motivating sentence. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be classified under the "paths" section.

Examples of rhetorical appeal can be found in Pushkin ("To Chaadaev", "To the Sea"), in Lermontov ("Death of a Poet"), as well as in many other classics. It does not apply to a specific person, but to the entire generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of art, the writer can blame or, conversely, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thought to the end and gives rise to further reasoning.

Syntactic figures

Such techniques are achieved through sentence construction and include word order, punctuation; they contribute to intriguing and interesting sentence design, which is why every writer strives to use these tropes. Examples are especially noticeable when reading the work.

• polyunion- deliberate increase in the number of unions in the proposal.
• Asyndeton- the absence of unions when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
• Syntax parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by their parallel image.
• Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
• Inversion- violation of the order of words in the construction.
• Parceling- intentional segmentation of the sentence.

Figures of speech

Tropes in Russian, examples of which are given above, can be continued indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally distinguished section of means of expression. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.

Table of all trails with examples

It is important for high school students, graduates of humanitarian faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what tropes are, a table with examples will replace dozens of literary critical articles for you.

The role of means of artistic expression

The use of tropes in everyday speech elevates each person, makes him more literate and educated. A variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Paths and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year philologists continue to explore this area of ​​the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they singled out only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has grown tenfold.