What is the name of the Tatar language. History of the Tatars and the Tatar language (a brief historical excursus)

, Bashkortostan and in some areas of Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mordovia, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Astrakhan, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Kurgan, Tomsk regions, Perm region of Russia, as well as in certain regions of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

The number of speakers in Russia is about 4.28 million people, as of 2010 (5.1 million according to the 1989 census). The Tatar language is also spoken among the Bashkirs, Russians, Chuvashs and Maris, as well as some other peoples of Russia.

Tatar language in Tatarstan

The Tatar language, along with Russian, is the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan (in accordance with the law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan" dated from the year). In Tatarstan and in the places of residence of the Tatars, there is a developed network of educational and educational institutions in which the Tatar language is used: preschool institutions with the Tatar language as the language of education, primary and secondary schools with the Tatar language as the educational language.

In addition to the traditional use of the Tatar language as a subject of study and educational tool at the philological faculties of Kazan State University, pedagogical institutes and pedagogical schools, the Tatar language as a language of instruction is currently used at the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Journalism of Kazan University, at the Kazan Conservatory and the Kazan State Institute of Art and culture.

Educational, artistic, journalistic and scientific literature is published in the Tatar language, hundreds of newspapers and magazines are published, radio and television programs are conducted, theaters operate. The centers for the scientific study of the Tatar language are the Faculty of Tatar Philology and History of Kazan state university, the Department of Tatar Philology of the Faculty of Philology of the Bashkir State University, the Faculty of Tatar Philology of the Tatar State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University and the Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan.

A significant contribution to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects was made by such scientists as G. Kh. Alparov, G. Kh. Fazlullin and others.

Dialects

The vernacular Tatar language is divided into 3 main dialects:

Story

The modern Tatar language in its development has undergone many changes, formed from the Bulgar, Kypchak and Chagatai dialects of the Turkic languages.

The Tatar language was formed together with the native speakers of this language in the regions of the Volga and Ural regions in close contact with other, both related and unrelated languages. He experienced a certain influence of the Finno-Ugric (Old Hungarian, Mari, Mordovian, Udmurt), Arabic, Persian, Russian languages. Thus, linguists believe that those features in the field of phonetics (changing the scale of vowels, etc. - “ vowel interruption”), which, on the one hand, unite the Volga-Turkic languages ​​​​with each other, and on the other hand, oppose them to other Turkic languages, are the result of their complex relationship with the Finno-Ugric languages.

The earliest surviving literary monument - the poem "Kyssa-i Yosyf" - was written in the 13th century. (The author of the poem Kul Gali died during the Mongol conquest of the Volga Bulgaria in). The language of the poem combines elements of the Bulgaro-Kypchak and Oghuz languages. In the era of the Golden Horde, the language of its subjects becomes Volga Turki- a language close to the Ottoman and Chagatai (Old Uzbek) literary languages. During the period of the Kazan Khanate, the Old Tatar language was formed, which is characterized by a large number of borrowings from Arabic and Persian. Like other literary languages ​​of the pre-national period, the Old Tatar literary language remained obscure to the masses and was used only by the literate part of society. After the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, an active penetration into the Tatar language of Russianisms, and then Western terms, began. From the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. Tatar intelligentsia began to actively use the Ottoman socio-political vocabulary.

From the second half of the 19th century, on the basis of the middle (Kazan) dialect, the formation of the modern Tatar national language began, which ended at the beginning of the 20th century. Two stages can be distinguished in the reformation of the Tatar language - the second half of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century (before) and -1917. At the first stage, the main role in the creation of the national language belonged to Kayum Nasyri (1825-1902). After the revolution of 1905-1907. the situation in the field of reforming the Tatar language has changed dramatically: there is a convergence of the literary language with the colloquial language. In 1912, Fakhrel-Islam Ageev founded the Ak-yul children's magazine, which marked the beginning of children's fiction in the Tatar language. In the 1920s language construction begins: a terminological apparatus is being developed, first based on the Tatar and Arabic-Persian vocabulary proper, and from the 1930s on Russian and international using Cyrillic graphics. When switching to Cyrillic graphics, they relied on Western phonetics (mishar), therefore, the throat sounds of the middle dialect /ʁ/ and /q/ were ignored, instead of Shch, Chh was used in the spelling of words.

The modern literary Tatar language is close in phonetics and vocabulary to the middle dialect, and in morphological structure - to the Western dialect.

Writing

Linguistic characteristic

Phonetics and phonology

The pronunciation norm of the modern literary language is assigned to the dialect of the Kazan Tatars.

Distinctive features of the literary Tatar language in phonetics:

• the presence of 10 vowel phonemes, one of which has a diphthongoid character;
• the presence of vowels of incomplete education;
• the presence of labialized [a °] (typical, as a rule, when [a] is the first in the word: alma- [ºalmá] - apple: second a non-labialized (not rounded);
• vowels about, ө , e in the first syllable instead of common Turkic at, ү , and, vowels at, ү , and instead of common Turkic about, ө , e(this is also characteristic of the Bashkir language);
• absence of labiodental phoneme in;
• non-affricative character h and җ .

Vowels

In the modern Tatar language, there are 9 vowels for recording 13 vowel phonemes, of which 9 (10) are native Tatar:

The vowels of the upper and lower series are relatively long, the vowels of the middle series are relatively short (except for Russian vowels, see below).

Consonants

Tatar has 28 consonant phonemes:

There are also sounds from Russian: in/v/ , f, in/f/ , sch /ɕː~ʃː/ , h/t͡ɕ/ , c/t͡s/ which are used in loanwords. Sounds h/h/, b, e, b /ʔ/, f/f/ are present in a significant number of borrowings from Arabic and Persian.

Each consonant has a palatalized and non-palatalized phonetic variant (except җ ) .

G reads like a voiced occlusive back lingual /g/, for example: Agar“if” - /æ "gær/, and in syllables with back vowels as a Turkic voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/, for example: gasyr"Century" - /ʁɒ"sɤr/.

With front vowels letter to reads like a deaf occlusive back lingual /k/, for example: koz"Autumn" - /køz/, and in syllables with back vowels as Turkic voiceless uvular stop /q/, for example: kyzyl"red" - /q(ɤ)"zɤl/.

In borrowings from Arabic and Persian, /ʁ/ and /q/ can be combined with front-lingual /æ/ and /ø/ , orthographically ha, ka, th, to or gj, to: homer/ʁøˈmer/ "life", say/sæˈʁæt/ "hour", mаkal/mæˈqæl/ "proverb", screech/diqˈqæt/ "attention", shigriyat/ʃiʁriˈjæt/ "poetry". To indicate the front-lingualism of a back-lingual vowel orthographically, a silent soft sign is used after the subsequent consonant.

There is a progressive assimilation of consonants along:

• voiced and deaf: tash + Dan - tashtan"from a stone"; tal + Yes - talda"on the willow".
• by nasal timbre: tun + lar - tunnar"fur coats"; tun + Dan - tunnan"from a fur coat."

Regressive assimilation of consonants by:

• deafness: kuz + sez- [kusses] (orff. kuzsez) "eyeless"; toz + syz- [tossos] (orff. tossyz) "unsalted".
• uvularities: boryn + gee- [borongo] (orff. Borings) "ancient"; salyn + ky- [salynky] (orf. salynka) "saggy".
• back tongue: kieren + ke- [kiyerenke] (orff. Kierenka) "tense".
• lip involvement: un + ber- [umber] (orff. unber) "eleven"; un + bish- [umbish] (orf. unbish) "fifteen".

In modern orthography, assimilation is partially reflected.

Voiced consonants at the end of words are stunned, except for [h].

Morphology

In morphology, analytical tense forms are widely represented, as well as combinations of the main verb with auxiliary ones, expressing the nature of the course of the action, its intensity, degree of completion, etc. The past and future tenses of the verb are divided into known and possible(categorical or implied), for example: mess - we were definitely going, barganbyz - we might have gone; barachakbyz - we'll definitely go, baryrbyz - we might go. In syntax, the design of nominal predicates with predicate affixes is extremely rare, synthetic subordinate clauses are diverse. The vocabulary is full of Arabic, Persian and Russian borrowings.

Noun

Anthroponymy

see also

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Notes

Literature

• Abdullina R. S. Spelling and orthoepy of the modern Tatar language = Khazerge Tatar telenen orthografiase һәm orthoepiyase. - Kazan: Magarif, 2009. - 239 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-7761-1820-3.
• Akhatov G. Kh. Tatar dialectology = Tatar dialectology (textbook for students of higher educational institutions). - Kazan,. - 215 p. - 3000 copies.
• Akhatov G. Kh. Lexis of the Tatar language. - Kazan,. - 93 p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-298-00577-2.
• Akhunzyanov G. Kh. Russian-Tatar dictionary. - Kazan, 1991.
• Dialectological dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1993.
• Zakiev M.Z. Tatar language // Languages ​​of the world: Turkic languages. - M .: Institute of Linguistics RAS, 1996. - S. 357-372. - (Languages ​​of Eurasia). - ISBN 5-655-01214-6.
• Nurieva A. Orthographic dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1983-84.
• Russian-Tatar Dictionary / Ed. F. A. Ganieva. - M., 1991.
• Safiullina F. S., Zakiev M. Z. Modern Tatar literary language. - Kazan, 1994.
• Tatar grammar. In 3 volumes - Kazan, 1993.
• Tatar-Russian Dictionary / Comp. K. S. Abdrazakov and others. - M., 1966.
• / Ed. Sabirova R. A..
• Comparative-historical grammar of Turkic languages. Regional reconstructions / E. R. Tenishev (ed.). - M., 2002.
• Phraseological dictionary of the Tatar language / G. Kh. Akhatov (author-compiler). - Kazan,. - 177 p. - 3000 copies.
• Kharisova Ch. M. Tatar language: a reference book. - Kazan: Magarif, 2009. - 200 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-7761-2060-2.
• Yakupova G.K. Bibliography on Tatar Linguistics (1778-1980). - Kazan, 1988.

Links

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An excerpt characterizing the Tatar language

Pelageya Danilovna Melyukova, a broad, energetic woman, in glasses and a swinging bonnet, sat in the living room, surrounded by her daughters, whom she tried not to let get bored. They quietly poured wax and looked at the shadows of the coming out figures, when steps and voices of visitors rustled in the front.
Hussars, ladies, witches, payas, bears, clearing their throats and wiping their frost-covered faces in the hall, entered the hall, where candles were hurriedly lit. Clown - Dimmler with the mistress - Nikolai opened the dance. Surrounded by screaming children, mummers, covering their faces and changing their voices, bowed to the hostess and moved around the room.
"Oh, you can't find out! And Natasha is! Look who she looks like! Right, it reminds me of someone. Eduard then Karlych how good! I didn't recognize. Yes, how she dances! Ah, fathers, and some kind of Circassian; right, how goes Sonyushka. Who else is this? Well, consoled! Take the tables, Nikita, Vanya. And we were so quiet!
- Ha ha ha! ... Hussar then, hussar then! Like a boy, and legs!… I can’t see… – voices were heard.
Natasha, the favorite of the young Melyukovs, disappeared together with them into the back rooms, where a cork was demanded and various dressing gowns and men's dresses, which, through the open door, received bare girlish hands from the footman. Ten minutes later, all the youth of the Melyukov family joined the mummers.
Pelageya Danilovna, having disposed of clearing the place for the guests and refreshments for the gentlemen and servants, without taking off her glasses, with a suppressed smile, walked among the mummers, looking closely into their faces and not recognizing anyone. She did not recognize not only the Rostovs and Dimmler, but she could not recognize either her daughters or those husband's dressing gowns and uniforms that were on them.
- And whose is this? she said, turning to her governess and looking into the face of her daughter, who represented the Kazan Tatar. - It seems that someone from the Rostovs. Well, you, mister hussar, in which regiment do you serve? she asked Natasha. “Give the Turk some marshmallows,” she said to the bartender who was scolding, “this is not forbidden by their law.
Sometimes, looking at the strange but funny steps performed by the dancers, who decided once and for all that they were dressed up, that no one would recognize them and therefore were not embarrassed, Pelageya Danilovna covered herself with a scarf, and her whole corpulent body shook from the uncontrollable kind, old woman's laughter . - Sachinet is mine, Sachinet is mine! she said.
After Russian dances and round dances, Pelageya Danilovna united all the servants and gentlemen together, in one large circle; they brought a ring, a rope and a ruble, and general games were arranged.
After an hour, all the costumes were wrinkled and upset. Cork mustaches and eyebrows smeared over sweaty, flushed, and cheerful faces. Pelageya Danilovna began to recognize the mummers, admired how well the costumes were made, how they went especially to the young ladies, and thanked everyone for having so amused her. The guests were invited to dine in the living room, and in the hall they ordered refreshments for the courtyards.
- No, guessing in the bathhouse, that's scary! said the old girl who lived with the Melyukovs at dinner.
- From what? asked the eldest daughter of the Melyukovs.
- Don't go, it takes courage...
"I'll go," Sonya said.
- Tell me, how was it with the young lady? - said the second Melyukova.
- Yes, just like that, one young lady went, - said the old girl, - she took a rooster, two appliances - as it should, she sat down. She sat, only hears, suddenly rides ... with bells, with bells, a sleigh drove up; hears, goes. Enters completely in the form of a human, as an officer, he came and sat down with her at the device.
- BUT! Ah! ... - Natasha screamed, rolling her eyes in horror.
“But how does he say that?”
- Yes, like a man, everything is as it should be, and he began, and began to persuade, and she should have kept him talking to the roosters; and she made money; – only zarobela and closed hands. He grabbed her. It's good that the girls came running here ...
- Well, what to scare them! said Pelageya Danilovna.
“Mother, you yourself guessed ...” said the daughter.
- And how do they guess in the barn? Sonya asked.
- Yes, at least now, they will go to the barn, and they will listen. What do you hear: hammering, knocking - bad, but pouring bread - this is good; and then it happens...
- Mom, tell me what happened to you in the barn?
Pelageya Danilovna smiled.
“Yes, I forgot…” she said. “After all, you won’t go, will you?”
- No, I'll go; Pepageya Danilovna, let me go, I'll go, - said Sonya.
- Well, if you're not afraid.
- Louise Ivanovna, can I have one? Sonya asked.
Whether they played a ring, a rope or a ruble, whether they talked, as now, Nikolai did not leave Sonya and looked at her with completely new eyes. It seemed to him that today only for the first time, thanks to that cork mustache, he fully recognized her. Sonya really was cheerful that evening, lively and good, such as Nikolay had never seen her before.
“So that’s what she is, but I’m a fool!” he thought, looking at her sparkling eyes and a happy, enthusiastic smile, dimpled from under her moustache, which he had not seen before.
"I'm not afraid of anything," said Sonya. - Can I do it now? She got up. Sonya was told where the barn was, how she could stand silently and listen, and they gave her a fur coat. She threw it over her head and looked at Nikolai.
"What a beauty this girl is!" he thought. “And what have I been thinking about until now!”
Sonya went out into the corridor to go to the barn. Nikolai hurriedly went to the front porch, saying that he was hot. Indeed, the house was stuffy from the crowded people.
It was the same unmoving cold outside, the same month, only it was even lighter. The light was so strong and there were so many stars in the snow that I didn’t want to look at the sky, and real stars were invisible. It was black and dull in the sky, it was fun on the ground.
"I'm a fool, a fool! What have you been waiting for until now? Nikolay thought, and, running away to the porch, he walked around the corner of the house along the path that led to the back porch. He knew that Sonya would go here. In the middle of the road stood stacked fathoms of firewood, there was snow on them, a shadow fell from them; through them and from their side, intertwining, the shadows of old bare lindens fell on the snow and the path. The path led to the barn. The chopped wall of the barn and the roof, covered with snow, as if carved from some kind of precious stone, gleamed in the moonlight. A tree cracked in the garden, and again everything was completely quiet. The chest, it seemed, was breathing not air, but some kind of eternally young strength and joy.
From the girl's porch, feet pounded on the steps, a loud creak creaked on the last one, on which snow had been applied, and the voice of the old girl said:
“Straight, straight, here on the path, young lady. Just don't look back.
“I’m not afraid,” Sonya’s voice answered, and along the path, in the direction of Nikolai, Sonya’s legs screeched, whistled in thin shoes.
Sonya walked wrapped in a fur coat. She was already two steps away when she saw him; she saw him, too, not in the same way as she knew and of whom she had always been a little afraid. He was in a woman's dress with tangled hair and a happy and new smile for Sonya. Sonya quickly ran up to him.
"Quite different, and still the same," Nikolai thought, looking at her face, all illuminated by moonlight. He put his hands under the fur coat that covered her head, hugged her, pressed her to him and kissed her lips, over which there were mustaches and which smelled of burnt cork. Sonya kissed him right in the middle of her lips and, holding out her small hands, took his cheeks on both sides.
“Sonya!… Nicolas!…” they only said. They ran to the barn and returned each from their own porch.

When everyone drove back from Pelageya Danilovna, Natasha, who always saw and noticed everything, arranged accommodation in such a way that Louise Ivanovna and she sat in the sleigh with Dimmler, and Sonya sat with Nikolai and the girls.
Nikolai, no longer overtaking, was steadily driving back, and still peering into Sonya in this strange, moonlight, in this ever-changing light, from under the eyebrows and mustaches, his former and present Sonya, with whom he had decided never to to be separated. He peered, and when he recognized the same and the other and remembered, hearing this smell of cork, mixed with the feeling of a kiss, he breathed in the frosty air with full breasts and, looking at the leaving earth and the brilliant sky, he felt again in a magical kingdom.
Sonya, are you okay? he occasionally asked.
“Yes,” answered Sonya. - And you?
In the middle of the road, Nikolai let the coachman hold the horses, ran up to Natasha's sleigh for a minute and stood to the side.
“Natasha,” he said to her in a whisper in French, “you know, I made up my mind about Sonya.
- Did you tell her? Natasha asked, all of a sudden beaming with joy.
- Oh, how strange you are with those mustaches and eyebrows, Natasha! Are you happy?
- I'm so glad, so glad! I've been angry with you. I didn't tell you, but you did bad things to her. It's such a heart, Nicolas. I am so glad! I can be ugly, but I was ashamed to be alone happy without Sonya, Natasha continued. - Now I'm so glad, well, run to her.
- No, wait, oh, how funny you are! - said Nikolai, still peering into her, and in his sister, too, finding something new, unusual and charmingly tender, which he had not seen in her before. - Natasha, something magical. BUT?
“Yes,” she answered, “you did well.
“If I had seen her the way she is now,” Nikolai thought, “I would have asked a long time ago what to do and would have done whatever she ordered, and everything would have been fine.”
“So you’re happy, and I did well?”
– Oh, so good! I recently got into a fight with my mom about this. Mom said she's catching you. How can this be said? I almost got into a fight with my mom. And I will never allow anyone to say or think anything bad about her, because there is only good in her.
- So good? - said Nikolai, once again looking out for the expression on his sister's face to find out if this was true, and, hiding with his boots, he jumped off the allotment and ran to his sleigh. The same happy, smiling Circassian, with a mustache and sparkling eyes, looking out from under a sable bonnet, was sitting there, and this Circassian was Sonya, and this Sonya was probably his future, happy and loving wife.
Arriving home and telling their mother about how they spent time with the Melyukovs, the young ladies went to their place. Having undressed, but not erasing the cork mustache, they sat for a long time, talking about their happiness. They talked about how they would live married, how their husbands would be friendly and how happy they would be.
On Natasha's table there were mirrors prepared by Dunyasha since the evening. – When will all this be? I'm afraid never... That would be too good! - said Natasha, getting up and going to the mirrors.
“Sit down, Natasha, maybe you will see him,” said Sonya. Natasha lit the candles and sat down. “I see someone with a mustache,” said Natasha, who saw her own face.
“Don’t laugh, young lady,” said Dunyasha.
With the help of Sonya and the maid, Natasha found a position for the mirror; her face took on a serious expression, and she fell silent. For a long time she sat, looking at the row of departing candles in the mirrors, assuming (considering the stories she had heard) that she would see the coffin, that she would see him, Prince Andrei, in this last, merging, vague square. But no matter how ready she was to take the slightest spot for the image of a person or a coffin, she did not see anything. She blinked rapidly and moved away from the mirror.
“Why do others see, but I don’t see anything?” - she said. - Well, sit down, Sonya; now you definitely need it, ”she said. - Only for me ... I'm so scared today!
Sonya sat down at the mirror, arranged the situation, and began to look.
“They will certainly see Sofya Alexandrovna,” Dunyasha said in a whisper; - and you're laughing.
Sonya heard these words, and heard Natasha say in a whisper:
“And I know what she will see; she saw last year.
For three minutes everyone was silent. "Definitely!" Natasha whispered and did not finish ... Suddenly Sonya pushed aside the mirror that she was holding and covered her eyes with her hand.
- Oh, Natasha! - she said.
- Did you see it? Did you see? What did you see? cried Natasha, holding up the mirror.
Sonya didn’t see anything, she just wanted to blink her eyes and get up when she heard Natasha’s voice saying “by all means” ... She didn’t want to deceive either Dunyasha or Natasha, and it was hard to sit. She herself did not know how and why a cry escaped her when she covered her eyes with her hand.
- Did you see him? Natasha asked, grabbing her hand.
- Yes. Wait ... I ... saw him, ”Sonya said involuntarily, still not knowing who Natasha meant by his word: him - Nikolai or him - Andrei.
“But why shouldn’t I tell you what I saw? Because others see it! And who can convict me of what I saw or did not see? flashed through Sonya's head.
“Yes, I saw him,” she said.
- How? How? Is it worth it or is it lying?
- No, I saw ... That was nothing, suddenly I see that he is lying.
- Andrey lies? He is sick? - Natasha asked with frightened fixed eyes looking at her friend.
- No, on the contrary - on the contrary, a cheerful face, and he turned to me - and at the moment she spoke, it seemed to her that she saw what she was saying.
- Well, then, Sonya? ...
- Here I did not consider something blue and red ...
– Sonya! when will he return? When I see him! My God, how I fear for him and for myself, and for everything I am afraid ... - Natasha spoke, and without answering a word to Sonya's consolations, she lay down in bed and long after the candle was put out, with her eyes open, lay motionless on bed and looked at the frosty, moonlight through the frozen windows.

Soon after Christmas, Nikolai announced to his mother his love for Sonya and his firm decision to marry her. The countess, who had long noticed what was happening between Sonya and Nikolai, and was expecting this explanation, silently listened to his words and told her son that he could marry whomever he wanted; but that neither she nor his father would give him blessings for such a marriage. For the first time, Nikolai felt that his mother was unhappy with him, that despite all her love for him, she would not give in to him. She, coldly and without looking at her son, sent for her husband; and when he arrived, the countess wanted to briefly and coldly tell him what was the matter in the presence of Nikolai, but she could not stand it: she burst into tears of annoyance and left the room. The old count began to hesitantly admonish Nicholas and ask him to abandon his intention. Nicholas replied that he could not change his word, and his father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon interrupted his speech and went to the countess. In all clashes with his son, the count did not leave the consciousness of his guilt before him for the disorder of affairs, and therefore he could not be angry with his son for refusing to marry a rich bride and for choosing Sonya without a dowry - he only on this occasion more vividly recalled that, if things had not been upset, it would be impossible for Nicholas to wish for a better wife than Sonya; and that only he, with his Mitenka and his irresistible habits, is to blame for the disorder of affairs.

Tatar language, one of the Turkic languages; belongs to the Kypchak group. Sometimes it is also called Bulgaro-Tatar or Volga-Tatar to distinguish it from the Crimean Tatar language. It is widespread in the Republic of Tatarstan, where, according to the Constitution of 1992, it is a state language along with Russian, as well as in Bashkortostan, Mordovia, Mari El, Chuvashia, the Republic of Komi, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk and many other regions of the Russian Federation, in Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in Central Asia and Azerbaijan. The total number of speakers, according to the 1989 USSR census, exceeds 5.5 million people, with a total number of ethnic Tatars of 6.65 million people.

There are three dialects with numerous dialects within each of them: middle, western (Mishar) and eastern (the language of the Siberian Tatars). The self-name "Tatars" was adopted from the Russians, first by the Mishars (in the second half of the 19th century), and at the beginning of the 20th century by the Mishars. and other representatives of the people, in particular, speakers of the middle dialect, who previously called themselves "Bulgars" ( Bulgarian) or "Kazan" ( cauldron keshese, Kazanly). The immediate neighbors of the Kazan Tatars still call them in their own way: the Mari - suas, Udmurts - biger, Kazakhs and Karakalapaks - nougai.

The phonetics of the Tatar language is characterized by vowels of incomplete formation and special reflections of common Turkic labialized ones, in the grammar there are numerous analytical verb forms, as well as combinations of the main verb with an auxiliary, expressing various, including specific, meanings. Compared to other Turkic languages, predicate affixes are not widely used. The vocabulary contains a significant number of Arabic, Persian and Russian borrowings; the influence of these languages ​​can also be traced in phonetics and grammar (for example, the emergence of conjunctions and allied complex sentences). During the existence of the Volga Bulgaria (9th–12th centuries) and the Golden Horde (13th–15th centuries), the language of the ancestors of modern Tatars influenced the Russian language ( cm. TURKIC LANGUAGES).

Before the formation of an independent Tatar language, the ancestors of the Bashkirs and Tatars were part of the Golden Horde and in the 13-19 centuries. used the common literary language of the Turks, which had a number of regional features that distinguished it from other versions of this Turkic bookish language. Written monuments have existed since the 13th century. (poem by Kul Gali Kissa and Yusuf), although writing, first runic (from the 7th century), and then on an Arabic (from the 10th century) basis, existed earlier. In the 16th–19th centuries the so-called Old Tatar literary language functioned, continuing the tradition of the Turks; on it a rich literature of various subjects was created. The modern Tatar literary language was created on the basis of the middle and western dialects in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; its formation is associated with the activities of the Tatar writer, philologist and educator K. Nasyri and the writers of that period (Y. Emelyanov, G. Ilyasi, F. Khalidi), who freed the Tatar language from the influence of the Turki. In the 20th century there was a further development of literary norms and the expansion of the functions and areas of use of the Tatar language.

Writing until 1927 existed in Arabic, in 1927-1939 on a Latin basis, from 1939 on the basis of Russian graphics with several additional letters. In 1992, the law "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan" was adopted, and in 1994 - the State program for its implementation. The Tatar language is taught both in secondary (since the beginning of the 20th century) and partly in higher education; university textbooks are being compiled. The Tatar language is taught in a number of institutes and universities. An extensive periodical is published, and in last years not only in Tatarstan, but also in a number of other areas where Tatars are densely populated; radio and television broadcasting.

The scientific study of the Tatar language began in the 18th century, when M. Kotelnikov's handwritten Russian-Tatar phrase book (1740) and S. Khalfin's Russian-Tatar dictionary (1785) were compiled. In 1801, I. Giganov's grammar was published in St. Petersburg, and in 1804, a dictionary by the same author. In the 19th century the works of the Kazan school of Turkologists, as well as missionaries, were of great importance. Subsequently, a significant contribution to the study of the Tatar language was made by the works of G. Alparov, V. A. Bogoroditsky, M. Z. Zakiev and other researchers. Studies of the Tatar language are conducted at the Kazan and Bashkir universities, the Institute of Language, Literature and History. G. Ibragimova of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as in a number of pedagogical universities.

In our time, when national problems are especially relevant, it is necessary to find the right angle in the study of the native language, in no case exaggerating or belittling its merits and capabilities. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out purposeful work to instill interest in the native language.

History and current state of the Tatar language and its dialects.

Tatar speech is very harmonious, intonationally rich, rhythmic, slightly at an accelerated pace, with an abundance of emotional particles and interjections, with many speech formulas and clichéd expressions.

Any specialist, in whatever field he works, is trained in a general secondary school and further continues his specialization in secondary technical or higher educational institutions of the country. This fully applies to the system of education and higher education of Bashkortostan, where there is a wide network of secondary, special secondary and higher educational institutions both with the national language and with the Russian language of instruction. In the schools of the republic, as a rule, Russian, Tatar, and one of the foreign languages ​​(English, German, French, etc.) are studied.

In the teaching of these languages ​​and the practical mastery of them, there are many difficulties due to significant differences in their structures and typologies. Similar difficulties are faced by translators, journalists, editors - all those who, by the nature of their profession, are associated with the processing of information in both languages, including verbal and artistic creativity. That is why, along with the comparative-historical study of related languages, which is of general theoretical and methodological significance, comparative-typological studies of different systemic languages ​​are not only possible, but also necessary in linguistics.

The Tatar language (tat, Tatar tele, tatarҫa) is the national language of the Tatars. The state language of the Republic of Tatarstan and the second most common and the number of speakers of the national language in Russian Federation!
It belongs to the Volga - Kypchak subgroup of the Kypchak group of Turkic languages ​​(Altai language family).
Distributed in Tatarstan in the center and northwest of Bashkortostan and in some areas of Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mordovia, Chelyabinsk, Samara, Astrakhan, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Kurgan, Tomsk regions, Perm region of Russia, as well as in some regions of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.
The Tatar language is also common among the Bashkirs, Russians, Chuvashs and Maris, as well as some other peoples of Russia.

The Tatar language, according to UNESCO, is in fourth place in terms of its harmony of wording and logic. In this sense, it can be used as a computer language. Knowledge of the Tatar language makes it possible to communicate with all representatives of the Turkic peoples and takes the fourteenth place in the world.

The founder of the literary Tatar language is Gabdulla Tukay. A huge artistic, philosophical, historical, journalistic, educational, epistolary, scientific and ideological heritage left by Kul Gali, Mukhamedyar, Kh. Feizkhanov, Sh. Marjani, G. Tukay, F. Amirkhan and many other poets and writers, scientists, educators.

In the 19th century, hundreds of self-instruction books, phrasebooks, Tatar language, anthologies, manuals, dictionaries, books for reading were published, many of which were compiled by missionaries, teachers of theological schools, academies. They, together with others compiled by Russian scientists from higher educational institutions, as well as Tatar scientists and educators, deserve the closest attention and study.

Folk - colloquial Tatar language is divided into 3 main dialects:

Western (Mishar) dialect, which has a great connection with the Oguz-Kypchak language;
- Kazan (middle) dialect (has hypothetical elements of the Bulgar language);
- Eastern (Siberian - Tatar) dialect, which was formed as an independent language, but due to political ties and the relocation of Kazan Tatars to Siberia, it became closer to the middle dialect. In the 13th - 19th centuries, the Old Tatar language functioned among the Tatars.

The Mishar (Western) dialect of the Tatar language is more uniform, has retained more ancient features, is less subject to external influences and changes, its dialects were in contact with a small number of other languages ​​(with Russian and Mordovian).
The Mishar dialect, unlike Kazan, according to a number of researchers, is included in the Kypchak - Polovtsian group of languages ​​(V.V. Radlov, A.N. Smailovich).

The mutual proximity of the Mishar dialects is explained by the relatively late settlement of the Mishars (starting from the end of the 16th century), which occurred in connection with the creation of the so-called (zasechnye) lines by the tsarist government.

When creating the modern Tatar Cyrillic alphabet, the phonetics of the Tatar-Mishars was taken as a basis, close to the phonetics of the ancient Tatar literary language, which causes the presence in it of letters unusual for the middle dialect and the denoted sounds Ch (tch) Zh (j), as well as the absence Щ (fricative (slit) equivalent of Ch), U, K and Ғ

Mishar dialect of the Tatar language L.T. Makhmutov divides into two groups of dialects: “clattering” and “choking”. At the same time, G.Kh. Akhatov, in his classification, subdivides the Mishar dialect into three groups of dialects, adding a “mixed” group of dialects to “clattering” and “choking” dialects. Linguistically, the dialects are close to each other, however, they are not identical: each of these groups has some specific features in the field of phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary.

The “choking” group of Mishar dialects includes:
Temnikovsky dialect (western regions of Mordovia, southeastern part of the Penza region) Lyambir dialect (eastern part of Mordovia),
Pribirsky dialect (Birsky, Karaidelsky, Mishkinsky districts of Bashkortostan).
Kuznetsk dialect (Penza region), Khvalyn dialect (south of the Ulyanovsk region) Orenburg dialect (Orenburg region) dialects of the Volgograd and Saratov regions.

The “clattering” group of Mishar dialects consists of:

Sergach dialect (Nizhny Novgorod region),

Drozhzhanovsky dialect (Tatarstan and Chuvashia),

Chistopol dialect (mixed) (Zakama region of Tatarstan and Samara region),

Melekessky dialect (conditionally) (northern regions of the Ulyanovsk region).

However, according to Professor G.Kh. Akhatov, the Kuznets dialect and the Khvalyn dialect do not belong to the “choking” group of dialects at all, but to the “mixed” one. According to the scientist, the “mixed” group of dialects is characterized by an almost parallel use of Ch (tch) with a pronounced explosive element C, for example: “pytchak, pytsak (pychak - knife). Therefore, G.Kh. Akhatov identified these two dialects as a separate group of dialects of the Mishar dialect and called them “mixed”.

The Kazan (middle) dialect of the Tatar language differs from other dialects in the presence of the phenomenon of zh - okania, uvular k and r, fricative h (u), rounded variant a. The formation of the middle dialect was influenced by the Bulgar language (12th - 13th century), the Kypchak language (9th - 15th century), as well as the Finno-Ugric and Russian languages.

Zakazansky (Vysokogorsky, Mamadyshsky, Lamishevsky, Baltasinsky districts of Tatarstan)

Baranginsky (Paranginsky district of Mari El)

Tarkhansky (Buinsky, Tetyushsky districts of Tatarstan)

Levoberezhny - Gorny (left bank of the Volga of Tatarstan, Urmarsky district of Chuvashia)

Kryashen dialects (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan)

Nogaybaksky (Chelyabinsk region)

Menzelinsky (Argyzsky, Bugulminsky, Zainsky, Aznakaevsky; Udmurtia; Alyshevsky, Bizhbulyaksky, Blagovarsky, BuraevskyBelebeevsky, Dyurtyulinsky, Ilishevsky, Karmaskalinsky, Krasnokamsky, Kushnarenkovsky, Miyakinsky, Meleuzovsky, Sterlibashevsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuimazinsky, Fedorovsky, Chekmagushevsky, Sharansky districts Bashkortostan)

Buraevsky (Kaltasinsky, Baltachevsky, Yanaulsky, Tatyshlinsky, Mishkinsky, Karaidelsky districts of Bashkortostan)

Kasimovsky (Ryazan region)

Nokratsky (Kirov region, Udmurtia)

Permsky (Perm region)

Zlatoustovsky (Salavatsky, Kiginsky Duvansky, Belokataysky districts of Bashkortostan)

Krasnoufimsky (Sverdlovsk region)

Ichkinsky (Kurgan region)

Buguruslansky (Buguruslansky district of the Orenburg region)

Turbaslinsky (Iglinsky and Nurimanovsky districts of Bashkortostan)

Tepekinsky (Gafurysky, Sterlitamaksky districts of Bashkortostan)

Safakulsky (Kurgan region)

Astrakhan (Kazan Tatars of the Astrakhan region)

Tatar-Karakalpak dialect (East of the Saratov region (Alekstadrovo-Gaisky district), Ural region of Kazakhstan.

In our time, when national problems are especially relevant, it is necessary to find the right angle in the study of the native language, in no case exaggerating or belittling its merits and capabilities. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out purposeful work to instill interest in the native language, which should be closely related to the education of national and international feelings: it is necessary to develop the international qualities of students, since a person who does not perceive and does not love his native language, his culture, is unlikely to be able to to appreciate the languages ​​and cultures of other peoples.

The Tatar language belongs to the family of Turkic languages, its close relatives are Bashkir, Kazakh, Nogai, Karachay, Kumyk, Karakalpak, Uzbek, Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Kyrgyz, Tuva, Khakass, Chuvash, Yakut and other Turkic languages.

About 7 million people speak the Tatar language, of which 1 million 765 thousand live in Tatarstan, the rest live in 80 regions of the former Soviet Union and abroad - in Finland, Turkey, Germany, America, China, Japan, Australia, etc.

The writing of the Tatars has a long history: the starting point is the monuments of runic writing (as in many Turkic peoples). Tatar scientists (A. Mukhammadiev, N. Fattah) convincingly proved that the Turkic peoples had written language even before the new era. Then, from the beginning of the 10th century, along with Islam in the Volga Bulgaria, the Arabic alphabet was also adopted: at the end of the 20s, this alphabet was changed to Latin (the so-called "yanalif" - a new alphabet), whose life was short. Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the Tatars switched to Cyrillic, with the addition of 6 letters for some specific sounds of the Tatar language. However, the shortcomings of the Cyrillic-based alphabet did not satisfy many. For a long time, the public discussed the problems of a possible transition to the Latin alphabet, specific projects were proposed and they were actively discussed in the press and in government and scientific circles.

In the late 90s, the majority of the public agreed to change the Cyrillic alphabet to an alphabet based on the Latin alphabet. Starting from 2001, schools will begin teaching the Tatar language in the Latin alphabet from the first grade. The change of three alphabets in a short time tore the people away from their written culture for many years. Attempts are now being made to rectify the situation: circles for teaching Arabic script have been created, appropriate courses have been introduced at universities, manuals are being issued, and television programs have been organized. But to build is not to break, it's a long business...

The Tatar language, according to UNESCO, is in fourth place in the world in terms of its harmony, formality and logic. In this sense, it can be used as a computer language. Knowledge of Tatar makes it possible to communicate with all representatives of the Turkic peoples. The Tatar language ranks fourteenth in the world.

Gabdulla Tukay - the founder of the literary Tatar language

The Old Tatar and modern Tatar language has accumulated a huge artistic, philosophical, historical, journalistic, educational, epistolary, scientific and ideological legacy left by Kul Gali, Mukhammedyar, H. Feizkhanov, Sh. Marjani, G. Tukay, F. Amirkhan and many other poets and writers , scientists, thinkers, educators.

The problems of teaching the Tatar language were especially acute in Russia in the 18th-early 19th centuries: the colonial policy of the tsarist autocracy, the Christianization of the region required qualified performers. And therefore, especially in the 19th century, hundreds of self-instruction books, phrasebooks of the Tatar language, grammars, manuals, dictionaries, books for reading, anthologies were published, many of which were compiled by missionaries, teachers of theological schools, academies. They, together with others compiled by Russian scientists from higher educational institutions, as well as Tatar scientists and educators, deserve the closest attention and study.

Representatives of many nationalities live in our republic. State languages ​​according to the Constitution

The Republic of Tatarstan are two languages ​​- Tatar and Russian.

distribution of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the world

Features of the Tatar language

Let's start learning with the Tatar alphabet. It is based on Russian graphics and consists of 39 letters:

Aa Zz Pp Hh

əə Ii Rr Shsh

Bb yy ss schsch

Vv Kk Tt bj

Gg Ll Uu Yy

DD Mm YY b

Her Nn ff uh

Yoyo n Xx Yuyu

Zhzh Oo ҺҺ Yaya

General information about the Tatar language

The Tatar language (Tatar. Tatar tele, Tatarcha, tatar tele, tatarça) is the national language of the Tatars. The state language of the Republic of Tatarstan, and the second most common and the number of speakers of the national language in the Russian Federation!

It belongs to the Volga-Kypchak subgroup of the Kypchak group of Turkic languages ​​(Altai language family).

Distributed in Tatarstan, in the center and north-west of Bashkortostan and in some areas of Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mordovia, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Astrakhan, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Kurgan , Tomsk regions, Perm region of Russia, as well as in certain regions of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.

The number of speakers in Russia is about 4.28 million people as of 2010 (5.1 million according to the 1989 census). The Tatar language is also common among the Bashkirs, Russians, Chuvashs and Maris, as well as some other peoples of Russia.

Kypchak languages —

one of the largest in terms of the number of languages ​​(11 languages) groups of Turkic languages, dating back to a single Kypchak language. Other names: northwestern, tau group, etc. Includes the following subgroups:

Kypchak-Bulgarian (North-Kypchak, Ural-Volga, Bulgar-Kypchak, Volga-Kypchak) - Tatar and Bashkir languages ​​(and the Siberian-Tatar language is also highlighted);

The Volga-Kypchak community is not recognized by all scientists, there is an alternative point of view according to which the Tatar language is Polovtsian-Kypchak, and the Bashkir Nogai-Kypchak (this is the point of view formulated in the book "Comparative Historical Grammar of the Turkic Languages. Regional Reconstructions" edited by E. R. Tenisheva).

Turkic languages —

a family of related languages ​​of the Altaic macrofamily, widely spoken in Asia and Eastern Europe. The distribution area of ​​the Turkic languages ​​extends from the Lena River basin in Siberia southwest to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The total number of speakers is more than 167.4 million people.

The opposition between the Bulgar and the Turkic group proper is generally recognized - their separation took place at the turn of BC. e., probably in the II century. n. e.

ancient description of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the world

Altaic language family -

a possible language family, which, according to its supporters, includes the Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu and Japanese-Ryukyu language branches, as well as the Korean language isolate. These languages ​​are spoken in Northeast Asia, Central Asia, Anatolia and Eastern Europe (Turks, Kalmyks). The group is named after the Altai Mountains, a mountain range in central Asia.

These language families have many similar characteristics. The question is their source. One camp, the "Altaists", sees the similarities as the result of a common origin from the Proto-Altaic language, which was spoken several thousand years ago. The other camp, the "anti-Altaists", sees the similarities as the result of interactions between these language groups. Some linguists believe that both theories are in equilibrium; they are called "skeptics".

Another opinion accepts the fact of the existence of the Altaic family, but includes only the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus-Manchurian branches in it. This view was common until the 1960s, but has almost no adherents today.

distribution of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Eurasia

Dialects of the Tatar language

The vernacular Tatar language is divided into 3 main dialects:

Western (Mishar) dialect, which has a strong connection with the Oghuz-Kypchak language;

Kazan (middle) dialect (has hypothetical elements of the Bulgar language);

The Eastern (Siberian-Tatar) dialect, which was formed as an independent language, but due to political ties and the relocation of Kazan Tatars to Siberia, became closer to the middle dialect.

In the XIII-XIX centuries, the Old Tatar language functioned among the Tatars.

distribution map of the Mishar language

Mishar (western) dialect of the Tatar language is more uniform, has retained more ancient features, is less subject to external influences and changes, its dialects were in contact with a small number of other languages ​​​​(with Russian and Mordovian).

The Mishar dialect, unlike Kazan, according to a number of researchers, is included in the Kypchak-Polovtsian group of languages ​​(V.V. Radlov, A.N. Samoylovich).

The mutual proximity of the Mishar dialects is explained by the relatively late resettlement of the Mishars (starting from the end of the 16th century), which occurred in connection with the creation of the so-called protective (zasechny) lines by the tsarist government.

When creating the modern Tatar Cyrillic alphabet, the phonetics of the Tatar-Mishars was taken as a basis, close to the phonetics of the ancient Tatar literary language, which causes the presence in it of letters unusual for the middle dialect and the sounds they denote Ch (tch) and Җ (j), as well as the absence Щ (fricative (slit) equivalent of Ch), Ў, Қ and Ғ.

Mishar dialect of the Tatar language L.T. Makhmutova divides into two groups of dialects: "clattering" and "choking". At the same time, G. Kh. Akhatov, in his classification, subdivides the Mishar dialect into three groups of dialects, adding a "mixed" group of dialects to the "clattering" and "choking" dialects. Linguistically, dialects are close to each other, however, they are not identical: each of these groups has some specific features in the field of phonetics, grammar and vocabulary.

The "choking" group of Mishar dialects includes:

Temnikovsky dialect (western regions of Mordovia, southeastern part of the Penza region)

lyambir dialect (eastern part of Mordovia),

Pribirsky dialect (Birsky, Karaidelsky, Mishkinsky districts of Bashkortostan).

Kuznetsk dialect (Penza region),

Khvalyn dialect (south of Ulyanovsk region)

Sharlyk dialect (Orenburg region)

Orenburg dialect (Orenburg region)

dialects of the Volgograd and Saratov regions.

The "clattering" group of Mishar dialects consists of:

Sergach dialect (Nizhny Novgorod region),

drozhzhanovsky dialect (Tatarstan and Chuvashia),

Chistopol dialect (mixed) (Zakama region of Tatarstan and Samara region),

Melekessky dialect (conditionally) (northern regions of the Ulyanovsk region).

However, according to Professor G. Kh. Akhatov, the Kuznetsk dialect and the Khvalyn dialect do not belong to the "choking" group of dialects at all, but to the "mixed" one. According to the scientist, the "mixed" group of dialects is characterized by an almost parallel use of Ch (tch) with a pronounced explosive element and C, for example: "pytchak, pytsak (pychak - knife). Therefore, G. Kh. Akhatov singled out these two dialects into a separate group of dialects Mishar dialect and called it "mixed".

Phonetic processes

The leading phonetic processes of the overwhelming majority of dialects of the Mishar dialect, which distinguish it from the middle dialect and from the literary language, are as follows:

the use of undead a in all positions: bala, alma;

the presence in some dialects of various variants of diphthongoids uo-uo, үe-үe (in the first syllable of the word), ıo-ıo, eө-өe: dүert -dүrt;

a number of dialects are characterized by a weakening of the labial articulation: ul-ol-iol-il; possible transition [y] to [o] after th;

monophthongization of diphthongs in certain positions: ү—өү;

the use of back-language literary K, G, X (instead of uvular Қ, Ғ, χ of the middle dialect);

the falling away of the initial G, which originated from the epiglottic ع (ʿayn) in Arabic words: alim - galim, adiet - gadit;

regular literary y-ringing at the beginning of words: yer-җir (middle dial.), yul-җul (middle dial.);

the use of h (tch) is inherent in the group of dialects: chәch (schәshch-sr.dial - hair); there is a group using q instead of h (tch).

in the Mishar dialects, the sounds Ch and Җ are affricates (against the fricative ones in the middle dialect).

Tatar language

Kazan (middle) dialect of the Tatar language differs from other dialects in the presence of the phenomenon of zh - okania, uvular қ and ғ, fricative h (u), rounded variant a. The formation of the middle dialect was influenced by the Bulgar language (VII - XIII), the Kypchak language (XI - XV), the Nogai language (XV - XVII), as well as the Finno-Ugric and Russian languages.

Dialects of the Kazan dialect of the Tatar language

Zakazansky (Vysokogorsky, Mamadyshsky, Laishevsky, Baltasinsky districts of Tatarstan)

Baranginsky (Paranginsky district of Mari El)

Tarkhansky (Buinsky, Tetyushsky districts of Tatarstan)

Levoberezhny - Gorny (left bank of the Volga of Tatarstan, Urmarsky district of Chuvashia)

Kryashen dialects (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan)

Nogaybaksky (Chelyabinsk region)

Menzelinsky (Agryzsky, Bugulminsky, Zainsky, Aznakaevsky, Menzelinsky, Sarmanovsky, Bavlinsky, Muslyumovsky, Almetevsky, Aktanyshsky regions of Tatarstan; Udmurtia; Alsheevsky, Bizhbulyaksky, Blagovarsky, Buraevsky, Belebeevsky, Dyurtyulinsky, Ilishevsky, Karmaskalinsky, Krasnokamsky, Kushnarenkovsky, Miyakinsky, Meleuzovsky, Sterlibashevsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuimazinsky, Fedorovsky, Chekmagushevsky, Chishminsky, Sharansky, Yanaulsky districts of Bashkortostan)

Buraevsky (Buraevsky, Kaltasinsky, Baltachevsky, Yanaulsky, Tatyshlinsky, Mishkinsky, Karaidelsky districts of Bashkortostan)

Kasimovsky (Ryazan region)

Nokratsky (Kirov region, Udmurtia)

Permsky (Perm region)

Zlatoustovsky (Salavatsky, Kiginsky, Duvansky, Belokataysky districts of Bashkortostan)

Krasnoufimsky (Sverdlovsk region)

Ichkinsky (Kurgan region)

Buguruslansky (Buguruslansky district of the Orenburg region)

Turbaslinsky (Iglinsky and Nurimanovsky districts of Bashkortostan)

Tepekinsky (Gafurysky, Sterlitamaksky districts of Bashkortostan)

Safakulsky (Kurgan region)

Astrakhan (Kazan Tatars of the Astrakhan region)

Tatar-Karakalpak dialect (East of the Saratov region (Alexandrovo-Gaisky district), Ural region of Kazakhstan.

ancient monument with Turkic inscriptions

Phonetic processes

The leading phonetic processes of the vast majority of dialects of the middle dialect are as follows:

the use of rounded a in all positions: bala, alma;

the use of an elongated diphthong -өy (kөyәntә, sөyәk, chөy) or its replacement by a diphthong -ij: silәshә (lit. sөylәshә), kiye (lit. kөya), siyәk (lit. soyak).

the use of diphthongs -ay / әy (lit. -y / y): barmay (lit. barmy), shundai (lit. shundy), karay (lit. kary), soylәy (lit. soyli)

use instead of literary back-lingual K, G, X, uvular Қ, Ғ, Һ:

karga (lit. karga), kaygy (lit. kaigy), aq (lit. ak), galim (lit. galim), һәtәr (lit. khatәr), etc.

The use of Җ (zh - okanie) instead of the literary Y: җaulyk (lit. yaulyk), җөri (lit. yori), җөz (lit. joz), җul (lit. yul), җuk (lit. yuk), җasy (lit. yasy), җyget (lit. eget), җylan (lit. elan), җygerme (lit. egerme), etc.

the use of fricative fricatives H and Җ: schәsh instead of chəch (hair), sandugash instead of sandugach (nightingale), almagash instead of almagach (apple tree), tatarscha instead of tatarcha (Tatar language), zhәy instead of җәy (summer), etc.

Features of morphology

the use of the verb in the form -asy/әse: barasy bar; Bүgen eshkә kilase st., etc.

the use of adjectives -mal(l)s/mәl(l)e, -әse/әse: kilmale, ukymaly, kilase, etc.

as a designation of repetition, the forms gala / gәlә, yshtyr / eshtsher are used: bargala, ukyshtyr, etc.

Tatar language

Siberian Tatar language belongs to the language of the Kypchak-Nogai subgroup of the Kypchak group of the Western Xiongnu branch of the Turkic languages ​​according to the majority of phonetic and grammatical indicators. In vocabulary and grammar there are elements of the languages ​​of the Karluk group, the Kypchak-Bulgar and Kirghiz-Kypchak subgroups. Such interpenetration of elements of languages ​​of different groups and subgroups within the framework of the Turkic languages ​​is typical for almost all Turkic languages. In phonetics, phenomena of total stunning of voiced consonants associated with the Ugric substrate are traced. 9 vowels make up the system of vocalism, there are ascending and descending diphthongs. Original consonants 17. Specific ones include noisy fricative (fricative) labial semi-voiced [bv], back-lingual noisy fricative semi-voiced [g], noisy fricative uvular voiced [ғ], noisy stop uvular voiceless қ stop uvular [ң], fricative labial-labial [ w]. The language is characterized by clatter and yokan in all positions of the word. At the morphological level, there is a wide use of participles and gerunds, the use of the ancient Turkic lexeme bak (look) in the meaning of the modal particle pak (karap pak - look, utyryp pak - sit down). Professor G. Kh. Akhatov believes that the “clatter” of the Siberian Tatars was preserved from the Polovtsians.

The Siberian Tatar language has a number of dialects and dialects: Tobol-Irtysh dialect with Tyumen, Tobolsk, Zabolotny, Tevriz, Tara dialects, Baraba dialect, Tomsk dialect with Eushta-Chat and Orsk dialects. From the time of the penetration of Islam into Siberia and until the 20s. 20th century Siberian Tatars, like all Muslim peoples, used a script based on the Arabic script, which in 1928 was replaced by the Latin alphabet, and in 1939 by the Cyrillic alphabet. The written language for the Siberian Tatars is the Tatar literary language, based on the grammatical laws of the language of the Kazan Tatars. The native language of the Siberian Tatars is a stable phenomenon. It is widely used by them in the communicative sphere and does not tend to actively level with other languages. At the same time, the urban Siberian Tatar population is switching to Russian, which refers only to the language, but not to self-consciousness.

For the first time, the fundamental language of the Siberian Tatars was studied by the doctor of philological sciences, professor G. Kh. Akhatov.

The history of the formation of the Tatar language

The modern Tatar language has undergone many changes in its development, formed from a mixture of ancient Bulgarian with the Kypchak and Chagatai dialects of the Turkic languages.

The Tatar language was formed together with the native speakers of this language in the regions of the Volga and Ural regions in close contact with other, both related and unrelated languages. He experienced a certain influence of the Finno-Ugric (Old Hungarian, Mari, Mordovian, Udmurt), Arabic, Persian, Russian languages. Thus, linguists believe that those features in the field of phonetics (changes in the scale of vowels, etc.), which, on the one hand, unite the Volga-Turkic languages ​​with each other, and, on the other hand, oppose them to other Turkic languages, are the result of their complex relationships. with Finno-Ugric languages.

The earliest surviving literary monument - the poem "Kyssa-i Yosyf" - was written in the 13th century. (The author of the poem Kul Gali died during the Mongol conquest of the Volga Bulgaria in 1236). The language of the poem combines elements of the Bulgaro-Kypchak and Oghuz languages. In the era of the Golden Horde, the Volga Turki became the language of its subjects, a language close to the Ottoman and Chagatai (Old Uzbek) literary languages. During the period of the Kazan Khanate, the Old Tatar language was formed, which is characterized by a large number of borrowings from Arabic and Persian. Like other literary languages ​​of the pre-national period, the Old Tatar literary language remained obscure to the masses and was used only by the literate part of society. After the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, an active penetration into the Tatar language of Russianisms, and then Western terms, began. From the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Tatar intelligentsia began to actively use the Ottoman socio-political vocabulary.

From the second half of the 19th century, on the basis of the middle (Kazan) dialect, the formation of the modern Tatar national language began, which ended at the beginning of the 20th century. Two stages can be distinguished in the reformation of the Tatar language - the second half of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century (until 1905) and 1905-1917. At the first stage, the main role in the creation of the national language belonged to Kayum Nasyri (1825-1902). After the revolution of 1905-1907. the situation in the field of reforming the Tatar language has changed dramatically: there is a convergence of the literary language with the colloquial language. In 1912, Fakhrel-Islam Ageev founded the Ak-yul children's magazine, which marked the beginning of children's fiction in the Tatar language. In the 1920s language construction begins: a terminological apparatus is developed, first based on the Tatar and Arabic-Persian vocabulary proper, and from the 1930s on Russian and international using Cyrillic graphics. When switching to Cyrillic graphics, they relied on Western phonetics (mishar), so the throat sounds of the middle dialect /ʁ/ and /q/ were ignored, instead of Shch, Chh was used in the spelling of words.

The modern literary Tatar language in phonetics and vocabulary is close to the middle dialect, and in morphological structure - to the Western dialect.

Brief description of the Tatar language

Distinctive features of the literary Tatar language in phonetics: the presence of 10 vowel phonemes, one of which has a diphthongoid character; the presence of vowels of incomplete education; the presence of a labialized [а°] (it is typical, as a rule, when [a] is the first in the word: alma - [ºalmá] - apple: the second a is not labialized (not rounded); vowels o, ө, e in the first syllable instead of common Turkic y , ү, u, vowels u, ү, and instead of common Turkic o, ө, e (this is also characteristic of the Bashkir language); lack of a labial-tooth phoneme in; non-affricative nature of h and җ.

Analytical tense forms are widely represented in morphology, as well as combinations of the main verb with auxiliary ones, expressing the nature of the course of the action, its intensity, degree of completion, etc. The past and future tenses of the verb are divided into the known and the possible (examined or assumed), for example: bardyk - we definitely walked, barganbyz - we might have walked; barachakbyz - we will definitely go, baryrbyz - we may go. In syntax, the design of nominal predicates with predicate affixes is extremely rare, synthetic subordinate clauses are diverse. The vocabulary is full of Arabic, Persian and Russian borrowings.

One of the distinguishing features of the Tatar language is that when personal affixes are attached to a word (in particular, to a noun), the stress remains on the root.

Phonetics of the Tatar language

The pronunciation norm of the modern literary language is assigned to the dialect of the Kazan Tatars.

The Tatar language has the following features.

1. According to the morphological structure, the Tatar language belongs to agglutinative languages. This means that affixes and endings are added to the unchanging root one after another in a certain order; for example, the Tatar word təңkə (scales, then a coin) also entered the Russian language, where it acquired the form of money. Let's add a plural affix to it: təңkələr; then add the affix of ownership: təңkə-lər-em (my money); then add a variant of the affix of the original case: təңkə-lər-em-nən - (from my coins, money). un (ten) un + lyk (ten) un + lyk + lar (tens) un + lyk + lars (his tens) un + lyk + lar + s + (n) a (to his tens). Notice how the word "stretches"?

2. There is a law of synharmonism in the Tatar language.

Its essence is as follows: in the Tatar language, vowels make up pairs of hardness and softness: a - ə, y - Y, s - e, o - Ө (only it does not have a hard pair). That is why, if the first syllable has a hard vowel, then all subsequent syllables will only have hard vowels. And, conversely, if a soft vowel is used in the first syllable, then in all subsequent syllables there will be only soft vowels: bala - a child; bala-lar-ybyz-ny - our children kil - come; kil-de-lər-me? - did they come?

Have you noticed that the words in the Tatar language are either only hard or only soft? In Russian, both hard and soft vowels are found in one word: first, table, street, windy, etc.

An exception to the law of synharmonism are only complex words of the Tatar language itself or borrowed from Arabic, Persian, Russian, Western European and other languages. For example: sigeziellyk - eight years old; su-sem - algae; bilbau - lit. waist rope, i.e. belt; Gölnaz - letters. flower + weasel; daki - genius; dictation, academy of mathematics, physics, etc.

Another version of the law of synharmonism is as follows. This is lip harmony, in which the labial vowels o - Ө in the first syllable round off the vowels s - e in the second (and partially in the third) syllable. All these sounds are pronounced briefly.

Let's see: salts [solo] - oats of the bark [kyoro] - dry, dry sӨlge [sӨlgӨ] - towel tҨnge [tӨңgӨ] - night

3. The Tatar language has specific sounds, both vowels and consonants: [ə], [Ө], [o], [Y], [e], [s], [kъ], [„], [ң ],

[Һ], [h], [Җ], [-], ['] (gamza): əni, əti, Өch, Өz, ozyn, Үzem, Үlən, senel, ylys, [kara], [„ədət], blue, Һəm, FəҺim, chəy, chəch, Җəy,

Gil, [a-yl], təesir [tə‘sir], maemai [ma‘may].

4. In the Tatar language, verbal stress tends to the last syllable in a word; however, there are cases where this does not happen. This is especially true for interrogative pronouns, in which the stress is always on the first syllable:

who - who? kaida - where? kaichan - when? nope - how? kindi - what kind? what - where? kaidan - where from? nərsə — what? etc.

The stress never falls on the negative affix -ma/-mə in verbs, but falls on the syllable before it: bar - barma kil - kilmə asha - ashama.

The emphasis never falls on the question affix -we/-me?

It falls a syllable before it:

Barmes? - whether there is a? yukms? — isn't it? kirekme? - whether it is necessary? Beləme?—does he know? maturma? - is it beautiful?

About exceptions to general rule we will continue to talk.

5. Syllable division in the Tatar language is also specific.

There are only 6 types of syllables. The following 4 types are most common: a) vowel: ə-ni (mother), ə-ti (dad) b) vowel + consonant: al-ma (apple), at-you (threw, shot) c) consonant + vowel : ka-ra (black); ba-ra (goes) d) consonant + vowel + consonant: bar-dy (walked); kil-de (came) 2 other types are less common: e) vowel + consonant + consonant (the last 2 consonant combinations yt, nt, rt, lt): əyt (say); ant (oath); art (rear); f) consonant + vowel + consonant + consonant (last 2 consonants yt, nt, rt, lt): kart (old); tart (pull); kyrt (sharply); kite (come back); shalt (clap).

You probably noticed that the combination of consonants in one syllable is only allowed: lt, rt, yt, nt.

The second syllable in Tatar cannot begin with a vowel.

If the next word begins with a vowel, then in the previous one, the regrouping of syllables begins: urman arasyna (into the thicket of the forest) ® [ur-ma-na-ra-sy-na] yashel alan (green meadow) ® [ye-she-la-lan ].

6. Not in the Tatar language grammatical category kind.

7. The Tatar language has special form expressions of belonging through special endings added to nouns; in Russian, this meaning is conveyed by possessive pronouns: alma - apple alma-m - my apple alma-byz - our apple alma-n - your apple alma-gyz - your apple alma-sy - his, her apple alma-lara - their apple

əni - mother

əni-em - my mother əni-without - our mother

əni-en - your mother əni-egez - your mother

əni-se - his (her, their) mother əni-ləre - their mother

8. In the Tatar language there is no category of the verb form, but the meanings of the way the action proceeds are expressed by auxiliary verbs and special affixes: ukydym - read ukyp chyktym - read bardym - went baryp kildem - went kil - come kil-gələ - drop in

9. In the Tatar language, each affix has hard and soft variants, which is explained by the law of synharmonism. For example: bar-a (goes), kil-ə (comes) bar-dy (went down), bər-de (hit) yaz-u (writing, writing), bel-Y (knowledge).

Variants of affixes differ in both sonority and deafness: bar-dy (went down), kite-ty (returned) bel-de (learned), kit-te (left) kysh-ky (winter), yaz-gy (spring) kich- ke (evening), koz-ge (autumn).

And sometimes the difference in affixes is explained by the nasal nature of the sound: urman (forest) - urman-nan (from the forest), kon (day) - kon-nən (from the day).

10. In the Tatar language, the verb has many temporary and impersonal forms. We can say that knowledge of the verb is the basis of knowledge about the Tatar language.

11. There are no prepositions in the Tatar language that are placed in front of words. (For example, in Russian: from home, to home, behind the house.) In the Tatar language, there are only postpositions following words.

For example:

əti belən - with dad, (lit. dad with);

Vatan Өchen - for the Motherland, (lit. Motherland for); phone asha - by phone, (lit. phone through); saen theater - to each theater, (lit. theater to each);

Aidar kebek - like Aidar, (lit. Aidar as).

12. In the Tatar language, numerals and adjectives, being in front of nouns, do not decline, do not change, that is, they do not agree with nouns.

Ike kyz - two girls; matur kyz - a beautiful girl; ike kyznyn - two girls; matur kyznyn - a beautiful girl; ike kyzdan—two girls; matur kyzdan - from a beautiful girl; ike kyzda—two girls; matur kyzda - with a beautiful girl.

13. In the Tatar language, the word order is rather strict: the definition precedes the determined, the predicate completes the sentence, that is, it is placed in the last place in the sentence, the circumstance precedes the main word (predicate), the addition precedes the verb-predicate. The place of address and introductory words is grammatically free. The explanatory word is placed after the explained one. Circumstances of time and place that apply to the entire sentence are placed at the beginning of the sentence. A typical mistake of Russians who begin to speak Tatar is this: following the example of their native language, where in most cases a predicate is immediately placed after the subject, they also build Tatar sentences: I'm going to the market - Min baram bazarga. But it will be correct like this: Min bazaar baram. Without university ukybyz. - We study at the university.

14. In live colloquial speech, unions are of little use, while in writing there are quite a lot of them. All of them are borrowed from Arabic and Persian languages. The most used of them are the following:

Һəm - and chonki - because yes-də, ta-tə - and goya - like ləkin - but ki - what

əmma - however I "neither - that is, I - or əgrər - if yaki - or yaisə - or

15. In the Tatar language there are specific subordinate clauses that resemble secondary members, but non-finite verbs have their own subject. What they say is expressed various forms impersonal forms of the verb

- gerund, participle, action name. These so-called synthetic clauses always precede the main clause: Sin kaitkach, min əytermen.

(When you come, I will tell). Yaz Җitkəndə, kaitty st. (When spring came, he returned).

16. We think that the following feature of the Tatar language will make it easier for you to learn it. There are many Russian borrowings in the Tatar language that came into our language hundreds of years ago: bҮrənə, sailor, arysh, steamboat, kelət, train, cannon, factory, bidrə, decree, projectile, etc. In addition, there are many words in common with the Russian language, which are borrowings from European and Oriental languages: soldier, shop, army, doctor, candy, general, headquarters, emperor, senate, shawl, headquarters, ship, pomegranate, academy, cavalier, coat, guard, ticket, cash desk, bank, chin, bowl, khan, ocean, mausoleum, hut, gin (Җen), halva (khəlvə), tangerine, tomato, orange, etc. The presence of such words in both languages, of course, will facilitate the study of the Tatar language.

17. In addition, there are a lot of Turko-Tatar borrowings in the Russian language, which were borrowed over many centuries as a result of contacts in trade, politics, culture, everyday life, etc.: money (təңkə), hearth (uchak), kibitka (kibet ), shoe, shoemaker, ichigi (chitek), bishmet (bishmət), malakhai, pants (ech tun), savrasy (saur), brown (kara), playful (Җirən), aksakal, peremyach (pərəməch), byalish (bəlesh) , chakchak (chəkchək), etc. These words are well known to you.

18. Tatar speech is very harmonious, rich in intonation, rhythmic, slightly at an accelerated pace, with an abundance of emotional particles and interjections, with many speech formulas and clichéd expressions.

Tatar language in Tatarstan

The inscription in the two state languages ​​of the Republic of Tatarstan in the Kazan metro

The Tatar language, along with Russian, is the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan (in accordance with the law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan" of 1992). In Tatarstan and in the places of residence of the Tatar diaspora, there is a developed network of educational and educational institutions in which the Tatar language is used: preschool institutions with the Tatar language as the language of education, primary and secondary schools with the Tatar language as the educational language.

In addition to the traditional use of the Tatar language as a subject of study and educational tool at the philological faculties of Kazan State University, pedagogical institutes and pedagogical schools, the Tatar language as a language of instruction is currently used at the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Journalism of Kazan University, at the Kazan Conservatory and the Kazan State Institute of Art and culture.

Educational, artistic, journalistic and scientific literature is published in the Tatar language, hundreds of newspapers and magazines are published, radio and television programs are conducted, theaters operate. The centers for the scientific study of the Tatar language are the Faculty of Tatar Philology and History of Kazan State University, the Department of Tatar Philology of the Faculty of Philology of the Bashkir State University, the Faculty of Tatar Philology of the Tatar State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University and the Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan.

A significant contribution to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects was made by such scientists as G. Kh. Alparov, G. Kh. Akhatov, V. A. Bogoroditsky, Dzh. Fazlullin and others.

Source of information and photo:

Team Nomads.

Tatar folk dialects. Bayazitova F.S., Khairutdinova T.Kh. - Kazan: Magarif, 2008,

Akhatov G. Kh. Vocabulary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1995. - 93 p. - 5000 copies. — ISBN 5-298-00577-2

Akhunzyanov G. Kh. Russian-Tatar Dictionary. — Kazan, 1991.

Dialectological dictionary of the Tatar language. — Kazan, 1993.

Zakiev M.Z. Tatar language // Languages ​​of the world: Turkic languages. - M .: Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1996. - S. 357-372. — (Languages ​​of Eurasia). — ISBN 5-655-01214-6

Nurieva A. Spelling dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1983-84.

Russian-Tatar Dictionary / Ed. F. A. Ganieva. - M., 1991.

Safiullina F.S., Zakiev M.Z. Modern Tatar literary language. - Kazan, 1994.

Tatar grammar. In 3 volumes - Kazan, 1993.

Tatar-Russian Dictionary / Comp. K. S. Abdrazakov and others. - M., 1966.

Tatar-Russian Dictionary / Ed. Sabirova R. A..

Comparative-historical grammar of Turkic languages. Regional reconstructions / E. R. Tenishev (ed.). - M., 2002.

Phraseological dictionary of the Tatar language / G. Kh. Akhatov (author-compiler). - Kazan, 1982. - 177 p. - 3000 copies.

§ First, pronouns and verbs..

What are the most important words in the language? One way or another, all words are important, but let's look at reality. There is a category of people who say: “I know Tatar a little, but I can’t communicate “in a literary way”. Such statements give reason to believe that a person knows very well a certain number of words with which he builds sentences, but only the simplest ones. So, coming from this position, the most "known" words in the language are pronouns. Personal pronouns are those words that are known just by those who “know the language a little”. However, they are not only important, but also difficult to understand. To be more precise, these are exactly the words that should be memorized in all forms.
Let's start with them.
First, let's call ourselves - min.
Secondly, let's turn to the neighbor - syn.
Thirdly ... - st.
There is no category of gender in the Tatar language, so ul is she, and he, and it. And the first meaning of this word, generally a noun, is a son.
Pronouns are words that take the place of other meaningful words.

Interrogative pronouns are of particular importance. Everyone who says “at the household level” knows them.
So, for nouns, it's who? nərsə? - who? what?
For adjectives - nindi? - which?
For verbs - nishli? (=nәrsә ashli?; =ni ashli?) (in the present tense). - what is he doing?
Do you want to say the first sentence in Tatar? Please:
Sin by whom? Min - Sasha - Who are you? I am Sasha.
Ul who? Street - Light. - He (she) who? She is Light.
Ul nishli? Ashley st. What is he doing? He works.
Here is the first polysemantic word - ashley (does, works)

Pronouns in any language are frequent and try to break out of the generally accepted rules. The Tatar language is no exception. Therefore, here we will not cover all groups of pronouns, as is done in academic grammar, but will consider only personal, some interrogatives and a few demonstratives. The rest of the pronouns live, as it were, on their own, they do not have general grammatical rules, so they should simply be taught as function words with their specific features.
There are six personal pronouns in the Tatar language, and they change by case. Compared to nouns, they, of course, have their own characteristics:

Don't be afraid of tables! They usually contain a lot of information. They are your most convenient assistants.
And in this table, you can not get hung up on the names of cases yet, but when considering the actual case system of nouns in the second lesson, it would be nice to go back and compare the endings.

The personal pronouns sez and alar (you, they) are declined similarly to the pronoun without. As for the forms of pronouns given in the table, it is necessary to remember each form separately with a translation, and in the future to independently compose constructions with these forms. For example: Min ana yaratam (I love him). Ul mina brown (He looks at me). Minem kitabym (My book).
In addition to personal, there are also demonstrative pronouns, the case forms of which require specific memorization:


There are other similar pronouns designed to replace adjectives. There are enough of them. But, having overcome the given forms, you will cope with them.
Interrogative pronouns occupy a large place in any language. They are very frequent, and we are sure that, in turn, you will not only remember them, but will immediately include them in your active dictionary. You just need to remember that they behave according to the laws of the part of speech that they replace. Here are seven of the most common interrogative pronouns that we advise you to remember from the very beginning:


It should be noted that interrogative pronouns are the basis of any dialogue. It is no coincidence that they should be your first words. After all, each of them is an interrogative statement. These are rare words that just beg for a punctuation mark even in their separate use. A punctuation mark is the end of a sentence.
So, the first dialogues:
Shin kaida? Where are you?
Ming Monda. I'm here.
Sin nindi? What are you?
Min yakhshi. I'm good.

And separately about the difficult pronoun үз - own:


And now we can move on to the verb. After all, we do not speak in words, but in sentences, and the basis of the sentence is the predicate. And the predicate is usually a verb. Predicativity is the grammatical basis of any phrase. In linguistics, they say so: a sentence differs from a word in predicativeness. Even in the nominative (nominative) and emotional sentence there is predicativity, because the verb-predicate is implied there:
Morning. Good! - means: There is a morning. Good to be in the morning.
The Tatar verb is not more complicated than the Russian one, but its organization itself is unique, and it is necessary to get used to it, and sometimes even by mechanical cramming of the meanings of verbal suffixes.
The first difficulty that the student encounters in practice is the memorization of verbs. These words not only have a branched structure, but suffer from a lack of associativity. Many verbs are not as easy to remember as nouns. For example: bara, kaita, chyga, smart (goes, comes back, goes out, thinks) students remember more difficultly than kitap, keshe, vakyt (book, person, time). This is due to two reasons:
Firstly, verbs do not name specific concepts, but refer to a process, a state, and this entails their greater abstractness;
Secondly, verbs are the most ambiguous words. And often their meanings give speech a stylistic coloring. This is especially noticeable in the Tatar language.

You have already seen the number of word forms of the Tatar verb in an example. Note that this structure can also be multivalued. Therefore, the verb will have to work the hardest.
The verb occupies a central place in Tatar grammar also due to the fact that he himself can easily build sentences:
Kurdem (-m - means I) - I saw;
Chyktyn (-ң - means you) - you left.
So, the Tatar verb in sentences with pronominal subjects combines both the subject and the predicate.
Kitapny Kurdem. - I saw the book.
Syynyftan chyktyn. - You left the classroom.

Before that, I was just trying to prove that the verb is a complex system, and it is this system that forms your knowledge of the Tatar language. And now it is necessary to determine the order of studying the verbal system of the Tatar language.
It all starts with defining the foundation. It often happens that students are already beginning to compose sentences, they confidently speak thousands of words, but when they meet a new verb, they cannot determine its stem on the go. What is it connected with? With the fact that in Russian such a concept does not have such an important meaning, and the imperative form of the verb (which in Tatar completely coincides with the stem) in Russian is formed according to an established paradigm. Compare:
bar - go
Huila - think
Chyk - come out
Ashla - work
Sөyla - speak
Ker - come in
Ait - say
Kara - look
Sana - count
Pay attention to the endings of Tatar and Russian verbs - there is more order in Russian. The endings and / y are quite natural for a Russian imperative verb.
How to find the basis of the Tatar verb? First of all, by referring to the dictionary. In most dictionaries, the verb is given in the form of an action name - baru, uylau, chygu, eshlү, soylү, keru, ayt, karau, sanau.
It is easy to translate these forms - these are the processes of those actions that the verbs indicate. Respectively:
Baru - the process of walking, walking
Uilau - the process of thinking, thinking
Chygu - exit process, exit
Eshluu - the process of work
Sөylaү - the process of speaking, speaking
Keru - entry process, entry
Aytu - the process of storytelling
Karau - the process of looking, looking at
Sanau - counting process
Not very Russian, but intelligible. It is important that it is this form, which is not very developed in the Russian verb, that denotes the action as such, it is this form that is used in explanatory dictionaries Tatar language.
And the base is found by simply discarding y / u.
But a dictionary is not always at hand, you have to find the basis directly from the text or the verb form you hear. To do this, it is necessary to clearly know all the grammatical suffixes of the verb in order to reach the simplest imperative form of the second person (in the Tatar language, the imperative verb is possible in all three persons).
Ultimately, the stem of a verb can be fished out of any form, but you need to learn how to do it confidently and quickly. Unfortunately, this is the only way to start confidently using the Tatar language being studied.

The Tatar verb has another difficulty - the Tatar language has a huge number of analytical verbs, i.e. verb forms consisting of two words. I will call them composite. This is a consequence of agglutinativity:
Yaza Aldy (I was able to write).
The verb ala (takes) loses its basic meaning.
Ashhyysy kile (I want to eat).
The verb kiә (comes) also loses its basic meaning.

The fact is that auxiliary verbs are the same postfixes, which, due to the inconvenience of their use, remained in the role of auxiliary words. The idea should have been:
Bara+ala+torgan+ide+min
Bara is coming
Ala - the meaning of the possibility of the subject
Torgan - an indication of the constancy of the subject
Ide - an indication of the past tense
M (in) - an indication of the subject (I)
Native speakers say this:
[Baralatorganidem]
I could walk (with persistence)

Therefore, after several classes, students come up to the courses and say: we understand you, but there are no Tatars on the street. And I answer that I rely on their literacy, on the fact that they can read Tatar texts, and, accordingly, psychologically pronounce each word separately. In the first lessons, I also have to make "pauses in words."

But Tatar words they did not turn completely into sentences, like the North American Indians, and so postfixes appeared, which stand out as auxiliary (auxiliary) words, and are written separately.
Auxiliary verbs should be treated as with postpositions (in Russian - prepositions). They are functional words that were formed from other verbs.

But to begin with, the verb in the Tatar language begins with the fact that it has a stem that is equal to the imperative form in the second person: sit, get up, speak. Yes, in the second person! After all, in Russian the imperative mood can only be in the second person! In Tatar - in all faces! More on that later...
So, a few not the most complex verbs - the so-called verbs of motion:
Bara - goes, rides (in all meanings of the word, there will be more pluses).
Kita - leaves
Kila - comes
And the verbs that are needed to denote educational activities:
Ukyi - reads, studies
Yaza - writes
Ashley - does, works
Sany - considers
And we need verbs that allow us to talk about speech activity:
Aita - will say
Soyli - says
Kabatly - repeats
Ugly - thinks

These verbs must be memorized. In general, verbs should be memorized. The fact is that verbs must be memorized in two forms at once (in the form of the present tense and in the imperative form - the basis of the verb), and learn to highlight the basis:
Bara - bar - go
Kitә - kit - go away
Kil - kil - come
Ukiy - uky - read, learn
Yaza - yaz - write
Ashley - ashlә - do, work
Sany - sana - count
Әytә - аyt - say, speak
Soyli - soyla - tell me

We proceed to the most important thing - to the verb stems and to compiling sentences with verbs. We speak Tatar:
Bar st.

In this sentence, it is completely incomprehensible who or what is walking, walking or driving, and this can be said even about the clock that is running:
Street (sәgat) of the bar.

Speaking of hours: in the Old Russian (Old Slavonic) language there was a dual number, which left its mark on modern Russian grammar. Accordingly, there is a lot of incomprehensible: for some reason, watches, trousers, collars, plural scissors. In fact, they can logically be both singular and plural. This is what we observe in Tatar.

We can immediately make sentences that consist of just one word:
Baram. Kilesen. sly.
I'm going. You are coming. He thinks.

But to talk, you need to be able to ask questions. Only then will you have a dialogue with someone, or with yourself.

By the way, don't be afraid to talk to yourself... especially in the language you're learning...

The simplest question is the general question. A general question is a question that can be answered with “Yes” or “No” (“Aye”, “Yuk”).
Sin barasynmy? Aye, min baram.
Sin kilasenme? Yuk, min chin.
Sin ukyysynmy? Yuk, min yazam.
Sez nishliesez? Without ashlibez.
Sez ukiysyzmy? Yuk, no ashlibez.
…

It seems that everything is clear without translation. Moreover, make up your questions and answers according to this scheme. This scheme is the scheme of the simplest Tatar sentence. Without mastering it, it will be difficult in the future ...

And now the text. There will only be ten. Try to read them many times and out loud. By the way, you can listen to them.
And the first text is a sad monologue about unrequited love.

First text
1
So ulym. Sin: "Keel," you say. Min Kilam. Kiläm, sin kitäsen. Kilasen, min kitam. Min yazam, ә sin ukyysyn. Min uyym…
Bu narse?
Without kai barabyz? Without niches? Kilabez da kitabez. Sin nindi man? Ming I don't know. Sin ukyisyn, but kitәsen. I don't understand min blue.
Without ulybyz and ulybyz. Today min aitem: "Kil!" I say. Sin kitasen.
I love blue blue. Do you love Shin Mine? Don't know.
Min sina yazam. Uylym and yazam. Min nәrsә yazam?
Blue love, about you ulym. Ә sin kitәsen. Uylym: you don’t know sin mine, therefore min kilәm, ә sin kitәsen.
Uilym, then another yazam:
I love blue blue. Ә shin kaida? Min belmim. Min about you uylym. Sin kaichang mina kilasen, I don't know.
I don't know, min shulay uylym. Uylym, uylym yes, maybe ul mine doesn’t like dip uylym…
And I love blue.

And now completely in Tatar:

2
Shulay ulym. Sin: "Kil" - disen. Min Kilam. Kiläm, sin kitäsen. Kilasen, min kitam. Min yazam, ә sin ukyysyn. Min uyym…
Bu narse?
Without kai barabyz? Without niches? Kilabez da kitabez. Sin nindi cache? Min belmim. Sin ukyysyn, lakin kitәsen. Min blue anlamyym.
Without uylybyz yes uylybyz. Bugen min aytam: "Kil!" - dim. Sin kitasen.
Min blue yaratam. Ә sin mine yaratasynmy? Belmim.
Min sina yazam. Uylym һәm yazam. Min nәrsә yazam?
Blue yaratam, blue turynda uylym. Ә sin kitәsen. Uylym: sin mine belmisen, shuna kүrә min kilәm, ә sin kitәsen.
Belmim, min shulay ulym. Uylym, uylym yes, а bәlky street mine yaratmyydyr dip uylym…
Ә min bit blue yaratam.

Do the exercise according to the model and orally:
Sample (Үnәk): Sin minem turynda uylysyn. Sin minem turynda uylysynmy? Min sinen turynda uylym.
Are you thinking about me. Do you think of me? I think about you.
1) Sin minnәn kitәsen.
2) Shin mina kilesen.
3) Sin mine yaratasyn.
4) Sin mina yazasyn.
5) Sin mina ukyisyn.
6) Shin mina soylisen.
7) Sin mina aytasen.

Read and add words:
Ming - minem - mina - mine - minnәn - minda
Sin - ... - ... - ...
St – … – … – …

And at the end of the first meeting of the proverb:

Makallar
Ike uila, ber ashla. Think twice, do once.
Ike uila, ber soyla. “Think twice, tell me once.