Boris parsnak twin in the clouds. twin in the clouds

[First book] Pasternak, B. Gemini in the clouds. Poems by Boris Pasternak/ previous N. Aseeva. Moscow: Lyrica, 1914. 48, p. 17×12.8 cm. In the publisher's cover. Cover restoration. The title and last pages have been restored. Circulation 200 copies.

Great rarity.

In December 1913 (with the date "1914" on the title page) "Twin in the Clouds" was published - the first book of poems by Boris Pasternak. Its appearance was preceded by several years of irregular poetic and prose experiments, from which a certain number of sketches and several poems have survived. The rest, apparently, was destroyed by the author. The poems of "Twin in the Clouds" were written in a row as a coherent book, which was supposed to become a program. Nearby, two of Pasternak's comrades, Sergei Bobrov and Nikolai Aseev, wrote and published the same debut books, with whom he would soon form the futuristic Centrifuge group. The book really became a stage in the writer's self-determination of the author - only after it does he begin to talk about his literary pursuits as a profession.

Pasternak abandoned the hand-drawn cover in his literary debut, insisting on an ascetic design. Friends from Lyrica wanted to create a kind of negative publicity for the book, to raise a fuss, they offered to provide it with a sharp preface by Sergei Bobrov - Pasternak categorically refused public noise. The book was published with a preface by Nikolai Aseev, who declared Pasternak's lyrics "oppositional". The book and its preface were mocked in literary circles: after all, the author himself and his critic are unknown to anyone! Mayakovsky and his company behaved defiantly insultingly: about "Twin in the Clouds", for example, "The First Journal of Russian Futurists" responded quite ugly. As, however, about all the "lyricists", about all the "products" of the Bobrovsky-Aseevsky-Pasternak publishing house: “And now they are already collecting cigarette butts scattered by their predecessors, boringly sucking a squeezed and sleeping lemon and nibbling tiny pieces of sugar ...” .

It is interesting that in "The Twin in the Clouds", as well as in the two subsequent books of Pasternak's poems, there are no dating of poems, which was rather an exception for the poetry of the 1900-1910s. For the first time, poems with dates appear in Pasternak's book Themes and Variations, published in 1923.

Okhlopkov, p. 138.

Estimate: 750,000 - 800,000 rubles.

My sister is life. To live and burn at all in custom. Life and immortality are one. Museum of Boris Pasternak. 1913 - first publication. In 1922, the artist Evgenia Lurie became the first wife of the poet. The first collection of poems by Boris Pasternak appeared in 1914. The bitterness of world recognition. From childhood, the future writer is surrounded by friends of his parents. Biography of Boris Pasternak. Monuments to the poet Pasternak.

"Biography of Pasternak" - Lyrics. Chistopol. Years of the Great Patriotic War. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak. Boris Pasternak street. Biography. Pasternak's autograph. Postcard of the USSR. Creative hobby. Bed.

"Brief biography of Boris Pasternak" - The novel "Doctor Zhivago". Philosophical lyrics. Friends of Boris Pasternak. The inseparability of the connection between man and nature in Pasternak's lyrics. Translations. Hamlet. The last book of poetry. Variety of gifts. Creativity of B.L. Pasternak. Twin in the clouds. Nature has become the main lyrical hero in Pasternak's poetry. A family. Family friends. Lyricism and spirituality of poetry. Nobel Prize. Sincere and tender friendship connected B. Pasternak and Anna Akhmatova.

"The Life of Pasternak" - Originality artistic image. Marburg. The authorities forced the poet to refuse the prize. Months of fighting. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak. Trial of Pasternak. Doctor of Philology. Parents. Swedish Academy of Letters. Collection "My sister is life". The novel Doctor Zhivago. Stages of life and creativity. Time for ridiculous suspicions.

"Pasternak's Lyrics" - "My sister is life." The purpose of the lesson. Second birth. The poem "In everything I want to get to the very essence ...". "The candle was burning..." "To reach the very essence" - that is, to reach the fundamental principle. Love is a powerful element that invariably brings primordial chaos. A time of intense personal creativity. Analysis of the early poem "February ...". Music of the approaching spring. "High Illness". "Beloved - horror! When a poet loves...

"B. Pasternak" - Boryusha flew off his horse. Circles of Moscow writers. Pasternak wrote letters to Ivinskaya and dedicated poems. Boris Pasternak has 4 grandchildren and 10 great-grandchildren. Leonid Osipovich Pasternak with his wife Rosalia Isidorovna. Pasternak makes a trip to Georgia. The period of official Soviet recognition of Pasternak's work. The night of Sunday 5 November 2006. He stood up for the husband and son of Anna Akhmatova. He died on May 30, 1960 in Peredelkino.

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From the book of fate . Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (January 29 (February 10), 1890, Moscow - May 30, 1960, Peredelkino) - Russian poet and writer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1958).

life and creation

The future poet was born in Moscow into an intelligent Jewish family. Pasternak's parents, father - artist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts Leonid Osipovich (Isaak Iosifovich) Pasternak (1862-1945) and mother - pianist Rosalia Isidorovna Pasternak (nee Raytsa Srulevna Kaufman, 1868-1939), moved to Moscow from Odessa in 1889, a year before his birth. Boris was born in a house at the intersection of Arms Lane and Second Tverskaya-Yamskaya Street, where they settled. In addition to the eldest, Boris, Alexander (1893-1982), Josephine (1900-1993) and Lydia (1902-1989) were born in the Pasternak family. Until about 1920, according to documents, Pasternak bore the patronymic Isaakovich.

The Pasternak family maintained friendship with famous artists (I. I. Levitan, M. V. Nesterov, V. D. Polenov, N. N. Ge), musicians and writers, including Leo Tolstoy, visited the house. In 1900, Rainer Maria Rilke met the Pasternak family during his second visit to Moscow.

At the age of 13, under the influence of the composer A. N. Scriabin, Pasternak became interested in music, which he studied for six years (two of his piano sonatas have survived). In 1903, with

I broke my leg in a fall from a horse and

improper fusion (a slight lameness, which Pasternak hid, remained for life) was released from military service. Subsequently, the poet gave Special attention this episode as awakening his creative powers (it happened on August 6 (19), on the day of the Transfiguration).

On October 25, 1905, he fell under the Cossack whips when he ran into a crowd of protesters on Myasnitskaya Street, which was driven by mounted police. This episode will be included in Pasternak's books.

In 1900, Pasternak was not admitted to the fifth gymnasium (now Moscow school No. 91) due to the percentage rate, but at the suggestion of the director, the next year, 1901, he immediately entered the second grade. From 1906 to 1908, in the fifth gymnasium, two classes younger than Pasternak, Vladimir Mayakovsky studied in the same class with Pasternak's brother Shura.

Pasternak graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal and all the highest scores, except for the law of God, from which he was released. After a series of hesitation, he gave up his career as a professional musician and composer. In 1908 he entered the legal department of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University (later transferred to the philosophical one). In the summer of 1912 he studied philosophy at the University of Marburg in Germany under the head of the Marburg neo-Kantian school, Prof. Hermann Cohen. Then he made an offer to Ida Vysotskaya (daughter of a major tea merchant D. V. Vysotsky), but was refused, as described in the poem "Marburg". In 1912 ode, together with his parents and sisters, visits Venice, which is reflected in his poems of that time. I met in Germany with my cousin Olga Freidenberg (daughter of the writer and inventor Moses Filippovich Freidenberg). With her, he was connected by many years of friendship and correspondence. After a trip to Marburg, Pasternak also refused to further study philosophy. At the same time, he began to enter the circles of Moscow writers. He participated in the meetings of the circle of the symbolist publishing house "Musaget", then in the literary and artistic circle of Yulian Anisimov and Vera Stanevich, from which the short-lived post-symbolist group "Lyrika" grew. From 1914, Pasternak joined the Centrifuge futurist community (which also included other former members of the Lyrics - Nikolai Aseev and Sergei Bobrov). In the same year, he became closely acquainted with another futurist - Vladimir Mayakovsky, whose personality and work had a certain influence on him. Later, in the 1920s, Pasternak maintained ties with Mayakovsky's LEF group, but on the whole, after the revolution, he took an independent position, not being a member of any associations.

Pasternak's first poems were published in 1913 (the collective collection of the Lyrika group), the first book, The Twin in the Clouds, at the end of the same year (on the cover of 1914), was perceived by Pasternak himself as immature. In 1928, half of the poems "Twin in the Clouds" and three poems from the collection of the group "Lyrics" were combined by Pasternak into the "Initial Time" cycle and heavily revised (some were actually completely rewritten); the rest of the early experiments were not republished during Pasternak's lifetime. Nevertheless, it was after the “Twin in the Clouds” that Pasternak began to realize himself as a professional writer.

In 1916, the collection "Over the Barriers" was published. Pasternak spent the winter and spring of 1916 in the Urals, near the city of Alexandrovsky, Perm province, in the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva, accepting an invitation to work in the office of the manager of the Vsevolodo-Vilvensky chemical plants, Boris Zbarsky, as an assistant for business correspondence and trade and financial reporting. It is widely believed that the prototype of the city of Yuriatin from Doctor Zhivago is the city of Perm. In the same year, the poet visited the Berezniki soda plant on the Kama. In a letter to S.P. Bobrov dated June 24, 1916 (the day after leaving home in Vsevolodo-Vilva), Boris calls the soda plant "Lubimov, Solvay and K" and the European-style settlement under it "a small industrial Belgium".

Pasternak's parents and his sisters left Soviet Russia in 1921 at the personal request of A. V. Lunacharsky and settled in Berlin. Pasternak's active correspondence begins with them and Russian emigration circles in general, in particular, with Marina Tsvetaeva, and through her - with R.-M. Rilke.

In 1922, Pasternak married the artist Evgenia Lurie, with whom he spent the second half of the year and the entire winter of 1922-23 visiting his parents in Berlin. In the same 1922, the poet’s program book “My Sister is Life” was published, most of whose poems were written in the summer of 1917. The following year, 1923 (September 23), a son, Evgeny, is born in the Pasternak family.

In the 1920s, the collection Themes and Variations (1923), the novel in verse Spectorsky (1925), the High Illness cycle, the poems The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year and Lieutenant Schmidt were also created. In 1928, Pasternak turned to prose. By 1930, he was completing his autobiographical notes "Protective Letter", which outlines his fundamental views on art and creativity.

At the end of the 20s - the beginning of the 30s, there was a short period of official Soviet recognition of Pasternak's work. He takes an active part in the activities of the Union of Writers of the USSR and in 1934 he delivered a speech at its first congress, at which N. I. Bukharin called for Pasternak to be officially named the best poet Soviet Union. His large single volume from 1933 to 1936 is reprinted annually.

Having met Zinaida Nikolaevna Neuhaus (nee Eremeeva, 1897-1966), at that time the wife of the pianist G. G. Neuhaus, together with her in 1931 Pasternak made a trip to Georgia, where he met the poets T. Tabidze, P. Yashvili. Having interrupted his first marriage, in 1932 Pasternak marries Z. N. Neuhaus. In the same year, his book "The Second Birth" was published - Pasternak's attempt to join the spirit of that time. On the night of January 1, 1938, Pasternak and his second wife have a son, Leonid (future physicist, d. 1976).

In 1935, Pasternak participated in the work of the International Congress of Writers in Defense of Peace, which was held in Paris, where it happened to him nervous breakdown(his last trip abroad). In January 1936, Pasternak published two poems addressed with words of admiration to I.V. Stalin, but by the middle of 1936 the attitude of the authorities towards him was changing - he was reproached not only for “detachment from life”, but also for “worldview, not corresponding to the epoch”, and unconditionally demand a thematic and ideological restructuring. This leads to Pasternak's first long streak of alienation from official literature. As interest in Soviet power wanes, Pasternak's poems take on a more personal and tragic tone.

In 1935, Pasternak stood up for her husband and son Anna Akhmatova, who was released from prison after letters to Stalin from Pasternak and Akhmatova. In 1937, he shows great civic courage - he refuses to sign a letter approving the execution of Tukhachevsky and others, defiantly visits the house of the repressed Pilnyak.

In 1936 he settled in a dacha in Peredelkino, where he lived intermittently until the end of his life. By the end of the 30s, he turned to prose and translations, which in the 40s became the main source of his income. During that period, Pasternak created classic translations of many of Shakespeare's tragedies, Goethe's Faust, F. Schiller's Mary Stuart.

He spent 1942-1943 in evacuation in Chistopol. He helped many people financially, including the daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva - Ariadne Efron.

In 1946, Pasternak met O. V. Ivinskaya and she became the "muse" of the poet. He dedicated many poems to her. Until the death of Pasternak, they had a close relationship.

In 1952, Pasternak had his first heart attack, described in the poem "In the Hospital", full of deep religious feelings:

Oh Lord, how perfect

Your deeds, thought the patient,

Beds and people and walls

Night of death and the city at night.

Ending up in a hospital bed

I feel the warmth of your hands.

You hold me like a product

And you hide, like a ring, in a case.

"Doctor Zhivago"

The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was created over ten years, from 1945 to 1955. Being, according to the writer himself, the pinnacle of his work as a prose writer, the novel is a wide canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the backdrop of a dramatic period from the beginning of the century to civil war. The novel is permeated with high poetics, accompanied by poems by the protagonist - Yuri Andreevich Zhivago. The novel, which touches on the innermost issues of human life - the secrets of life and death, questions of history, Christianity, Jewry, was sharply negatively received by the Soviet literary environment, rejected for publication due to the author's ambiguous position in relation to the October Revolution and subsequent changes in the life of the country. So, for example, E. G. Kazakevich, by that time the editor-in-chief of the Literary Moscow magazine, after reading the novel, said: “It turns out, judging by the novel, the October Revolution is a misunderstanding and it was better not to do it,” K. M. Simonov , editor-in-chief of Novy Mir, also responded with a refusal: “Pasternak must not be given a tribune!”.

The publication of the novel in the West - first in Italy in 1957 by the pro-communist Feltrinelli publishing house, and then in Great Britain, through the mediation of the famous philosopher and diplomat Sir Isaiah Berlin - led to a real persecution of Pasternak in the Soviet press, his expulsion from the Union of Writers of the USSR, outright insults in his address from the pages of Soviet newspapers. The Moscow organization of the Union of Writers of the USSR, as well as the Board of the Union of Writers, demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the Soviet Union and the deprivation of his Soviet citizenship. Among the writers who demanded expulsion were L. I. Oshanin, A. I. Bezymensky, S. A. Baruzdin, B. N. Polevoy and many others. It should be noted that a negative attitude towards the novel was also expressed by some Russian writers in the West, including V. V. Nabokov.

Nobel Prize

From 1946 to 1950, Pasternak was nominated annually for the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1958, his candidacy was proposed by last year's laureate Albert Camus, and Pasternak became the second writer from Russia (after I. A. Bunin) to receive this award. The awarding of the award was perceived by Soviet propaganda as an excuse to increase persecution. In the writing environment, this fact was also perceived negatively. Here is what Sergei Smirnov said about the award: “... that they managed not to notice Tolstoy, Gorky, Mayakovsky, Sholokhov, but they noticed Bunin. And only when he became an émigré, and only because he became an émigré and an enemy of the Soviet people.”

Despite the fact that the prize was awarded to Pasternak “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel”, by the efforts of the official authorities, it should have been remembered as associated only with the novel “Doctor Zhivago”, the anti-Soviet essence of which is constantly was emphasized by all and sundry, from literary critics to lecturers of the Knowledge society. Pasternak was also subjected to personal pressure, which ultimately forced him to refuse the prize. In a telegram sent to the Swedish Academy, Pasternak wrote: “Because of the significance that the award awarded to me has received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not take my voluntary refusal as an insult. Despite the expulsion from the Union of Writers of the USSR, Pasternak continues to be a member of the Literary Fund, receive royalties, and publish. Because of the poem "Nobel Prize" published in the West, he was summoned to the Prosecutor General of the USSR R. A. Rudenko in February 1959, where he was charged under Article 64 "Treason to the Motherland", but this event had no consequences for him , possibly because the poem was published without his permission.

In the summer of 1959, Pasternak began work on the remaining unfinished play, The Blind Beauty, but a disease (lung cancer) that was soon discovered, bedridden him in the last months of his life.

June-July 2016

Illustrations:

photo of B. L. Pasternak of different years;

photo of the poet's parents; photo of the poet's brother Alexander;

photo of the sons of the poet Eugene and Leonid;

photo by E. V. Pasternak; photo by Z. N. Pasternak;

photo by O. V. Ivinskaya; photo by A. A. Akhmatova; photo by K. I. Chukovsky;

autograph of the poem "Being famous is ugly";

the house in Marburg where Pasternak lived;

Peredelkino poet's office;

covers of some books by B. L. Pasternak.

Sources: D. Bykov "Boris Pasternak" (ZhZL series), internet...

Dedications to the poet

Boris Pasternak

Distance: versts, miles...

We were placed, they were planted,

To be quiet

On two different ends of the earth.

Distance: versts, distances...

We were glued, unsoldered,

In two hands they parted, crucified,

And they did not know that it was an alloy

Inspiration and tendons...

Not quarreled - quarreled,

Stratified...

Wall and moat.

They settled us like eagles

Conspirators: miles, gave ...

Not upset - lost.

Through the slums of the earth's latitudes

We were scattered like orphans.

Which one, well, which one is March?!

They smashed us - like a deck of cards!

Poet (Boris Pasternak)

He, who compared himself to a horse's eye,

Looks, looks, sees, recognizes,

And now a molten diamond

The puddles are shining, the ice is languishing.

Backyards lie in purple haze,

Platforms, logs, leaves, clouds.

The whistle of a locomotive, the crunch of a watermelon peel,

In a fragrant husky, a timid hand.

Rings, rattles, rattles, beats with surf

And suddenly quiet down - it means he

Fearfully makes his way through the needles,

In order not to frighten away the space, a light sleep.

And that means he's counting grains

In empty ears, it means he

To the Daryal slab, cursed and black,

Came back from a funeral.

And again Moscow languor burns,

A deadly bell rings in the distance ...

Who got lost a stone's throw from home,

Where the snow is waist-deep and everything ends ...

For comparing the smoke with Laocoön,

Cemetery sang the thistle,

For filling the world with a new ringing

In the space of the new reflected stanzas, -

He is rewarded with some kind of eternal childhood,

That generosity and vigilance of the luminaries,

And all the earth was his inheritance,

And he shared it with everyone.

In memory of Boris Pasternak

"... the Board of the Literary Fund of the USSR

announces the death of a writer, a member of the Literary Fund,

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak,

after a severe and prolonged illness,

and expresses condolences to the family of the deceased.

The only one that appeared in the newspapers, or rather,

in one - "Literary newspaper",

Message about the death of B. L. Pasternak.

Dismantled wreaths on brooms,

Lost for half an hour...

That he died in his bed!

And labukhs tormented Chopin,

And there was a solemn farewell...

He did not lather loops in Yelabuga.

And I didn’t go crazy in Suchan!

Even Kyiv « scribes"

They were in time for his wake! ..

How proud we are, contemporaries,

That he died in his bed!

And not that with something over forty,

Exactly seventy - the age of death,

And not just some stepson,

Member of the Literary Fund - the deceased estimate!

Ah, the paws of the Christmas tree crumbled,

His blizzards rang...

What are we proud of, bastards,

That he died in his bed!

"It's shallow, it's shallow, all over the earth, to all limits,

The candle burned on the table, the candle burned ..».

No, not a candle

The chandelier was on fire!

Glasses on the face of the executioner

They sparkled brightly!

And the hall yawned, and the hall was bored -

Meli, Emelya!

After all, not in prison, and not in Suchan,

Not to the "highest measure"!

And not to the crown of thorns

wheeling,

And like a log in the face,

And someone drunk asked:

"For what? Who is there?

And someone ate, and someone neighed

Over the joke...

We won't forget this laugh

And this boredom!

We will remember everyone by name

Who raised their hand!

"The hum is quiet. I went out to the stage.

Leaning against the door frame .. ".

So the slander and disputes have ceased,

As if taking a day off from eternity ...

And marauders stood over the coffin,

And they carry an honorary ...

In memory of Pasternak

Poets, by-products of Russia!

They always carried you out the back door.

In the old cemetery with oblique crosses

illiterate peasants were baptized.

Relatives crowded in a pitiful handful

in Tarkhany, as in the thirty-seventh in Svyatogorsk.

And I am an outsider, tearful junker,

at the edge of the grave frozen along the line.

I cry, I'm not ashamed of tears and do not hide,

although I am crying out of shame for my country.

What do we care what posterity will say?

Poetry buried in the ground bastards.

We give up our glory for free:

as you can see, it is not in our barns.

As you can see, we have no end of it -

true poetry - at least do not print!

Only pines with poetry will act honestly:

grasping by the roots, they will not yield to anyone.

Schoolboy

Your idol took you to the premiere.

And Lyubimov - Romeo!

And your shoulder is numb

from the presence on the left.

Something will! Whenever the hour strikes

you would gladly give your life

behind a glow-washed profile

in the dark over a sweatshirt.

Suddenly Lyubov's rapier -

lucky you godson! -

breaking off, slammed from the stage

into the arm of your chair.

It was creepy and fun

from such an event.

You are a piece of unsolved steel

took with his lips, forgetting.

“How I love you, Boris Leonidovich! -

You thought I was lucky to be born.

My life is a hospital transfer,

you might find it useful..”

Straighten up, my childhood is bent.

Childhood. Self-forgetfulness.

And a prophetic rapier.

And such is Russia!

A year later he flew over us

in a white coffin against the sky,

as if in a boat - thrown back,

who took the oars on his chest is a rower.

It was not a burial.

There was a will of heaven cheekbones.

There was a rowing exhalation over the homeland -

he sighed too hard for her.

In Peredelkino

In the thundering heavenly tub

White clouds are blue.

Dried from them and dried up,

And the wind swept all corners.

And taken out to me by a parrot

Tubule case:

The hillock descends to the pines

And to the gray slab of rock.

Oh, the country verandas are desolated.

Hallway. (Before - canopy).

And the narrow staircase is cool

Leads you right there.

By the washed

impassable in the rain,

On these worn steps

He is in slippers - through the steps ...

Water dripped from shoes.

And there - wide and high.

The expanse of thinned glade.

The East looks to the West

And the light is changeable double.

On herbs infused smell

Strained through a gauze of mist,

And flashes in the shining glasses,

And eternity wanders by.

There are books. They are less than few.

There is the depression of a narrow bed.

The office is waiting for him

Sheets hidden in a box.

Birches grew quickly

And, God, the birches are out of place! -

After all, the beloved field is frozen,

Breathing from the right hand.

No wonder the poet's corner

All mankind needs.

His poems with the music of the world -

Relatives. Like a streak of dawn.

See how few things are

How mean

how freely outside,

When so without measure - takeaway

And so recklessly inside.

Mikhail Leonovich Gasparov was born on April 13, 1935 in Moscow. In 1978 he defended his doctoral dissertation in philology. Specialist in the field of classical philology, ancient history, General Poetics and Theory of Translation, Chief Researcher at the Institute for Higher Humanitarian Studies. The directions of his scientific research are versification, general poetics, theory and practice of translation...