Minimum entry of water supply into the building. The device of water supply inputs to buildings

The internal water supply consists of the following elements: water supply input into the building; distributing networks of pipelines; booster installations, which include booster pumping, water tanks and reservoirs located inside the building.

An input is an underground section of the network from an external highway to a water meter installed in a building. The diameters of pipes for water supply inlets into buildings are determined by the calculation of the maximum second flow of water. The inlets are made of cast-iron water pipes. It is allowed to use steel pipes with an external coating of bituminous insulation that protects them from corrosion.

In residential buildings, one water supply line is arranged with a slope of 0.003 towards the external network so that it can be emptied.

Internal water supply networks in residential buildings with a height of more than 16 floors, in buildings equipped with zone water supply, and in buildings in which more than 12 fire hydrants are installed, must be connected to the external ring network with at least two inputs.

When installing two or more inputs, they should be connected to different sections of the external network and shut-off valves should be installed between the inputs on the external network in case of an accident in one of the inputs. Check valves must be installed on each of the inputs inside the building. If there are two inputs and it is necessary to install pumps in the building to increase the pressure in the water supply network, the inputs before the pumps must be combined.

If the building has a basement, the input is laid in the foundation opening (Fig. 155, a). If there is no basement, then the input is laid in the ground under the foundation (Fig. 155, b), since usually the depth of the external water supply is greater than the depth of the foundation.

Rice. 155. Scheme of laying the entrance to the building:
a - through the foundation masonry b - in the soil under the foundation, 1 - the first valve, 2 - water meter, 3 - drain cock, 4 - second valve, 5 - input

If the input passes through the opening of the foundation or wall, then a steel pipe 4 (Fig. 156) of a larger diameter than the input is embedded in the masonry, and a pipe is laid through this pipe. The branch pipe protects the input from destruction during the settlement of the building. The space between the inlet and the pipe is sealed with resin strand 3, crumpled clay, and cement mortar 2 with a layer of 2-3 cm.

Rice. 156. Closing the input in the foundation masonry:
1 - crumpled clay 2 - cement mortar, 3 - resin strand, 4 - steel pipe

In the city network, the input is connected using a tee pre-installed on it, or by means of a device for tapping branches into existing networks without reducing the pressure in them. In places where the inputs are connected to the external city network, wells are installed with valves installed in them - the input diameter is more than 40 mm, or valves - the input diameter is 40 mm or less.

The input must be laid perpendicular to the foundation of the building; it should have the smallest extension.

Depending on the pressure in the external network, the following internal water supply systems are arranged to supply water to the water points inside the building: without booster pumps, in this case, the water supply is provided by pressure in the external water supply network; with booster pumps.

Water supply systems without booster pumps (Fig. 157) are used in cases where the city network is under constant pressure sufficient to provide uninterrupted water supply to the highest and most remote draw-off point of the building. Such an internal water supply system, which does not have any devices other than a pipeline network, is the simplest and most common.

Rice. 157. Scheme of the water supply network without a booster pump:
1 - input, 2 - water meter, 3 - descent, 4 - main pipeline, 5 - risers, 6 - connections

With a constant or periodic lack of pressure in the external water supply network, booster pumps are installed for one or more buildings to increase the pressure in the internal networks of buildings.

The pressure for supplying water to the water supply network is determined from the conditions

H \u003d H 1 + H 2 + H 3 + H 4,

where H 1 - the height of the calculation device, m; H 2 - pressure loss in the internal network and water meter, m; H 3 - pressure loss in the boiler, m; H 4 - free pressure in front of the device, m.

Pumping units are used of the following types:

• with permanent or intermittent pumps;
• with intermittent pumps operating in conjunction with water pressure or hydropneumatic tanks;
• with fire pumps operating only when extinguishing a fire.

A water supply system with constantly or intermittently operating pumps (Fig. 158) is used if the external network provides the required amount of water, but the pressure is not always sufficient to ensure the supply of water to the most remote and highest water draw point. In this case, the pumping unit, included in the line after the water meter, operates continuously or periodically, pumping water into the house network as needed.

Rice. 158. Scheme of a water supply network with permanently or periodically operating pumps:
1 - water meter, 2 - check valve, 3 - booster pump

Zone water supply systems (Fig. 159) are used in residential buildings with a height of 17 or more floors, office buildings, hotels, boarding houses, sanatoriums, rest houses, industrial and auxiliary buildings with a height of more than 50 m. The height of the zone is determined from the calculation of the maximum allowable hydrostatic head at the lower fire hydrants and household water points. The hydrostatic head in the domestic and drinking water supply system should not exceed 60 m.

Rice. 159. Scheme of zone water supply:
1 - inlet, 2 - water meter, 3 - check valve, 4 - household pump, 5 - fire pump, 6 - lower line

In a separate fire-fighting water supply network, the maximum pressure during operation of fire pumps should not exceed 90 m at the level of the lowest located fire hydrants.

Booster pumps are installed to supply water to each zone. In some cases, water is supplied to the first floors of the building due to the pressure in the city sewer without installing booster pumps for this zone.

To increase the pressure in the internal water supply network, as well as to create the necessary pressure for fire extinguishing, pumping units are used, consisting of a centrifugal cantilever pump of the K or KM type and an electric motor (Fig. 160), which are mounted on a common foundation plate. The pump is connected to the electric motor by means of an elastic coupling.

Rice. 160. Centrifugal pumps:
a - console K, b - console monoblock KM, 1 - pump, 2 - electric motor, 3 - plate

Centrifugal cantilever pumps of type K (Fig. 160, a) pump drinking and industrial water and other liquids with temperatures up to 85 ° C, which do not contain impurities (fibrous materials, ash, slag, sand) that cause clogging of the channels of the impellers and the flow part.

Single-stage type K pump with axial water supply consists of drive and flow parts. The drive part is a support bracket in which the pump shaft is mounted on bearings. A gland seal is installed at the point where the shaft exits the pump housing. The flow part includes a spiral housing, which is attached to the flange of the support bracket, an impeller mounted on the end of the shaft, and a suction pipe attached to the spiral housing. The pumps are supplied with a discharge port pointing upwards, which has a threaded hole for attaching a pressure gauge.

The centrifugal cantilever monoblock pump KM (Fig. 160, b) differs from the K type pump in that it has an elongated shaft end, on the flange shield of which the pump housing parts are rigidly attached. In addition, the spiral housing of the flow part is attached to the flange of the intermediate lantern, and the impeller is mounted on the elongated end of the motor shaft.

The designation of the brand of a centrifugal pump, for example 4K-12a, includes: 4 - diameter of the inlet pipe, reduced by 25 times and rounded, mm; K - console (KM - console monoblock); 12 - coefficient of speed of the pump, reduced by 10 times and rounded; a - trimming the impeller.

The amount of water supplied by a centrifugal pump depends on the speed of the impeller and increases in proportion to the increase in the speed of the impeller. The pressure generated by the pumps increases as follows: if the wheel speed is doubled, the pressure is quadrupled, if the speed is tripled, the pressure is increased nine times, etc.

The flow of pumps is expressed by the volume of liquid pumped by the pump per unit of time; measured in m 3 / h. The pressure generated by the pumps is expressed in meters of water column.

In pumping units, in addition to working pumps, reserve pumps should be provided. The number of standby units for each group of pumps (drinking, production, fire fighting) depends on the number of working pumps and it is accepted when the number of working pumps is from one to three - one standby unit; with the number of working pumps from four to six - two standby units.

Pumps are located in separate buildings or in central heating points.

A diagram of a booster plant with two centrifugal pumps is shown in fig. 161. For each pump 2, two valves are installed: on the suction pipe 1 - to disconnect the pump from the input and on the pressure pipe 3 - to start the pump and regulate the amount of water supplied. Between the pump 2 and the valve 8 on the pressure pipe, pressure gauges 4 are installed to measure the pressure developed by the pump, and a check valve 5, which ensures switching of the pumps without closing the valves. To supply water from the input directly to the house network, a bypass line 6 is arranged with a check valve 7 and a valve 8. The check valve 7 allows you to turn on the pumps without closing the valve 8.

Rice. 161. Scheme booster pumping unit:
1 - suction pipe, 2 - pump, 3 - pressure pipe, 4 - pressure gauge, 5, 7 - check valves, 6 - bypass line, 8 - valve

Water tanks are placed at a height that provides the necessary pressure in the internal water supply network. The supply of water in tanks for household and drinking needs depends on the amount of water consumed, the degree of uneven consumption and the flow of water into the tanks.

The capacity of the tanks is determined from the following conditions: water supply for household and drinking needs, which is usually taken at least 20% when the pump is started manually and at least 5% of the daily consumption when the pump is automatically started; an emergency supply of water for firefighting purposes, designed for a 10-minute duration of extinguishing a fire with internal fire hydrants when the fire pumps are turned on manually and a 10-minute fire extinguishing when the pumps are automatically turned on.

Pressurized and hydropneumatic drinking water tanks are made of sheet steel and painted inside and out. Materials for the internal coating of such tanks must meet hygienic requirements.

Tanks are equipped with: a pipe supplying water to the tank, with one or more float valves; outlet pipe; an overflow pipe connected to the tank at the height of the highest permissible water level in the tank; downpipe connected to the bottom of the tank and to the overflow pipe, with the installation of a valve; a pipe with a diameter of 38 mm, which drains water from the pallet and is connected to the overflow pipe; measuring transducers of the water level in the tank to turn on the pumping units; water level indicators in the tank. Tanks intended for storing drinking water are equipped with devices for water circulation.

Drinking water tanks must be fitted with lids. Tanks are installed on a special pallet in a ventilated and illuminated room, in which a positive temperature is maintained. The systems of internal water supply networks in residential and public buildings without a fire-fighting water supply system are used mainly dead-end, and in the presence of a fire-fighting water supply - ring.

The ring scheme of water supply is shown in fig. 162. Internal networks must be connected to external networks with at least two inputs 1 in such a way that in the event of an accident an uninterrupted supply of water to the building through one of the half-rings of the network is ensured.

Rice. 162. Ring scheme of water supply:
1 - input, 2 - water meter, 3 - eyeliner, 4 - water riser, 5 - ral line

Hydropneumatic installations in buildings are used to increase the pressure in the internal water supply network and create a supply of water in case of fire, as well as to supply part of this water to the house network in case of insufficient pressure in the city network. The feasibility of using hydropneumatic installations must be justified by an appropriate technical and economic calculation.

Hydropneumatic installations come with variable and constant pressure. As a rule, hydropneumatic installations with variable pressure are used, as they are simpler in design and operation. Such installations consist of two hermetic tanks (one for water, the second for air) and a pipe connecting them with a valve that serves to disconnect the tanks.

Compressed air is supplied to the air tank with the help of a compressor, and water from the water supply network is supplied to the water tank. Under the pressure of compressed air (with the valve on the connecting pipe open), water is squeezed out of the tank into the distribution network. A float valve is installed in the water tank, which maintains a certain level of water and prevents air from entering the plumbing network, and an air valve, which provides the required height of the air cushion and prevents water from entering the air tank. The compressor operates intermittently to compensate for air leakage through leaks in the connections.

ELEMENTS OF INTERNAL WATER SUPPLY.

The building's water supply system is a set of devices that provide the required amount of water from the external water supply network and supply it under the required pressure to the water folding devices located inside the building. The cold water supply system, usually called internal water supply, includes the following devices: inlet (one or more), water meter assembly, pipelines, risers and connections to water fittings, fittings. In some cases, devices for increasing the pressure (pumping units, water tanks, pneumatic installations) can be included in the system.

The input of the water pipeline is the section of the pipeline connecting the external water supply with the internal water supply network to the water meter unit or shutoff valves located inside the building.

The input is connected to the external water supply network using a saddle (if it is impossible to turn off the external water supply), by welding the input pipe or tie-in tee (if it is possible to turn off the external water supply) or using connecting parts pre-installed when laying the external water supply.

The saddle is a cast-iron shaped piece that is attached to the pipe with a bolted clamp and with a rubber gasket. A through valve or gate valve is connected to the saddle using a threaded or flanged connection.

The number of inputs depends on the mode of water supply to consumers. In buildings where a break in the water supply is unacceptable, two or more inputs are arranged. Internal water pipes equipped with more than 12 fire hydrants are also connected to the external water supply network with at least two inputs. Several inputs are connected to different sections of the external network or to one highway, installing a separating valve on it. At the point of connection of the input to the external water supply network, a well with a diameter of at least 700 mm is arranged, in which stop valves (valve or gate valve) are placed to turn off the input.

For the input device, cast-iron socketed water pipes with a diameter of 50, 100 mm or more, galvanized steel pipes with anti-corrosion bitumen insulation (with diameters less than 50 mm) are used. The depth of the inlet pipes depends on the depth of the external water supply network, i.e. the inputs are placed below the depth of soil freezing. The minimum depth of laying the input (in the absence of soil freezing) is 1 m. For the possibility of emptying, the input is laid with a slope of 0.005 towards the external water supply network.

When crossing, the water supply is laid 0.4 m above the sewer pipes. The annular gap between the inlet pipe and the sleeve is sealed with a tarred strand, crumpled clay, and cement mortar. In water-saturated soils, the input is sealed with concrete and cement mortar or using a gland.

The pipeline from the external water supply network to the internal water supply network (to the water metering unit or shutoff valves located inside the building) is called input.

The input usually consists of the following elements: devices for connecting to the external water supply network or the yard water supply network of the pipeline from the point of connection to the water meter unit or shutoff valves, including sealing the pipeline passage into the building.

The input can be connected to the external water supply network in one of the following ways:

1) to tees, crosses or plugged holes left during the construction of the city water supply network;

2) inserting a tee or direct connection of the pipe by welding;

3) with the help of a saddle.

The saddle is a cast-iron shaped part that is attached to the pipe with a clamp on a rubber gasket for attaching shutoff valves (travel valve or gate valve). By design, saddles are threaded, flanged and socketed (Fig. 14, a - in). To drill holes in the pipe, a drilling fixture is attached to the shut-off valves (Fig. 15).

At the point where the input is connected to the external water supply network, a well with a diameter of at least 700 mm is arranged, in which stop valves (valve or valve) are placed to turn off the input during repairs.

For the installation of inputs, cast-iron socketed water pipes with a diameter of 50 mm or more, steel pipes with anti-corrosion bitumen insulation and, in some cases, plastic pipes are used.

After drilling the hole, the shaft with the drill is raised, the valve is closed, and the pressure in the upper chamber is released. The head with the upper chamber is removed and the valve (plug) is welded.

The inputs (if there are two) are connected to different sections of the external water supply network or to one main, but with the installation of a separating valve on it.

Rice. 14. Connecting the input using a saddle:

a - threaded saddle; b–flange saddle; in - bell-shaped saddle.

Rice. 15. Installation for drilling a hole:

1 - pipe; 2 - collar; 3 - saddle; 4 - plug valve; 5 - drilling device; 6 - nut with seal sleeve; 7 - ratchet; 8 - drill.

The depth of the inlet pipes depends on the depth of the external water supply network, which is assigned taking into account the depth of soil freezing. The smallest depth of laying the input pipes (in the absence of soil freezing) is 1 m. The input is laid with a slope of 0.005 towards the external network in order to be able to empty it.

The smallest horizontal distance from the input pipes to other underground utilities is as follows:

When crossing water and sewer pipelines, the first ones are laid 0.4 m higher than the second ones (clear distance); with a smaller distance between them, water pipes should be laid in a metal sleeve with a reach in dry soils of 0.5 m on both sides of the intersection point, and in wet soils - 1 m each.

The diameter of the entry hole in the foundation wall or basement of the building must be 400 mm larger than the diameter of the entry pipe (Fig. 16). The annular gap between the inlet pipe and the steel sleeve in dry soils is sealed with an elastic water-and-gas-tight material, for example, crumpled clay, tar strand and cement mortar grade 300 , layer 20-30 mm; in wet soils - using a stuffing box seal or concrete mortar grade 70 (rigid embedment).

In the second type of soil conditions at a construction site composed of macroporous subsiding soils, steel pipe inlets are laid in steel or cast-iron sleeves, concrete or brick channels with waterproofing and a slope towards the external water supply.

The number of inputs is determined by the purpose and equipment of buildings. So, in buildings (public, industrial), where a break in the water supply is unacceptable, at least two inputs are arranged.

The internal water pipes of clubs, theaters and buildings equipped with more than 12 fire hydrants are also connected to the external water supply network with at least two inlets.

test questions

1. What is called the entry into the building?

2. What pipes are used for the input device?

3. When crossing water lines with sewer lines, how are they laid?

4. Methods for connecting inputs to an external water supply network.

1. Kedrov V.S. Sanitary equipment of buildings /

V.S. Kedrov. - M .: Higher. school, 1974.– 540 p.

2. Starinsky V.K. Water intake and treatment facilities

municipal water pipelines / V.K. Starinsky, L.G. Mikhailik. - Minsk, 1989. - 362 p.

Section 1st

Internal plumbing of buildings

The composition of the internal plumbing includes:

1) pipelines and fittings (fittings);

2) fittings (faucets, mixers, valves, gate valves, etc.);

3) instruments (pressure gauges, water meters);

4) equipment (pumps).

Conventions for internal plumbing, see above.

Classification of internal water pipes

The classification of internal water pipes is shown in fig. one.

Thus, the internal water supply is divided primarily into cold (B) and hot (T) water supply. On the diagrams and drawings in domestic documentation, cold water pipes are designated by the letter of the Russian alphabet B, and hot - by the letter of the Russian alphabet T.

Cold water pipes have the following varieties:

B1 - household and drinking water supply;

B2 - fire water supply;

B3 - industrial water supply (general designation).

A modern hot water supply system must have two pipes in the building: T3 - supply, T4 - circulation. In passing, we note that T1-T2 are designated heating systems (heating networks), which are not directly related to the water supply, but are associated with it, which we will consider later.

Water pipes

All internal water pipes usually have the following internal diameters:

Æ 15 mm (in apartments), 20, 25, 32, 40, 50 mm. In domestic practice, steel, plastic and metal-polymer pipes are used.

Galvanized steel water and gas pipes in accordance with GOST 3262-75 * are still widely used for household and drinking water supply systems B1 and hot water supply systems T3-T4. Since September 1, 1996, by change No. 2 of SNiP 2.04.01-85, it is recommended to use plastic pipes made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polybutylene, metal-polymer, fiberglass for the listed water pipelines. It is allowed to use copper, bronze, brass pipes, as well as steel pipes with an internal and external protective coating against corrosion.

The service life of cold water pipes should be at least 50 years, and hot water pipes at least 25 years. Any pipe must withstand an excess (gauge) pressure of at least 0.45 MPa (or 45 m of water column).

Steel pipes are laid openly with a gap of 3-5 cm from the building structure. Plastic and metal-polymer pipes should be laid hidden in skirting boards, shtrabs, shafts and channels.

Ways of connecting water pipes:

1) Threaded connection. At the joints of pipes, shaped fittings (fittings) are used - see below. Threading on galvanized pipes is carried out after galvanizing. Pipe threads must be protected against corrosion by grease. The method of threaded connection is reliable, but time-consuming.

2) Welded connection. Less time consuming, but destroys the protective zinc coating that needs to be restored.

3) Flange connection. It is mainly used in the installation of equipment (pumps, etc.).

4) Adhesive connection. Mainly used for plastic pipes.

Fittings (fittings)

Fittings (fittings) are mainly used for threaded connections of water pipes. They are made of cast iron, steel or bronze. Here are the most commonly used fittings:

Couplings (butt connection of pipes of equal or different diameters);

Elbows (pipe turn by 90°);

Tees (side pipe connections);

Crosses (lateral pipe connections).

Plumbing fittings

Plumbing fittings are used:

Water-folding (faucets, water-folding, bath, float valves of flushing cisterns of toilet bowls);

Mixing (faucets for sink, washbasin, common for bath and washbasin, with shower screen, etc.);

Shut-off (valves on pipe diameters Æ 15-40 mm, gate valves on diameters Æ 50 mm and more);

Safety (check valves - are placed after the pumps).

Symbols for plumbing fittings, see above.

Devices

Plumbing fixtures:

Manometers (measure pressure and pressure);

Water meters (measure the flow of water).

Symbols of devices see above.

Equipment

Pumps are the main equipment in the plumbing. They increase the pressure (pressure) inside the water pipes. The vast majority of water pumps are currently powered by electric motors. Pumps are most often used centrifugal type.

See pump symbols above.

Water quality requirements B1

Requirements for the quality of water in the drinking water pipeline B1 can be divided into two groups:

Water must be drinking, according to GOST 2874-82 *;

Water should be cold, that is, with a temperature of t » +8 ... +11 ° С.

The drinking water standard contains indicators three types:

1) PHYSICAL: turbidity, color, smell, taste;

2) CHEMICAL: total mineralization (no more than 1 g / liter - this fresh water), as well as the content of inorganic and organic substances not exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC);

3) BACTERIOLOGICAL: no more than three bacteria per liter of water.

The water temperature within t » +8 ... +11 °С is achieved due to the contact of underground pipes of the external water supply with the ground, for which these pipes are not thermally insulated underground. External water supply is always laid at depths below the freezing zone of the soil, where temperatures are positive all year round.

Elements B1

We will consider the elements of the B1 household and drinking water supply using the example of a two-story building with a basement (Fig. 2).

Elements of household and drinking water supply B1:

1 - water supply input;

2 - water meter unit;

3 - pumping unit (not always);

4 - distributing water supply network;

5 - water riser;

6 - floor (apartment) eyeliner;

7 - water folding and mixing fittings.

Entering the water supply

The water supply inlet is a section of an underground pipeline with shutoff valves from a manhole on the external network to the outer wall of the building where water is supplied (see Fig. 2).

Each water supply inlet in residential buildings is designed for the number of apartments not more than 400. In the diagrams and drawings, the inlet is indicated, for example, as follows:

Input B1-1.

This means that the input refers to the drinking water supply B1 and the serial number of the input is No. 1.

The depth of the water supply pipe is taken according to SNiP 2.04.02-84 for external networks and is found by the formula:

Hhall = Npromoz + 0.5 m,

where Npromerz is the normative depth of soil freezing in a given area; 0.5 m - a margin of half a meter.

Water meter assembly

A water meter assembly (water meter frame) is a section of a water pipe immediately after entering the water supply, which has a water meter, pressure gauge, shutoff valves and a bypass line (Fig. 3).

The water meter assembly should be installed at the outer wall of the building in a convenient and easily accessible room with artificial or natural lighting and an air temperature of at least +5 ° C in accordance with SNiP 2.04.01-85.

The bypass line of the water metering unit is usually closed, and the fittings on it are sealed. This is necessary to account for water through a water meter. The reliability of the water meter readings can be checked using the control valve installed after it (see Fig. 3).

Pumping unit

A pumping installation on an internal water supply is necessary with a constant or periodic lack of pressure, usually when water does not reach the upper floors of the building through pipes. The pump adds the necessary pressure in the water supply. The most commonly used centrifugal type pumps are driven by an electric motor. The minimum number of pumps is two, of which one is a working pump and the other is a standby pump. The scheme of the pumping unit for this case is shown in a perspective view in fig. four.

Water distribution network

The distribution networks of the internal water supply are laid, in accordance with SNiP 2.04.01-85, in basements, technical undergrounds and floors, in attics, in the absence of attics - on the ground floor in underground channels together with heating pipelines or under the floor with a removable frieze device or under the ceiling top floor.

Pipelines can be attached:

With leaning on walls and partitions in places of mounting holes;

With support on the basement floor through concrete or brick columns;

With support on brackets along walls and partitions;

With leaning on suspension brackets to overlappings.

In basements and technical undergrounds, pipes Æ 15, 20 or 25 mm are connected to the distribution networks of the water supply system, supplying water to the watering taps, which are usually led out into the niches of the basement walls to the outside at a height of about 30-35 cm above the ground. Watering taps are placed along the perimeter of the building in increments 60-70 meters.

Water risers

A riser is any vertical pipeline. Water risers are placed and designed according to the following principles:

1) One riser per group of closely spaced taps.

2) Mostly in the bathrooms.

3) On one side of a group of closely spaced taps.

4) The gap between the wall and the riser is 3-5 cm.

5) A shut-off valve is provided at the base of the riser.

Floor connections B1

Floor-by-floor (apartment-by-apartment) connections supply water from risers to water folding and mixing fittings: to taps, mixers, float valves of flush tanks. The diameters of the eyeliners are usually taken without calculation Æ 15 mm. This is due to the same diameter of the water folding and mixing fittings.

Directly near the riser, a shut-off valve Æ 15 mm and a VK-15 apartment water meter are installed on the piping. Next, the pipes are brought to the taps and mixers, and the pipes are led at a height of 10-20 cm from the floor. An additional valve is installed in front of the flush tank on the inlet for manual adjustment of the pressure in front of the float valve.

Rice. 5

Systems with fire hydrants are designed according to SNiP 2.04.01-85, and semi-automatic (drencher) and automatic (sprinkler) installations ¾ according to SNiP 2.04.09-84.

HOT WATER PIPE Т3-Т4

Modern hot water supply T3-T4 has two pipes in the building: T3 ¾ is the supply pipeline; T4 ¾ circulation pipeline.

Water quality requirements Т3-Т4

Requirements for the quality of hot water in the T3-T4 system are contained in SNiP 2.04.01-85:

1) Hot water in T3-T4 must be potable according to GOST 2874-82. The quality of water supplied for production needs is determined by technological requirements.

2) The temperature of hot water in the places of water intake should be provided for:

a) not lower than + 60 ° С ¾ for centralized hot water supply systems connected to open heat supply systems;

b) not lower than +50°С ¾ for centralized hot water supply systems connected to closed heat supply systems;

c) not higher than +75°C ¾ for all systems specified in subparagraphs "a" and "b".

3) In the premises of preschool institutions, the temperature of hot water supplied for showers and washbasins should not exceed +37 °C.

Rice. 7

It should be noted that external networks of hot water supply are usually not laid, that is, hot water supply T3-T4 ¾ is typically internal water supply. The classification shown in fig. 7 reflects the fact that the location of the heat source is decided centrally or locally. In large and medium-sized cities, heat is carried by external water heating networks T1-T2 and heat is brought into buildings by separate inputs T1-T2. These are centralized heating systems. In small towns and settlements, the heat source is located in a house or apartment ¾ this is a house boiler or hot water column that runs on gas, fuel oil, oil, coal, wood or electricity. This is the local system.

open the hot water supply system (see Fig. 7) takes water from the return pipeline of the heating network T2 directly, directly, and then the water flows through the T3 pipe to the mixers in the apartments. Such a solution for hot water supply is not the best in terms of ensuring the drinking quality of hot water, since the water actually comes from the hot water heating system. However, this solution is very inexpensive. In this way, for example, most of the buildings on the right bank of the city of Omsk are supplied.

Closed the hot water supply system (see Fig. 7) takes water from the cold water supply B1. Water is heated with the help of water heaters-heat exchangers (boilers or high-speed ones) and flows through the T3 pipe to the mixers in the apartments. Part of the unused hot water circulates inside the building through the T4 pipeline, which maintains a constant required water temperature. The source of heat for water heaters is the supply pipe of the heating network T1. Such a solution for hot water supply is already better in terms of ensuring the drinking quality of hot water, since water is taken from the B1 drinking water supply system. In this way, for example, most of the buildings on the left bank of the city of Omsk are supplied.

Elements T3-T4

Let's consider the elements of hot water supply T3-T4 using the example of fig. eight.

1 ¾ input of the heating network in the technical underground of the building. This is not a hot water supply.

2 ¾ heating unit. Here the scheme is implemented ( open or closed) hot water supply.

3 ¾ water meter on the hot water supply pipe T3 at the heating unit.

4 ¾ distribution network of supply pipelines T3 hot water supply.

5 ¾ supply riser T3 hot water. At its base, a shut-off valve is installed.

6 ¾ heated towel rails on the supply risers T3.

7 ¾ apartment hot water meters on floor connections T3.

8 ¾ floor-by-floor hot water connections T3 (usually Æ 15 mm).

9 ¾ mixing fittings (Fig. 8 shows a common mixer for a washbasin and a bathtub with a shower screen and a swivel spout).

10 ¾ circulation riser T4 hot water supply. A shut-off valve is also installed at its base.

11 ¾ outlet network of circulation pipelines T4 hot water supply.

12 ¾ water meter on the T4 hot water circulation pipe at the heating unit.

Section 2

DOMESTIC SEWER K1

Domestic sewage K1 is designed to drain Wastewater from bathrooms, bathtubs, kitchens, showers, public restrooms, waste bins, etc. This is the main sewer of the buildings. Its old name is "household-fecal" sewerage.

K1 elements

We will consider the elements of domestic sewage K1 using the example of a two-story building with a basement (Fig. 13).

Here are the main elements of K1 in the direction of wastewater flow:

1 ¾ sanitary fixture;

2 ¾ siphon (hydraulic lock);

3 ¾ outlet floor pipeline;

4 ¾ sewer riser;

5 ¾ outlet network in the basement;

6 ¾ sewer outlet.

Let's note some details. A knee is shown under the siphon. It is used on low risers (no more than 1 floor). The discharge floor pipeline 3 is laid with a slope and connected with a straight tee to the riser 4. Revisions are installed on the riser.

The top of the riser is brought above the roof into the atmosphere to a height z¾ is the ventilation of the sewer riser. It is necessary to ventilate the inside of the sewer, as well as from the appearance of excess pressure or, conversely, vacuum in the sewer. Vacuum may occur when the riser is not well ventilated while draining water from the upper floor, which will lead to the failure of the siphon, that is, water from the siphon ground floor will leave and the smell will appear in the room.

The height of the riser above the roof is taken according to SNiP 2.04.01-85 not less than:

z= 0.3 m ¾ for flat non-exploited roofs;

z= 0.5 m ¾ for pitched roofs;

z= 3 m ¾ for exploited roofs.

The sewer riser can be arranged without ventilation, that is, not led out above the roof if its height H st does not exceed 90 inner diameters of the riser pipe.

Recently, vacuum valves for sewer risers have appeared on sale, the installation of which at the level of the upper floor eliminates the need for a ventilation outlet of the riser above the roof of the building.

At the base of the riser, two outlets are installed, since the riser is the last one on the network in the basement. If the riser falls on the network pipe from above, then an oblique tee and a branch are used. It is impossible to use a straight tee in the basement, as the drainage hydraulics deteriorate and blockages occur.

At the end of the outlet network 5 in front of the outer wall, a cleaning was assembled from a straight tee with a plug-plug. Counting from this cleaning, the length of the sewer outlet L should not be more than 12 meters with a pipe diameter of Æ 100 mm, according to SNiP 2.04.01-85. On the other hand, the distance from the manhole of the yard sewer to the wall of the building should not be less than 3 meters. Therefore, the distance from the house to the well is usually taken 3-5 meters.

The depth of the sewer outlet from the ground to the tray (bottom of the pipe) at the outer wall is taken equal to the freezing depth in the area, reduced by 0.3 meters (the influence of the building on the non-freezing of the soil near the house is taken into account).

RAIN DRAIN K2

Rain sewer K2 is designed to drain atmospheric (rain and melt) water from the roofs of buildings through internal drains. Therefore, the second name is K2 ¾ internal drains.

There are three ways to drain atmospheric (rain and melt) water from the roofs of buildings:

1) Unorganized way. It is used for one- and two-story buildings. Water simply flows off the eaves of the building, for which the removal of the cornice from the vertical surface of the outer wall must be at least 0.6 meters.

2) Organized method for external drains (this is not K2). It is used for 3-5 storey buildings. A gutter is arranged along the eaves of the building, which directs the flowing atmospheric water into the drain funnels. Further, the water flows down the external drain risers and exits through the outlets to the blind area of ​​the building, which is usually reinforced with concreting from erosion.

3) An organized method for internal drains ¾ is a rain sewer K2). It is used for residential buildings with more than 5 floors, as well as for buildings of any number of storeys with a wide roof (more than 48 meters) or multi-span buildings (usually these are industrial buildings).

K2 elements

Consider the elements of rainwater drainage K2 using the example of a two-story building with a basement (Fig. 14).

1 ¾ drain funnel. Shown here is a bell-type funnel, for non-exploited roofs. Flat crowns are arranged for exploited roofs. Symbols see above. The brand of the funnel is selected according to its throughput, which is calculated according to the method of SNiP 2.04.01-85.

2 ¾ downpipe. It is laid in stairwells and corridors.

3 ¾ revision.

4 ¾ siphon (hydraulic seal). It protects against the formation of an ice plug at the outlet of K2 in the spring.

5 ¾ open release K2. Arranged in the absence of an external drainage network K2. It is recommended to arrange on the south side of the building. In the presence of an external drainage network K2, the release of rain sewers is arranged as in K1 (see above).

K3 elements

We will consider the elements of industrial sewerage K3 using the example of a one-story industrial building, in which mechanically contaminated industrial wastewater flows from the floor into a floor drain (funnel). Then the K3 system is specified by the K4 system.

K3 elements:

1 ¾ sewage receiver (in this case, a ladder).

2 ¾ outlet internal sewerage network.

3 ¾ local treatment plant (sand trap, grease trap, oil trap, etc.).

4 ¾ pumping station.

5 ¾ release of K3 sewerage into the city sewer network.

GARBAGE CHUTES OF BUILDINGS

Garbage chutes in buildings are arranged to ensure the convenience of removing garbage through the pipeline into containers located in garbage chambers, from where garbage is periodically removed. There is no special SNiP for garbage chutes. They are designed on the basis of accumulated experience (standard projects). They are connected with the water supply and sewerage systems of buildings, especially in the premises of garbage chambers.

Elements of garbage chutes

We will consider the elements of garbage chutes using the example of a multi-storey residential building. These elements can be:

1 ¾ of the garbage chute is assembled from steel or concrete pipes with a diameter of 400-500 mm. Inlet valves are installed on each floor or interfloor area on the riser.

2 ¾ above the roof, the riser is brought to a height of about 1 meter and is equipped with a deflector to enhance the ventilation of the garbage chute.

3 ¾ below there is a waste chamber room with a separate entrance. Here the riser has a flat gate valve

4 ¾ under the riser in the garbage chamber there is a container for collecting and removing garbage.

5 ¾ cold B1 and hot T3 water is brought to the waste chamber to the mixer (watering tap), and a ladder with a diameter of 100 mm is arranged in the floor with a connection to household sewerage K1

6 ¾ under the ceiling of the garbage chamber, a sprinkler is installed (if the building has 10 or more floors) to automatically extinguish the fire with irrigated water.

Elements of engineering networks 5 and 6 in the garbage chamber are arranged in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.01-85.

Section 3

Elements of water supply schemes

We will consider the elements of the external water supply scheme using the example of the city of Omsk (Fig. 16).

Elements of external water supply:

1 ¾ source of water supply;

2 ¾ water intake;

3 ¾ conduits;

4 ¾ water treatment station;

5 ¾ urban water supply network with facilities.

Sources of water supply

The source of water supply can be surface or underground. The share of surface sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals) is about 70%, and the share of underground (ground and pressure artesian waters) is ¾ about 30%. The source of water supply for the city of Omsk is the Irtysh River.

Water intake facilities

A water intake facility captures water from a water supply source, so water intakes can be respectively surface (coastal, channel, bucket) or underground (wells, wells). Mixed are radial underflow water intakes, which are performed from horizontal wells, drilling them into underflow alluvial deposits. Together with water intake, they are usually combined pumping station I lift, which pumps raw water to the water treatment plant.

Conduits

Water conduits ¾ are pressure pipelines of significant cross section. Their number must be at least two (two threads). Water is pumped through conduits to the city water treatment plant.

Water treatment plants: processes and facilities

Water treatment station ¾ is a whole industrial site for the preparation of drinking water for a city or town. At the facilities of the water treatment plant, processes for the preparation of drinking-quality water take place, which is shown in comparison in the table below.

External water supply networks

And structures on them

The water supply network is being laid throughout the city with highways ringed around the main districts, microdistricts and industrial sites (see Fig. 16). The depth of the water pipes is taken equal to the standard freezing depth in the area plus a margin of 0.5 meters. Pipes of small diameter 100-200 mm are mounted from steel with an anti-corrosion coating or from cast iron. Pipes of larger diameter are laid from reinforced concrete. Recently, plastic pipes have been used.

Buildings on the city water supply:

¾ inspection wells with valves and fire hydrants (near buildings), well spacing 100-150 meters;

¾ pumping stations (regional and local) to compensate for pressure losses in the water supply, and the guaranteed pressure must be maintained within 10< H < 60 м водяного столба.

Section 4th

END OF LECTURE COURSE

APPENDIX

Checklist

1. What system is designated as B1?

2. What is K1?

3. What is internal water supply according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

4. What is K2?

5. What is B2?

6. What is internal sewerage according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

7. What is B3?

8. What is K3?

9. What is T3-T4?

10. What is the maximum distance between roof outlets on building roofs?

11. What is the most representative list of water quality requirements in Q1?

12. What is the list of elements of the internal system K1?

13. List the elements of internal B1 (in the direction of water movement)?

14. Most commonly used pipe diameters in internal K1?

15. Normative water flow from the tap in B1?

16. Where are oblique tees used in K1, taking into account the requirements of SNiP 2.04.01-85?

17. Types of pressure losses in the water supply network?

18. Where are straight crosses used in the K1 internal system?

19. Select the range of economical speeds when calculating the internal В1?

20. Where should revisions be installed according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

21. What is the steel pipe diameter range for indoor B1?

22. How are sewer pipes connected?

23. Permissible pressure loss on water meters according to the requirements of SNiP 2.04.01-85?

24. What is a kabolka (stress on the first syllable)?

25. Range of calibers of vane (VK) and turbine (VT) water meters?

26. What are siphons in K1?

27. The maximum pressure in the internal B1 according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

28. What devices are installed to clean the internal K1?

29. Methods for laying water pipes in buildings according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

30. Specify the estimated filling in pipes K1?

31. Ways of fastening water pipes?

32. Permissible range of velocities of wastewater in the sewer (m / s)?

33. Minimum free pressure in front of faucets for sinks and with a shower according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

34. Why are siphons (water seals) installed in K2 systems?

35. Ways of connecting pipes of internal water supply?

36. What is the range of slopes of sewer pipes?

37. Diameters of fire hydrants for internal B2?

38. What is the K4 system?

39. What are deluge and sprinkler installations?

40. What are the test methods for internal sewerage K1 and K2?

41. Normative value of water flow from a fire hydrant

42. At what% of physical wear and tear does the internal water supply require major repairs?

43. What is B4 and B5?

44. Requirements for water quality in T3 according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

45. What are T3 open and closed systems in buildings?

46. ​​When is the installation of internal water pipes in the building?

47. Estimated service life of the internal T3 according to SNiP 2.04.01-85 (in years)?

48. Estimated period of operation of internal water pipelines B1 according to SNiP 2.04.01-85 (in years)?

49. Precise definition building drainage?

50. What is hydraulic slope?

51. What is included in the composition of the internal water supply?

52. Methods for installing internal sewerage?

53. Priority for the use of water pipe material according to SNiP 2.04.01-85 (as amended in 1996)?

54. List the set of sanitary tech. devices for residential buildings of apartment type?

55. Classification of industrial water supply by water use?

56. What is included in the internal sewerage?

57. The minimum depth of laying the water supply from the surface of the earth?

58. The smallest depth of the sewer outlet?

59. What are fittings?

60. List the characteristic elements of the internal system K3?

61. How to decipher the designations of T3-T4 pipes?

62. List the characteristic elements of the internal system K2?

64. What are floor drains?

65. What is the difference between T1...T2 and T3...T4 systems?

66. Does the K2 system include such methods of removing atmospheric water from the roofs of buildings?

67. According to SNiP 2.04.01-85, the B2 system is used in the following residential buildings?

68. Elbow and bend - how do they differ in the K1 system?

69. The pressures in the internal water supply system B1 are controlled by what?

70. The height of the K1 riser above the roof according to SNiP 2.04.01-85 must be at least?

71. Where should the purges be installed on K1 internal systems?

72. What is guaranteed pressure?

73. What seals the sockets of cast-iron and plastic sewer pipes?

74. Bypass line at the water metering unit of system B1?

75. Where is FUM tape used in engineering networks of buildings?

76. Bypass line in the pumping unit of system B1?

77. Water consumption rate B1 per inhabitant in an apartment with bathtubs from 1500 to 1700 mm long?

78. Maximum height of non-ventilated riser K1?

79. What devices are used in the internal system B1?

80. What is the minimum slope that can be accepted for K1 sewer pipes?

81. What is the EQUIPMENT in the B1 internal system?

82. What is REVISION in the internal system K1?

83. With what step are watering taps placed around the perimeter of the building?

84. As a result of what is the breakdown of siphons (water seals) in K1 systems?

85. Who should punch mounting holes for passing pipes in the walls and ceilings of apartments?

86. Types of drain funnels of the K2 internal system?

87. Fire hydrant for indoor B2 is located above the floor at what height?

88. What structures can be included in the K3 internal system?

89. What is a sprinkler and deluge in fire extinguishing systems?

90. What is checked during testing and commissioning of the internal system K1

91. How to turn on the sprinkler installation?

92. What document regulates the testing of internal plumbing?

93. In the pipes T3-T4 should the water temperature be correspondingly?

94. In preschool institutions in T3 pipes, should the water temperature be?

95. What kind of pipe should be used for a heated towel rail?

96. Who in the building installs mounting embedded parts for fastening B2 elements?

97. What is a boiler?

98. The main type of pumps for internal water supply systems B1?

99. What is the vacuum valve on the K1 sewer riser for?

100. Sprinkler under the ceiling of the garbage chamber is installed at what number of storeys of the building?

101. In the garbage chambers of residential buildings, what should be installed from the water supply?

102. In the garbage chambers of residential buildings, what should be installed on the sewers?

103. Water meters should be installed in rooms with what air temperature?

104. What is water intake?

105. What is a digester?

106. The average speed of water in the sump?

107. For a sewer pipe d = 150 mm, the maximum distance between the wells?

108. For a sewer pipe d = 200 mm, the maximum distance between the wells?

109. Shelyga to Shelyga - what is it?

110. TRAY at the sewer pipe - what is it?

111. The main facilities that are part of the biological treatment?

112. The length of the sewer outlet from the outer wall to the manhole?

113. Where in apartments should valves be installed according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

114. Optimal slopes for K1 pipes with a diameter of 50 and 100 mm?

115. List the city sewer networks sequentially in the direction of sewage flow?

116. The pressure in the T3 system near water fittings should be no more than:

117. Hydrostatic pressure in the B2 system of buildings should not exceed (in meters)?

118. Hydrostatic pressure in the B1 + B2 system of buildings should not exceed (in meters)?

119. Standard lengths of fire hoses for B2 according to SNiP 2.04.01-85?

120. How to determine the number of water supply inputs for a residential building?

121. The minimum horizontal distance in the light between the input B1 and the release of K1?

122. Where should the distribution network B1 be laid first in residential buildings?

123. Where should drinking fountains be placed in industrial buildings?

124. Material of shut-off valves of internal T3 with a diameter of up to 50 mm inclusive?

125. What is an aerotank?

Section 1st

Internal plumbing of buildings

The internal plumbing of buildings is a system of pipelines and devices that supply water inside buildings, including the input of a water pipe that is located outside.

As part of the internal plumbing

Inlet - a pipeline connecting the external water supply network with a water metering unit installed in a building or at a central heating point. Buildings with internal dead-end networks and less than 12 fire hydrants are connected to external networks with one input. Internal water supply networks in residential buildings with a height of more than 16 floors, in buildings equipped with zone water supply, and in buildings in which more than 12 fire hydrants are installed, are connected to external networks with at least two inputs. When arranging two or more inputs, they are connected to various sections of the outer ring water supply network.

When arranging two or more inputs and installing pumps in the building to increase pressure in the internal water supply network, the inputs are usually combined in front of the pumps. At the same time, a valve is installed on the connecting pipeline to be able to provide water to each pump from any input. The inputs are not combined if each input has independent pumping units.

The inputs are laid from the external network to the building or central heating station with a slope of at least 0.003-0.005 towards the external network to enable them to be emptied. For the device of inputs with a diameter of 50 mm or more, cast-iron pipes are mainly used, with a diameter of less than 50 mm - galvanized steel pipes. Steel non-galvanized pipes with anti-corrosion bituminous insulation are used at a network pressure of more than 1 MPa and with a diameter of inputs of more than 50 mm. At the point of connection of the input to the external water supply, shut-off valves (valve or gate valve, if the diameter of the input is 50 mm or more) are installed. Stops are installed at the inlets of pipelines in the places of "turns in the vertical or horizontal plane. The depth of the inlets is taken to be the same as the depth of the external water supply network.

The input at the intersection with the wall or foundation of the building must be protected from damage. Therefore, in dry soils, when crossing walls and foundations, the input is laid in cases of steel pipes with a tarred strand and crumpled clay, and outside - with cement mortar. In wet and wet soils, entries through walls and foundations are laid using ribbed pipes, and in the presence of groundwater, glands are used.

With a parallel location of the input and other underground utilities (sewerage outlets, electrical and telephone cables), the horizontal distance between the inputs of the domestic drinking water supply and the sewerage outlets is used at least 1.5 m with an input diameter of up to 200 mm inclusive and at least 3 m with a diameter over 200 mm. If the water inlet is located below the sewer outlet, the distances indicated above must be increased by the difference in the depth of the pipelines. Distance in plan from input to heat pipelines and gas pipelines low pressure must be at least 1 m, to electrical and telephone cables - at least 1 and 0.5 m, respectively.

The water inlet should be located above the sewer pipelines. If it becomes necessary to lay the inputs below the sewer, then steel pipes should be used for the inputs, enclosed in a case with a reach in both directions up to 1 m.