History of the Soviet school uniform. School uniform in the USSR: remember what it was
Do you remember dark brown cloth dresses, wool blend trousers, ties and white bows to match the apron on holidays? Or are you a little younger than we think and only remember your principal's attempts to enforce a dress code at your own school? Or maybe you have never encountered any kind of uniform at all and think that trying to make different people look exactly the same infringes on the rights?
In fact, the school uniform throughout world history had two purposes: it either elevated the students of elite schools above "mere mortals" and, in such cases, was made from exquisite expensive materials, or it was introduced at the state level, served as a "leveling" and was sewn from cheap cloth.
Prototypes of school uniforms appeared long before this phenomenon overtook Russia. In the schools of scribes in the cities of Mesopotamia, in the first Pythagorean school in Greece, in the schools of ancient India, students had to appear in classes in special clothes, different from everyday ones. 
Sumerian school of scribes (Mesopotamia, III millennium BC)
students of the Pythagorean school
The uniform for European schoolchildren first appeared in 1522 in England. At Christ's Hospital, students were introduced to a navy blue jacket with ankle-length tails, a waistcoat, a leather belt, and trousers just below the knee. Approximately in this form, the form has been preserved to this day, the only difference is that today the students of Christ's Hospital are no longer orphans, but the future economic and cultural elite of Great Britain.
The first English school uniform of Christ's Hospital
In Rus', since the first mention of organized education, there has been no talk of any form at all. The first evidence of the appearance of a school uniform dates back to 1834. Then Nicholas I issued a decree approving a separate type of civilian uniforms. These included gymnasium and student uniforms.
A sample of a school uniform approved by Nicholas I
The uniform was worn everywhere and everywhere: at school, on the street, during the holidays. She was a source of pride and distinguished high school students from other teenagers. The uniform was of military style: invariably caps, tunics and overcoats, which differed only in color, piping, buttons and emblems.
The first girl's school uniform appeared in 1764 at the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, founded by Empress Catherine II. 
Graduate of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens
Students of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens
Over the next hundred years, the Russian Empire was filled with all sorts of schools and gymnasiums for girls, but each educational institution sought to distinguish its pupils and introduced its own uniform.
Gymnasium girls in Russia of the 18th century
Gymnasium students in Russia XIX century
After the revolution of 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided that all the attributes of education in pre-revolutionary Russia were a relic of the bourgeois past, introduced a decree "On a unified labor school" and abolished the division of schools into colleges and gymnasiums. Together with the gradation of schools, the bourgeois school uniform has sunk into the past, and since the money for sewing a new one for everyone public institutions there was no education in power, parents began to dress their children themselves - whoever is in what much.
School graduates in 1917
Students after the 1917 revolution
Since 1949, seven-year education has become compulsory, and with it, a common school uniform has appeared. The boys wore gray-blue tunics with a lacquered black belt, trousers in the color of the tunics and caps. Girls dressed in dark brown dresses and aprons: on ordinary days - black, on holidays - white. Braids became obligatory, and bows had to be selected to match the color of the apron.
School in the 1950s
Schoolgirl in 1956
Schoolchildren in the 1950s
Dress school uniform 1950s
Schoolchildren of the 1950s through the lens of French scientist Jacques Dupaquier
Schoolchildren in the 1950s
In connection with the demilitarization in 1962, the boys' tunics gave way to jackets. But for girls, almost nothing has changed.
It is possible that someone did not like the general demilitarized form
Wool blend gray school suit
Pioneer uniforms from the 1970s
After the collapse Soviet Union the general school uniform has sunk into oblivion. Since 1992, schools have been free to introduce uniforms for their students. All that is required for this is to fix the provision on the dress code in the local regulatory act of the educational institution.
By school uniform we mean the dress code for students during their stay at school. Now, as before, there are many arguments for and against wearing a school uniform . Let's take a look at how school uniforms have developed in Russia.
You can even name the exact date of the introduction of school uniforms in Russia. This happened in 1834. It was in this year that a law was adopted that approved a separate type of civilian uniforms. These included gymnasium and student uniforms. The costumes that were intended for the boys of that time were a kind of combination of military and civilian men's dress. The boys wore these costumes not only during classes, but also after them. Throughout the time, the style of the gymnasium and student uniforms changed only slightly.
At the same time, women's education began to develop. Therefore, a student uniform was also required for girls. In 1986, the first outfit for students appeared. It was a very strict and modest outfit. It looked something like this: a brown woolen dress below the knee. This modest dress was adorned with white collars and cuffs. From accessories - a black apron. Almost an exact copy of the school dress of the Soviet era.Before the revolution, only children from wealthy families could receive education. And the school uniform was a kind of indicator of wealth and belonging to a respected class.
With the coming to power in 1918 of the Communists, the school uniform was abolished. It was considered bourgeois excess.
School uniform becomes mandatory again only after the Great Patriotic War, a single school uniform is introduced in the USSR. From now on, boys were required to wear military tunics with a stand-up collar, and girls - brown woolen dresses with a black apron. It is worth noting that, in general, the school uniform for girls of the Stalin era was similar to the school uniform of Tsarist Russia.
It was then that white "holiday" aprons and sewn-on collars and cuffs appeared - over time, only the style changed somewhat, but not the general essence of the girls' uniform. On ordinary days, it was supposed to wear black or brown bows, with a white apron - white (even in such cases, white tights were welcome).
The boys were dressed in gray military tunics with a stand-up collar, five buttons, two welt pockets with flaps on the chest. An element of the school uniform was also a belt with a buckle and a cap with a leather visor, which the guys wore on the street. At the same time, symbolism became an attribute of young students: the pioneers had a red tie, the Komsomol members and the Octobrists had a badge on their chests.
1962 gymnasts were changed to gray wool suits with four buttons. Important accessories were a cap with a cockade and a belt with a badge. Hairstyles were strictly regulated - under the typewriter, as in the army. And the form of girls remained old.
In 1973 There was a new reform of the school uniform. There was a new uniform for boys: it was a blue wool blend suit, decorated with an emblem and five aluminum buttons, cuffs and the same two pockets with flaps on the chest.
For girls, nothing has changed again, and then mother needlewomen sewed black aprons from fine wool for their beauties, and white aprons from silk and cambric, decorating with lace.
Early 1980s uniform for high school students was introduced. (This uniform began to be worn from the eighth grade). Girls from first to seventh grade wore a brown dress, as in the previous period. Only it became slightly above the knees.
For boys, trousers and a jacket were replaced with a trouser suit. The fabric color was still blue. Also blue was the emblem on the sleeve. For girls, a blue three-piece suit was introduced in 1984, consisting of an A-line skirt with pleats at the front, a jacket with patch pockets and a vest. The skirt could be worn either with a jacket, or with a vest, or the whole suit at once. A mandatory addition to the school uniform, depending on the age of the student, was the October badge (in the elementary grades), pioneer (in the middle grades) or Komsomol (in the senior grades) badges. Pioneers were also required to wear a pioneer tie
And what about school uniforms abroad? School uniform in other countries differs from ours: somewhere it is more conservative, and somewhere it is very fashionable and unusual. For example, in Japan, schoolgirls flaunt in sailor suits, called "sailor fuku" there. Their form is the standard of teenage fashion for the whole world. Even outside the walls of the school, Japanese women wear what reminds them of their usual school uniform.
School uniforms are most common in England and its former colonies. This form is a reflection of the classic business style. Each reputable educational institution in England has its own logo. And this logo is applied to the school uniform. In its form, badges and emblems are made. It is applied to ties and hats.
In France, school uniforms were in use from 1927 to 1968.
In Poland, it was abolished in 1988.
But in Germany there was never a school uniform. Even during the reign of the Third Reich. Only members of the Hitler Youth wore special uniforms. Some German schools have introduced elements of a school uniform, but it is the children themselves who choose what uniform to wear.
IN THE USA each school decides for itself what kind of things students are allowed to wear. As a rule, tops that open the stomach, as well as low-sitting trousers, are prohibited in schools. Jeans, wide trousers with many pockets, t-shirts with graphics - this is what students of American schools prefer.
In most European countries also do not have a single form, everything is limited to a fairly strict style. In many countries of the world, the question of school uniform, like ours, remains open.
There is no consensus on the benefits or harms of compulsory uniform school clothes. The history of the creation of the school uniform and its development is contradictory, and does not answer the question: is it needed. But one thing is for sure, school clothes should remain only school clothes.
based on materials from the site http://www.svk-klassiki.ru
Tomorrow is the first of September! Inspired by ... I reviewed a lot of material, I decided to put it together somehow. Here's what happened
The history of school uniforms in USSR and R Russia
If you remember the Soviet times and school years, then many immediately have associations with the school uniform. Some think of her as brown with white collars, some as blue. Some recall elegant white aprons, while others remember large bows on their heads. But everyone agrees with the fact that during the Soviet era, school uniforms were compulsory, and the question of whether or not to wear a uniform was not subject to discussion. On the contrary, non-compliance with school discipline was severely punished. The memory of the school uniform of the USSR still lives on.School uniforms in Russia have a rich history.
Until 1917, it was a class sign, because. only the children of wealthy parents could afford to study at the gymnasium: nobles, intellectuals and large industrialists.The exact date of the introduction of school uniforms in Russia— 1834. It was in this year that a law was adopted that approved a separate type of civilian uniforms. These included gymnasium and student uniforms of military style: invariably caps, tunics and overcoats, which differed only in color, piping, buttons and emblems.
The introduction of uniforms for students of educational institutions of Tsarist Russia is primarily due to the fact that these institutions were state-owned. In those days, all civil servants had to wear uniforms corresponding to their rank and rank, according to the Table of Ranks. So, all teachers in state educational institutions (gymnasiums) wore uniform frock coats. Proceeding from this, the introduction of uniforms for students was also natural.
The uniform was worn not only in the gymnasium, but also on the street, at home, during celebrations and holidays. She was a point of pride. All schools had uniforms.
The caps were usually light blue with three white edgings, and with a black visor, and a crumpled cap with a broken visor was considered a special chic among the boys. In winter, headphones and a hood in the color of natural camel hair, trimmed with gray braid, were added to it.
Usually, students wore a blue cloth tunic with silver bulging buttons, belted with a black lacquered belt with a silver buckle and black trousers without piping. There was also an exit uniform: a dark blue or dark gray single-breasted uniform with a collar trimmed with silver galloon. A schoolbag was an invariable attribute of high school students.
Until 1917, the style of the uniform changed several times (1855, 1868, 1896 and 1913)— according to fashion trends. But all this time, the uniform of the boys fluctuated on the verge of a civilian-military suit.
At the same time, women's education began to develop. Therefore, a student uniform was also required for girls. In 1896, a regulation on the gymnasium uniform for girls appeared. Pupils of the famous Smolny Institute were ordered to wear dresses of certain colors, depending on the age of the pupils. For pupils 6-9 years old - brown (coffee), 9-12 years old - blue, 12-15 years old - gray and 15-18 years old - white.
To attend the gymnasium, they had three types of clothing provided by the charter:
1. "compulsory uniform for daily attendance", which consisted of a brown woolen dress and a black woolen apron.
2. dark formal dresses with knee-length pleated skirts.
3. On holidays - a white apron.Girls always wore braids with bows.
The charter required "to keep the dress clean, tidy, not wear it at home, smooth it daily and monitor the cleanliness of the white collar."
The dress uniform consisted of the same dress, a white apron and an elegant lace collar. In dress uniform, gymnasium students attended the theater, the Yeleninskaya Church on holidays, they went to Christmas and New Year's evenings in it. Also, "no one was forbidden to have a separate dress of any model and cut, if the parents' means allowed such a luxury."
The color scheme was different for each educational institution.
For example, from the memoirs of Valentina Savitskaya, a graduate of gymnasium No. 36 in 1909, we know that the color of the fabric of the dresses of the gymnasium girls was different, depending on age: for the younger ones it was dark blue, for 12-14-year-olds it was almost the color of a sea wave , and for graduates - brown. And the pupils of the famous Smolny Institute were prescribed to wear dresses of other colors, depending on the age of the pupils: for pupils of 6 - 9 years old - brown (coffee), 9 - 12 years old - blue, 12 - 15 years old - gray and 15 - 18 years old - white.
However, soon after the revolution, as part of the struggle against bourgeois remnants and the legacy of the tsarist-police regime, a decree was issued in 1918 that abolished the wearing of a school uniform. Undoubtedly, in the early years of the existence of the Soviet state, wearing a school uniform was an unaffordable luxury in a country devastated by world war, revolution and civil war.
From the memoirs of Valentina Savitskaya, a graduate of gymnasium No. 36 in 1909: “The old uniform was considered a symbol of belonging to the upper classes (there was even a contemptuous nickname for a sentimental girl - “gymnasium student”). It was believed that the form symbolizes the lack of freedom, the humiliated, servile position of the student. But this rejection of the form had another, more understandable reason - poverty. Pupils went to school in whatever their parents could provide.”
From the point of view of the “class struggle”, the old uniform was considered a symbol of belonging to the upper classes (there was even a contemptuous nickname for a sentimental girl - “gymnasium student”). On the other hand, the form symbolized the absolute lack of freedom of the student, his humiliated and bonded position.
The official explanations were as follows: the form demonstrates the lack of freedom of the student, humiliates him. But in fact, the country at that time simply did not have the financial means to dress a huge number of children in uniform. Pupils went to school in what their parents could provide them, and the state at that moment actively fought against devastation, class enemies and remnants of the past.
1945 M. Nesterova. "Study well!"
Frame from the movie "Two Captains"
The period of "formlessness" lasted until 1948.School uniform becomes mandatory again.The new uniform resembled the old uniforms of high school students. From now on, the boys were required to wear gray military tunics with a stand-up collar, with five buttons, with two welt pockets with valves on the chest. An element of the school uniform was also a belt with a buckle and a cap with a leather visor, which the guys wore on the street. Girls - brown woolen dresses with a black apron tied at the back with a bow. It was then that white "holiday" aprons and sewn-on collars and cuffs appeared. On ordinary days, it was supposed to wear black or brown bows, with a white apron - white (even in such cases, white tights were welcome).Even the hairstyle had to meet the requirements of puritan morality - "model haircuts" were strictly prohibited until the end of the 50s, not to mention hair coloring. Girls always wore braids with bows.
October and Komsomol badges remained a mandatory addition to the school uniform. The pioneers added a badge to the pioneer tie. Other types of badges appeared, including award and commemorative ones.
School uniform is the compulsory daily dress code for students while they are at school and at official school events outside of school.
Now in Russia there is a lot of debate about whether students need a school uniform and what it gives: it increases discipline and academic performance, or, on the contrary, deprives individuality and interferes with the formation of a full-fledged personality. Parents and teachers, journalists and psychologists argue about this. Meanwhile, children go to school in whatever - in tracksuits and mini-skirts, sweaters and tops. In what they like and what their parents can afford.
The school uniform has existed in our country for quite a long time and you should not forget your history.
Even in the famous Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, each age was assigned to wear its own color of dress: for pupils of 6-9 years old - brown, 9-12 years old - blue, 12-15 years old - gray and 15-18 years old - white. There is a legend that the costumes of the students were invented by Empress Catherine II herself.
1834. A law was passed that approved the general system of all civil uniforms in the empire. This system included gymnasium and student uniforms. The style of the school uniform for boys changed along with the style of the dress in 1855, 1868, 1896 and 1913.
1896. Regulations on gymnasium uniforms for girls were approved.
1. 1. School uniform in the USSR
Uniform (according to Ozhegov) is the essence of uniform. The form has the same meaning. UNIFORM CLOTHING is uniform in cut, uniform in color, clothing established for a certain category of persons. Uniforms primarily act primarily as a sign of distinction. The presence of other individual insignia only emphasizes its functionality. Uniforms have never kept pace with fashion. The school uniform of the Soviet period was the true uniform or uniform.
In 1918, after the revolution, the gymnasium uniform was abolished in Russia.
The old form was considered a symbol of belonging to the upper classes, and on the other hand, the form symbolized the absolute lack of freedom of the student, his humiliated and bonded position. But this rejection of the form had another side - the poverty of the people. Pupils went to school in whatever their parents could provide.
However, over time, they decided to return to their former image - to brown strict dresses with a black apron, aprons, student jackets and turn-down collars. It happened in 1949. Now "loose dress" has become associated with laxity.
In Soviet times, the school uniform was mandatory for every student, but it changed several times.
There were several models. Girls have a classic brown dress with a black (everyday) or white (for special occasions) apron, tied at the back with a bow. School dresses were modestly decorated with lace turn-down collars and cuffs. Wearing a collar and cuffs was mandatory.
In addition to this, girls could wear black or brown (casual) or white (ceremonial) bows. Bows of other colors were not allowed according to the rules. In general, the uniform for girls almost completely copied the uniform of the Russian pre-revolutionary women's gymnasium, with the exception that the gymnasium girls wore straw hats.
The most insignificant experiments with the length or other parameters of the school uniform were severely punished by the administration of the educational institution.
Even the hairstyle had to meet the requirements of morality - "model haircuts" were strictly prohibited until the end of the 1950s, not to mention hair coloring. Girls always wore braids with bows. The school uniform of the era of I.V. Stalin can be seen in the films "First Grader", "Alyosha Ptitsyn develops character" and "Vasek Trubachev and his comrades."
1962. The boys were dressed in gray wool suits with four buttons. The uniform for girls remained the same.
1973. From the mid-1970s, gray wool trousers and jackets were replaced by boys in blue wool blend trousers and jackets. The cut of the jackets was reminiscent of classic denim jackets with epaulettes on the shoulders and breast pockets with brace flaps. The jacket was fastened with aluminum buttons. On the side of the sleeve was sewn an emblem made of soft plastic with a drawn open textbook and the rising sun - a symbol of enlightenment.
In the early 1980s (1976), a uniform for high school students was introduced: a skirt and jacket made of blue wool blend fabric. This uniform began to be worn from the eighth grade. Girls from first to seventh grade wore a brown dress, as in the previous period. Only it became slightly above the knees.
In the 80s, there was no longer any particular severity in the clothes of schoolchildren. Boys of the middle classes, not to mention high school students, could wear ordinary suits to school, including with a vest. For girls, clothing factories sewed dresses and aprons of various styles and cuts, but only one color, dark brown with different shades. In truth, from a distance, the difference in style was not very noticeable. Girls, especially high school girls, have always tried to somehow “decorate” their uniforms, used different shapes cuffs shortened the length of the dress. The process of democratization of school clothes began from within, the teenagers needed a change.
For high school boys, trousers and a jacket were replaced with a trouser suit. The fabric color was still blue. Also blue was the emblem on the sleeve. Very often the emblem was cut off, as it did not look very aesthetically pleasing, especially after some time - the paint on the plastic began to wear off. The school uniform of the 1980s can be seen, for example, in the films "Guest from the Future" and "The Adventures of Electronics"
For girls, a blue three-piece suit was introduced in 1984, consisting of an A-line skirt with pleats at the front, a jacket with patch pockets (without a sleeve emblem) and a vest. The skirt could be worn either with a jacket, or with a vest, or the whole suit at once. It was this uniform for girls that contributed to the fact that they began to realize their attractiveness early. A pleated skirt, a vest and, most importantly, blouses with which one could experiment, turned almost any schoolgirl into a “young lady”. It was allowed to wear loose hair.
A mandatory addition to the school uniform, depending on the age of the student, was the October badge (in the elementary grades), pioneer (in the middle grades) or Komsomol (in the senior grades) badges. Pioneers were also required to wear a pioneer tie.
In addition to the regular pioneer badge, there was a special variant for pioneers active in community service. It was slightly larger than usual and had the inscription "For active work" on it.
In 1988, Leningrad, regions of Siberia and the Far North were allowed to wear blue trousers in winter. In the same year, some schools were allowed to waive the mandatory wearing of school uniforms as an experiment.
In September 1991, the wearing of pioneer ties and October badges was abolished due to the abolition of the Pioneer Organization of the USSR.
Compulsory wearing of school uniforms in Russia was abolished in the spring of 1992.
1. 2. Modern Russia
Perestroika has changed attitudes towards school uniforms. It began to be considered one of the means of suppressing individuality, which interferes with the harmonious development of the individual. The school uniform was abandoned, and for some time it was completely absent from Russian schools. However, then the school uniform began to return again - only now at the level of individual schools, as a kind of corporate clothing, which serves as a mark of distinction between the students of this school and all the others.
The ban has been lifted, you can walk in anything, as long as the clothes are clean. Teenagers spend most of their time within the walls of the school, and they do not care what to appear in front of classmates. The demands of children to buy a new outfit, in accordance with fashion trends, have increased. Going to school all week in the same outfit is indecent, just like going to work. Psychologists, reflecting on the topic of social inequality, believe that the lack of a single school uniform only emphasizes this inequality.
Now there are very different opinions about the need for school uniforms. A year ago
The Russian Ministry of Education conducted a survey of schoolchildren, parents and teachers. Among adolescents, only 38% showed interest in the form, the rest were strongly opposed. Most adults believe that a uniform is needed, it teaches children to discipline, develops a corporate spirit. A school uniform is not so much an outfit as everyday wear in which a child walks five days a week. The ideal option is a beautiful, comfortable and inexpensive form, consisting of several accessories for different seasons.
Many schools enter into a contract with garment factories. At the same time, teachers and parents (children also take part) determine the style, choose the style, color of the uniform.
Child psychologists advise:
Choose calm, muted colors and do not use the direct colors of the rainbow, they increase fatigue in children, can provoke hidden irritation;
The combination of colors such as black and white is best avoided, such a sharp contrast greatly tires the eyesight and can even cause a headache;
The most suitable are beige or diluted green;
For boys, a classic three-piece suit. It is better to choose a fabric without synthetic additives - they accumulate static electricity;
This is how the management of educational institutions and parents who want to see their children neat, well-mannered, educated and smart solve the problem of school uniforms. First-graders are happy to wear school uniforms. They consider themselves adults. Approximately from the 6th grade, teenagers are very reluctant to put on a uniform, and high school students often simply ignore it and do not want to walk around like “incubators”.
1. 3. Dress code
Over the past 100 years, the concept of a dress code has migrated from London to all major cities in the world. This concept is actively used.
Dress-code in translation from English means "clothing code", that is, work clothes or uniforms. If it is customary to wear a uniform at a school, gymnasium or college, then this clothing is a dress-code. Business style - clothes for work and important meetings. The main characteristics of the style: solid, self-confident, attractive, inspiring confidence, elegant. These are clothes that do not draw attention to themselves. The most business colors of the suit and dress are dark: dark blue, dark gray, brown, black, blue-green; light: beige, light gray.
II. Main part.
We conducted a survey among students in grades 2, 3 and one in grade 4, as well as parents.
Questionnaire questions:
1. Is there a problem for you: what to wear to school?
2. Do elementary school students need uniforms?
3. Do you face a problem: how to send your child to school? (for adults)
4. Do primary schools need uniforms? (for adults)
It can be seen from the diagrams that many children face the problem of choosing clothes for school - this is 43% of the respondents. Want to wear a uniform - 51% of respondents, 48% do not want to, 1% is neutral.
Adults in the majority - 77% are faced with the problem: what to send their child to school, 85% unequivocally said that their children need uniforms at school, and only 15% of respondents believe that a child can go to school in whatever he wants.
Based on the literature we read and the survey, we found out that the school uniform has its pros and cons.
Advantages of a school uniform:
The uniform helps to avoid visible signs of social difference among children and adolescents and less noticeable difference in the incomes of their families.
School uniform disciplines. The design of any form is strict and business-like, not allowing liberties and not distracting students from the main lesson - studying the school curriculum.
She, like any corporate clothing, contributes to team building.
Disadvantages of a school uniform:
No form can completely hide the social difference. There are also shoes, cosmetics and perfumes, Jewelry, Cell phones and so on and so forth. Children from wealthier families will always find a way to emphasize their social status. In addition, children and adolescents spend most of their lives outside of school, and here they wear their usual clothes anyway, and not a single uniform.
Form is the suppression of individuality. For children and adolescents, the inability to express themselves in clothes can be a rather sensitive stress that interferes with the full and harmonious development of the individual.
Another disadvantage concerns parents. Additional spending on clothes that the child will not wear anywhere other than school.
The next minus is the uniform style of the school uniform. No matter how good fashion design is, it will never be the same for everyone. And for a child, and especially for a teenager, wearing clothes that he does not like is a very serious stress.
III. Conclusion.
The idea of returning school uniforms as corporate clothing to educational institutions is becoming increasingly relevant. Today, in many schools, gymnasiums and lyceums, school uniforms are becoming mandatory.
Based on the study, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The school uniform for girls and boys has the following advantages:
Smoothing out social inequality, which can adversely affect the child's psyche;
Education in the child of internal discipline and good taste for an elegant business style;
Formation of a sense of community and cohesion with the class, school.
2. A school uniform, like any other children's clothing, should be comfortable, practical, of high quality, fashionable, and most importantly, the schoolchildren themselves should like it.
3. Schools that do not have school uniforms may have dress code.
Whether a school uniform is required or not is a moot point. Some believe that this is a relic that hinders the development of personality, while others are convinced that it focuses the attention of students precisely on the lessons, and not on appearance. And how have things been in the past—did schools always require children to wear special clothing?
The first school uniform in Russia
Initially, secondary education was compulsory only for boys, so the uniform for gymnasium students began to be sewn from 1834, and for gymnasium girls only from 1896, when general education was introduced for all children. In style, the costume of a student of Tsarist Russia resembled a military one: a cap, a tunic, trousers, a waist belt, an overcoat and a black cloth bib in winter. High school students wore jackets with a standing collar instead of tunics. Each high school student was required to always wear a clean and ironed uniform - this was monitored by the guards.Everyday uniform was supposed to be worn on the street. Interestingly, each student was strictly forbidden to advertise the number of his gymnasium. So the leadership of the educational institution tried to protect its reputation, because their pupil could get into a fight or other unpleasant story.
Dresses for girls were made of coarse cotton or woolen fabric. A casual version is a brown dress, a black apron, and a festive one is the same dress, but a white apron and a lace collar. In the warm season, the image was complemented by a straw hat. In this form, the gymnasium went to the theater, church and gala evenings.
The students of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, the first women's educational institution in Russia, had several uniforms. Girls from 5 to 7 years old wore brown dresses, from 8 to 10 years old blue or blue, from 11 to 13 years old - gray, from 14 to 18 years old - white.
School uniform after the revolution
In 1918, the gymnasium uniform was equated with a bourgeois relic and was abolished altogether, however, like the gymnasium. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR ordered the organization of educational institutions for peasants and workers. The children were allowed to go to the lessons in what they have - on appearance they generally stopped paying attention to schoolchildren, because after the revolution, poverty and devastation reigned in the country.USSR: from the past to the present
In 1948, the uniform returned again, it was very similar to the gymnasium - the same strict brown dresses, aprons, cuffs and collars for girls, tunics, caps and overcoats for boys. Of the accessories, black, brown and white bows were added to the girlish look.The next modification of the uniform took place in 1962 - already on September 1, the boys went to school in new attire: in gray wool-blend trousers and a three-button jacket, a white shirt, a dark blue beret appeared instead of caps. For junior schoolchildren, a white collar was sewn over the jacket collar. The shape of the girls remained unchanged.
Thaw
During the Khrushchev thaw, the style of the school uniform was redone again, although again this only affected clothes for boys. In the 1970s, gray woolen suits were replaced with blue ones made of wool blend fabric. A special emblem depicting an open book and a rising sun was sewn onto the sleeves of junior and secondary schoolchildren - a symbol of enlightenment.perestroika
In the 80s, a standard uniform for high school students was introduced, it was worn from the 8th grade. The girls' dresses remained the same in design, only slightly above the knees. Also for the students they began to produce a blue three-piece suit, it consisted of a skirt, a jacket and a vest. In Leningrad and some regions of Siberia and the Far North, it was even allowed to wear blue trousers in winter.Modern Russia
The uniform was canceled in 1994 - students began to go to school in what they wanted. On the one hand, it became easier, but social stratification became more evident in the classes: some children wore the clothes of older brothers and sisters, and some parents dressed in the latest fashion.Discussion
Some kind of amateur
The second article, which I am not too lazy to open, but why is everything so on its knees (((
Dates, photos, information - a person would spend at least a little time searching for information (((
I consider such amateur opuses to be disrespectful to the reader.
The "Edition", apparently, has an attitude towards the past of a teenage child. Before my birth - it means a long time ago, prehistoric times, a couple of decades back and forth - it doesn’t matter.
And they had the Khrushchev thaw - in 1975.
And some fantastic "In the 80s, they introduced a standard uniform for high school students, they wore it from the 8th grade. The girls' dresses remained the same in design, only a little above the knees." - appeared.
I would like to know what they messed up in the part describing what I personally don't know for sure.
omitted the blue girlish uniform of the late 80s. The rest is interesting, thanks.
Wow, for the first time I read the editorial with interest and looked at the photos to the end.
Comment on the article "School uniform in Russia: when did it appear and how did it change"
In the diet of Russian children, cereals from the main types of cereals will appear in packages with images of their favorite princesses and superheroes. The creative co-branded concept of porridge, developed by Desan under the Pure Groats Trademark in partnership with Disney, is designed to increase the popularity of healthy food among children and adolescents. According to the manufacturer, high-quality cereals and creative packaging with images of heroes from favorite films and TV shows are exactly what children need for...
Bad advice: my breasts before feeding with soap! Very often, grandmothers insist that a nursing mother wash her breasts before each feeding. After all, in their youth, doctors recommended that. However, today the recommendations have changed. You can’t achieve sterility by washing your breasts often, and you don’t need it, but you can provoke problems in the form of nipple cracks. Do not wash your breasts with soap before each feeding - this dries out the delicate skin and contributes to the formation of cracks. Enough...
The French fashion brand for the whole family KIABI presents a collection of school uniforms created especially for Russia. In August, all KIABI stores in Moscow, Samara, Krasnodar and Ufa, as part of the launch of the BACK TO SCHOOL collection for schoolchildren, will start selling school uniforms for girls and boys. Especially for Russia, KIABI designers have developed a fashionable and comfortable uniform for schoolchildren from 6 to 14 years old. The line includes: dresses, skirts and blouses for girls, trousers and shirts...
The philosophy of conscious consumption is one of the main characteristics of modern society. Natural fabrics, eco-cosmetics, items made from recycled materials and an eco-friendly approach are the main trends of modern fashion. The network of shopping centers "MEGA" fully supports the idea of conscious consumption and encourages its visitors to follow this trend. The idea of conscious consumption and the "Change" campaign were supported by fashion expert and TV presenter Vlad Lisovets, who opened the Academy of Changes together with...
Hello! On the TV channel "Russia" in the program "About the most important" with Dr. Alexander Myasnikov is launched new treatment, write to: [email protected] In the letter, tell us in detail about your problem: how long ago it appeared, what symptoms,...
Discussion
But this is the main condition for participation ... All examinations remain behind the scenes. But the moment when you discuss your diagnosis with the doctors will, of course, be on the air. I understand that I don’t want to put my problems on display ... But really some of the the best doctors who are ready to deal with complex cases.
For the start of the new school year, Button Blue has released the first collection of school uniforms. The size range includes models for children from 122 to 158 cm tall. The collection will be on sale in early June and will be presented both in brand stores and various specialized outlets and online stores. The school uniform from Button Blue is the optimal school wardrobe for every day! Depending on the requirements of educational institutions and the preferences of the student, the range of clothing ...
The group of companies "GOOD-FOOD" expands the range of confectionery products and presents the waffle dessert "Nut Horn". The uniqueness of the product lies in the original recipe, which has no analogues on the Russian market - this is a unique combination of crispy sugar wafers with an exquisite filling of natural crushed nuts. The new product combines excellent taste and unusual shape. The product range is presented in two flavors: - "Nut cone with almonds" - velvety dark chocolate...
Serfdom in Russia will be returned routinely. Most likely on Friday. Exactly at midnight on the site of the newspaper "Izvestia" will appear exclusive with a link to a reliable source in the presidential administration.
Discussion
Guys ... this is what serfdom is, it’s simply ridiculous. Here is the fact that the state (and judging by the stories of the participants from the USA, their state has succeeded much more in this) can monitor and monitor everyone, that every passport officer will have a possible access to your medical card(if access is hacked) that when applying for a job, the employer will be able to obtain so much information about you only one at a time electronic document(I suspect that what is created by a person can always be destroyed by another person, so what is encoded by one can be decoded by another) ... this is much more "interesting". The proposed mining in someone's areas will seem like paradise.
echo? Snob - not reading the firebox.
And in Russia it was done in 1993, when the Parliament was on fire. The main strategic economic, financial and political goal: to prevent the introduction of "Gaddafi's laws" in Russia and Ukraine and the introduction of an occupation regime 05/07/2014 11:30:32, Finance.
Discussion
For this, poor Berlusconi suffers, by the way :(
They don’t write to you what his social and political program is? What did you think they "hit" him for? Because he was for the people. He reassured and satisfied the "popular masses" - before him, Italy (and therefore Europe) was in a fever and the government changed five times a year ... But the Washington Regional Committee does not need this.
And if they wrote what Berlusconi is fighting for, then the Europeans would have thrown the IMF out of Europe and their "dermocratic" rulers at the same time in the trash...
Point number 6 + "decided to withdraw Libya from the global banking system and 12 more Arab countries wanted to follow his example." And whatever he does, that's enough.
For the first time, commercial and film directors, an advertising agency, a charitable foundation and cinemas have teamed up for a unique social project. To draw public attention to the problems of adoption, Russian directors created 10 short films about children from orphanages. From April 9, they can be seen online and in the Moscow cinemas "35mm", "Illusion" and "Wick". Now the federal data bank contains information about 105,000 children left without parental care. How...
In the evening at 18 o'clock a rally for Russia, a referendum, and so on, gathered. Then the Maydanuts appeared from the buses hidden in the backyards. A fight began. We must pay tribute - ours did not allow themselves to be provoked.
Discussion
Here, from another forum, also not mostly political, a resident of Donetsk writes: “Only from there, in the sense of Lenin Square. "Then the maydanuts appeared from the buses hidden in the backyards. A scuffle began. To be fair, ours did not allow themselves to be provoked. There are victims. Sorry, the Internet is very bad, besides, from the phone."
What kind of lawlessness we have in our country now - you can’t tell in a fairy tale, or in a nightmare!!! Just creepy!"
Further, various forum participants said that the locals defeated the attackers and brought them to their knees.
I think you are wasting your time.
You also need to find out where several GRU units have gone, detained by the SBU and the external intelligence department of Ukraine - well, since you decided to look for the truth.
I think it makes no sense to describe what the over the knee boots are, because they are more than known and popular with modern fashionistas. If we return to the history of their occurrence, then I must say they appeared quite a long time ago - in the 17th, 18th, in Europe, and their origin was of practical importance and was dictated by the need for a long stay of riders in the saddle. In those days, such boots were quite hard and practically did not bend at the ankles and knees, they were valued for their strength and...
In 2005, the brand Escentric Molecules (Eccentric Molecule) was founded in Berlin, the success of which even Chanel could envy. What is the reason for such a rapid rise in the popularity of the German designer Geza Schoen? active substances secreted by animals in environment and specifically affecting the behavior, physiological and emotional state or metabolism of other individuals of the same species). However, work on the creation of the first ...
Why do we need a school uniform and what should it be? These issues have been discussed for as long as the education system has existed. And in different centuries it was solved in different ways. For example, the uniform for lyceum students was introduced as early as 1834, and the female uniform was introduced only 63 years later. The obligatory Soviet school uniform was abolished in 1992, and a little later each school began to choose its own. To rethink the place of school uniforms in the process of education, we at the "School of Cooperation" dedicated a grandiose holiday, our 20th anniversary ...
We also had thoughts of doing something to make it possible to purchase it in Russia. My husband found on the Internet that they did not want to use Sabril in Russia because of its negative impact on vision. Well, what are you going to do here? 10/10/2007 19:08:18, Mishan.
Discussion
Sveta, hello!!! I will again give you what Ayvazyan told us. Sabril was allowed in Russia about 5 years ago. But then someone did not share something with someone and the drug was banned.
We also had thoughts of doing something to make it possible to purchase it in Russia. My husband found on the Internet that they did not want to use Sabril in Russia because of its negative impact on vision. Well, what are you going to do here?
it seems that the machine answered, not a person.
But when children appear, how do you explain the situation to them? receive replies by e-mail. show links to images as pictures. Russia. Polygamy. The wife's right to polo.
Discussion
If this is really a family, then against it. It's one thing when people just live in threes, fours, etc. One of my girlfriends lived with three at once. You should have seen the dimensions of her pans and the volume of washing. Although financially and physically - an ideal option. But when children appear, how do you explain the situation to them? Yes, and it is difficult to document this, our legislation does not provide for this. All the same, the wife will be alone, and the second is just a cohabitant. If a man already has so much money that he can provide for two families, then it is not easier to have a human wife and an au pair. If the wife is not zatyukana life, then intimately it will be more than enough.
Very interesting topic, I can not come by 8-). If it's not a secret, where do you live? Is polygamy officially allowed somewhere in the CIS???
I was born and raised in Kazakhstan, I do not accept this option for my family. Regarding the statements that "Muslim women are taught to think about polygamy from birth," I don’t know, I haven’t seen this. It is difficult to talk about the Muslim republics as a whole, after all, it is not a small region, and within one republic the variations are huge, in addition, the division is city / village, north / south of the country, how "russified" the family is, how strictly traditions are adhered to in this family - lots of factors...
By polygamy, I can say that I know a family where the husband has 2 wives, these are distant relatives from the husband's side. But they are not people of our generation, the same age as the father-in-law. Everything seems to be fine with them, according to my wife’s mother-in-law, they didn’t divide the house, only the wife did the job (it’s called a tokal), and 1 wife looked after her children. They are already old, children call 1 wife "big / older" mother, blood mother "white" mother, she is a bright Kazakh, rather like a Tatra.
And yet, as far as I know, the Koran says that certain rules must be observed, there must be a good reason for 2 marriages, the consent of 1 wife, a man must provide (!!!) for all his wives and children, none of the wives should be deprived . In addition, there are interpretations of the Koran where they teach how a true Muslim should treat his parents, wife / s, children ...
Once, from the Inyurkollegia (I sent them a question on this subject), they first wrote me the same thing (that Russia has no treaty with the United States, and that nothing can be done), and then (a year later, or even more - I and I forgot to think about it) suddenly they sent a letter that they seem to appear in the case ...
Discussion
I'm doing some research here on the website of the US Department of Foreign Affairs, which refers in particular to alimony from people who have gone abroad. So, it says that the United States does not have an agreement with any country regarding alimony defaulters. The reason is that many countries do not agree with the rigidity of American laws. (hmm, interesting...) In addition, non-payment of alimony is not a crime, therefore it cannot be investigated by Interpol and international law enforcement agencies. The only thing they advise you to do is to contact the local authorities, file a lawsuit, and write down how much child support is underpaid. And then collect them upon the return of the defaulter to the country. :(
In general, nothing good.
Alan, you need to look for him. Even if it's simple on the Internet. Typically, people living there are listed in phone books (or paid extra to not be included). Through friends. On what visa did he leave? If it is student (F, J) or work (H), which are the most common options for legal movement, then everything is not a problem. You need to find an employer or university and start sending letters. Having on hand, of course, judgment for the recovery of alimony. That is to beat on the complexity of the visa. Have you contacted the embassy/consulate? They should, I think, help with finding out exactly how he left. Have you been put on the wanted list? I think the consulate is obliged to answer the request of the police (police?) and find out where he is there.
If he left on a visitor visa (B), like visiting a friend and stayed to work as a gardener illegally, I think there is no mazy.
That is, the algorithm, it seems to me, is to get a decision on alimony, talk to the police or whatever it is called, and to the consulate. IMHO, in Estonia they will speak more tenderly than in the US consulate in Moscow.
(According to the instructions - they act equally terribly on the liver) 6 At what dosage of depakine does it become clear that it helps at least a little? Accordingly, about suxilep too. We have only myoclonic seizures with falls so far, but it seems that others may appear.
Discussion
And we have been drinking depakine for 2 years with a tail. It really hurts the liver, but it must be maintained. I know there are children for whom 30 mg / kg is enough, but there are also 70. We drink 60 mg / kg. Mukhin still loves Sabril, didn't he propose to you? taking depakine, it is necessary to watch its concentration in the blood (Invitro, does, for example). Again, concentration does not always give an accurate picture, so the reaction of the child is also important, you as a mother will be the most visible. For information: doctors of the Research Institute of Pediatrics on Taldomskaya consider the concentration of depakine to be nonsense.
Discussion
Tip 2
Contrasting
Try to pay close attention to every action that your missus performs while sitting in front of a flickering screen. Be sure to be there every time you connect. In advance, make a long list of stupid questions that should make you want to strangle you with your bare hands - so that you don’t suffer from them anymore. Constantly talk about your dream of becoming as smart and enlightened as some, but follow the measure: if you still get a faint glimmer of understanding of something, it is recommended to immediately fall into childhood and start looking for Any Key on the keyboard. Do not be silent for a second, bring the situation to the point of absurdity - do it in a big way! As a contrast therapy, at the slightest sign of recovery, such as: an attempt to escape from you and the computer along with a chair, causeless screams and increased irritability - immediately change tactics. Become affectionate, smart, understanding, gentle - in short, be yourself. In the end, he will be forced to catapult onto the plush surface of his four-legged sofa friend. But you don’t need to be taught what to do so that he stays there?
Tip 3
Names of brute force
It is used in clinical cases, practically does not fail. Simple, like all ingenious. Quickly sell a computer with Internet access and regularly confiscate cash from pockets, wallets and accounting departments at work. Crush riots and revolutions in the bud, following the example of the leaders of the proletariat: a) first of all, seize communications; b) distribute vodka. Happened? And now start saving the funds that have appeared for that pump that you have been dreaming about for so long.
