Party composition of the Reds in the Civil War. Russian Civil War

>>History: Civil War: red

Civil War: Reds

1. Creation of the Red Army.

2. War communism.

3. "Red terror". The execution of the royal family.

4. Decisive victories for the Reds.

5. War with Poland.

6. The end of the civil war.

Creation of the Red Army.

On January 15, 1918, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars proclaimed the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, and on January 29, the Red Fleet. The army was built on the principles of voluntariness and a class approach that excluded the penetration of "exploitative elements" into it.

But the first results of the creation of a new revolutionary army did not inspire optimism. The voluntary principle of recruitment inevitably led to organizational disunity, decentralization in command and control, which had the most detrimental effect on the combat capability and discipline of the Red Army. Therefore, V. I. Lenin considered it possible to return to the traditional, “ bourgeois»principles of military development, i.e. universal military service and unity of command.

In July 1918, a decree was published on the general military service of the male population aged 18 to 40 years. A network of military commissariats was created throughout the country to keep records of those liable for military service, organize and conduct military training, mobilize the population fit for military service, etc. During the summer and autumn of 1918, 300 thousand people were mobilized into the ranks of the Red Army. By the spring of 1919, the size of the Red Army increased to 1.5 million people, and by October 1919 - up to 3 million. In 1920, the number of Red Army soldiers approached 5 million. Much attention was paid to command personnel. Short-term courses and schools were created to train the middle command level from the most distinguished Red Army soldiers. In 1917 - 1919. the highest military educational establishments: Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army, Artillery, Military Medical, Military Economic, Naval, Military Engineering Academy. A notice was published in the Soviet press about the recruitment of military specialists from the old army to serve in the Red Army.

The wide involvement of military experts was accompanied by strict "class" control over their activities. To this end, in April 1918, the institution of military commissars was introduced in the Red Army, who not only supervised the command cadres, but also carried out the political education of the Red Army.

In September 1918, a unified command and control structure for fronts and armies was organized. At the head of each front (army) was the Revolutionary Military Council (Revolutionary Council, or RVS), which consisted of the commander of the front (army) and two political commissars. He headed all the front-line and military institutions of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, headed by L. D. Trotsky.

Measures were taken to tighten discipline. Representatives of the Revolutionary Military Council, endowed with emergency powers up to the execution of traitors and cowards without trial or investigation, traveled to the most tense sectors of the front.

In November 1918, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense was formed, headed by V. I. Lenin. He concentrated in his hands the fullness of state power.

War communism.

Socio-Soviet power has also undergone significant changes.
The activities of the commanders heated up the situation in the village to the limit. In many areas, the Kombeds came into conflict with the local Soviets, seeking to usurp power. In the countryside, “dual power was created, leading to a fruitless waste of energy and confusion in relations,” which the congress of the committees of the poor in the Petrograd province in November 1918 was forced to recognize.

On December 2, 1918, a decree on the dissolution of the committees was promulgated. It was not only a "political, but also an economic decision. The hopes that the committees would help increase the supply of grain did not materialize. The price of the bread that was obtained as a result of the" armed campaign in the village "turned out to be immeasurably high - the general indignation of the peasants, resulted in a series of peasant uprisings against the Bolsheviks. civil war this factor could be decisive in overthrowing the Bolshevik government. It was necessary to restore the confidence, first of all, of the middle peasantry, which, after the redistribution of land, determined the face of the village. The dissolution of the committees of the rural poor was the first step towards the policy of appeasing the middle peasantry.

On January 11, 1919, a decree "On the allocation of bread and fodder" was issued. According to this decree, the state reported in advance the exact figure of its needs for grain. Then this number was distributed (deployed) among the provinces, counties, volosts and peasant households. The implementation of the grain procurement plan was mandatory. Moreover, the surplus appraisal proceeded not from the capabilities of peasant farms, but from very conditional "state needs", which in fact meant the seizure of all surplus grain, and often the necessary stocks. New in comparison with the policy of the food dictatorship was that the peasants knew in advance the intentions of the state, and this was an important factor for the peasant psychology. In 1920, the surplus was extended to potatoes, vegetables and other agricultural products.

In the field of industrial production, a course was taken for the accelerated nationalization of all branches of industry, and not only the most important ones, as provided for by the decree of July 28, 1918.

The authorities introduced general labor conscription and labor mobilization of the population to perform work of national importance: logging, roadwork, construction, etc. The introduction of labor conscription influenced the solution of the problem of wages. Instead of money, workers were given food rations, coupons for food in the canteen, and basic necessities. Payment for housing, transport, utilities and other services was abolished. The state, having mobilized the worker, almost completely took over his maintenance.

Commodity-money relations were actually abolished. First, the free sale of food was prohibited, then other consumer goods, which were distributed by the state as naturalized wages. However, despite all the prohibitions, illegal market trade continued to exist. According to various estimates, the state distributed only 30-45% of real consumption. Everything else was purchased on the black markets, from "pouchers" - illegal food sellers.

Such a policy required the creation of special super-centralized economic bodies in charge of accounting and distribution of all available products. The head offices (or centers) created under the Supreme Council of National Economy managed the activities of various branches of industry, were in charge of their financing, material and technical supply, and the distribution of manufactured products.

The totality of these emergency measures was called the policy of "war communism". Military because this policy was subordinated to the only goal - to concentrate all forces for a military victory over their political opponents, communism, because the undertaken Bolsheviks measures surprisingly coincided with the Marxist forecast of some socio-economic features of the future communist society. The new program of the RCP(b), adopted in March 1919 at the Eighth Congress, already linked "military-communist" measures with theoretical ideas about communism.

"Red Terror". The execution of the royal family.

Along with economic and military measures, the Soviet government on a national scale began to pursue a policy of intimidation of the population, which was called the "Red Terror".

In the cities, the "Red Terror" assumed wide proportions from September 1918 - after the assassination of the chairman of the Petrograd Cheka, M. S. Uritsky, and the attempt on the life of V. I. Lenin. On September 5, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a resolution that "under the present situation, securing the rear by means of terror is a direct necessity", that "it is necessary to liberate the Soviet Republic from class enemies by isolating them in concentration camps", that "all persons who are related to White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions. The terror was widespread. Only in response to the assassination attempt on V. I. Lenin, the Petrograd Cheka shot, according to official reports, 500 hostages.

In the armored train, on which L. D. Trotsky made his moves across the fronts, a military revolutionary tribunal with unlimited powers worked. The first concentration camps were set up in Murom, Arzamas, and Sviyazhsk. Between the front and the rear, special barrage detachments were formed to fight deserters.

One of the sinister pages of the "Red Terror" was the execution of the former royal family and other members of the imperial family.
October revolution found the former Russian emperor and his family in Tobolsk, where he was sent into exile by order of A.F. Kerensky. Tobolsk imprisonment lasted until the end of April 1918. Then the royal family was transferred to Yekaterinburg and placed in a house that previously belonged to the merchant Ipatiev.

On July 16, 1918, apparently in agreement with the Council of People's Commissars, the Ural Regional Council decided to execute Nikolai Romanov and his family members. 12 people were selected to carry out this secret "operation". On the night of July 17, the awakened family was transferred to the basement, where a bloody tragedy broke out. Together with Nikolai, his wife, five children and servants were shot. Only 11 people.

Even earlier, on July 13, the tsar's brother Mikhail was killed in Perm. On July 18, 18 members of the imperial family were shot and thrown into the mine in Alapaevsk.

Decisive Red victory.

On November 13, 1918, the Soviet government annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and began to make every effort to expel German troops from the territories they occupied. At the end of November, Soviet power was proclaimed in Estonia, in December - in Lithuania, Latvia, in January 1919 - in Belarus, in February - March - in Ukraine.

In the summer of 1918, the main danger to the Bolsheviks was the Czechoslovak corps, and above all its units in the region of the Middle Volga. In September - early October, the Reds took Kazan, Simbirsk, Syzran and Samara. Czechoslovak troops retreated to the Urals. In late 1918 - early 1919, large-scale hostilities took place on the Southern Front. In November 1918, Krasnov's Don Army broke through the Southern Front of the Red Army, inflicted a serious defeat on it, and began to move north. At the cost of incredible efforts in December 1918, it was possible to stop the advance of the White Cossack troops.

In January - February 1919, the Red Army launched a counteroffensive, and by March 1919, Krasnov's army was actually defeated, and a significant part of the Don region returned to the rule of the Soviets.

In the spring of 1919, the Eastern front again became the main one. Here the troops of Admiral Kolchak began their offensive. In March - April they captured Sarapul, Izhevsk, Ufa. The advanced units of the Kolchak army were located several tens of kilometers from Kazan, Samara and Simbirsk.

This success allowed the Whites to outline a new perspective - the possibility of Kolchak's campaign against Moscow while simultaneously leaving the left flank of her army to join Denikin's forces.

The current situation seriously alarmed the Soviet leadership. Lenin demanded the adoption of emergency measures to organize a rebuff to Kolchak. A group of troops under the command of M.V. Frunze in the battles near Samara defeated the elite Kolchak units and on June 9, 1919 took Ufa. On July 14 Yekaterinburg was occupied. In November, the capital of Kolchak, Omsk, fell. The remnants of his army rolled further east.

In the first half of May 1919, when the Reds won their first victories over Kolchak, General Yudenich launched an offensive against Petrograd. At the same time, anti-Bolshevik demonstrations took place among the Red Army in the forts near Petrograd. Having suppressed these speeches, the troops of the Petrograd Front went on the offensive. Parts of Yudenich were driven back to Estonian territory. Yudenich's second attack on Peter in October 1919 also ended in failure.
In February 1920, the Red Army liberated Arkhangelsk, and in March, Murmansk. The "white" north became "red".

The real danger for the Bolsheviks was Denikin's Volunteer Army. By June 1919, she captured the Donbass, a significant part of Ukraine, Belgorod, Tsaritsyn. In July, Denikin's offensive against Moscow began. In September, the Whites entered Kursk and Orel, occupied Voronezh. The critical moment for the power of the Bolsheviks has come. The Bolsheviks organized the mobilization of forces and means under the motto: "Everyone to fight Denikin!" S. M. Budyonny's First Cavalry Army played a major role in changing the situation at the front. Significant assistance to the Red Army was provided by insurgent peasant detachments led by N. I. Makhno, who deployed a "second front" in the rear of Denikin's army.

The rapid advance of the Reds in the fall of 1919 forced the Volunteer Army to retreat south. In February - March 1920, its main forces were defeated and the Volunteer Army itself ceased to exist. A significant group of whites, led by General Wrangel, took refuge in the Crimea.

War with Poland.

The main event of 1920 was the war with Poland. In April 1920, the head of Poland, J. Pilsudski, ordered an attack on Kyiv. It was officially announced that it was only a matter of helping the Ukrainian people in eliminating the illegal Soviet power and restoring the independence of Ukraine. On the night of May 6-7, Kyiv was taken, but the intervention of the Poles was perceived by the population of Ukraine as an occupation. These sentiments were taken advantage of by the Bolsheviks, who were able to rally various sections of society in the face of external danger. Almost all the available forces of the Red Army were thrown against Poland, united in the Western and Southwestern fronts. Their commanders were former officers of the tsarist army M.N. Tukhachevsky and A.I. Egorov. On June 12, Kyiv was liberated. Soon the Red Army reached the border with Poland, which caused some of the Bolshevik leaders to hope that the idea of ​​a world revolution in Western Europe would soon be realized.

In an order on the Western Front, Tukhachevsky wrote: “On our bayonets we will bring happiness and peace to working humanity. To the west!"
However, the Red Army, which entered Polish territory, received a rebuff from the enemy. The idea of ​​a world revolution was not supported by the Polish “brothers in class”, who preferred the state sovereignty of their country to the world proletarian revolution.

On October 12, 1920, a peace treaty was signed in Riga with Poland, according to which the territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus passed to it.

End of the civil war.

Having made peace with Poland, the Soviet command concentrated all the power of the Red Army to fight the last major White Guard center - the army of General Wrangel.

The troops of the Southern Front under the command of MV Frunze at the beginning of November 1920 stormed the seemingly impregnable fortifications on Perekop and Chongar, forced the Sivash Bay.

The last fight between the Reds and the Whites was especially fierce and cruel. The remnants of the once formidable Volunteer Army rushed to the ships of the Black Sea squadron concentrated in the Crimean ports. Almost 100 thousand people were forced to leave their homeland.
Thus, the civil war in Russia ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks. They managed to mobilize economic and human resources for the needs of the front, and most importantly, to convince huge masses of people that they are the only defenders of Russia's national interests, to captivate them with the prospects of a new life.

The documents

A. I. Denikin about the Red Army

By the spring of 1918, the complete failure of the Red Guard was finally revealed. The organization of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army began. It was built on the principles of the old, swept aside by the revolution and the Bolsheviks in the first period of their rule, including the normal organization, autocracy and discipline. "Universal compulsory training in the art of war" was introduced, instructor schools were founded for the training of command personnel, the old officer corps was taken into account, officers of the General Staff were recruited without exception, etc. The Soviet government considered itself strong enough to pour without fear into the ranks of their army are tens of thousands of "specialists" who are obviously alien or hostile to the ruling party.

Order of the chairman of the revolutionary military council of the republic to the troops and Soviet institutions of the southern front No. 65. November 24, 1918

1. Any scoundrel who will incite to retreat, desertion, non-compliance with a military order, will be SHOT.
2. Any soldier of the Red Army who arbitrarily leaves a combat post will be SHOT.
3. Any soldier who drops a rifle or sells a piece of equipment will be SHOT.
4. Barrage detachments are distributed in every front line to catch deserters. Any soldier who tries to resist these units must be SHOT on the spot.
5. All local councils and committees undertake, for their part, to take all measures to catch deserters, rounding up twice a day: at 8 o'clock in the morning and at 8 o'clock in the evening. Deliver those caught to the headquarters of the nearest unit and to the nearest military commissariat.
6. For harboring deserters, the guilty are subject to SHOOTING.
7. Houses in which deserters are hidden will be burned.

Death to self-seekers and traitors!

Death to deserters and Krasnovsky agents!

Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic

Questions and tasks:

1. Explain how and why the views of the Bolshevik leadership on the principles of organizing the armed forces in a proletarian state changed.

2. What is the essence of military policy

Civil War- This is a period of sharp class clashes within the state between various social groups. In Russia, it began in 1918 and was the result of the nationalization of all land, the elimination of landownership, the transfer of factories and factories into the hands of the working people. In addition, in October 1917, the dictatorship of the proletariat was established.

In Russia, civil war was exacerbated by military intervention.

The main participants in the war.

In November-December 1917, the Volunteer Army was created on the Don. That's how it was formed white movement. White color symbolized law and order. The tasks of the white movement: the fight against the Bolsheviks and the restoration of a united and indivisible Russia. The volunteer army was headed by General Kornilov, and after his death in the battle near Ekaterinodar, General A.I. Denikin took command.

Established in January 1918 Red Army Bolsheviks. At first, it was built on the principles of voluntariness and on the basis of a class approach - only from workers. But after a series of serious defeats, the Bolsheviks returned to the traditional, "bourgeois" principles of army formation on the basis of universal military service and unity of command.

The third force was Green rebels”, or “green army men” (also “green partisans”, “Green movement”, “third force”) - a generalized name for irregular, mainly peasant and Cossack armed formations that opposed foreign invaders, Bolsheviks and White Guards. They had national-democratic, anarchist, and also, sometimes, goals close to early Bolshevism. The former demanded the convocation of a Constituent Assembly, while others were supporters of anarchy and free Soviets. In everyday life, there were the concepts of "red-green" (more gravitating towards red) and "white-green". Green and black, as well as a combination of both, were often used as the colors of the rebels' banners. The specific options depended on the political orientation - anarchists, socialists, etc., just like "self-defense units" without pronounced political predilections.

The main stages of the war:

spring - autumn 1918 d. - rebellion of the White Czechs; the first foreign landings in Murmansk and the Far East; the campaign of the army of P. N. Krasnov against Tsaritsyn; the creation by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks of the Committee of the Constituent Assembly in the Volga region; Social Revolutionary uprisings in Moscow, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk; intensification of “red” and “white” terror; the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Defense Council in November 1918 (V. I. Lenin) and the Revolutionary Military Council (L. D. Trotsky); the proclamation of the republic as a single military camp;

autumn 1918 - spring 1919 d. - intensification of foreign intervention in connection with the end of the world war; annulment of the terms of the Brest-Litovsk peace in connection with the revolution in Germany;

spring 1919 - spring 1920 g. - performance of the armies of white generals: campaigns of A. V. Kolchak (spring-summer 1919), A. I. Denikin (summer 1919 - spring 1920), two campaigns of N. N. Yudenich against Petrograd;

April - November 1920- the Soviet-Polish war and the fight against P. N. Wrangel. With the liberation of the Crimea by the end of 1920, the main hostilities ended.

In 1922 the Far East was liberated. The country began to move to a peaceful life.

Both the “white” and “red” camps were heterogeneous. So, the Bolsheviks defended socialism, part of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries were for the Soviets without the Bolsheviks. Whites included monarchists and republicans (liberals); the anarchists (N. I. Makhno) spoke first on one side, then on the other.

From the very beginning of the Civil War, military conflicts affected almost all national outskirts, centrifugal tendencies intensified in the country.

The victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War was due to:

the concentration of all forces (which was facilitated by the policy of “war communism”);

the transformation of the Red Army into a real military force headed by a number of talented military leaders (due to the use of professional military specialists from among the former tsarist officers);

the purposeful use of all the economic resources of the central part of European Russia that remained in their hands;

support for the national outskirts and Russian peasants, deceived by the Bolshevik slogan "Land to the peasants";

lack of general command among whites,

support for Soviet Russia on the part of labor movements and communist parties in other countries.

Results and consequences of the Civil War. The Bolsheviks won a military-political victory: the resistance of the White Army was suppressed, Soviet power was established throughout the country, including in most national regions, conditions were created for strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat and implementing socialist transformations. The price of this victory was huge human losses (more than 15 million people were killed, died of hunger and disease), mass emigration (more than 2.5 million people), economic ruin, the tragedy of entire social groups (officers, Cossacks, intelligentsia, nobility, clergy and etc.), society's addiction to violence and terror, the break in historical and spiritual traditions, the split into reds and whites.

Every Russian knows that in the Civil War of 1917-1922, two movements opposed - "red" and "white". But among historians there is still no consensus on how it began. Someone believes that the reason was Krasnov's March on the Russian capital (October 25); others believe that the war began when, in the near future, the commander of the Volunteer Army, Alekseev, arrived on the Don (November 2); it is also believed that the war began with the fact that Milyukov proclaimed the “Declaration of the Volunteer Army, delivering a speech at the ceremony, called the Don (December 27). Another popular opinion, which is far from unfounded, is the opinion that the Civil War began immediately after the February Revolution, when the whole society split into supporters and opponents of the Romanov monarchy.

"White" movement in Russia

"Red" movement

Results of the Civil War

However, from the spring - summer of 1918, a fierce political struggle began to develop into the form of an open military confrontation between the Bolsheviks and their opponents: moderate socialists, some foreign formations, the White Army, the Cossacks. The second - "front" stage of the Civil War begins, in which, in turn, several periods can be distinguished.

Summer - autumn 1918 - a period of escalation of the war.

It was caused by a change in the agrarian policy of the Bolsheviks: the introduction of a food dictatorship, the organization of committees and the incitement of class struggle in the countryside. This led to the discontent of the middle peasants and wealthy peasants and the creation of a mass base for the anti-Bolshevik movement, which, in turn, contributed to the consolidation of two currents: the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik "democratic counter-revolution" and the White movement. The period ends with the rupture of these forces.

December 1918 - June 1919 - the period of confrontation between the regular red and white armies.

In the armed struggle against the Soviet power, the white movement achieves the greatest success. Part of the revolutionary democracy goes to cooperate with the Soviet government. Many supporters of the democratic alternative are fighting on two fronts: with the White regime and the Bolshevik dictatorship. This is a period of fierce front-line war, red and white terror.

The second half of 1919 - autumn 1920 - the period of the military defeat of the White armies.

The Bolsheviks somewhat softened their position in relation to the middle peasantry, declaring at the VIII Congress of the RCP (b) about "the need for a more attentive attitude to its needs - the elimination of arbitrariness on the part of local authorities and the desire for an agreement with it." wavering peasantry inclined to the side of the Soviet government. The stage ends with an acute crisis in relations between the Bolsheviks and the middle and prosperous peasantry, who did not want to continue the policy of "war communism" after the defeat of the main forces of the white armies.

The end of 1920 - 1922 - the period of the "small civil war".

Deployment of mass peasant uprisings against the policy of "war communism". Growing dissatisfaction with the workers and the performance of the Kronstadt sailors. At this time, the influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks again increased. The Bolsheviks were forced to retreat, to introduce a new, more liberal one.

Such actions contributed to the gradual fading of the civil war.

The first outbreaks of the Civil War.

Formation of the White movement. On the night of October 26, a group of Mensheviks and Right SRs who left the Second Congress of Soviets formed the All-Russian Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland in the City Duma and revolution. Relying on the help of the junkers of the Petrograd schools, on October 29 the committee attempted to carry out a counter-coup. But the very next day this performance was suppressed by Red Guard detachments.

A.F. Kerensky led the campaign of the corps of General P.N. Krasnov against Petrograd. On October 27 and 28, the Cossacks captured Gatchina and Tsarskoe Selo, creating a direct threat to Petrograd, but on October 30, Krasnov's detachments were defeated. Kerensky fled. P. N. Krasnov was arrested by his own Cossacks, but then released on parole that he would not fight against the new government.

With great complications, Soviet power was established in Moscow. Here, on October 26, the City Duma created the Committee of Public Security, which had 10,000 well-armed fighters at its disposal. Bloody battles unfolded in the city. Only on November 3, after the storming of the Kremlin by revolutionary forces, did Moscow come under the control of the Soviets.

With the help of weapons, a new government was established in the Cossack regions of the Don, Kuban, and the South Urals.

At the head of the anti-Bolshevik movement on the Don stood Ataman A. M. Kaledin. He declared the insubordination of the Don Cossacks to the Soviet government. Everyone dissatisfied with the new regime began to flock to the Don.

However, most of the Cossacks adopted a policy of benevolent neutrality in relation to the new government. And although the Decree on Land gave little to the Cossacks, they had land, but they were very impressed by the Decree on Peace.

At the end of November 1917, General M. V. Alekseev began the formation of the Volunteer Army to fight the Soviet regime. This army marked the beginning of the white movement, so named in contrast to the red - revolutionary. The white color seemed to symbolize law and order. And the participants in the white movement considered themselves spokesmen for the idea of ​​restoring the former power and might of the Russian state, the “Russian state principle” and a merciless struggle against the forces that, in their opinion, plunged Russia into chaos - the Bolsheviks, as well as representatives of other socialist parties.

The Soviet government managed to form an army of 10,000, which in mid-January 1918 entered the territory of the Don. Part of the population fought on the side of the Reds. Considering his cause lost, Ataman A. M. Kaledin shot himself. The volunteer army, burdened with carts with children, women, politicians, journalists, professors, went to the steppes, hoping to continue their work in the Kuban. On April 17, 1918, the commander of the Volunteer Army, General L. G. Kornilov, was killed near Ekaterinodar. General A.I. Denikin took command.

Simultaneously with the anti-Soviet speeches on the Don, the movement of the Cossacks in the South Urals began. A. I. Dutov, the ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army, stood at its head. In Transbaikalia, the fight against the new government was led by ataman G. M. Semenov.

These uprisings against the Soviet regime, although fierce, were spontaneous and scattered, did not enjoy the mass support of the population and took place against the backdrop of a relatively quick and peaceful establishment of the power of the Soviets almost everywhere (“the triumphal march of Soviet power,” as the Bolsheviks declared). The rebel chieftains were defeated fairly quickly. At the same time, these speeches clearly indicated the formation of two main centers of resistance. In Siberia, the face of resistance was determined by the farms of wealthy peasant proprietors, often united in cooperatives with the predominant influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries. Resistance in the south was provided by the Cossacks, known for their love of freedom and commitment to a special way of economic and social life.

Intervention.

If you have corrections or suggestions for this lesson, write to us.

Ivanov Sergey

"Red" movement of the civil war 1917-1922

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1 slide. "Red" movement of the civil war 1917 - 1921.

2 slide V.I. Lenin is the leader of the "red" movement.

The ideological leader of the "red" movement was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, known to every person.

V.I Ulyanov (Lenin) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician and statesman, founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), main organizer and leader of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR, creator the first socialist state in world history.

Lenin created the Bolshevik faction of the Social Democratic Party of Russia. It was determined to seize power in Russia by force, through revolution.

3 slide. RSDP (b) - the party of the "Red" movement.

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks RSDLP (b),in October 1917, during the October Revolution, it seized power and became the main party in the country. It was an association of intelligentsia, adherents of the socialist revolution, whose social base was the working classes, the urban and rural poor.

In different years of his activity in the Russian Empire, Russian Republic and the Soviet Union, the party had different names:

1. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) RSDP(b)
2. Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks RCP(b)
3. All-Union Communistparty (Bolsheviks) VKP(b)
4. communist party Soviet Union CPSU

4 slide. Program goals of the "Red" movement.

The main goal of the red movement was:

• Preservation and establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia,
• suppression of anti-Soviet forces,
• strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat
• world revolution.

5 slide. The first events of the "Red" movement

1. On October 26, the “Decree on Peace” was adopted , who called on the warring countries to conclude a democratic peace without annexations and indemnities.
2. 27 October adopted "Land Decree"which took into account peasant demands. The abolition of private ownership of land was proclaimed, the land passed into the public domain. The use of hired labor and the lease of land were prohibited. Equalized land use was introduced.
3. 27 October adopted "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars"Chairman - V.I. Lenin. The composition of the Council of People's Commissars was Bolshevik in composition.
4. January 7 The Central Executive Committee decided todissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The Bolsheviks demanded the approval of the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People", the assembly refused to approve it. Dissolution of the constituent assemblymeant the loss of the possibility of establishing a multi-party political democratic system.
5. November 2, 1917 adopted "Declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia", which gave:

• equality and sovereignty of all nations;
• the right of peoples to self-determination up to secession and formation of independent states;
• free development of the peoples that make up Soviet Russia.

1. July 10, 1918 adopted Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.It determined the foundations of the political system of the Soviet state:

• dictatorship of the proletariat;
• public ownership of the means of production;
• federal structure of the state;
• the class character of the right to vote: the landowners and the bourgeoisie, priests, officers, policemen were deprived of it; workers compared with peasants had advantages in the norms of representation (1 vote of the worker was equal to 5 vote of the peasants);
• election order: multistage, indirect, open;

1. Economic policywas aimed at the complete destruction of private property, the creation of a centralized government of the country.

• nationalization of private banks, large enterprises nationalization of all types of transport and means of communication;
• introduction of a monopoly of foreign trade;
• introduction of workers' control in private enterprises;
• the introduction of a food dictatorship - the prohibition of the grain trade,
• the creation of food detachments (food detachments) to seize "grain surpluses" from wealthy peasants.

1. December 20, 1917 created All-Russian Extraordinary Commission - VChK.

The tasks of this political organization were formulated as follows: to persecute and eliminate all counter-revolutionary and sabotage attempts and actions throughout Russia. As punitive measures, it was proposed to apply to enemies such as: confiscation of property, eviction, deprivation of food cards, publication of lists of counter-revolutionaries, etc.

1. September 5, 1918 accepted "Decree on Red Terror",which contributed to the deployment of repression: arrests, the creation of concentration camps, labor camps, in which about 60 thousand people were forcibly detained.

The dictatorial political transformations of the Soviet state became the causes of the Civil War

6 slide. Agitation propaganda of the "Red" movement.

The Reds have always paid great attention to agitational propaganda, and immediately after the revolution they began intensive preparations for the information war. We created a powerful propaganda network (political literacy courses, propaganda trains, posters, movies, leaflets). the slogans of the Bolsheviks were relevant and helped to quickly form the social support of the "Reds".

From December 1918 to the end of 1920, 5 specially equipped propaganda trains operated in the country. For example, the propaganda train "Krasny Vostok" served the territory of Central Asia throughout 1920, and the train "Named after V. I. Lenin" launched work in Ukraine. The steamship "October Revolution", "Red Star" sailed along the Volga. They and other agitation trains and agitation. about 1,800 rallies were organized by paratroopers.

The duties of the collective of agitation trains and agitation steamships included not only holding rallies, meetings, talks, but also distributing literature, publishing newspapers and leaflets, and showing films.

7 slide. Propaganda posters of the "Red" movement.

AT in large numbers propaganda materials were published. These included posters, appeals, leaflets, cartoons, and a newspaper was published. The most popular among the Bolsheviks were humorous postcards, especially with caricatures of the Whites.

8 slide Creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA)

January 15, 1918 . Decree SNK was createdWorkers' and Peasants' Red Army, January 29 - Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet. The army was built on the principles of voluntariness and a class approach only from workers. But the voluntary principle of manning did not contribute to the strengthening of combat capability and the strengthening of discipline. In July 1918, a Decree was issued on the general military service of men aged 18 to 40 years.

The size of the Red Army grew rapidly. In the autumn of 1918, there were 300 thousand fighters in its ranks, in the spring - 1.5 million, in the autumn of 1919 - already 3 million. And in 1920, about 5 million people served in the Red Army.

Much attention was paid to the formation of command personnel. In 1917–1919 short-term courses and schools were opened for the training of the middle command level from distinguished Red Army soldiers, higher military educational institutions.

In March 1918, a notice was published in the Soviet press about the recruitment of military specialists from the old army to serve in the Red Army. By January 1, 1919, about 165,000 former tsarist officers had joined the ranks of the Red Army.

9 slide. Biggest wins for the Reds

• 1918 - 1919 - the establishment of Bolshevik power on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia.
• The beginning of 1919 - the Red Army goes on the counteroffensive, defeating the "white" army of Krasnov.
• Spring-summer 1919 - Kolchak's troops fell under the blows of the "Reds".
• The beginning of 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the northern cities of Russia.
• February-March 1920 - the defeat of the rest of the forces of Denikin's Volunteer Army.
• November 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the Crimea.
• By the end of 1920, the "Reds" were opposed by scattered groups of the White Army. The Civil War ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

10 slide Commanders of the Red Movement.

Like the "whites", in the ranks of the "reds" there were many talented commanders and politicians. Among them, it is important to note the most famous, namely: Lev Trotsky, Budeny, Voroshilov, Tukhachevsky, Chapaev, Frunze. These commanders showed themselves excellently in battles against the White Guards.

Trotsky Lev Davidovich was the main founder of the Red Army, which was the decisive force in the confrontation between the "whites" and "reds" in the Civil War.In August 1918, Trotsky formed a carefully organized “train of the Pre-Revolutionary Military Council”, in which, from that moment, he basically lives for two and a half years, continuously driving around the fronts of the Civil War.As the "military leader" of Bolshevism, Trotsky shows undoubted propaganda skills, personal courage and obvious cruelty. Trotsky's personal contribution was the defense of Petrograd in 1919.

Frunze Mikhail Vasilievich.one of the largest commanders of the Red Army during the Civil War.

Under his command, the Reds carried out successful operations against the White Guard troops of Kolchak, defeated the Wrangel army in the territory of Northern Tavria and Crimea;

Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich. He was the commander of the troops of the Eastern and Caucasian Fronts, with his army he cleared the Urals and Siberia from the White Guards;

Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich. He was one of the first marshals of the Soviet Union. During the Civil War - Commander of the Tsaritsyn Group of Forces, Deputy Commander and member of the Military Council of the Southern Front, Commander of the 10th Army, Commander of the Kharkov Military District, Commander of the 14th Army and the Internal Ukrainian Front. With his troops, he liquidated the Kronstadt rebellion;

Chapaev Vasily Ivanovich. He commanded the second Nikolaev division, which liberated Uralsk. When the whites suddenly attacked the reds, they fought courageously. And, having spent all the cartridges, the wounded Chapaev started running across the Ural River, but was killed;

Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich. In February 1918, Budyonny created a revolutionary cavalry detachment that acted against the White Guards on the Don. The First Cavalry Army, which he led until October 1923, played an important role in a number of major operations of the Civil War to defeat the troops of Denikin and Wrangel in Northern Tavria and the Crimea.

11 slide. Red Terror 1918-1923

On September 5, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the beginning of the Red Terror. Harsh measures to retain power, mass executions and arrests, hostage-taking.

The Soviet government spread the myth that the Red Terror was a response to the so-called "White Terror". The decree that initiated the mass executions was a response to the murder of Volodarsky and Uritsky, a response to the assassination attempt on Lenin.

• Shooting in Petrograd. Immediately after the assassination attempt on Lenin, 512 people were shot in Petrograd, there were not enough prisons for everyone, and a system of concentration camps appeared.
• The execution of the royal family. The execution of the royal family was carried out in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 16-17, 1918, in pursuance of the decision of the executive committee of the Ural Regional Council of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies, headed by the Bolsheviks. Together with the royal family, members of her retinue were also shot.
• Pyatigorsk massacre. On November 13 (October 31), 1918, the Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, at a meeting chaired by Atarbekov, issued a decision to shoot 47 more people from among the counter-revolutionaries and counterfeiters. In fact, most of the hostages in Pyatigorsk were not shot, but hacked to death with swords or daggers. These events were called the "Pyatigorsk massacre."
• "Human slaughter" in Kyiv. In August 1919, the presence in Kyiv of the so-called "human slaughterhouses" of the provincial and district Extraordinary Commissions was reported: ".

« The whole ... the floor of the large garage was already covered with ... several inches of blood, mixed into a terrifying mass with brains, skull bones, tufts of hair and other human remains .... the walls were spattered with blood, brain particles and pieces of head skin stuck to them next to thousands of bullet holes ... a chute a quarter of a meter wide and deep and about 10 meters long ... was filled with blood all the way to the top ... Next to this place of horrors in 127 corpses of the last massacre were hastily buried in the garden of the same house ... all the corpses had their skulls crushed, many even had their heads completely flattened ... Some were completely headless, but their heads were not cut off, but ... came off ... we came across another more old grave, in which there were about 80 corpses ... corpses lay with their bellies open, others had no members, some were completely chopped up. Some had their eyes gouged out… their heads, faces, necks and torsos were covered with stab wounds… A few had no tongues… There were old people, men, women and children.”

« In turn, the Kharkiv Cheka under the leadership of Saenko reportedly used scalping and “removing the gloves from the hands”, the Voronezh Cheka used to skate naked in a barrel studded with nails. In Tsaritsyn and Kamyshin "bones were sawn". In Poltava and Kremenchug, the clergy were impaled. In Yekaterinoslav, crucifixion and stoning were used, in Odessa, officers were tied with chains to boards, inserted into the furnace and roasted, or torn in half by winch wheels, or lowered in turn into a cauldron of boiling water and into the sea. In Armavir, in turn, “mortal whisks” were used: a person’s head on the frontal bone is girded with a belt, the ends of which have iron screws and a nut, which, when screwed, squeezes the head with a belt. In the Oryol province, people are widely used to freeze people by dousing cold water at low temperatures."

• Suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings.Anti-Bolshevik uprisings, especially uprisings of peasants who resisted surplus appraisal, were brutally suppressed by special forces of the Cheka and internal troops.
• Shootings in Crimea. Terror in Crimea concerned the widest social and public groups of the population: officers and military officials, soldiers, doctors and employeesRed Cross , sisters of mercy, veterinarians, teachers, officials, zemstvo figures, journalists, engineers, former nobles, priests, peasants, even the sick and wounded were killed in hospitals. The exact number of those killed and tortured is unknown, according to official data, from 56,000 to 120,000 people were shot.
• Narrative. On January 24, 1919, at a meeting of the Orgburo of the Central Committee, a directive was adopted that marked the beginning of mass terror and repression against the wealthy Cossacks, as well as "towards all Cossacks in general who took any direct or indirect part in the fight against Soviet power." In the autumn of 1920, about 9 thousand families (or approximately 45 thousand people) of the Terek Cossacks were evicted from a number of villages and deported to the Arkhangelsk province. The unauthorized return of the evicted Cossacks was suppressed.
• Repressions against the Orthodox Church.According to some historians, from 1918 to the end of the 1930s, during the repressions against the clergy, about 42,000 clergymen were shot or died in prison.

Some of the killings were carried out in public, combined with various demonstrative humiliations. In particular, the clergyman elder Zolotovsky was previously dressed in a woman's dress and then hanged.

On November 8, 1917, Archpriest Ioann Kochurov of Tsarskoe Selo was subjected to prolonged beatings, then he was killed by dragging the railroad tracks along the sleepers.

In 1918, three Orthodox priests in the city of Kherson were crucified on a cross.

In December 1918, Bishop Feofan (Ilmensky) of Solikamsk was publicly executed by periodically dipping into an ice hole and freezing, being hung up by his hair.

In Samara, the former Bishop of St. Michael Isidor (Kolokolov) was put on a stake, as a result of which he died.

Bishop Andronik (Nikolsky) of Perm was buried alive in the ground.

Archbishop Joachim (Levitsky) of Nizhny Novgorod was executed by public hanging upside down in the Sevastopol Cathedral.

Bishop of Serapul Ambrose (Gudko) was executed by tying a horse to the tail.

In Voronezh in 1919, 160 priests were simultaneously killed, led by Archbishop Tikhon (Nikanorov), who was hanged on the Royal Gates in the church of the Mitrofanov Monastery.

According to information published personally by M. Latsis (chekist), in 1918-1919, 8,389 people were shot, 9,496 people were imprisoned in concentration camps, 34,334 in prisons; 13,111 people were taken hostage and 86,893 people were arrested.

12 slide. Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War

1. The main difference between the "reds" and "whites" was that the communists from the very beginning of the war were able to create a centralized government, to which the entire territory they conquered was subordinate.

2. The Bolsheviks skillfully used propaganda. It was this tool that made it possible to inspire the people that the “Reds” are the defenders of the Motherland and Fatherland, and the “Whites” are supporters of the imperialists and foreign invaders.

3. Thanks to the policy of “war communism”, they were able to mobilize resources and create a strong army, attracting a huge number of military specialists who made the army professional.

4. Finding in the hands of the Bolsheviks the industrial base of the country and a significant part of the reserves.

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"Red" movement 1917 - 1922 Completed by a student of 11 "B" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 9" Ivanov Sergey.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks and founder of the Soviet state (1870–1924) "We fully recognize the legitimacy, progressiveness and necessity of civil wars"

RSDP (b) - the party of the "Red" movement. Period Transformation of the party Numbers Social composition. 1917-1918 RSDLP(b) Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) 240,000 Bolsheviks. Revolutionary intelligentsia, workers, urban and rural poor middle strata, peasants. 1918 -1925 RCP(b) Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks From 350,000 to 1,236,000 Communists 1925-1952 VKP(b) All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1,453,828 communists Working class, peasantry, working intelligentsia. 1952 -1991 CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union as of January 1, 1991 16,516,066 communists 40.7% factory workers, 14.7% collective farmers.

The goals of the "Red" movement: the preservation and establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia; suppression of anti-Soviet forces; strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat; World revolution.

The first events of the "Red" movement Democratic Dictator October 26, 1917. adopted "Decree on Peace" Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. October 27, 1917 The Decree on Land was adopted. In November 1917, a Decree on the prohibition of the Kadet Party was adopted. October 27, 1917 adopted the "Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars" Introduction of food dictatorship. November 2, 1917 The Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia was adopted on December 20, 1917. The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission of the Cheka was created July 10, 1918 The Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was adopted Nationalization of land and enterprises. "Red Terror".

Agitation propaganda of the "Red" movement. "Power to the Soviets!" "Long live the world revolution." "Peace to the nations!" "Death to World Capital". "Land to the peasants!" "Peace to the huts, war to the palaces." "Factories for workers!" "The Socialist Fatherland in Danger". Agitation train "Red Cossack". Agitation steamer "Red Star".

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Propaganda posters of the "Red" movement.

Creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) On January 20, 1918, a decree on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was published in the official organ of the Bolshevik government. On February 23, 1918, the appeal of the Council of People's Commissars of February 21 “The socialist fatherland is in danger” was published, as well as the “Appeal of the Military Commander-in-Chief” N. Krylenko.

The biggest victories of the "Reds": 1918 - 1919 - the establishment of Bolshevik power in the territory of Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia. The beginning of 1919 - the Red Army goes on the counteroffensive, defeating the "white" army of Krasnov. Spring-summer 1919 - Kolchak's troops fell under the blows of the "Reds". The beginning of 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the northern cities of Russia. February-March 1920 - the defeat of the rest of the forces of Denikin's Volunteer Army. November 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the Crimea. By the end of 1920, the "Reds" were opposed by scattered groups of the White Army. The civil war ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

Budyonny Frunze Tukhachevsky Chapaev Voroshilov Trotsky Commanders of the "Red" movement

The Red Terror of 1918-1923 The shooting of the elite in Petrograd. September 1918 The execution of the royal family. On the night of July 16-17, 1918. Pyatigorsk massacre. 47 counter-revolutionaries were hacked to death with swords. "Human massacres" in Kyiv. Suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings. Shootings in the Crimea. 1920 Cossackization. Repressions against the Orthodox Church. September 5, 1918 The Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on the Red Terror.

Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War. Creation of a powerful state apparatus by the Bolsheviks. Agitation and propaganda work among the masses. Powerful ideology. Creation of a powerful, regular army. Finding in the hands of the Bolsheviks the industrial base of the country and a significant part of the reserves.