Preparation for oge in biology. Biology as a science

The 2019 state final certification in biology for graduates of the 9th grade of general educational institutions is carried out in order to assess the level of general education of graduates in this discipline. The tasks test knowledge of the following sections of biology:

The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural-science picture of the world, in the practical activities of people.
The cellular structure of organisms as evidence of their relationship, the unity of living nature.
signs of organisms. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Kingdom of Bacteria. Mushroom Kingdom.
Kingdom of Plants.
Kingdom Animals.
The general plan of the structure and processes of life. The similarity of man with animals and the difference from them. Reproduction and development of the human body.
Neurohumoral regulation of vital processes of the body.
support and movement.
Internal environment.
Transport of substances.
Food. Breath.
Metabolism. Selection. Body covers.
Sense organs.
Psychology and human behavior.
Compliance with sanitary and hygienic norms and rules healthy lifestyle life. Techniques for providing first aid.
Influence of ecological factors on organisms.
Ecosystem organization of wildlife. Biosphere. The doctrine of the evolution of the organic world.

In this section you will find online tests that will help you prepare for passing the OGE (GIA) in biology. We wish you success!

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2019 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current structure of the exam, only 22 of these questions offer answers. But for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers in all tasks. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (KIMs), the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will encounter at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2018 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current structure of the exam, only 22 of these questions offer answers. But for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers in all tasks. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (KIMs), the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will encounter at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2017 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current structure of the exam, only 22 of these questions offer answers. But for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers in all tasks. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (KIMs), the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will encounter at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2016 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current structure of the exam, only 22 of these questions offer answers. But for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers in all tasks. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (KIMs), the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will encounter at the end of the school year.

The standard OGE test (GIA-9) of the 2015 format in biology contains two parts. The first consists of 28 tasks with a short answer, the second - of 4 tasks with a detailed answer. In this regard, only the first part (i.e., the first 28 tasks) is presented in this test. According to the current structure of the exam, only 22 of these questions offer answers. But for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers in all tasks. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (KIMs), the number of answer options has been significantly increased in order to bring our test as close as possible to what you will encounter at the end of the school year.

one correct option.

When completing tasks A1-A24, select only one correct option.

a scale for recalculating the primary score for completing the 2020 examination paper into a mark on a five-point scale;
a scale for recalculating the primary score for completing the 2019 examination paper into a mark on a five-point scale;
a scale for recalculating the primary score for the completion of the examination paper in 2018 into a mark on a five-point scale;
a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper in 2017 into a mark on a five-point scale;
a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper in 2016 into a mark on a five-point scale;
a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper in 2015 into a mark on a five-point scale;
a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper in 2014 into a mark on a five-point scale;
a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper in 2013 into a mark on a five-point scale.

Changes in the demonstration versions of the OGE in biology

Demonstration options for the OGE in biology 2009-2014 consisted of 3 parts: tasks with a choice of answers, tasks with a short answer, tasks with a detailed answer.

2013 in the part 2 (B) was added practice-oriented assignment for correlation according to a given algorithm morphological features organism or its individual organs with the proposed models.

In 2014 in demonstration version of the OGE in biology the following changes:

in part 1(A) to 2 was abbreviated number of tasks
in part 2 (B) was added a new task with a choice of three correct answers out of six;
in part 3(C) was new task included on the application of biological knowledge in a practical situation;
the total number of tasks has not changed, but the maximum primary score for completing the exam risen from 43 to 46.

In 2015 in demo version of the OGE in biology, the structure of the option has changed:

The variant began to consist in two parts.
Numbering assignments has become through throughout the variant without letters A, B, C.
The form of recording the answer in tasks with a choice of answers has been changed: the answer has become necessary to write digit with the number of the correct answer(not circled).

AT demo versions of the OGE 2016 - 2019 in biology compared to 2015 demo there were no changes.

AT demo version of the OGE 2020 in biology Compared to the 2019 demo, the following occurred: changes:

It was reduced the number of tasks from 32 to 30.
Was reduced maximum primary score from 46 to 45.
Part 1 was new job models 1 and 20 included.
Part 2 was added new task 27, a assignments 31 and 32 reworked into new assignment 30.

OGE in biology is not included in the list of mandatory ones, but is chosen by students quite often. According to experts, most of the subjects pass the exam in this subject quite successfully, therefore the glory of a relatively easy one has stuck to the subject. Also, a number of 9th grade graduates plan to enter medical schools. Biology is also chosen upon admission to the 10th grade with a certain bias.At the stage of the 9th grade, there is not much material covered, it is quite accessible for understanding and mastering.

In 2018, the minimum threshold was 13 points - in other words, 13 tasks are required to pass the exam for a minimum mark. Maximum - 32 points for an "excellent" rating.
The structure of the biology exam is similar to the rest of the exams:

The first part is designed to check the level of knowledge of factual data, laws, terms. These are ordinary test tasks where you need to find the correct answer from the proposed ones, establish correspondence, sequence - the answers are displayed in the answer sheet.
The second part is a few tasks that require a detailed answer. It is necessary to solve the problem and describe in detail the course of conclusions.

According to the level of complexity, all tasks are divided into three levels of complexity, which allows you to qualitatively assess the student's preparation and the compliance of his knowledge with the norms and standards of the program: basic, advanced and high.

The first step is to decide on the goal to be achieved. Based on the goal, you can create a detailed preparation plan. Without a plan, the process of repetition and study of information will be sketchy, unsystematic, and the result will not be the highest. Familiarization with will allow you to create a plan according to which the preparation will be carried out. It is very important to organize yourself so as not to deviate from the plan, to practice regularly. The best thing is to combine independent work, attentiveness in the classroom and consultation with a teacher or tutor.
I will solve the OGE in biology - this is an additional opportunity to assess the level of knowledge, consolidate the theory, get used to working with test tasks different types and difficulty levels.
Is it possible to prepare from scratch?
Yes. It takes time, self-discipline and the opportunity to consult with a professional. In this case, it is recommended to hire a tutor and regularly complete assignments online.
It is recommended to start preparation at the beginning of the 9th grade in order to repeat the material for previous years:

General biology;
Anatomy;
Botany;
Ecology;
Zoology.

Considering the peculiarities of your knowledge, allocate time to repeat all of the listed courses.
The advantages of preparing with online testing: the ability to assess and consolidate knowledge, save time, the ability to immediately calculate points for correct answers, you can use the resource at any time, regardless of where you are.

THEORETICAL MATERIAL

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE. BIOLOGICAL METHODS

Biology - the science of life, its laws and forms of manifestation, its existence and distribution in time and space. It explores the origin of life and its essence, development, interrelationships and diversity. Biology belongs to the natural sciences.

For the first time the term "biology" was used by the German professor of anatomy T. Ruz in 1779. However, it became generally accepted in 1802, after the French naturalist J.-B. Lamarck.

Modern biology is a complex science, consisting of a number of independent scientific disciplines with their own objects of study.

BIOLOGICAL DISCIPLINES

Botany- plant science

Zoology- animal science,

Mycology- about mushrooms,

Virology- about viruses

Microbiology- about bacteria.

Anatomy- science that studies internal structure organisms (individual organs, tissues). Plant anatomy studies the structure of plants, animal anatomy - the structure of animals.

Morphology- science that studies external structure organisms

Physiology- a science that studies the processes of vital activity of the body, the functions of individual organs.

Hygiene- the science of preserving and strengthening human health.

Cytology- the science of the cell.

Histology- the science of tissues.

Systematics- the science of classifying living organisms. Classification - the division of organisms into groups (species, genera, families, etc.) based on structural features, origin, development, etc.

Paleontology- a science that studies the fossil remains (prints, fossils, etc.) of organisms.

Embryology- a science that studies the individual (embryonic) development of organisms.

Ecology The science that studies the relationships of organisms with each other and with environment.

Ethology- the science of animal behavior.

Genetics- the science of the laws of heredity and variability.

Selection- the science of breeding new and improving existing breeds of domestic animals, varieties of cultivated plants and strains of bacteria and fungi.

evolutionary doctrine- studies the origins and laws historical development life on earth.

Anthropology- the science of the origin and development of man.

Cell engineering- a branch of science dealing with the production of hybrid cells. An example is the hybridization of cancer cells and lymphocytes, the fusion of protoplasts of different plant cells, and cloning.

Genetic Engineering- a branch of science dealing with the production of hybrid molecules of DNA or RNA. If cell engineering works at the cell level, then gene engineering works at the molecular level. In this case, experts "transplant" the genes of one organism to another. One of the results of genetic engineering is the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Bionics- a direction in science that searches for opportunities to apply the principles of organization, properties and structures of wildlife in technical devices.

Biotechnology- the discipline that studies the possibilities of using organisms or biological processes to obtain substances, necessary to a person. Bacteria and fungi are commonly used in biotechnological processes.

GENERAL METHODS OF BIOLOGY

Method is a way of knowing reality.

1. Observation and description.

2. Measurement

3. Comparison

4. Experiment or experience

5. Simulation

6. Historical.

STAGES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Held observation over an object or phenomenon

on the basis of the received data is put forward hypothesis

scientific experiment(with control experience)

the hypothesis tested during the experiment can be called
theory or law

PROPERTIES OF LIVING

Metabolism (metabolism) and energy flow- the most important property of the living. All living organisms absorb the substances they need from the external environment and release waste products into it.

Unity chemical composition. Among the chemical elements in living organisms, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen predominate. Besides, the most important sign living organisms is the presence of organic substances: fats, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.

Cell structure. All organisms are made up of cells. Only viruses have a non-cellular structure, but they also show signs of life only when they enter the host cell.

Irritability- the ability of the body to respond to external or internal influences.

Self-reproduction. All living organisms are capable of reproduction, i.e., reproduction of their own kind. The reproduction of organisms occurs in accordance with the genetic program recorded in DNA molecules.

Heredity and variability.

Heredity is the property of organisms to pass on their traits to their descendants. Heredity ensures the continuity of life. Variability - the ability of organisms to acquire new features in the process of their development. Hereditary variability is an important factor in evolution.

Growth and development.

Growth - quantitative changes (for example, an increase in mass).

Development - qualitative changes (for example, the formation of organ systems, flowering and fruiting).

Self-regulation - the ability of organisms to maintain the constancy of their chemical composition and vital processes - homeostasis.

Fitness (adaptation)

Rhythm - periodic changes in intensity physiological functions With different periods fluctuations (daily, seasonal rhythms). (For example, photoperiodism is the reaction of the body to the length of daylight hours).

Levels of life organization

Number level	Name	What is represented
	biospheric	The totality of all ecosystems planets
	ecosystem (biogeocenotic)	The system of populations of different species in their relationship with each other and the environment	Savannah, tundra
	Population- specific	The set of populations forming species	white bears, blue whales
	Organismic	The body as a whole system	Bacteria, monkey
	Cellular	The cell and its structural components	Erythrocytes, mitochondria, chloroplasts
	Molecular	Organic and inorganic substances	Proteins, carbohydrates; Water, salt ions

Test tasks in the OGE format

What science studies the varietal diversity of plants?

1) physiology 2) systematics 3) ecology 4) selection

2. To find out if light is necessary for the formation of starch in the leaves, you can use

1) descriptions of plant organs 2) comparison of plants from different natural zones

3) plant growth observations 4) photosynthesis experiments

3. In what area of biology was the cell theory developed?

1) virology 2) cytology 3) anatomy 4) embryology

4. To separate cell organelles by density, you will choose a method

1) observation 2) chromatography 3) centrifugation 4) evaporation

5. The photo shows a model of a DNA fragment. What method allowed scientists to create such a three-dimensional image of a molecule?

1) classification 2) experiment 3) observation 4) simulation

6. The photo shows a ball-and-stick DNA fragment. What method allowed scientists to create such a three-dimensional image of a molecule?

classification 2) experiment 3) observation 4) simulation

7. The application of what scientific method illustrates the plot of the painting "Pulse" by the Dutch artist J. Sten, painted in the middle of the 17th century?

1) simulation 2) measurement 3) experiment 4) observation

8. Study the graph that reflects the process of growth and development of the insect.

Determine the length of the insect on the 30th day of its development.

1) 3,4 2) 2,8 3) 2,5 4) 2,0

9. Which of the following scientists is considered the founder of the evolutionary theory?

1) I.I. Mechnikov 2) L. Pasteur 3) Ch. Darwin 4) I.P. Pavlova

10. What science studies the varietal diversity of plants?

1) physiology 2) systematics 3) ecology 4) selection

11. Choose a pair of animals that have been used to make major discoveries in animal and human physiology.

1) horse and cow 2) bee and butterfly 3) dog and frog 4) lizard and dove

12. In what area of biology was the cell theory developed?

1) virology 2) cytology 3) anatomy 4) embryology

13. You can accurately determine the degree of effect of fertilizers on plant growth using the method

1) experiment 2) simulation 3) analysis 4) observation

14. An example of the application of an experimental research method is

1) description of the structure of a new plant organism

2) comparison of two micropreparations with different tissues

3) counting the pulse of a person before and after exercise

4) formulating a position based on the facts obtained

15. A microbiologist wanted to know how fast one type of bacteria multiplies in different nutrient media. He took two flasks, filled them halfway with different nutrient media, and placed approximately the same number of bacteria in them. Every 20 minutes, he took samples and counted the number of bacteria in them. The data of his research are reflected in the table.

Study the table "Change in the rate of reproduction of bacteria over a certain time" and answer the questions.

Change in the rate of reproduction of bacteria over a certain time

Time after the introduction of bacteria into the culture, min.	Number of bacteria in flask 1	Number of bacteria in flask 2

1) How many bacteria did the scientist put into each flask at the very beginning of the experiment?

2) How did the rate of bacterial reproduction change during the experiment in each flask?

3) How can you explain the results obtained?

Literature

Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V. Biology. General biology Grade 9: textbook. for educational institutions. M.: Drofa, 2013.

Zayats R.G., Rachkovskaya I.V., Butilovsky V.E., Davydov V.V. Biology for applicants: questions, answers, tests, tasks. - Minsk: Unipress, 2011.-768 p.

"I will solve the OGE": biology. Educational system of Dmitry Gushchin [Electronic resource] - URL: http:// oge.sdamgia.ru