Blood in the pulmonary veins in humans. Pulmonary veins

Pulmonary diseases Place a cat or kitten on the chest area for 8 minutes. Then the patient rolls over on his stomach, and the assistant puts the cat on his back at the level of the shoulder blades. Procedures are carried out daily or every other day. Course duration 10–12

Pulmonary veins, right and left, vv. pulmonales dextrae et sinistrae, carry arterial blood out of the lungs; they emerge from the hilum of the lungs, usually two from each lung (although the number of pulmonary veins may be as high as 35 or more). Each pair... ... Atlas of human anatomy

pulmonary veins- (vv. pulmonales) vessels of the pulmonary circulation, carrying arterial blood from the lungs to the left atrium. There are four pulmonary veins in total, leaving two from the hilum of each lung. Starting from the capillaries braiding the alveoli, they ... ... Glossary of terms and concepts on human anatomy

right pulmonary veins- (v. puimonales dextrae, PNA, BNA, JNA) see the list of anat. terms... Big Medical Dictionary

Superior vena cava system- The system of the superior vena cava is formed by vessels that collect blood from the head, neck, upper limb, walls and organs of the chest and abdominal cavity. Top itself vena cava(v. cava superior) (Fig. 210, 211, 215, 233, 234) is located in the front ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

Arteries and veins of the heart (aa. et vv. cordis)- The inferior vena cava is cut off and turned upward, the coronary sinus is opened. Back view. right atrium; inferior vena cava (turned up); small vein of the heart; right coronary artery; valve of the coronary sinus; coronary sinus; back… … Atlas of human anatomy

Heart- (cor) is the main element of the cardio vascular system, providing blood flow in the vessels, and is a hollow muscular organ of a cone-shaped shape, located behind the sternum on the tendon center of the diaphragm, between the right and left ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

Large and small circles of blood circulation- (Fig. 215) are formed by the vessels leaving the heart and are closed circles. The pulmonary circulation includes the pulmonary trunk (truncus pulmonalis) (Fig. 210, 215) and two pairs of pulmonary veins (vv. pulmonales) (Fig. 211, 214A, 214B ... Atlas of human anatomy

Heart- I Heart The heart (Latin cor, Greek cardia) is a hollow fibromuscular organ that, functioning as a pump, ensures the movement of blood in the circulatory system. Anatomy The heart is located in anterior mediastinum(mediastinum) in the pericardium between ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

Pericardium- The pericardium is the sac in which the heart is located. It has the shape of an obliquely cut cone with a lower base located on the diaphragm and an apex reaching almost to the level of the angle of the sternum. The width of the pericardium ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

Right atrium- The top of the right atrium (atrium dextrum) (Fig. 215) forms the right ear (auricula dextra) (Fig. 210), and the expanded part is the confluence of large venous vessels. The superior vena cava (v. cava superior) flows into the right atrium ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

Left atrium- From the front upper wall left atrium (atrium sinistrum) (Fig. 215) leaves the left ear (auricula sinistra) (Fig. 210, 211), covering the beginning of the pulmonary trunk. In the posterior section of the upper wall are four openings of the pulmonary veins (ostia ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

B) carry arterial blood out of the lungs; they emerge from the hilum of the lungs, usually two from each lung (although the number of pulmonary veins can be as high as 3-5 or more). Each pair is distinguished superior pulmonary vein, v. pulmonalis superior, and inferior pulmonary vein, v. pulmonalis inferior. All of them, leaving the gates of the lungs, follow in the transverse direction to the left atrium and flow into it in the region of its posterolateral sections. The right pulmonary veins are longer than the left and lie inferior to the right pulmonary artery and posterior to the superior vena cava, right atrium, and ascending aorta; The left pulmonary veins run anterior to the descending aorta.

Pulmonary veins begin with powerful capillary networks of pulmonary acini, the capillaries of which, merging, form larger venous trunks (intrasegmental part, pars intrasegmentalis), heading to the free or intersegmental surface of the segment and flowing into the intersegmental part, pars intersegmentalis. Both of these parts form segmental veins, which lie mainly in the connective tissue intersegmental septa, which serves as an accurate guide for segmental lung resection.

From the right lung, arterial blood flows through the right upper and lower pulmonary veins (see Fig. , , , ).

Right upper pulmonary vein, v. pulmonalis superior dextra , is formed by the segmental veins of the segments of the upper and middle lobes of the lung.

1. Apical branch, r. apicalis, is a short venous trunk located on the mediastinal surface of the upper lobe; collects blood from the apical segment. Before flowing into the right superior pulmonary vein, it often connects with the posterior segmental branch.
2. Back branch, r. posterior, receives blood from the posterior segment. It is the largest of the segmental veins of the upper lobe.
3. It distinguishes intrasegmental part, pars intrasegmentalis, and sublobar part, pars infralobaris, collecting blood from the interlobar surface of the lobe in the region of the oblique fissure.
4. Anterior branch, r. anterior, collects blood from the anterior segment of the upper lobe. Sometimes the anterior and posterior branches flow into a common trunk.
5. Branch of the middle share, r. lobi medii, collects blood from segments of the middle lobe of the right lung. Sometimes this vein, which collects blood from two segments, flows into the right upper pulmonary vein in the form of one trunk, but more often it is formed by two parts: lateral part, pars lateralis, and medial part, pars medialis, draining the lateral and medial segments, respectively.

Right lower pulmonary vein, v. pulmonalis inferior dextra , collects blood from 5 segments of the lower lobe. It has two main tributaries: the superior branch and the common basal vein.

1. Upper branch, r. superior, lies between the upper and basal segments. It is formed from the main and accessory veins, goes anteriorly and downwards and passes behind the apical segmental bronchus. This is the most superior branch of those flowing into the right lower pulmonary vein. The main vein, in accordance with the bronchus, has three tributaries: medial, superior and lateral, which are located mainly intersegmentally, but can also occur inside the segment. Through the accessory vein, blood flows from the upper part of the upper segment of the CVI to the sublobar part of the posterior segmental vein of the posterior segment of the upper lobe.

2. Common basal vein, r. basalis communis, is a short trunk formed as a result of the fusion of the superior and inferior basal veins, the main trunks of which are located deep from the anterior surface of the lobe.

1. Superior basal vein, v, basalis superior, is formed by the confluence of the largest of the segmental basal veins - anterior basal branch, r. basalis anterior, and veins collecting blood from the anterior, lateral and medial basal segments.
2. , approaches the common basal vein from its inferior posterior surface. The main tributary of this vein is the posterior basal branch, which collects blood from the posterior basal segment; it may sometimes approach the superior basal vein.

From the left lung, arterial blood flows through the left upper and lower pulmonary veins, which in rare cases can open with one opening into the left atrium (see Fig. , , , , ).

Left upper pulmonary vein, r. pulmonalis superior sinistra , collects blood from the upper lobe of the left lung. It is formed by the confluence of the upper, middle and lower tributaries, with the upper tributary draining the apical-posterior segment, the middle and lower - the reed segments.

1. The posterior apex branch, r. apicoposterior, is formed by the confluence of the apical and posterior segmental veins and is a trunk that provides outflow from the apical-posterior segment. The vein lies in the intersegmental fissure, and the confluence of its tributaries occurs on the mediastinal surface of the lobe.
2. Anterior branch, r. anterior, collects blood from the anterior segment of the upper lobe.
3. Reed branch, r. lingularis, more often it is formed from two parts: upper and lower, pars superior et pars inferior, into which blood flows from the same reed segments.

Left inferior pulmonary vein, v. pulmonalis inferior sinistra , is formed by the connection of two tributaries that collect blood from the lower lobe of the left lung.

1. Upper branch, r. superior, collects blood from the upper segment of the lower lobe.
2. Common basal vein, v. basalis communis, short, goes inwards and upwards and lies behind the anterior basal segmental bronchus. It is formed by the superior and inferior basal veins.

Superior basal vein, v. basalis superior, crosses the posterior surface of the cardiac basal segmental bronchus in the transverse direction. Falls into it anterior basal branch, r. basalis anterior, diverting blood from the anterior and medial basal segments.

Inferior basal vein, v. basalis inferior, flows into the common basal vein. Its tributaries are the segmental branches of the lateral and posterior segments, and the number, topography, and size of these branches vary.

Veins of the right lung. The veins of the lung from the side of the mediastinum lie more superficial than the arteries. While the arteries go along with the bronchi in the thickness of the lobe and segment, the veins are located along the periphery of the segment and, collecting blood from the segments and lobes, merge into 2 large pulmonary veins.

Veins of the upper and middle lobes. The veins of the upper and middle lobes on the right are collected into one upper pulmonary vein. The location and number of branches varies. The first and more superficial branch of the superior pulmonary vein is called, according to A. V. Melnikov, the superior vein. It is formed from the confluence of 2 veins - apical and anterior.
Second vein, which occurs in the anterior approach, is the inferior vein of the superior lobe. It runs along the lower edge of the upper lobe at the level of the horizontal fissure.

The third, larger and deeper vein of the upper lobe - the posterior vein, is formed from the confluence of 3 small branches. Two veins of the middle lobe flow into the upper pulmonary vein in 1 or 2 trunks.

Veins of the lower lobe. All veins of the right lower lobe flow into the inferior pulmonary vein, which enters the left atrium not only below, but also behind the superior pulmonary vein. It is, as it were, hidden by the lower lobe and the anterior layer of the pulmonary ligament stretched upward. This vein is best seen from the posterior surface.
Inferior pulmonary vein it is formed from the superior lobar or apical vein, which itself is often formed from 2 branches and 4 inferior segmental veins.

Veins of the left lung. As on the right, the veins of the left lung are most often collected in 2 large veins - the upper and lower, which flow into the left atrium. In this case, the veins of the upper lobe flow into the superior pulmonary vein, and the lower lobe into the lower one.

Veins of the upper lobe. 3 large veins of the upper lobe, merging, form the upper. The superior lobar vein, according to A. V. Melnikov, has an unequal relation to the arteries. In the first variant, its main branch lies more superficial than its corresponding artery. In the second case, the vein supplying the apex goes deeper than the artery and fits under the ascending artery, located in the gap between its branches. Both options are equally common.
Second vein(middle) is formed from the confluence of 2 veins. Its length is insignificant and ranges from 0.5 to 2 cm.

third vein- lower lobar - is formed from the confluence of 2, upper and lower, lingular veins. Thus, 3 instead of 4 or 5 flow into the left upper pulmonary vein on the right.

Veins of the lower lobe located below and deeper than the arteries. Hence, they are more hidden and better protected than the arteries. The veins of the lower lobe repeat the course of the same arteries, with the exception of the terminal sections. All veins of the left lower lobe empty into the inferior pulmonary vein. The superior vein, larger and independent, abruptly separates from the underlying ones and is formed from 3 branches.

Next, edge, vein sometimes merges with the previous one just before it flows into the lower pulmonary vein. And finally, 2 or 3 veins come from the lower anterior and lower posterior segments of the lobe.
Bronchial veins multiple and are located around the main bronchus in the form of thin venous trunks. Their number is very variable.

Of great interest is the fact that bronchial veins have distinct anastomoses with branches of the pulmonary veins. When ligating the pulmonary veins in the experiment, an extensive network of fairly large venous trunks develops in the region of the lung root, through which the outflow of venous blood from the lung into the system of vena cava (in v. azygos, etc.) occurs.

Works recent years show that in quite in large numbers there are interlobar and intersegmental vascular anastomoses(E.V. Serova and others) as well as arteriovenous anastomoses of the lungs (A.V. Ryvkind, N.S. Berlyand). At the same time, undoubted anastomoses were established between the system of bronchial and pulmonary arteries. Taken together, it explains the ineffectiveness of ligation of the lobar artery and the inconsistent effect of ligation of the main branch of the pulmonary artery.

From the capillaries of the lung, venules begin, which merge into larger veins and eventually form two pulmonary veins in each lung. Of the two right pulmonary veins, the upper one has a larger diameter, since blood flows from the two lobes of the right lung (upper and middle) through it. Of the two left pulmonary veins, the inferior vein has the larger diameter. In the gates of the right and left lungs, the pulmonary veins occupy their lower part. In the posterior upper part of the root of the right lung is the main right bronchus, anterior and downward from it is the right pulmonary artery. At the top of the left lung is the pulmonary artery, behind and below it is the left main bronchus. The pulmonary veins of the right lung lie below the artery of the same name, follow almost horizontally and, on their way to the heart, are located behind the superior vena cava. Both left pulmonary veins, which are somewhat shorter than the right ones, are located under the left main bronchus and are directed to the heart in a transverse direction. The right and left pulmonary veins, piercing the pericardium, flow into the left atrium (their terminal sections are covered with the epicardium).

The right upper pulmonary vein collects blood not only from the upper, but also from the middle lobe of the right lung. From the upper lobe of the right lung, blood flows through three veins (tributaries): apical, anterior and posterior. Each of them, in turn, is formed from the confluence of smaller veins: intrasegmental, intersegmental, etc. From the middle lobe of the right lung, blood outflow occurs through the vein of the middle lobe, which is formed from the lateral and medial parts (veins).

The right inferior pulmonary vein collects blood from five segments of the lower lobe of the right lung: superior and basal - medial, lateral, anterior and posterior. From the first of them, blood flows through the superior vein, which is formed as a result of the merger of two parts (veins) - intrasegmental and intersegmental. From all the basal segments, blood flows through the common basal vein, which is formed from two tributaries - the superior and inferior basal veins. The common basal vein merges with the superior vein of the lower lobe to form the right inferior pulmonary vein.

The left superior pulmonary vein collects blood from the upper lobe of the left lung (its apical-posterior, anterior, and upper and lower lingual segments). This vein has three tributaries: the posterior apex, anterior, and lingual veins. Each of them is formed from the confluence of two parts (veins): posterior apical vein - from intrasegmental and intersegmental; anterior vein - from intrasegmental and intersegmental and reed vein - from the upper and lower parts (veins).

The left inferior pulmonary vein is larger than the right vein of the same name and carries blood from the lower lobe of the left lung. From the upper segment of the lower lobe of the left lung, the superior vein departs, which is formed from the confluence of two parts (veins) - intrasegmental and intersegmental. From all the basal segments of the lower lobe of the left lung, as in the right lung, blood flows through the common basal vein. It is formed from the confluence of the superior and inferior basal veins. The anterior basal vein flows into the upper one, which, in turn, merges from two parts (veins) - intrasegmental and intersegmental. As a result of the confluence of the superior vein and the common basal vein, the left inferior pulmonary vein is formed.