Determine the morphological features of the verb. Morphological features of a noun and a verb

Verb Parsing Plan

Verb parsing patterns

Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds(proverb).

Do you love

1. what are you doing?
2. N. f. - be in love. Morphological features:
   1) imperfect view;
   2) irrevocable;
   3) transitional;
   4) II conjugation.
   
   2) present time;
   3) singular;
   4) 2nd person.

Ride

1. Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what to do?
2. N. f. - ride. Morphological features:
   A) Permanent morphological features:
   1) imperfect view;
   2) returnable;
   3) intransitive;
   4) I conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the infinitive form (invariant form).
3. In a sentence, it is part of a compound verb predicate.

love

1. Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what do you do?
2. N. f. - be in love. Morphological features:
   A) Permanent morphological features:
   1) imperfect view;
   2) irrevocable;
   3) transitional;
   4) II conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the form:
   1) imperative mood;
   2) singular;
   3) 2nd person.
3. In a sentence, it is part of a compound verb predicate.

Plowing has begun(Prishvin).

started

1. Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what did you do?
2. N. f. - start. Morphological features:
   A) Permanent morphological features:
   1) perfect appearance;
   2) returnable;
   3) intransitive;
   4) I conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the form:
   1) indicative mood;
   2) past tense;
   3) singular;
   4) feminine.
3. In a sentence it is a predicate.

The verb, like any, has signs by which it is characterized. They represent grammatical categories, which are inherent in verb forms. Consider the permanent and non-permanent features of the verb, studied in the framework of the school curriculum.

A verb is understood as a linguistic verbal category with its inherent syntactic and morphological properties, which denotes the state or actions of the subject under consideration. Part of speech answers the questions “what to do”, “what to do”.

When studying, the forms are necessarily considered:

• Initial. Occurs under the name indefinite. Another name is the infinitive. They end in -ch, -th, -ty. The listed endings are formative suffixes. As part of the school curriculum, they are often treated as graduations. Examples: protect, carry, roll. The indefinite verb form is characterized by the naming of an action or state. There is no indication of a specific person, time or date. Such features allow us to classify it as immutable. The main feature that distinguishes the infinitive from other categories is the presence of constant properties.
• Personal. This category includes all existing categories other than the infinitive. They have personal endings.
• Participle. Some scholars classify adverbs as a separate part of speech.
• Communion. In some programs, it, like the gerund, is distinguished as a separate part of speech.

Knowledge about what morphological features a verb has is obtained by the student in the lessons of the Russian language. It is the 5th grade in a general secondary school that is considered to be the optimal period for mastering the basics of morphology.

As part of the 5th grade curriculum, the student receives basic knowledge about permanent and non-permanent signs of the verb. They also acquire practical skills in parsing a word as a part of speech.

A thorough knowledge of the basics of spelling in the Russian language is impossible without knowledge of the morphological properties that characterize the verb as a part of speech.

There is the following classification:

• Permanent morphological features. Distinctive feature- are not amenable to modification, regardless of the presence of other parts of speech or other influence factors.
• Non-permanent morphological features of the verb. In some literary sources they are found under the name of variable. They are marked by the ability to change depending on the general meaning of the sentence or a separate phrase.

Permanent

Grammatical categories that accompany the characteristics of verb forms are called permanent morphological features. Regardless of the semantic meaning that the phrase is endowed with, they are not amenable to change.

Among the constant morphological features inherent in the verb, the following categories are found:

• View. Distinguish between perfect and non-perfect verbs perfect look. The first group is characterized by a completed action and the question "what to do". For example: run away, read. The second group names the unfinished action and answers the question “what to do”: see, multiply.
• Recurrence. Serves to describe a potential state (swears) or an ongoing action performed by a subject in relation to itself (washes), as well as an action occurring in relation to two or more objects that are in close relationship (put up). Feature - the presence of a postfix -sya / s. There is a division into reflexive (wash, undress) and irrevocable (plant, drink) verbs.
• Transitivity. It is a category that characterizes the possibility of directed action. Feature - the ability to attach an add-on. It is customary to distinguish between transitional (wash fruit, eat cake) and intransitive (go, stay).
• Conjugation type. Represents a category according to which the conjugation mechanism for persons and numbers is determined. It stands out 2 (ending in -it) and 1 conjugation (all the rest). There are also different conjugated verb forms.

Consideration of the permanent morphological features of the verb is impossible without characterizing the non-permanent ones.

Fickle

The grammatical categories inherent in conjugated verbs and participles are non-permanent features. This group is characterized by the ability to change under the influence of the semantic load, which is contained in the phrase.

What non-permanent signs are usually distinguished:

• Mood. Expresses the relation of action to reality. It is customary to single out the conditional (a feature is the particle “would”: I would see, read, go), imperative (do, look, hear) and indicative (I rest, you understand) moods.
• Number. It is a category that determines the number of described subjects involved in the action. Inherent in verbs and participles. There is a division into singular (runs, walks, read) and plural (worn, walk, painted) number.
• Time. Contains an indication of the time period when the action took place relative to the moment of speech. characteristic of the indicative mood. It is customary to single out the present (I look, I eat), the past (I watched, I ate) and the future (I will watch, I will eat) times.
• Face. Gives an idea of ​​who is doing the action. It is characteristic of the imperative and indicative mood of the future and present. It is classified into 1 (draw, read, let's go), 2 (eat, think, swim) and 3 (stroke, look) faces.
• Genus. Characterized by the gender of the person performing the action. Inherent in participles, conditional and indicative verbs in the past tense. Allocate female (decorated, cleaned, would have screamed), male (soiled, swept, would have eaten), middle (cleaned, galloped, it would be needed) gender.

Parsing Order

Among the practical skills provided by the curriculum, students are required to know how to parse a word.

For a verb, there is the following procedure for morphological parsing:

1. Part of speech, infinitive.
2. The verb form is highlighted.
3. The conjugation is defined.
4. Time is revealed.
5. The number is specified.

Depending on whether it belongs to the future or the present time, face definition becomes available. For past tense verb forms, the gender is chosen. The last step in parsing is the definition as a member of the sentence, that is, the syntactic role in a particular sentence.

Useful video

Summing up

Knowledge within the Russian language of such concepts as permanent and non-permanent morphological is necessary in order to successfully pass the final exam at school and subsequently enter a university where the Russian language is included in the list of entrance tests.

The verb is an independent conjugated (changed by numbers and persons) part of speech, has permanent and non-permanent morphological features.

Verbs are:

• imperfect form- answer the question what to do? (build, swim, climb);
  perfect look- answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action or the result (build, swim, climb);
• transitive - combined with nouns, pronouns in the accusative case without a preposition (read newspapers, build a house);
  intransitive - cannot be combined (walk on road, swim in sea);
• 1st conjugation - verbs ending in -et, -at, -ot, -ut and others except -it (lose weight, inject);
  2nd conjugation - verbs ending in -it (twist, build);
• returnable - with the suffix -sya and -sya (meet, wash, study);
  irrevocable (meet, wash, teach).

Some verbs are not used without the suffix -sya, that is, they are only reflexive: hope, bow, work, laugh, become, be proud, stay, etc.

If verbs denote actions that occur on their own without a character (object), then they are called impersonal: it is getting dark, shivering, unwell, frosty, dawning. Impersonal verbs usually denote natural phenomena or the state of a person.

Verbs change:

• in three directions:
  • indicative mood (running, looking, going) - verbs reflecting the action, the state of the object;
  • conditional mood (would run, look, go) - verb + particle "b" or "would", expressing the action when a condition is met;
  • imperative mood (run, look, go) - verbs with an expression of a request, an order.
• three times:
  • past tense - reflects the action, the state of the object in the past (drawing, watching, studying);
  • present tense - an action, a state that occurs in the present (I draw, I look, I study);
  • future tense - an action, a state that has not yet occurred, but will occur in the future (I will draw, I will look, I will study);
• by persons and numbers in the present and future tense (run, run, run);
  by number and gender(in the singular) in the past tense (read, read, read).

Permanent morphological features of verbs: conjugation, aspect, transitivity. Inconstant: inclination, number, time, gender. Verbs in the imperative mood change in tense. Verbs in the present and future tenses change by person and number (I write, he writes, she will write / will write, they will write / will write), in the past tense - by numbers and gender (I wrote, she wrote, they wrote).

indefinite form

The initial form of the verb is an indefinite form (infinitive), which reflects neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender. Verbs in an indefinite form answer the questions what to do? or what to do? Examples: see - see, sow - sow, look - consider, carry, pass, find, etc. Verbs in the infinitive form have a form, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation.

Verbs in the indefinite form end in -ty, -ty, -ь. Let's give examples of verbs in pairs - what to do with questions? (imperfect view) and what to do? (perfect view).

Verb conjugations

Verbs are divided into two conjugations: first and second. The first conjugation includes verbs in -et, -at, -ot, -ut, -t, etc. (twirl, dig, prick, blow, whine). The second conjugation includes verbs in -it (wear, saw, walk). There are 11 exception verbs (7 verbs in -et and 4 verbs in -at) that belong to the second conjugation, and 2 exception verbs in -ite that belong to the first conjugation.

Exception verbs

I conjugation:
shave, shave
(2 verbs)

II conjugation:
-et: look, see, hate, endure, offend, twirl, depend;
-at: drive, hold, hear, breathe
(11 verbs)

When changing verbs according to persons and numbers, the endings are formed in accordance with the conjugation to which the verb refers. Let's summarize the cases with a table.

The given endings are called personal endings of the verb. To determine the conjugation, you need to put the verb in the indefinite form of the same form as the personal form: do - perform (non-noun), let's do - perform (owl).

Examples:
chita Yu→ cheat at→ I conjugation
build yat→ build it→ II conjugation

When determining the conjugation of a verb, keep in mind that:

1. Verbs with prefixes refer to the same conjugation as non-prefixed ones: do - do, work - work, teach - learn, drive - overtake;
2. Reflexive verbs refer to the same conjugation as non-reflexive ones: wash - wash, consult - advise, learn - teach, apologize - excuse;
3. There is an alternation of consonants in the present tense: bake - bake, shore - protect, walk - walk, ask - ask, answer - answer, etc.

From the verbs to win, to vacuum, the 1st person singular is not formed. From the verb to be, the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present tense are not formed; for the 3rd person singular, sometimes eat is used instead of be. The verbs want and run change according to the first and partially according to the second conjugation - they are heterogeneous verbs. The verbs eat (eat) and give are conjugated in a special way.

Verb examples

Examples of verbs in different genders, tenses, moods.

Gender is only in the singular past tense:
Masculine (what did you do?): swam, hung.
Feminine (what did you do?): swam, hung.
Middle gender (what did you do?): floated, hung.

Syntactic role

In a sentence, the verb initial form(infinitive) can play a different syntactic role. The verb of the personal form in the sentence is the predicate.

I will tell fairy tales (M. Lermontov). (Compound predicate.)
Learning is always useful (proverb). (Subject.)
Please wait. (Addition.)
I was impatient to get to Tiflis (M. Lermontov). (Definition.)
The boys ran to hide. (Circumstance.)

Inconstant sign of the verb - what is it? You will find the answer to the question asked in the materials of the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about what forms this part of speech has, how it declines, etc.

General information

Before understanding what permanent and non-permanent features of the verb exist, it should be said about what this part of speech is in general.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object and answers the questions “what to do?” and “what to do?”.

Verb forms

Each verb has the following forms:

• Initial. Sometimes it is called the infinitive or indefinite form. Such verbs end in -ty, -t or -ch, that is, with formative suffixes (for example: guard, bloom, bathe, etc.). The indefinite names only the state or action and does not indicate the number, time or person. This is the so-called immutable form. It has only permanent features.
• Conjugated forms, that is, not being an infinitive. As a rule, they have permanent and non-permanent features of the verb.
• General participle.
• Participle.

So, in order to correctly compose the text of the letter, you should know that the presented part of speech has:

• fickle;
• constant signs of the verb.

Let's consider them in more detail.

Inconstant signs of the verb

Non-permanent forms include:

• number;
• mood;
• face;
• time.

It should be noted that each of these features has its own characteristics.

Mood

All verbs have 3 mood forms. This feature shows how the speaker evaluates the action. In other words, with the help of such a form one can find out whether he considers it desirable, possible or real under any particular condition.

Time

The term "non-permanent features of the verb" speaks for itself. That is, this part of speech changes over time. However, this only applies to verbs in

So, let's consider in more detail how such a part of speech changes over time:

• Present tense. Formally, it is expressed as -u, -yu, -eat, -et, -ut, -et, etc. (For example: I walk, I think, I do, I dream, I carry etc.). It should be especially noted that the present tense refers to the process that is taking place at the moment. At the same time, he himself may not be in the present, but be in the past or future. Here's an example: She runs ahead of me. She thought she was running ahead of me. She'll run ahead again.
• Future time. As you know, it denotes a process that will happen very soon. For example: I will go for a walk in the evening. It should also be noted that the future tense is also present in perfective and imperfective verbs. Although in these cases it is expressed differently ( I will read - I will read, I will sing - I will sing, I will walk - I will take a walk etc.).
• Past tense. Such a tense indicates an action that has already passed (for example: walking, doing, thinking). This form is formed by adding the suffix -l-.

Number

The non-permanent features of the verb are those features that, if necessary, can change the word at the right time, person, etc. The number is also a non-permanent feature. It can be:

• The only one: do, expect, go, go, go etc.
• Multiple: do, expect, go, go, let's go etc.

Face

In the forms of the future and present tense, all verbs change according to the following persons:

• 1st person indicates that the process is carried out by the speaker: I sing, we sing;
• 2nd person indicates that the action is performed by the listener: you are silent, you are silent;
• 3rd person indicates that the action is carried out by a person not participating in the dialogue: it, he, she goes, they go.

It should also be noted that some verbs refer to some action or state that occurs without the participation of a certain person, as if by itself. Such verbs are called impersonal. Here's an example: Chill. It's getting light. It's getting dark.

Genus

What other non-permanent signs of the verb exist? Of course, the genus also belongs to them. However, this form is inherent only to verbs in the singular, conditional mood and:

Now you know what non-permanent morphological features of the verb exist and how the given part of speech changes in accordance with them. However, it should be noted that, in addition to non-permanent, there are also permanent forms. Let's consider them in more detail.

The signs of the verb are constant

If they turn to you and ask: “Name the inconstant features of the verb,” then you will certainly do it without hesitation. But what will you say if they want to hear from you a list and differences in the constant features of the verb?

So, these forms include:

• transitivity;
• returnability;
• conjugation.

View

Absolutely all verbs are imperfective or perfective. This sign shows exactly how the action proceeds. As you know, all perfective verbs answer the following question: “what to do?”. In addition, they indicate the result of an action, its completion, beginning or end (for example, what to do? - get up).

May change in the past ( what did they do? - got up) and future simple tense ( what will they do? - get up). There is no present tense form for this feature.

Imperfect answer the following question: "what to do?". In addition, when denoting an action, they do not indicate its result, completion, beginning or end: get up. Such verbs have a past ( what they were doing? - got up), the present ( what do they do? - get up) and future complex tense ( what will you do? - I will get up). The imperfect aspect also has an indefinite form of the verb ( what will do? - will get up, will dance etc.).

It should be especially noted that in the Russian language there is a small number of two-pronged verbs. Such words, depending on the context, can either become perfect or imperfect ( order, marry, investigate, execute, arrest, marry, attack, examine etc.).

Here's an example:

• Rumors spread throughout the city that the king himself was executing his enemies. In this case, the verb "executes" answers the question "what does he do?" and is imperfect.
• Rumors spread throughout the city that the king himself was executing several rebels. In this case, the verb "executes" answers the question "what will he do?" and looks perfect.

recurrence

Permanent features also include such a form as recurrence. Thus, verbs that have the postfix -sya or -sya are called reflexive. For example: fight, fight etc. The rest are irrevocable. For example: beat, scold, think etc.

Transitivity

All verbs are divided into intransitive and transitive. The latter denote a process that passes to another subject. Its name can be expressed:

All other verbs are considered intransitive ( play in the forest, believe in justice etc.).

Conjugation

You know what inconstant sign of a verb can be used to write a beautiful stylistic letter. However, this is not enough for compiling a competent text. After all, it is very important to know how verbs are written in a particular conjugation.

As you know, with this form, the endings of verbs change. In turn, conjugations depend on the person and number of a word.

So, to compose a competent letter, you need to remember that:

• Verbs of the 1st conjugation have endings: -eat (-eat), -u (-u), -et (-et), -ete (-ete), -em (-eat) and -ut (-yut). Here's an example: you work, you want, you howl, you sing, you run etc.
• Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have endings: -ish, -u (-u), im, -it, -at (-yat) or -ite. Here's an example: grow, feed, love, pass, destroy etc.

Reflexive verbs are those that have the postfix "-sya". Attaching this postfix affects the syntactic and semantic properties.

The transitivity of a verb lies in its ability to attach a direct object to itself. It can be expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: "read a book." It can also be a noun in the genitive case without a preposition, provided that part of the subject is involved: “put salt”.

The verb in which there is a negation is also transitive: "not to hear laughter." Intransitive verbs do not have such opportunities: "crawl", "".

The verb can be either perfective or imperfective. The perfective verb symbolizes the completed action: "answer." The imperfective verb indicates the incompleteness of the action: "to answer."

The conjugation of a verb is its change in persons and numbers. There are two types of conjugation.

If the ending of the verb is unstressed, according to the first conjugation, all verbs are inclined not to “–it”. The exception is the verbs "shave" and "lay", they are also declined according to the first type. According to the second, verbs are inclined to “–it”, except for “shave” and “lay”, 7 verbs to “–et” and 4 verbs to “–at”. These verbs are: “twist”, “see”, “depend”, “hate”, “offend”, “watch”, “tolerate”, “drive”, “hold”, “hear”, “breathe”.

With a personal shock, he conjugates according to the following scheme. First conjugation first person: “I give / give”, second person: “give / give”, third person: “give / give”. Second conjugation first person: "sleep/sleep", second person: "sleep/sleep", third person: "sleep/sleep".

Variable morphological characters

The mood of the verb is indicative, imperative and conditional. The indicative expresses real actions that took place, are taking place and will take place. The imperative reflects the motivation of the speaker to something.

Conditional mood - actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions. The particle "by" is added to the verbs in this mood.

The tense of the verb is divided into present, past and future. Only indicative verbs can change tense. The number of the verb is singular or plural.

The person of the verb is first, second and third. First person: I/we; Second person: you/you; Third person: he/she/they. The gender of the verb is masculine and. Only verbs in the past tense and singular, as well as in the conditional mood, can change on this basis.